Remote Sensing and Hydrometry Final Report

7/31/2019 Remote Sensing and Hydrometry Final Report

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Hydrometery and Remote

SensingDr. Jochen Seidel

Martikelnummer

2709215

FINAL REPORT

MUHAMMAD ADIL JAVED

LEHRSTUHL FR HYDROLOGIE UND GEOHYDROLOGIE |

Pfaffenwaldring 61, 70569 Stuttgart, Deutschland |


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M. Adil Javed Matrikelnummer 2709215 1/32

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Objectives/Major Assignments ....................... ............................ ....................... ........................... ........... 5

Discharge Measurements using Tracer ......................... ............................ ................... ............................ 5

Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 5

Tracers ................................................................................................................................................ 5

Theory ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Tracer-Velocity Method ................................................................................................................... 5

Trace-Dilution Method ............................. ........................... ........................ .......................... ........... 5

Constant Rate Injection Method ..................... ........................ ........................... .......................... ........ 6

Point Rate Injection Method ....................... ............................ ....................... ........................... ........... 7

Location .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Procedure ............................................................................................................................................ 8

Results ................................................................................................................................................. 9

Results from Point Injection 1 ...................... ....................... ............................ ......................... ...... 10



Continuous Injection.......................................................................................................................... 13

Results from Continuous Injection Method ...................... ............................... ................... ............ 13

Discharge Measurements in the River Glems ......................... ........................... ...................... ............... 14

Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 14

Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Measuring Stream Flow with propeller/Current Meter .................................................... .................. 15

Calibration Process for Current Meter ...................... ............................... ................... .................... 17ADV Flow Tracker .............................................................................................................................. 17

Location ............................................................................................................................................ 18

Equipment ......................................................................................................................................... 19

Results ............................................................................................................................................... 20

Velocity data using propeller current meter ........................ ............................ ................... ............ 20

Discharge data using propeller current meter ........................ .............................. .................... ...... 20

Cross Section from propeller current meter ..................... ............................... ................... ............ 21


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Acoustic Doppler Velocity (ADV) Flow Tracker .............................................. .................... ................. 22

Discharge calculation using ADV flow tracker ......................... .............................. .................... ...... 22

Cross Section from ADV Flow Tracker ...................... ............................... ................... .................... 23

Weather Radar ...................................................................................................................................... 24

Task 1: ............................................................................................................................................... 24

Task 2: ............................................................................................................................................... 24

Task 5 ................................................................................................................................................ 25

Evaluation of Meteorological Data......................................................................................................... 26

Meteorological Data Statistics from the Month of April, 2012 .......................... ...................... ............ 26

Meteorological Data Statistics from the Month of May, 2012 .................................. ....................... ... 28

Graphs of Meteorological Data from the month of May 2012 .......................... .................... .............. 29

Meteorological Data Statistics from the Month of June, 2012 .......................... ................... ............... 30

Graphs of Meteorological Data from the month of June 2012 .......................... ................... ............... 31

Long Term Temperature and Precipitation Means .......................... ............................ .................... ... 32

April ............................................................................................................................................... 32

May ............................................................................................................................................... 32

June ............................................................................................................................................... 32

Evaluate different Rainfall Events ...................................................................................................... 33

For the month of August ......................... ......................... ............................ ................... ............... 33

For the month of December ......................... ....................... ............................ ......................... ...... 33

For the month of July ..................................................................................................................... 33

For the month of June ................................................................................................................... 33


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Table of FiguresTable of FiguresTable of FiguresTable of Figures

Figure 1 Arficial Channel in VEGAS LAB .................... ............................ .................... ........................... ... 8

Figure 2 Trace is being injected at the upstream of Arficial Channel ................................. ...................... 9

Figure 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 15

Figure 5Typical river velocity profile in the vercal plane .................................. ....................... .............. 16

Figure 6 Cross-secon of a stream divided into vercal secons for measurement of discharge ............. 16

Figure 7 Electrical Device for Current Meter for showinf number of revoluons etc. .............................. 17

Figure 8 ADV Flow Tracker measuring velocies in River ..................... ............................ ....................... 18

Figure 9 Locaon of River Glems Gau-Krger Koordinaten: RW 3505610 HW 5401940 ......... ............... 19

Figure 10 Propeller Current Meter Equipment Box ........................... ........................... .......................... . 19

Figure 11 Cross Secon from Current Meter ..................................... ........................ ....................... ...... 21

Figure 12 Cross Secon from ADV Flow Tracker........................... ............................ ................... ............ 23


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IntroduconTerm Hydrometery simply means measurements of Water. In the past parcularly stream water flowmeasurement was regarded as Hydrometery. But as the me passed, many aspects of water

measurements have been included in this field. Hydrometery is concerned with the measurements of all

the variables in the hydrological (water) cycle and hydrological informaon is therefore necessary for the

pracce of efficient water management. Water will be a major issue as the world enters the third

millennium where more than one quarter of its populaon sll does not have safe drinking water. An

increasing demand is therefore placed on Hydrometery to provide the essenal hydrometric informaon

in order that the world's water resources may be managed more efficiently.

Hydrometery is defined as the measurement of flow in water courses, supported of complemented by

measurements of water levels and sediment transport.i

So far, there are many methods, techniques, and instruments out there for Hydrometery. Which include

tracer method, mid-secon method, slope area method etc. Which method is to be used? This is the

queson which can be answered aer take a look on requirement of accuracy of results, reliability and

the esmated cost.

The areas which are incorporated in the field of Hydrometery can be visualized in the following figure.

Another very popular tool which is also used with the Hydrometery techniques now days is RemoteSensing. Remote Sensing can be described as the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring

informaon about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing

and recording reflected or emied energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that informaon. ii

One of the methods from the science of Remote Sensing is the RADAR. Which is now been widely used

in a range of fields including Water measurements in the atmosphere.


6/34


Objecves/Major AssignmentsIn this report, I have tried to encompass some methods of Discharge measurements like Discharge

Measurement using Tracer, Discharge Measurement using two instruments (propeller & ADV flowtracker) and Evaluaon of Weather Radar Data. Methods and corresponding results have also been

discussed to some extent.

Discharge Measurements using Tracer

Introducon

Discharge measurements using tracer may be divided into two categories. The tracer-diluon method

and the tracer-velocity method. Tracer-diluon method is generally used where we have no access to

exact geometry of channel or cross seconal data. This method is more popular than the tracer velocity

method. Both the methods are discussed in the theorecal part of this secon.

Tracers

Basically, a tracer is considered anything that mixes with or travels with the flow and is detectable. A

detectable tracer can be med as it passes through a reach, or tracer concentraon profiles can be

measured in a reach.iii

Some tracers which can be used are:

Dyes of various colors

Other chemicals such as ferlizer, salt, and gases

Radioisotopes

Heat

Traveling turbulent eddy pressure sequences

Neutrally buoyant beads

Floats

Theory

Tracer-Velocity Method

It has the advantage if simple injecon requires a relavely small amount of tracer and is not crically

dependent on the conservaon of tracer. Its major disadvantages are the requirements the channel is

uniform and the channel-flow geometry be defined exactly. This method is not frequently used, but it

can be very accurate in canal and pipes where the cross seconal area is accurately known.

Trace-Diluon Method

Measurements from Tracer-Diluon Method depend on the determinaon of the degree of diluon of

an added tracer soluon by the flowing water.

A soluon with a known tracer concentraon is injected at a constant known velocity into the channel

flow. Downstream where the tracer soluon is thoroughly mixed over the flow cross secon, a

connuous sample is taken and its tracer concentraon in relaon to that of the injected soluon is

determined. The flow reference value is determined by using the tracer balance condion between the

injected tracer flow and the dilung flow.


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The procedure is standardized (ISO 9555-1 and ISO 9555-2 for liquid flow in open channels). iv

Generally chemical salts v were generally use as tracer. Radioacve tracers have been also used

successfully but handling problems have limited widespread use. Now a days fluorescent dyes as thetraces are used. We also used a fluorescent dye in lab test.

Diluon method is useful under following condions:

Where it is difficult or impossible to use current meter due to high velocies, turbulence or

debris.

Where, for physical reasons, the flow is inaccessible to a current meter or other measuring

devices.

Where the cross seconal area cannot be accurately measures as part of discharge

measurement of is changing during measurement. vi

There are two methods that can be used to measure discharge using the tracer method. One method isconstant-rate injecon method and the other can be sudden injecon method.

Constant Rate Injecon Method

In this method, Tracer is injected in the flow with a constant rate for sufficient long period of me in

order to achieve a constant concentraon of tracer at the downstream where the fluorometer is

provided.

The constant rate injecon method is basically injecng tracer soluon into the river in constant flow

rate for a sufficient long period in order to achieve a constant concentraon of the tracer at the

downstream sampling cross secon. Based on the conservaon of mass, discharge can then be

calculated from these following equaons. vii

Based on the conversaon of mass, discharge can then be calculated from provided equaons:

+ = ( + ) =

= =


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Point Rate Injecon Method

In principal this method is done byinstantaneously injecon tracer soluon into the channel and

calculang the total mass of tracer at the sampling cross secon. viii According to the conservaon of

mass, discharge can be calculated from these following equaon.

= ( )

=

The term ( ) is the total area under the concentraon-me curve. Generally the term

( ) is approximate by the equaon:

( )( )2


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Locaon

Discharge measurement by tracer test was conducted in the VEGAS laboratory of Universitt Stugart.

Equipment

Following equipment was used for this experiment:

Pump

Timer

Computer/Soware for logging the measurements

Fluorescence

Pipes

Arficial Channel whose cross secon was not

known.

Procedure

1. Flow is generated by a pump in the Arficial Channel

whose cross secon was not known.

2. Flow rate was kept constant.

3. All the equipment i.e. Fluorometer, pipes, and

notebook/computer were installed to detect the

tracer concentraon in the flow.

4. Coloring with concentraon of 1 g/l and volume of 5 ml is injected instantaneously into the

arficial channel at upstream cross secon

5. Observaon of concentraon manually by eyes and automacally by fluorometer for this

condion is lasng approximately 15 minutes.

6. Flow rate was increased to constant level and then again coloring concentraon of the same as

above and volume of 10 ml was introduced at once.

7. Aer taking down the observaons, with the same procedure, coloring of 1g/l concentraon and

10 ml volume was introduce.

8. Coloring with concentraon of 1 g/l is injected connuously with rate of 1,23 ml/sec into the

arficial channel at upstream cross secon

Figure 1 Arficial Channel in VEGAS LAB


10/34


Figure 2 Trace is being injected at the upstream of Arficial Channel

Results

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

14:15:22 14:18:14 14:21:07 14:24:00 14:26:53 14:29:46 14:32:38 14:35:31 14:38:24 14:41:17 14:44:10

Concentration(mg/l)

Concentration over time for Point Injection


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Results from Point Injecon 1

Parameter Name Value Calculated Units

C1 1000 mg/l

V1 5 ml

Cb,before 0,004509735 mg/l

Cb, Aer 0,004560232 mg/l

= 0,5 ( , + ,)Cb 0,00453498 mg/l

Area Under The Curve 690,543 Mg. second per liter

Point Injection 1

Sum 0,690543 mg/l

Tracer Amount 5 ml

Tracer Concentration 1000 mg/l

Calculated Discharge 7,240 l/s

0.00000

0.00500

0.01000

0.01500

0.02000

0.02500

0.03000

0.03500

0.04000

0.04500

0.05000

14:18:14

14:18:58

14:19:41

14:20:24

14:21:07

14:21:50

14:22:34

14:23:17

14:24:00

14:24:43

14:25:26

14:26:10

14:26:53

14:27:36

14:28:19

Concen

trationmg/l

Time(Sec)

Point Injection 1 5ml


12/34




C1 1000 mg/l

V1 10 ml

Cb,before 0.004560232 mg/lCb, Aer 0.004638725 mg/l

= 0,5 ( , + ,)Cb 0.004599478 mg/l


Point Injection 2

Sum 1,050305 mg/l

Tracer Amount 10 ml

TracerConcentration

1000 mg/l

Q 9,5210 l/s

0.000000

0.010000

0.020000

0.030000

0.040000

0.050000

0.060000

0.070000

0.080000

0.090000

14:26:53

14:27:36

14:28:19

14:29:02

14:29:46

14:30:29

14:31:12

14:31:55

14:32:38

14:33:22

14:34:05

14:34:48

Concentration

mg/l

Time(s)

Point Injection 2 10ml


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C1 1000 mg/lV1 10 ml

Cb,before 0.004638725 mg/l

Cb, Aer 0,004560232 mg/l

= 0,5 ( , + ,)Cb 0.004356853 mg/l


Point Injection 3

Sum 786.302 mg/l

Tracer Amount 10 mlTracer Concentration 1000 mg/l

Q 13,3285 l/s

0.00000

0.01000

0.02000

0.03000

0.04000

0.05000

0.06000

14:33:22

14:34:05

14:34:48

14:35:31

14:36:14

14:36:58

14:37:41

14:38:24

14:39:07

14:39:50

14:40:34

14:41:17

14:42:00

14:42:43

14:43:26

Concen

trationmg/l

Time(s)

Point Injection 3

10 ml


14/34


Connuous Injecon

Results from Connuous Injecon Method

=

Results

Pumping rate q 1.23 [ml/s]

k 0.1613 [g/l]

BackgroundConcentration

4.61

C1 840000 [g/l]

C1-C2(1st) 839935

C1-C2(2nd) 839860

C1-C2(3rd) 839833

C2-C0(1st) 60.39

C2-C0(2nd) 135.39

C2-C0(3rd) 162.39

Q1 17.5 l/s

Q2 7.73 l/s

Q3 6.83 l/s

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

110.00

120.00

130.00

140.00

150.00

160.00

170.00

180.00

14:42:43

14:44:10

14:45:36

14:47:02

14:48:29

14:49:55

14:51:22

14:52:48

14:54:14

14:55:41

14:57:07

14:58:34

Concen

tration(g/l)

Time(s)

Continuous Rate Injection


15/34


Discharge Measurements in the River Glems

Introducon

Rivers are the most important hydrological component. Thats why river water related analysis including

water quanty and water quality have to be taken into account to opmize water resources. To use the

river water to its full capacity, it is very important that we should have the exact knowledge of the

concerned river discharge and cross-secon.

There are many discharge measurement methods out there which were developed with the passage of

me by the water engineers and sciensts. In this case we will use mid-secon method. The discharge

measurements of the River Glems have been conducted with two different instruments (propeller & ADV

flow tracker). We will calculate discharge of the Glems River on that specific day on which the

measurements were conducted. This will be done by using mid-secon method as menon earlier.

Theory

Discharge measurements are done simple to calculate the amount of flow of water per second.

Discharge can be defined as the volume rate of flow of water including any substances suspended or

dissolved in the water and is usually expressed in cubic feet per second or cubic meters per second.ix

This definion can be expressed as mathemacal formula which is :

=

= = =


16/34


Measuring Stream Flow with propeller/Current Meter

The most common method used by many professionals is mechanical current-meter method. In this

method, the stream channel cross secon is divided into numerous vercal subsecons (diagram to the

le). In each subsecon, the area is obtained by measuring the width and depth of the subsecon, and

the water velocity is determined using a current meter (le-side picture below). The discharge in each

subsecon is computed by mulplying the subsecon area by the measured velocity. The total discharge

is then computed by summing the discharge of each subsecon.x

Figure 3

Figure 4


17/34


The velocity of the streamflow is measured using a current meter. An electronic signal is transmied

by the meter on each revoluon allowing the revoluons to be counted and med. Because the rate

at which the cups revolve is directly related to the velocity of the water, the med revoluons are

used to determine the water velocity.

For best results, the cross-secon of the stream at the point of measurement should have the

following ideal characteriscs:

The velocies at all points are parallel to one another and at right angles to the crosssecon

of the stream.

The curves of distribuon of velocity in the secon are regular in the horizontal and vercal

planes.

The cross-secon should be located at a point where the stream is nominally straight for at

least 50 m above and below the measuring staon.

The velocies are greater than 10-15 cm/s

The bed of the channel is regular and stable.

The depth of flow is greater than 30 cm.

The stream does not overflow its banks.

There is no aquac growth in the channel.

It is rare for all these characteriscs to be present at any one measuring site and compromises

usually have to be made.

Figure 5Typical river velocity profile in the vercal plane

Figure 6 Cross-secon of a stream divided into vercal secons for measurement of discharge


18/34


Calibraon Process for Current Meter

There is a need of calibraon for the propeller current meter before it is used to measure velocity.

From the calibraon, following equaons have to be used for calculaon of stream velocity.

, = 0,06 + 0,03 0,74 < < 1,65, = 0,05 + 0,05 > 1,65

1

Figure 7Electrical Device for Current Meter for showinf number of revoluons etc.

ADV Flow Tracker

The ADV uses the Doppler Effect to determine water velocity by sending a sound pulse into the water

and measuring the change in frequency of that sound pulse reflected back to the ADV by sediment orother parculates being transported in the water. The change in frequency, or Doppler Shi, that is

measured by the ADC is translated into water velocity. The sound is transmied into the water from a

transducer to the boom of the river and receives return signals throughout the enre depth. The ADV

also uses acouscs to measure water depth by measuring the travel me of a pulse of sound to reach

the river boom at back to the ADV.


19/34


Figure 8 ADV Flow Tracker measuring velocies in River

Locaon

This experiment was conducted at the River Glems. Locaon is specifically shown in the following maps.

(Gau-Krger Koordinaten: RW 3505610 HW 5401940)


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Figure 9 Locaon of River Glems Gau-Krger Koordinaten: RW 3505610 HW 5401940

Equipment

This experiment included following equipment.

Propeller current meter

Width and depth measurement equipment

Meter rod, mer, pen, note book

Acousc Doppler Velocity flow Tracker

Figure 10 Propeller Current Meter

Equipment Box


21/34


Results

Velocity data using propeller current meter

Point Distance from

LB (m)

Depth (m) n1 (rotaons

per 30 sec)

n (calibrated)=

n1/t

V0,6d (m/sec)

Le Bank 0 ,01 0 0,23 0,044

1 0,2 0,11 7 3,50 0,23

2 0,4 0,11 105 5,60 0,33

3 0,8 ,09 168 5,47 0,32

4 1,2 0,095 164 5,33 0,32

5 1,6 0,10 160 4,93 0,30

6 2,0 0,10 148 4,50 0,28

7 2,4 0,10 135 1,10 0,096

8 2,6 0,105 33 0,00 0,03

9 2,8 0,032 0 0,23 0,044

Discharge data using propeller current meter

Profile Depth (m) V (m/sec) Distance

between two

points (m)

Width of mid

secon (m)

Q (m3/sec)

Le Bank ,01 0,044 LB-A 0,1 0,000044

1 0,11 0,23 0,2 A-B 0,2 0,005062 0,11 0,33 0,2 B-C 0,3 0,01089

3 ,09 0,32 0,4 C-D 0,4 0,01152

4 0,095 0,32 0,4 D-E 0,4 0,01216

5 0,10 0,30 0,4 E-F 0,4 0,012

6 0,10 0,28 0,4 F-G 0,4 0,0112

7 0,10 0,096 0,4 G-H 0,3 0,00288

8 0,105 0,03 0,2 H-I 0,2 0,00063

RB 0,032 0,044 0,2 I-RB 0,1 0,000141

Total Discharge 0,06652 m3

/sec66,525 lit/sec


22/34


Cross Secon from propeller current meter

Figure 11 Cross Secon from Current Meter

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

LB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RB

A B C D E F G H I

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 2.4 2.6 2.8


23/34


Acousc Doppler Velocity (ADV) Flow Tracker

Discharge calculaon using ADV flow tracker

Profile Depth

(m)

V (m/sec) Distance

from LB

(m)

Distance

Between

2 Points

Width of mid-

Secon (m)

Q (m3/sec)

LB 0 0 LB-A 0,1 0

1 0,098 0,035 0,20 0,2 A-B 0,25 0,0008575

2 0,139 0,151 0,50 0,3 B-C 0,35 0,0073462

3 0,148 0,212 0,90 0,4 C-D 0,4 0,0125504

4 0,149 0,233 1,30 0,4 D-E 0,4 0,0138868

5 0,152 0,214 1,70 0,4 E-F 0,4 0,0130112

6 0,153 0,199 2,10 0,4 F-G 0,4 0,0121788

7 0,162 0,169 2,50 0,4 G-H 0,35 0,0095823

8 0,138 0,032 2,80 0,3 H-I 0,3 0,0013248

RB 0 0 2,95 0,15 I-RB 0,15 0

Total Discharge 0,070738 m3/sec70,7380 lit/sec


24/34


Cross Secon from ADV Flow Tracker

Figure 12 Cross Secon from ADV Flow Tracker

-0.18

-0.16

-0.14

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

LB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RB

A B C D E F G H I

-0.18

-0.16

-0.14

-0.12

-0.1

-0.08

-0.06

-0.04

-0.02

0

0 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.72.1 2.5 2.8 2.95


25/34


Weather Radar

Task 1:Calculate the elevaon above ground of the center of the Radar Beam from the Radar Trkheim at the

site of the IWS Weather staon, as well as the upper and lower edges. How many and which ranges bins

of the MRR lie within the radar beam of the Trkheim radar (lower to upper edge)?

Answer

Due to the earths curvature and refracon in the atmosphere, the height of the radar beam can be

calculated as followsxi:

Calculations

H 1842.755 m

r 52500 m

Re 8490000 m

elevatin angle 1 degree

H 767 m

Task 2:

Determine the volumes which are captured by the Trkheim Radar and the MRR (for the complete

Trkheim Radar beam) at the site of the weather staon site?

Hint: You have to calculate a rough order of magnitude not a factor with 4 trailing decimals!

Beam of RADAR is in the shape of cone. It scaers as it travels. So from this we can calculate volumecapture by a RADAR.

Surface Area and volume of conexii


26/34


=

So by Calculaons,

52500

180 3008,117

1

3

4,951723 10

Task 5

The figure below shows an annual accumulaon sum for the Radar Trkheim.

Intense Rain Dro s aenuaon

May be the aero planes in sky

Ground Cluerin Effect


27/34


Evaluaon of Meteorological Data

Meteorological Data Stascs from the Month of April, 2012

Parameter Value Units

Mean Temperature 8.258903 2m[ C ]

Mean Air Humidity 69.85585 [%]

Mean Air Pressure 954.5691 [hPa]

Precipitation Sum (Float &Syphon)

[mm]

Precipitation Sum (Tipping Bucket) 49.7 [mm]

Evapotranspiration 59,51 mm

Date Time

Max Temperature 30.02 2m[ C ] 28.04.2012 16:00:00

Mi. Temparature -3.44 2m[ C ] 17.04.2012 06:00:00

Max Humidity 100.5 [%] 05.04.2012 09:00:00

Min. Humidity 18.1 [%] 28.04.2012 16:00:00

Max Air Pressure 969.02 [hPa] 04.04.2012 10:00:00

Min. Air Pressure 940.24 [hPa] 19.04.2012 16:00:00


28/34


0

5

10

15

20

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

27.03.2012 01.04.2012 06.04.2012 11.04.2012 16.04.2012 21.04.2012 26.04.2012 01.05.2012 06.05.2012

Temp(degreeCentigrade)

RelativeHumidity%

April 2012

Relative Humidity % Average Daily Temperature

920

930

940

950

960

970

27.03.2012 01.04.2012 06.04.2012 11.04.2012 16.04.2012 21.04.2012 26.04.2012 01.05.2012 06.05.2012

[hPa]

April 2012

Average Air Pressure

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

mm

Days

April 2012

Precepitation Evapotransipiration


29/34


Meteorological Data Stascs from the Month of May, 2012





Precipitation Sum (Float &

Syphon)

[mm]

Precipitation Sum (Tipping

Bucket)

43.1 [mm]

Evapotranspiration 97 [mm]Date Time


Mi. Temparature -0.25 2m[ C ] 14.05.2012 05:00:00

Max Humidity 100.64 [%] 23.05.2012 07:00:00

Min. Humidity 29.33 [%] 14.05.2012 17:00:00




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Graphs of Meteorological Data from the month of May 2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

26.04.2012 01.05.2012 06.05.2012 11.05.2012 16.05.2012 21.05.2012 26.05.2012 31.05.2012 05.06.2012

Centigrade

RelativeHumidity%

May 2012 Relative Humidity Daily Average Temperature

940

950

960

970

980

26.04.2012 01.05.2012 06.05.2012 11.05.2012 16.05.2012 21.05.2012 26.05.2012 31.05.2012 05.06.2012

[hPa]

May 2012 Average Air Pressure

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

mm

Days

May 2012 Precepitation Evapotransipiration


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Meteorological Data Stascs from the Month of June, 2012





Precipitation Sum (Float &Syphon)

[mm]

Precipitation Sum (Tipping Bucket) 87.4 [mm]

Evapotranspiration 89,68

Date Time


Mi. Temparature 6.02 2m[ C ] 05.06.2012 05:00:00

Max Humidity 100.57 [%] 12.06.2012 05:00:00

Min. Humidity 36.2 [%] 16.06.2012 13:00:00




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Graphs of Meteorological Data from the month of June 2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

26.05.2012 31.05.2012 05.06.2012 10.06.2012 15.06.2012 20.06.2012 25.06.2012 30.06.2012 05.07.2012

Temp(degreeCentigrade)

RelativeHumidity%

June 2012

Relative Humidity % Average Daily Temperature

950

955

960

965

970

975

26.05.2012 31.05.2012 05.06.2012 10.06.2012 15.06.2012 20.06.2012 25.06.2012 30.06.2012 05.07.2012

[hPa]

June 2012Average Air Pressure

0

5

10

15

20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

mm

Days

June 2012

Precepitation Evapotransipiration


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Long Term Temperature and Precipitaon Means

Do a research on the long term means (1961-1990) of temperature and precipitaon (April, May,June) for Stugart and compare these values with the data of 2012. Discuss the differences of the

climate means vs. the measurements of 2012 for these three months.

April

Parameter 1960-1990 2012

Mean Temperature 8,9 8,25

Evapotranspiration 54 59,51

Max Temperature 8,28 30,02

Mi. Temperature -4,7 -3,44

We can see there is not much difference between the two data sets. Only difference which we can

see is in the max. Temperature. This difference is not that important. Because max temperature can

occur only in one day through the month. There is not much difference in the mean temperatures.

May

Parameter 1960-1990 2012


Evapotranspiration 65 97


Mi. Temperature -0,7 -0,25

There is a stark difference in values. This shows overall increase in the temperature in the month of

May as compared to the era 1960-1990. We can realize, there is increase in atmospheric temperate

since 1990. Which can be due to global warming and industrializaon.

June

Parameter 1960-1990 2012


Evapotranspiration 73 89,68


Mi. Temperature 1,9 6,02

There is difference in Mean temperature and minimum temperature in two data sets. This is also

due to the steady increase in the atmospheric temperature.


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Evaluate different Rainfall Events

Evaluate different rainfall events located in the folder single_precip_data in terms of precipitaon

amount and intensity/intensies from the float&syphon rain gauge. Try to characterize the weathersituaon that caused these events.

For the month of August

It shows very high value of precipitaon. Sudden decrease in the curve shows the bucket emped and

again fills. It happens four mes. Aer that curve is again normal.

For the month of December

This Graph clearly shows snow and snow melng in the area. Thats why, we can see from the graph

curve, it steadily goes upwards and the snow melts and gain a rise in the curve shows further

precipitaon.

For the month of JulySteady increase in the curve shows a connuous precipitaon for almost 2 and half days. The curve

becomes straight which shows no further precipitaon.

For the month of June

Curve shows a heavy precipitaon on 16th day of the month. Precipitaon is so high that bucket has to be

drained once.

i (W. Boiten. 2005)ii (Natural Resources Canada nrcan.gc.ca)iii

WATER MEASUREMENT MANUAL A WATER RESOURCES TECHNICAL PUBLICATION usbr.goviv Finnish Accreditaon Service hp://www.mikes.fiv Osterm, 1964vi Frederick A. Kilpatrick and Ernest D. Cobb (1985)vii (Rantz, S.E., 1982)viii Rantz, S.E., 1982ix hp://wikipedia.org/wiki/Dischargex hp://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/streamflow2.htmlxi (Bech et al. 2003)xii hp://math.about.com/od/formulas/ss/surfaceareavol_2.htm

Remote Sensing and Hydrometry Final Report

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