Remote Control of Appliance

8/7/2019 Remote Control of Appliance

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION :-

PRINCIPAL OF WORKING

BLOCK DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

COMPONENT LIST

COMPONENT DETAILS

IC DETAILS

MULTIVIBRATOR MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR


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PCB FABRICATION

PCB FABRICATION ART WORK

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

SOFTWARE PROGRAM

SOFTWARE PROGRAM SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION SOFTWARE EXECUTION WAVEFORM OF OUTPUT

APPLICATION OF PROJECT

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION


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REFERENCE

Man has become busy and is getting less time

day by day. He needs all the information all the timeanywhere in the world to control has man & machinefrom single point. As he is having computer which isgives lots of information to him, through which hemonitors his business etc.

Through computer he is able to manage his house.Through remote control of T.V. he can change thechannel from 1 to 100 or more. The remote control ofT.V. works only if it is pointed towards the TV, but if wehave device which control the appliance by not pointedtowards it then It will be very useful one can control theappliances sitting in drawing room or kitchen.

Similarly it can be used to control the machinefrom sitting at one place in the factory.

We have developed the frequency based devicewhich control the appliance from one point.

*********************


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The MHz frequency generator transmitter is made usingtransmitter circuit and their RF signal is received throughantenna and down converted to audio frequency range.

This audio frequency is amplified ,rectifiedcompared and fed to JK flip-flop which toggles off to onand vice user. The output to JK flip-flop is fed to relaydriver. IC 555 is used as relay driver. The relay switchesthe appliances from ON to OFF & vice versa.

Modulation

Crystaloscillator

ModulationPower

amplifier

RF outputPower

amplifier

RF voltageand power

amplifierRF bufferamplifier

Modulation

processing

Modulationvoltage

amplifier

BLOCK DIGRAM OF TRANSMITTER


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7805

7815

Audio andPower amplifier

RFStage Mixer

IFamplifier Detector

Localoscillator

Ganged tuning

Antenna

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER


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7915

4

6

7

R3

R1

R2

3

27

C1

R8

R4

D1

+Vcc

R5

2

36

4

161

R6

C2

8

R7

9

C3

Pole

RL1

81

B

A

REMOTE CONTROL OF LIGHT


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TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR

MULTI OUTPUT POWER SUPPLY

7915

78157805

7815

7805


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Selection of Transformer

To generate a voltage of +15 Volt we have selected a

transformer whose input is 230 V +/-10 % and output

is 9-0-9 Volts and deliver the current up to 500mA.

Selection of Rectifier Diodes

The rectifier diodes of 1Amp rating has been

chosen to keep the safety factor of 100%.

Selection of Filters

Since the load is not high we have chosen the

capacitive filtering to avoid the ripple . To keep the

cost low and sufficient ripple we chose the Capacitor

value.

Select ion of R

The resistance has been selected of sufficient

wattage to avoid overheating and of correct value.

Select ion of Capacitor

Capacitors have been used for filtering the noise

at the control voltage and for minimizing the ripple.

Selection of Relay

To switch bulb we have chosen the relay whose

contact current is more than 1 Amp. and holding

current is less than 20 mA.

1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION


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RESISTORS:

These are current resist ing devices.These are made of

carbon, metal l ic wire wound etc. These are read through this acronym

BBROYGBVGW. This stands for, Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yel low,

Green, B lue, V iolet , Gray and, Whi te respect ively. These colors are

pr in ted as l i nes on the res is tor the f i r s t and second co lors l ines

indicate the number corresponding to color. The numbers indicated by

the col or s a re shown i n t ab le be low. T he t hi rd l ine i nd ica te t he

number of zeros, the four th l ine indicate the percentage of to lerance

of the resistor.

BLACK 0 YELLOW 4 GRAY 8BROWN 1 GREEN 5 WHITE 9RED 2 BLUE 6 Gold 5%ORANGE 3 VIOLET 7 Silver 10%

E.g. Red, Red, Black Gold = 22 +/-5%; Red, Red, Brown

= 220 ; Red, Red, Red = 2200; Red, Red, Orange = 22K; Red,

Red, Yel low = 220K; Red, Red, Green = 2.2M; Red, Red, Yel low =

22 M

These are avai lable in var ious wattages l ike 1/4W, 1/2 W,

1W, 2W, 5W, 10W, 20W, 50W, 100W, 200W. I n e lec tr on ics mos t

common use are up to 5Wat t .Higher the wat tages bigger the s izes.

The va lue and wat tage o f res i s ters are to be se lec ted as per the

appli cat ions . The to lerance in varia ti on o f the ra ted va lue i s a l so

se lec ted as per t he app li ca ti ons . T he res is te rs a re f ab ri ca ted

direct ly on the IC i tsel f .

DIODES:


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T he se d ev ic es a ll ow t o f lo w c ur re nt in o nl y o ne

d i rect ion . T hese dev ices a re a lso cal led un id ir ec t ional dev ices .

Ear l ier these devices were made of vacuum tubes, now a days these

are semi conduc tor sol id - st ate dev ices. T hese a re PN j unct ion

devices .The PN means doping of the semi conductor wi th posi t ive

and negat ive elect ronic valence atoms. The s i l icon diodes have knee

vol tage drop of 0.7 vol ts i .e. forward biased voltage drop whereas

germanium d iodes have 0 .3 vo l tage drop. The d i f fe rent d iodes are

used for d i ffe rent purposes. The d iodes work in forward b iased

condi t ion or reverse biased condi t ions.

These are available with different current

rating, voltage rating, power rating and are used for

different applications. The diodes of higher wattages are

of bigger sizes. The Symbol of Diode and the ideal curves

of diodes are shown below.

Current

Voltage

Diode Symbol ideal curve

Current

Forward Region

Break Down Voltage


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Vo

ltage Knee Voltage =0.7V

Reverse Region

Diode Characteristics:

Diodes are of different types like Photodiode,

Varactor diode, Schotkey Diode, PIN diode, Zener Diode

etc.

Zener Diode:

Small signal and rectifier diodes are never

operated in the break down region because this maydamage them. The zener diode is made to operate in

breakdown region, sometimes called breakdown diode.

The zener diode is the back bone of voltage regulators,

circuits that hold the load voltage almost constant despite

large changes in the line voltage and load res istance.

Symbol of Zener Diode


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Light Emitting Diode:

I n a f o rward b iased d iode, f ree e lect rons c ross t he

junct ion and fal l in to holes. As these electrons fal l f rom a higher to a

l ower energy l evel , t hey r ad ia te energy . I n o rd inar y d iodes t hi s

energy goes o f f i n the form of heat . But i n the l i gh t emi t t i ng d iode

(LED) the energy rad ia tes as l igh t . LEDs that rad iate red, green,

yel low, b lue, orange or inf rared are manufactured by using elements

l i ke ga ll ium, arsen ic, and phosphorous. LEDs that produce v i sib le

radiat ions are useful wi th inst ruments, calculators etc. The infrared

LED f inds appl icat ion in burglar systems and other areas requi r ing

invisible radiat ions. The seven segment displays uses 7 LEDs.

The symbol of LEDTRANSFORMERS:

This are the dev ices which converts the pr imary ac

vol tage to di f ferent secondary ac vol tages . I f the secondary vol tage is

higher then pr imary vol tage then the t ransformer is cal led step up

transformer, i f the secondary is less then pr imary vol tage then i t i s

cal led step down t ransformer , i f secondary i s same as p r imary


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vol tage then i t i s cal led uni ty t ransformer . This unity t ransformer is

a ls o u se d a s isolat ion transformer. T he se d ev ic es a re h ig hl y

eff icient unto 99.9%, i .e. very low power loss.

The transformers are required for making dc

supply, tuning circuit etc. The current rating of primary

and secondary winding determines the SWG gauge of the

copper wire.

POWER SUPPLIER:

The Power is g iven to the t ransformer , which steps

down the input vol tage to 10 t imes less i .e. 20 V.

78M05

Transformer Rect i f i er Fi l ter Regulator

Regulated Power Supply

T hi s l ow v ol ta ge i s f ed t o b ri dg e r ec ti fi er t ha t r ec ti fi es t he a c

wave fo rm t o dc wavefo rm w it h some r ippl es . T hese r ipp les a re

f i l tered through capaci tance f i l ter and is fed to l inear regulator .The

output of regulator is further f i l tered to produce clean DC VOLTAGE.

CAPACITORS:


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This are the storage devices but has in built

Resistance thats why the storage voltage does not last for

longer period. The use of capacitor is for tuning the

circuit, filtering the noise to ground, creating the timing

pulse as in our case. The capacitors cannot be fabricated

on ICs because of the technical difficulty.

The di f ferent values of capacitor that are avai lable are

1pf , 2pf , 2.2pf , 100pf , 200pf , 1000pf , 0.001uf , and 0.01uf , 0.1uf , 2uf ,

10uf , 22uf , 33uf , 47uf , 56uf , 68uf , 82uf , 100uf , 220uf , 330uf etc. The

capac i tors are se lec ted based on capac i tance and vol tage rat ing.

H igher t he vol tage h igher t he s ize o f t he capaci to r. T hese a re

avai lable in fol lowing types.

Electrolytic Capacitor :

These capacitors have electrolyte as the

dielectric between the two plates. These a re available with

polarity + and -.These are available with vertical mount or

horizontal mount configuration.

Paper Capacitor :

These capacitors are available in low range of

capacitance. The paper is used as dielectrics media

between the two plates.


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Mica Capacitor :

These capacitors are also available in low range

of capacitance. The mica is used as dielectrics media

between the two plates.

Disc Capacitor:

These are avai lable from 1pF to 1ooooUF.

PREPARATION OF THE PCB

Schematic Preparation

Schematic is a ci rcui t that is drawn ei ther

wi th the help of software or by manual ly on paper wi th standard

symbols. I f the c i rcu it i s b ig and compl i ca ted then mult i l ayer

schematic is made otherwise single layer schematic is made . The

schemat ic is drawn wi th colored pen to indicate the di f ferent

layers , power l ines , signal l ines and ground l ines.

Artwork Preparation

After making the schematic on a paper, same is

dupl icated on t ransparent acry lic p last ic sheet . This c i rcui t is

cal led artwork . The artwork is made ei ther bigger or smal ler or

same s i ze o f the desi red PCB .The ar twork i s drawn w i th

di f ferent color tapes to ident ify the s ignal l ines, power l ines and

ground l ines . The artwork should be proper wi thout leaving any

connect ion or making any excess connect ion or shorts .

Film Making

The artwork is reduced or enlarged or madeof same size of the PCB on the f i lm through the camera . The


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camera produces both the posi t ive and negat ive f i lms . Thesef i lms are used to made PCB .

Etching of copper cladded boardThe f i lms are put on copper cladded board and

the board is exposed to l ight . The t ime of exposure depends on

many factors. Af ter the exposure of the board i t i s r insed in the

etching solut ion. During this etching operat ion the exposed copper

ge ts d i ssol ved i n t he solut ion whereas unexposed copper

remains in tact w i th the board .Th is unexposed copper in turn

makes t he pat te rn wha t we see on PCB. T he board i s t hen

washed in water wi th gent le brush .Drilling of holesThe PCB is now ready for dr i l l ing operat ion

.The holes are now dri l led at a l l p laces wherever the components

are to be put .The size of the dr i l ls should not be ei ther more then

the required or less then the required . I f the hole is large the i t wi l l

be di f ficul t to solder and lot of lead wi l l be consumed. I f the hole is

smal l then component wi l l n ot be inserted easi ly.

Tinning of pcbThe PCB is t inned af ter put t ing the mask on PCB

.This is done to insulate the pat terns and avoid any shor t . The

mask covers the areas where the solder ing is to be done.

PCB TESTING

PCB is checked for a l l interconnect ions through

mul t imeter , whether the t racks are broken or shor t a t any p lace ,

thereby correct ion is done through solder ing.


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ASSEMBLING OF THE UNIT

Components are assembled in proper

direction and avoid the touching of the components to

one another. Heat sink is to be put wherever required

with a heat sink compound.

After assembling the components , they are soldered

and thereafter cleaned with CTC l iquid.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 89C51S

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM7805


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After assembling the transmitter and

receiver. The transmitter is pressed to transmit the

radio signal which is heard at the receiver through the

tuning to match the incoming frequency . When both

transmitter and receiver are matched audio is heard ,

thereafter the audio detection circuit is connected at

the speaker output and speaker is removed . The audio

detection circuit amplifies the received signal and this

signal is rectified and compared to give the output to

JK F/F IC the output of which is give to pin no.2 of

555 IC which in turn drives the relay to ON/OFF .

Hence the unit is tested and worked to our

satisfaction .


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****************

After assembling and testing all theconnected components as per the circuit , the 230 V

supply to given to the board and load is connected.

Transmitter Receiver Output

Yes Yes ON

Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec

Yes Yes OFF


Yes Yes ONWait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec

Yes Yes OFF


Yes Yes ON

*******************

COST ESTIMATE FOR

REMOTE CONTOL OF LIGHT

S.NO REQUIRED MATERIAL WITH

FULL SPEC.

REQD QTY. COST

/UNIT

TOTAL

COST


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1. Transistors 4 89.00 356.00

2. Inductor 10uH 2 49.00 98.00

3. Ckt. assembly casing 1 125.00 125.00

4. The external casing 1 150.00 150.00

5. Diode 6 2.00 12.00

6. Resistor 9 2.00 18.00

7. IC741 2 38.00 76.00

8. Capacitors 220uF/63V 4 25.00 100.00

9. Relay 1 35.00 35.00

10

.

IC Bases 4 5.00 20.00

11

.

IC NE555/NE556 1 15.00 15.00


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12

.

IC Regulator 78L15 1 30.00 30.00

13

.

IC4027 1 75.00 75.00

14

.

Power Switches 1 20.00 20.00

15

.

Holder 1 8.00 8.00

16

.

Lead 1 15.00 15.00

17

.

Voltage Transformer 2 45.00 90.00

18

.

Cu Claded board 1 160.00 160.00

19

.

Etching Solutions 1 Litre 190.00 190.00


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20

.

Dilute HCL 1 Litre 160.00 160.00

21

.

Insulation Coating 1/4 Litre 160.00 40.00

22

.

40 Watt bulbs 1 10.00 10.00

23

.

Wires 2 Meter 3.00 6.00

TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT 1809


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Remote control of the appliances saves time and energy

both at industry and home. This device has number of application

like remote switching of machine in the factory. Remote control of

traffic light that is allowing the VIP vehicle, fire brigade,

ambulance vehicle etc. to move by providing the forced green light

and putting off the existing traffic light to all red. This device can

be used to replace remote control of TV set. One need not point to

TV to change its channel.

This device can be used as wireless bell to call the person

in/out as the case may be. There are many applications of remote

control. It can be used to count bags automatically and connecting

the counter at the output of relay.

The circuit has worked to our expectation.

*******************REFERENCES


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1.Electronics Principle:Albert Paul Malvino

2.Electronics devices & circuits:Allen Mottershead

3. Digital Computer Fundamentals:Thomas C.Bartee

4.Digital Principles & Applications:

Albert Paul Malvino & Donald P. Leach

Remote Control of Appliance

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