Renaissance

Do Now

Write a definition for the word, ‘rebirth’

Lesson 1 Objectives

Identify factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance

Factors that Contributed to the Beginning of the Renaissance

• Trade and commerce increased during and after Crusades• Cities grew larger and wealthier due to trade• Newly wealthy merchants and bankers supported the

growth of the arts and learning• The Renaissance was an age of recovery from the disasters

of the 14th century, such as the plague, political instability, and a decline of Church power

• Recovery went hand-in-hand with a rebirth of interest in ancient culture (e.g., ancient Greece and Rome)

• A new view of human beings emerged as people in the Italian Renaissance began to emphasize individual ability

Do Now

What was one of the factors that contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance?

Lesson 2 Objectives

Discuss what the Renaissance was and where it began.

Sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-states and their political

development, including Machiavelli’s theory of governing as

described in The Prince.

The Renaissance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal

(Europe was recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death/Bubonic

Plague)

Renaissance means “rebirth” of classical knowledge and “birth” of the

modern world (new intellectual and artistic ideas that developed during

the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world)

What was the Renaissance?

Where did the Renaissance begin?

• Italy• Italian Cities

• Urban Societies• Major Trading Centers

• Secular Movement • People lost their faith in the church and began

to put more focus on human beings and material possessions

When did the Renaissance Take Place?

Roughly the 14th to the 17th century

How did the Crusades contribute to the Renaissance?

Crusades (1095 – 1291) = Religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by Roman Catholics against Muslims

who had occupied the near east since the Rashidun Caliphate (founded after

Muhammad’s death in 632, the Rashidun Caliphate was one of the largest empires

of the time period)

Increased demand for Middle Eastern products

Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets

Encouraged the use of credit and banking

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague• 1330s - An outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China

• Mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people

• Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly

• Plague causes fever, painful swelling of the lymph glands, and spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black = Black Death

• Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe

• In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily (Italy), many of those on board were already dying of plague.

• Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside

Bubonic Plague Continued• After five years 25 million people were dead--one-third of

Europe's population.

• Even when the worst was over, smaller outbreaks continued, not just for years, but for centuries. The survivors lived in constant fear of the plague's return, and the disease did not disappear until the 1600s.

• The disease took its toll on the church as well. People throughout Christendom had prayed devoutly for deliverance from the plague. Why hadn't those prayers been answered? A new period of political turmoil and philosophical questioning lay ahead.

Political Ideas of the RenaissanceNiccolò Machiavelli (1469-

1527)An Italian Philosopher and Writer based in Florence during the Renaissance

The Prince (Published in 1532)

Machiavelli believed:“One can make this generalization about men: they are ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit”Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for how to gain and maintain power.

Absolute RuleHe felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control without worrying about conscience.

• Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved• Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making

• Ruler keeps power by any means necessary• The end justifies the means

• Be good when possible, and evil when necessary

Today, the term “Machiavellian” refers to the use of deceit in

politics

Video Clip

Discovery Education“The Politics of The Prince”

Guided Practice

Excerpts from Machiavelli’s, The Prince

Chapter XVIIWhether it is better to be loved than feared

Chapter XVIIIHow rulers should keep their promises

Do Now: Lesson 3A

How did Italian city-states influence the Renaissance?

Lesson 3 Objectives

1) sequence events related to the rise of Italian city-

states and their political development and 2) identify the economic foundations of the Italian

Renaissance (e.g., explain the importance of the growth of towns, the rise of a money economy, and the development of independent city-states

to the birth and spread of Renaissance ideas)

Major Italian City-States

Milan Venice

Florence

MilanOne of the richest cities, it controls

trade through the Alps.

VeniceLocated on the Adriatic Sea, it is

a major trade route between Asia & Europe.

FlorenceControlled by the Medici Family, who became great patrons of the

arts.

Genoa

GenoaHad Access to Trade Routes

All of these cities:• Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle

Eastern markets• Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern

Europe

RomeHeadquarters of the

Catholic Church

Rome

Italian City-StatesBecause Italy failed to become united during the Dark

Ages, many independent city-states emerged in Italy.

Each city-state was controlled by a powerful family and dominated by a wealthy merchant class. Their interest in art and emphasis on personal achievement helped to

shape the Italian Renaissance.

Example: The Medici family of Florence ranked among the richest merchants and bankers in Europe; they

ruled Florence for over 70 years.

Centralized Power

One governing authority (ex. U.S. Federal Government; principals) controls power over several smaller entities (ex. State

governments; teachers)

Reminder

Renaissance means “rebirth” of interest in ancient culture (Greece and Rome)

28.4 The Influence of Italian City-States

Do Now: Lesson 3B

How does trade help spread culture, ideas, beliefs, etc.?

28.3 The Growth of Trade and Commerce

Activity: Act-It-Out

• Work in groups• Each group will receive role cards• Review role cards and use info. from the

Reading (28.3) to generate ideas for how to accurately bring your character to life

• Take a few minutes to prepare and practice• Each group will conduct the ‘Act-It-Out’

Do Now

Why do you think art was so influential during the Renaissance?

Lesson 4 Objectives

SWBAT cite artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, by:

1. Learning about the elements of classical, medieval, and Renaissance art

2. Identifying the period – classical, medieval, or Renaissance – in which six artworks were created

The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts,

philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education

became increasingly secular.

Classical art showed the importance of people and leaders, as well as gods and goddesses

Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation

Renaissance art and literature focused on the importance of people and nature, along with

religion

Activity:Classical, Medieval, or Renaissance?

• Think, Pair, Share– Look at each piece of artwork and determine

which period the artwork is from: Classical, Medieval, or Renaissance

– List three reasons for your choice– Use your notes and the information from your

reading (History Alive! 28.2) for help

Share

Now, let’s see how we did!

• Classical = Raise 1 Finger• Medieval = Raise 2 Fingers• Renaissance = Raise 3 Fingers

Classical ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 316 ‘Discobolus’

• Figures were lifelike but often idealized (more perfect than in real life)

• Figures were nude or draped in togas (robes)• Bodies looked active, and motion was believable • Faces were calm and without emotion• Scenes showed either heroic figures or real people

doing tasks from daily life

Medieval ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 317 ‘Narthex Tympanum'

• Most art was religious, showing Jesus, saints, people from the Bible, and so on

• Important figures in paintings were shown as larger than others around them

• Figures looked stiff, with little sense of movement• Figures were fully dressed in stiff-looking

clothing• Faces were serious and showed little feeling• Paint colors were bright

Renaissance ArtHistory Alive! Pg. 317 ‘The School of Athens’

• Artists showed religious and nonreligious scenes• Art reflected a great interest in nature• Figures were lifelike and three-dimensional, reflecting an

increasing knowledge of anatomy• Bodies looked active and were shown moving• Figures were either nude or clothed• Scenes showed real people doing everyday tasks• Faces expressed what people were thinking• Paintings were often symmetrical (balanced, with the right

and left sides having similar or identical elements)

Do Now

Describe similarities and differences between Medieval art and Renaissance art

Lesson 5 Objectives

SWBAT:1. Cite artistic, literary, and philosophical

creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch

2. Compare the Italian and the Northern Renaissance, and citing the contributions of writers

Renaissance artists embraced some of the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome in their art.

The purpose of art would no longer be to glorify God, as it had been in Medieval Europe.

Artists wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion.

New Techniques also emerged.

Art and Patronage

Italians patrons (financial supporters) were willing to spend a lot of money on art– Art communicated social, political, and spiritual values

and therefore, the consumption of art was used as a form of competition for social & political status.

What was different in the Renaissance?

RealismPerspectiveEmphasis on individualism Geometrical arrangement of figuresLight and shadowingSoftening of edgesArtist able to live from commissions

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

1. Realism & Expression

Expulsion from the Garden

Masaccio

1427

First nudes since classical times.

2. Perspective

Perspective!Perspective!Perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!

First use of linear

perspective!

Perspective!Perspective!

The Trinity

Masaccio

1427

What you are, I once was; what I

am, you will become.

4. Emphasis on Individualism

Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre: The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino

Piero della Francesca, 1465-1466.

5. Geometrical Arrangement of Figures

Leonardo da Vinci

1469

The figure as architecture!

The Dreyfus Madonna with the Pomegranate

6. Light & Shadowing/Softening Edges

Chiaroscuro:use of light and shade

Sfumato:gradual blending of one area of color into another without a sharp outline

Ginevra de' Benci, a young Florentine noblewoman who, at the age of sixteen, married Luigi Niccolini in 1474.

Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence, is considered to be one of the

most inspired men who ever lived; he was a sculptor, painter, engineer, architect,

and poet.

DavidMichelangelo created

his masterpiece David in

1504.

The Biblical shepherd, David (who killed Goliath) recalls the harmony and grace of ancient Greek tradition

15c

16c

What

a

difference

a

century

makes!

Sistine ChapelAbout a year after

creating David, Pope Julius II summoned

Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine

Chapel.

Depicts the biblical history of the world from the Creation to the Flood

Creation of Eve Creation of Adam

Separation of Light and Darkness

The Last Judgment

Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture

Captures the sorrow of the Virgin Mary as she cradles her dead son, Jesus on her knees

Moses

1452-1519Painter, Sculptor,

Architect, Mathematician,

Engineer

Mona Lisa(1503-1506)

The Last Supper(1495-1498)

Jesus and his apostles on the night before the crucifixion

Notebooks

Leonardo da Vinci dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work

RaphaelPainter

1483-1520

The School of Athens

1510 FrescoVatican City

An imaginary gathering of great thinkers and scientists

Perspective

Subjects are mainly secular, but can be religious

Figures look idealized, but can also look like everyday ordinary people

Bodies are active

Clothed or unclothed

Faces are expressive

Detail

Pythagoras

Socrates

Plato and Aristotle

Euclid

Zoroaster & Ptolemy

Raphael (back)

Northern RenaissanceThe Renaissance in northern Europe (outside Italy)

• There was increased cultural exchange between European countries

• Printed materials helped to spread ideas• Centralization of political power made the

northern Renaissance distinct from the Italian Renaissance (e.g., nation-states instead of Italian city-states)

• Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.

• Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.

• The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas and allowed more people to become educated.

• Cultural and educational reform

• The study of classical culture (ancient Greece and Rome), in contrast with the study of things related to

the church and religion

• Celebrated the individual

• Was supported by wealthy patrons (financial supporters)

Literature flourished during the Renaissance and spread Renaissance ideas, which can be greatly attributed to Johannes Gutenberg.

In 1455 Gutenberg printed the first book produced by using moveable type, The

Bible, and started a printing revolution that would transform Europe.

Literacy rates increased

PetrarchPoet, Humanist

scholar

Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374

Assembled Greek and Roman writings

Wrote: Sonnets to Laura

(Love poems in the Vernacular)

Influenced William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare1564-1616

• English poet and playwright• Well-known plays include: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet

• Influence and Impact on the Renaissance: He expanded the dramatic potential of characterization (his characters were very complex), plot, language (creative), and genre

Erasmus(1466-1536)

Dutch humanist

Pushed for a Vernacular form of the Bible“I disagree very much with those who are unwilling that Holy Scripture, translated into the vernacular, be read by the uneducated . . . As if the strength of the Christian religion consisted in the ignorance of it”

Wanted to reform the Catholic Church

Wrote: The Praise of FollyUsed humor to show the immoral and ignorant behavior of people, including the clergy. He felt people would be open minded and be kind to others.

Sir Thomas More(1478-1535)

English HumanistWrote: Utopia A book about a perfect society in

which men and women live in harmony, there is no private property, no one is lazy, all

people are educated and the justice system is used to end crime instead of executing

criminals

Bibliography

Images from:

Corbis.com

Web Gallary of Artwww.wga.hu

Important to Remember

• Accomplishments in the visual arts – Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

• Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays) – Petrarch, Shakespeare

• Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism) – Erasmus