Remote Sensing: Applications in Civil engineering

GIS: Assignment-1

Waleed Liaqat 122 – A Submitted to: Engr M. Zaheer

What is Remote Sensing?

Remote sensing (RS) is a method of obtaining information from distant objects

without direct contact. This is possible due to the existence or the generation

of force fields between the sensing device and the sensed object.

Usable force fields are mechanical waves in solid matter (seismology) or in

liquids (sound waves). But the principal force field used in remote sensing

is that of electromagnetic energy. The emission of electromagnetic waves is suitable for

directional separation. Thus, images of the radiation incident on a sensor may be

generated and analyzed.

Remote sensing has a lot of applications in engineering particularly in civil engineering.

One of the most common forms of remote sensing in civil engineering is

photogrammetry i.e. the use of photographs to gain knowledge regarding

photographed objects and entities.

In civil engineering projects, Remote sensing techniques can become potential and

indispensable tools. Various civil engineering application areas include regional

planning and site investigation, terrain mapping and analysis, water resources

engineering, town planning and urban infrastructure development, transportation

network analysis, landslide analysis, etc.

Figure shows use of electromagnetic

radiation in remote sensing.

Applications of Remote Sensing

In civil engineering, remote sensing is used to gain data regarding the earth. Remote sensing

collects data in spatial form. In case of the earth, the data collected is called geospatial data.

This is then converted to valuable information through a geo-informatics system (GIS).

Some of the applications of RS in civil engineering are:

Regional Planning and Site Investigations

Site investigations in general require topographical and geological information. Remote sensing

data allows such information to be obtained. In case of dam site investigation e.g., information

on topography such as type of terrain (hilly or plain) is essential. Geological considerations also

matter and include data regarding the different soil and rock types present at a site.

In selecting river-crossing sites for bridges and pipelines, an important consideration is the stability

of slopes leading down to and up from the water crossing. Such slopes include riverbanks,

terrace faces and valley wall. History of river erosion and sedimentation would give clues

needed for locating the sites where scour is likely to occur. High spatial resolution satellite data

with stereo vision capability can facilitate depth perception in the above said investigations and

also for regional planning of large commercial airports, harbors, industrial towns and recreational

sites.

Terrain Mapping and Analysis

Assessment of the performance of the terrain for specific developmental activities can be made

through terrain evaluation. For this, terrain information can be acquired from RS data and by

generating the Digital Terrain Model (DTM). A DTM is an ordered array of numbers representing

the spatial distribution of terrain characteristics stored in a computer so as to enable the

determination of any quantitative data pertaining to terrain. DTM facilitates investigation of a

number of alternative horizontal and vertical alignments of canals, roads, pipelines or corridors

for different construction projects. In an engineering construction like dam, the knowledge of

material comprising the terrain is essential for proper planning, location, construction and

maintenance of engineering facilities. For computation of hydrograph parameters like peak

runoff rate, time of concentration and time to peak, the height and slope information derived

from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) are useful.

Remote sensing based inventory of construction material such as boulders, quarry rock, sand –

clay mixtures etc. would help to locate suitable sites of construction materials.

Water Resources and Hydrological Engineering

By analyzing multi-date RS data, it would be possible to monitor the effects of dam construction.

Remotely sensed data of pre and post dam construction can reveal the forest and other land at

different water levels. This would also help in preliminary investigation of finding suitable areas for

human resettlement.

To study the feasibility of inter basin transfer of surplus flood flows, RS data can be cost effective.

In large area reconnaissance studies, various technically feasible and economically viable

alternatives in locating surplus flow diversion routes to water deficient basins can be arrived at.

Also, reservoir sites to store the surplus flows in these basins could be identified. Such projects of

large dimensions require considerations of land use / land cover, soil and geological mapping,

terrain evaluation, construction material inventory etc. the latter are derived from satellite

remote sensing data of particular resolution depending upon the scale on which such

information is required.

The water storage built in through reservoirs, tanks, etc., are often reduced due to

sedimentation. Remotely sensed data can be used to monitor the water bodies over time and

assess the silting condition. In case of gauged reservoirs of medium to large sizes, RS data can

provide an assessment of sediment volume and reduction in the capacity of sediment volume

and reduction in the capacity of the reservoir.

Characterization of water bodies in terms of geological, geomorphological, hydro geological,

soil and land use / land cover parameters carried out using RS data enables conservation of

land and water resources. The RS based input integrated with ground based information through

GIS is useful for broad reconnaissance level interpretation of land capability, irrigation suitability,

potential land use, water harvesting areas, monitoring the effects of soil and water conservation

measures, estimation of run off and sediment yields and monitoring land use change including

land degradation.

The commercial areas of irrigation projects are fed by different sources of irrigation like reservoir,

tanks, ponds and wells. Assessment of command areas and crops would be highly useful in

water release policy or conjunctive use of water in the overall project command area. Satellite

data has been advantageously used to obtain such information on surface irrigation projects.

In case of floods, appropriate flood management work has to be executed to reduce the

damages and utilize the floodwaters. For this purpose satellite RS provides comprehensive,

reliable and timely information (multi-date) on flood inundated and drainage congested areas,

extent of damage to crops, structure etc. river configuration, silt deposits and vulnerable areas

of bank erosion. This data is used for construction of protective structures.

Satellite derived snow cover assessment is being extensively used as an important input in snow

melt runoff prediction models to assist in multipurpose reservoir operations.

Image interpretation can be used in a variety of ways to help monitor the quality, quantity of

water resources. It is well proven in exploring ground water prospect zones. Potential ground

water areas cannot be seen directly on satellite images but they can be identified by the

physical changes the formation of an aquifer has on the visible surface.

Sediment pollution is often clearly depicted on aerial and space images. Materials that form

films on the water surface, such as oil films, can also be detected through the use of aerial and

satellite images.

RS can also be used to identify potential fishing zones in coastal areas.

Town Planning And Urban Development

The unprecedented growth of urbanization in many countries across the globe has given rise to

problems of housing, sanitation, power, water supply, disposal of effluents and environmental

pollution. Systematic mapping and periodic monitoring of urban land use is therefore necessary

for proper planning, management and policy making (with the help of RS and GIS optimal

master plan for development and management of urban settlements can be prepared).

For sustainable development of urban clusters, optimal urban land use plans and resources

development models need to be generated by integrating the information on natural resources,

demographic and socio – economic data in a GIS domain with the currently available satellite

data.

Mining and Mineral Exploration:

RS data allows identification of mineral deposits in remote areas. Once a mineral deposit is

identified, mining techniques are discussed. RS data gives us suitable data regarding the

geological and the topographical conditions in which the mineral resource exists and this helps

in planning of the mining operation particularly in tunnel engineering. Also as mentioned above

minerals such as oil, limestone etc. have important uses in manufacturing of materials for civil

engineering projects and so locating their deposits is essential and RS data can help us do that

economically.

Transportation Network Analysis

With the help of high spatial resolution data, mapping of road and rail network can be

accomplished. This facilitates in deciding optimal routing for transport of construction materials.

Even, identification of village roads is possible in certain cases. RS data can also be used in

construction of roadways and other forms of transport systems.

Landslide Studies

Landslides are the most common and recurring hazards in mountainous areas causing enormous

loss of life and property every year. The parameters that contribute directly or indirectly include

lithology and structure, landform, slope, aspect, relief, vegetation cover, climatic and human

activities. Information on these aspects can be collected and integrated for preparing a

landslide hazard zone map that can be done through RS. This allows for construction of

protection facilities.