Remy Foster
description
Transcript of Remy Foster
![Page 1: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Assess the principal reasons leading to the collapse of
Tsarism in February 1917.
Is it accurate to say that Tsarist Russia was torn apart
by great internal contradictions?
Remy Foster
![Page 2: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why did authority crumble in Petrograd?
• Workers
• Army
• Ruling Class
• Nicholas II
![Page 3: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why did authority crumble in Petrograd?Workers
• Labour Strikes and Lock-Outs in Petrograd factories
• 23rd February; Large bread queue in the Vyborg District becomes unruly
• Striking and Unemployed workers joined in protest against Government
• Economic depression is key
Protesters from Putilov Plant, Banner calls for increased pay to soldiers’
families
![Page 4: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why did authority crumble in Petrograd?Army
• Troops called in to put down protests
• Cossacks protect protesters from police
• Volinsky Guard Regiment disobey orders to fire on protesters then overthrow officers to join protest
• Collapse of Tsarist Support ‘Tripod’
Tsardom
Army Church Aristocracy
![Page 5: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ruling Class
•Duma attempted to restore power, but forced to create a new government to save Russia
•Guchkov
• Member of State Council
• Organised Strike and march on Duma
• Wanted Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich as Regent for Crown Prince Alexei
Alexander Guchkov 1862-1936
Why did authority crumble in Petrograd?
![Page 6: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Why did authority crumble in Petrograd?Nicholas II
• Nicholas II away at Military Command in Mogilev
• Not told of severity of situation
• Unable to return to Petrograd
Katkov, 1967
![Page 7: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How did Tsarist rule end?
• Creation of Provisional Government
• Abdication of Nicholas II
![Page 8: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How did public outcry end Tsarist
rule?Creation of Provisional Government
• During Petrograd revolt, leaders of the Duma formed a temporary committee
• Tsarist ministers arrested leaving only the trustworthy
• Duma gained support of the Petrograd Soviet and formed a Provisional Government under the leadership of Prince Lvov
![Page 9: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
How did public outcry end Tsarist
rule?Abdication of Nicholas II
• Urged by Army Officers at Pskov High Command to abdicate
• Guchkov and Shulgin traveled from the Duma to convince Nicholas to abdicate in favour of a constitutional monarchy
• By 10:00 on the 2nd March, Nicholas abdicated in favour of Crown Prince Mikhail Aleksandrovich
• Aleksandrovich refused the throne
![Page 10: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
Tsarism• Size
• Population
• Russifcation
• Production
• Politics
![Page 11: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
TsarismSize
• Largest country
• 8,416,959 Sq Miles in 1916
• 1/6th of the Worlds landmass
•No defensive borders
• Long landlocked boundaries
• Lack of Rivers / Mountains
![Page 12: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
TsarismPopulation
• One of the populations Largest in the World
• 125 Million People in 1897
• Large percentage were peasants
• 77% in 1897
• Large scale poverty and public discontent
• 52% of peasants could not sustain themselves in 1900
• Great social divide between Ruling classes and the lower classes
![Page 13: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
TsarismRussification
• Russia was made up of Catholic Poles, Protestant Germans/Finns, Tukestani Muslims, Jews, Siberian tribes among others
• No violence toward other races, apart from Jews
• Instead races were subjected to Russian culture, laws, school teaching and language as well as Orthodox Christianity
• Led to nationalist movements and revolts in minority states
• By 1900 only 45% of the population were ethnic Russians
• Without Russian dominance, an Austria-Hungary style break up could have occurred
![Page 14: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
TsarismProduction
• Vast natural resources yet labour force based around agriculture
• 1913 Iron output: 10,188 tons. 10.4 million tons in England
• 1913 income per person: 101.2 руб. 463 in England Riasanovsky and Steinberg, 2005
![Page 15: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Internal Contradictions and the collapse of
TsarismPolitics
• Power from autocrat. No laws or guidelines to limit power
• Attempts by Tsars to improve liberalism and turn toward a constitutional monarchy
• Essential features of Romanov rule remained unchanged
• Alienation from Government as shown by the Army Chubarov, 1999
![Page 16: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Conclusions
![Page 17: Remy Foster](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062304/5681437b550346895daff8a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
References• Browder, R. and Kerensky, A. (1961) The Russian Provisional Government 1917, Stanford,
Stanford University Press
• Chubarov, A. (1999) The Fragile Empire: A History of Imperial Russia, New York, Continuum
• Chubarov, A. The Beggarly Empire (2007) [online]. available from; <http://allrussias.com/tsarist_russia/fragile_1.asp> [accessed 26th October 2011]
• Ferro, M. (1972) The Russian Revolution of February 1917, London, Routledge
• Katkov, G. (1967) Russia 1917, The February Revolution, Oxford, Longmans
• Katkov, G., Oberländer, E., Poppe, N. and Von Rauch, G. (eds.) (1971) Russia Enters the Twentieth Century, London, Maurice Temple Smith Ltd
• Kulikov, S. (2009) ‘“Revolutions Invariably Come From Above”: The Fall of Tsarism through the Prism of the Elite Circulation Prism’, Russian Studies in History, 47, 4, 8-39
• Lockhart, R. (1991) ‘The February Revolution of 1917’, History Today, 41, 2, 34-42
• Riasanovsky, N. and Steinberg, M. (2005) A History of Russia, 7th edition, New York, Oxford University Press
• Westwood, J. (2002) Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812-2001, 5th edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press