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Renaissance and ReformationChapter 12

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Economic Prosperity Leads to Rebirth

The Renaissancew

as a timeof rebirth of art and literatureafter the Dark Ages inEurope. The new middle class became patrons

that provided financial support for the arts

Lorenzo de Medici was a wealthymerchant and famous patron

The Roman Catholic Churchalsofunded many artists work

During the Later Middle Ages Life began to improve

Cities reemerge in Italy

A new interest in Greek and Romancivilizations came from contact withByzantine and Muslim cultures

Increased trade led to a new middle classofwealthy merchants and artisans.

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Dark Ages

Religious matters andthe afterlife are themain focus

Time of Warfare anddanger

Cities, Learning, and

Trade declined

Renaissance

Artists began to focuson secular (worldly)things in addition toreligious subjects.

Humanism:

Human experiencesand achievementswere celebratedduring this time

Stability and learningreplaced warfare andilliteracy.

Compare and Contrast the Dark Ages

and Renaissance

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Censorship The suppression of speech

or deletion of material whichmay be consideredobjectionable, harmful,sensitive, or inconvenient tothe government or mediaorganizations as determinedby a censor. 1. Who would have thepower to censor

Renaissance ideas andwhy would they want to?

2.Agree or Disagree: TheUnited States would notexist if censorship of theRenaissance hadsucceeded.

3.Agree or Disagree:Censorship violates our

first amendment rights.

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Italian Artists

Leonardo da Vinci Italian painter and inventor known as a true Renaissance Mandue to his many interests

He studied anatomy by dissecting dead bodies.

Most Famous for The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.

MichelangeloFamous painter and sculptor most known for the

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, the statue of David,and the Pieta

RaphaelYoung Painter most known for the School of

Athens (below, 1510-1511) and theTransfiguration (right, 1516-1520 completed after hisdeath by Giulio Romano)

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Leonardo Da Vinci

Below: Last Supper(1498)

Above: Mona Lisa

(1503)

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Michelangelo

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

(1508-1512)

David

(1501-1504)

Piet (1499)

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RaphaelSchool of Athens (Below),

Transfiguration of Christ, (Right)

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Northern Renaissance

Over time theRenaissance spreadto northern Europe.

Around 1439 Johann

Gutenberg inventedthe printing press:Three Effects of

Printing: Increased literacy

Spread ideas fasterCheaper and easier

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Northern Artists

Albrecht Durer is known asthe German LeonardoHe studied art in Italy and

took the movement back toGermany

Jan van Eyck, fromFlanders,Was among the first to use

oil paint.

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Northern Renaissance

Humanists

Sir Thomas More focused onthe government in Utopia(1515)

Erasmus was concerned with

church reform

They wonder much to hear that gold, which

in itself is so useless a thing, should be

everywhere so much esteemed, that evenmen forwhom it was made, and by whom it

has its value, should yet be thought of less

value than it is.

SirThomas More, Utopia

War is delightful to those who

have had no experience of it.

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch author, philosopher,& scholar (1466 - 1536)

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Literature The New Middle Class created an

audience for literature written in thevernacular, or local languages. English:

William Shakespeare: wrote 37 plays includingcomedies, histories, and tragedies, that are stillperformed all over the world

Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

Spanish: Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the story of the

adventures of a foolish knight.

Italian: Dante: Divine Comedy

Machiavelli: made observations about

government and wrote The Prince The end justifies the means.

It is better to be feared than loved.

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Renaissance

Activity

Draw two picturesone illustrating lifein the Middle

Ages and the

other the rebirthof theRenaissance.

Write a poem toaccompany your

picturescontrasting thetwo.

Rebirth of Art and Literature,

Enjoying life on earth

Not just looking forward to heaven.

Albrecht Durer learns from the

Italian artists and takes the Renaissance to

Northern Europe.

Serfdom disappears while Humanists focused on

Secular things in addition to religious.

Artists emphasize anatomy and

New inventions are

Created. Trade and merchants

Emerge to patronize the arts.

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ReformationNew ideas about

Christianity began to

spread.The Roman Catholic

Church was forced toreform.

Popes were caught upin worldly affairs,power hungry, lavishlifestyles

They soldindulgences(forgiveness of sin) topay for arts

Do you think that all of the clergy members

were corrupt during the Middle Ages? Is it

fair to judge an entire group because of the

actions of a few? Why or WhyNot?

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Protestant Reformation

Some reformers, known asProtestants, totally

separated from the Catholic

Church

Martin Luther:

Drew up 95 Theses and posted

them on Wittenberg's All Saints

church,

He believed in salvation through

faith alone, that the Bible was

the sole source of truth, and that

popes had too much power.

He argued against selling

indulgences (items that would

gain you forgiveness of sin).

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Protestant Reformation Continued

John Calvin agreed withMartin Luther He also believed inpredestination (the ideathat God determined longago who would gainsalvation.)

Calvinists spread newideas throughout Europewhich led to wars with theCatholicsHuguenots were French

Calvinists that foughtCatholics

John Knox: led areligious rebellion inScotland, overthrew theCatholic Queen and setup Scottish PresbyterianChurch

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Conflict Between Popes and Princes

Peace of Augsburg1555: This agreement allowedprinces to decide which religion would be followed in

his lands. Most in the north Lutheran, south Catholic

1. Which religion is still the

most dominant in Europe?

2. Where can the Anglican

Church be found?

3. If you were a Calvinist you

might have lived in whichkingdoms?

4. How can you tell that

there were lots of religious

conflicts in E. Europe?

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Radical Reformers:

Anabaptists sought radical social changeand believed that only adults could receivethe sacrament of baptismThey also called for the separation of Church

and State.How has the beliefs of the Anabaptists shaped our

country and local community?

How have they changed over time?

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English Reformation and King Henry VIII

Henry VIII ofEngland(defender of the catholicfaith) wanted a son

His wife Catherine of

Aragon only had adaughter (Mary Tudor).Divorce is forbidden in the

Catholic Church so Henryasked for an annulment.

Catherines Nephewwas

the Holy Roman Emperorand had connections withthe pope so theannulment was denied

1. Why was it so importantfor Henry to have a son?

2. Explain in your ownwords why you think

Henrys divorcew

asdenied.

3. What do you think willhappen next?

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Henrys Break from Rome (click here)

The Act of Supremacymade Henry the supremehead of the Church ofEngland not the pope.

He closed all catholicchurches and monasteries

Established the AnglicanChurch but kept most formsof Catholic worship and

doctrine

1. How do you think the Catholics in England responded to the Act of

Supremacy?

2. Would you have made the same decision as Henry? If notwhat

would you have done differently?

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"King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was

wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two

beheaded". Through a series of 6 marriages Henry produced

a son and two daughters

Catherine of Aragon -> Divorced -> Mary

Anne Boleyn -> Beheaded -> Elizabeth I

Jane Seymour (sole true wife) -> died of puerperal

fever -> Edward VI

Otherwives include: another Anne (divorce),

Catherine Howard (executed), and Catherine Parr

More accurately they were "divorced, beheaded,

died, divorced, beheaded, survived".

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Compare and Contrast

Howwas Henry VIIIs part in the Protestant

Reformation similar to that of Luther, Calvin, and

other reformers?

Howwas Henry VIIIs role in the ProtestantReformation different?

Do you think that his break from Rome was

justified? Why or Why not?

Howwould you feel if you were a Catholic living

in England during the time of Henry VIII?

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Catholic Response to Reformation

Inquisition Continues A church court set up to

root out heresies usingtorture, and testimony.

Jesuits a group that fought

against heresy andspread the CatholicFaith founded bySpanish knight, Ignatiusof Loyola

Council of Trent: reaffirmed traditional

views tried to end abuses,

worldliness, andcorruption among theclergy

St. Teresa of Avila Established a convent of

Carmelite nuns that lived inisolation, dedicatingthemselves to prayer andmeditation, she also

reformed other convents

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Results of the Reformations Despite the Catholic Reformation, the

Protestant movement continued.

Many people became more pious(religious) Charity and religious art flourished

Some spread their beliefs through violentmeans and widespread persecution:

Witch Hunts: many women and somemen were accused of being witches andtens of thousands were tortured andkilled.

Jews were under pressure to convert toChristianity.

They were forced to live in Ghettos(sections of a city where mainly minoritieslive separated from the rest of society)

Anti-Semitism grew and some wereexpelled from Christian lands and forcedthem to identify themselves

Ottomans and Dutch Calvinists toleratedthe Jews and took them in.

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Persuasive Poster

Create a persuasive poster for one

of the Protestant sects of

Christianity that emerged during the

Reformation.Use the following to catch the eye of the

audience and convince someone to

convert to your religion.

Slogan

Color Cartoon

Basic Beliefs

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Questions about the world led to

Scientific Revolution People began to question what theyhad always accepted to be true. The Scientific Method is used to

explain things instead of justlooking for answers in holy booksand ancient texts.

Church and Government officials

felt threatened by humanism andcensored many Renaissance andScientific ideas.

Exploration Rebirth in learning led to questions

about the world that explorerswanted to answer. Explorers begin

to travel the world in search of thoseanswers.

Those fleeing religious persecutionin Europe went to the Americas tostart a new life with freedom toworship.

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Questions about government and

society led toEnlightenment

Those seeking social,political, and economicreform used the samemethods as scientists tofind solutions to their

problems. John Locke: Natural

Rights (Life, Liberty,Property)

Voltaire: Freedom ofSpeech I do not agreewith a word you have tosay, but I will defend to

the death your right to sayit.

Montesquieu: Separationof Powers/ThreeBranches of Government

Adam Smith:Capitalism/Free MarketEconomy determined by

supply and demand.

Revolutionary and Civil Wars Many people fought to gain the rights and

freedoms that Enlightenment thinkerstalked about.

The new United States of America became theexperiment for many Enlightenment ideas.

France helped us win our independence thenhad a Revolution of their own (Napoleon).

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YourtopiaGov: Monarchy or

Dictatorship

Oligarchy Aristocracy Democracy

Econ: Free Market Communist Mix Other

Culture Patriarchal Matriarchal Egalitarian Other

Religion Monotheistic Polytheistic Separate from

State

Other