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REMEMBERINGNINE OF THE WORST
NATURAL DISASTERS (in terms of casualties)
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA Virginia, USA
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NOVEMBER 1970 BHOLA CYCLONE: BANGLADESH
• DEATH TOLL ESTIMATED AT 500,000.
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Fast Forward to 2015
GLOBAL GOAL: Implementing the Post-2015 Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction From WCDRR
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LEARNING FROM GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
PART 4: CYCLONES
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FACT: SEVERAL NATIONS NEED TO BE CYCLONE DISASTER RESILIENT
• INDIA, BANGLADESH, and MYANMAR--- where some of the world’s poorest of the poor live
• AUSTRALIA
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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
•SEVERE WINDSTORMS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
CYCLONE DISASTER CYCLONE DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTIONS•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
Wind profileWind profile
Storm Hazards:Storm Hazards:-Wind pressure-Surge-Rain-Flood-Waves-Salt water-Missiles-Tornadoes
OceanOceanOceanOcean
Gradient WindGradient Wind
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WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
CYCLONESCYCLONES
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
STORM SURGE
HEAVY PRECIPITATION IN A SHORT TIME
FLASH FLOODING
(MUDFLOWS)
LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS)
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
GLOBAL
DISASTER
LABORATORIES
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PILLARS OF CYCLONE DISASTER RESILIENCE Preparedness
Adoption and Implementation of a Modern Wind Engineering Building Code
Timely Early Warning and Evacuation
Timely Emergency Response (including Emergency Medical Services)
Casualty insurance to underwrite losses
Cost-Effective Recovery
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WE CONTINUE TO OPERATE WITH A FLAWED PREMISE:
KNOWLEDGE FROM CYCLONE DISASTERS, WHICH OCCUR ANNUALLY IN PARTS OF THE
PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEANS, IS ENOUGH TO MAKE ANY NATION
SUSCEPTIBLE TO CYCLONES ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES
THAT WILL FACILITATE ITS DISASTER RESILIENCE
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FACT: IT USUALLY TAKES MULTIPLE CYCLONE DISASTERS
BEFORE A STRICKEN NATION WILL ADOPT AND IMPLEMENT
POLICIES THAT MOVE IT TOWARDS CYCLONE DISASTER
RESILIENCE
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TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• A community’s Capital (i.e., the governing functions) is shut down for an indefinite period of time
• Downed trees
• Flooded streets
• Power outages
• Roofs ripped off
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TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Major roads blocked by debris• Bridges washed out or
impassible• Sea wall, levees, etc., damaged• Airport closed; planes damaged
on the runway• Landslides
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TYPICAL SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
• Region- and locale-specific damage to food crops and “money crops” (i.e., exportable goods)
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EXAMPLES OF PAST CYCLONE DISASTERS
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INDIACYCLONE PHALIN—One of
Many OCTOBER 12, 2013
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CYCLONE PHALIN”S IMPACT AREA
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AUSTRALIA
Cyclone TRACY: 1974
Cyclone LARRY: 2006
Cyclone HAMISH: 2009
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AUSTRALIA
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IMPACTS OF CYCLONE TRACY
• Cyclone Tracy devastated the city of Darwin in Australia’s Northern Territory from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, 1974.
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IMPACTS OF TRACY
• Tracy killed 71 people, caused AS837 million in damage (1974 dollars) and destroyed more than 70 percent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 percent of the houses.
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IMPACTS OF TRACY
• More than 30,000 of Darwin’s 47,000 inhabitants were evacuated tom Adelaide, Whvalla, Alice, Springs, and Sydney.
• Many never returned to Darwin.
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IMPACTS OF CYCLONE LARRY
• Throughout Queensland, Cyclone Larry resulted in A$1.5 billion ($1.1 billion USD) in damage, making Larry,at that time the costliest tropical cyclone to ever impact Australia, surpassing 1974’s Cyclone Tracy’s losses.
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CYCLONE HAMISH’S IMPACTS
• Hamish, a CAT 4 storm with 290 kph (175 mph) winds, disrupted coal exports and slowed the tourist industry.• A major oil spill occurred and polluted the beaches.
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CYCLONE NARGIS STRIKES MYANMAR (BURMA)
MAY 2-8, 2008
INADEQUATE ADVANCE WARNINGMILITARY JUNTA SLOW TO ALLOW AID
INITIAL DEATH TOLL UNDER-ESTIMATED; REACHED 140,000
THOUSANDS OF HOMES DESTROYEDONE MILLION LEFT HOMELESS
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PATH OF CYCLONE NARGIS: MAY 2-3, 2008 :
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A BAD TIME FOR CYCLONE NARGIS
• NARGIS STRUCK JUST DAYS BEFORE A REFERENDUM ON A NEW CONSTITUTION.
• MYANMAR, ALSO KNOWN AS BURMA, HAS BEEN UNDER MILITARY RULE SINCE 1962.
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BUDDHIST NEW YEAR: A BAD TIME FOR A CYCLONE
• MANY PEOPLE ACROSS THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION WERE IN MYANAMAR CELEBRATING WATER FESTIVAL AS PART OF THE BUDDHIST NEW YEAR.
• THE INFLUX OF VISITORS INCREASED LOSS OF LIFE AND EXACERBATED THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PHASE.
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People were completely unprepared for what
happened.
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LESSON: THE TIMING OF ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS IS VITAL
• The people who know: 1) what to expect (e.g., storm surge, high-velocity winds, rain, flash floods, and landslides,), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive.
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CYCLONE NARGIS WARNINGS WERE INADEQUATE
• Advance warnings grossly underestimated the arrival time, the wind speeds, and the storm surge.
• Storm surge and torrential rain caused local flooding.
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CYCLONE NARGIS FLOODED YANGON, THE CAPITAL
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CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING IN YANGOON:
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CYCLONE NARGIS:
• The storm's 120 mph winds blew the roofs off hospitals, downed trees, cut electricity to 6.5 million in Yangoon, the capital, and destroyed 90% of the housing in some villages.
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CYCLONE NARGIS: DOWNED TREES IN YANGOON:
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CYCLONE NARGIS: DOWNED TREES:
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CYCLONE NARGIS: DOWNED POWER LINES IN YANGOON:
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CYCLONE NARGIS: DAMAGED CARS IN YANGOON
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CYCLONE NARGIS: DEBRIS IN YANGOON
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BUDDHIST MONKS CLEARING ROAD
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USING A BUCKET OF WATER FOR A SHOWER
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SURVIVORS: TEMPORARY HOUSING, MAY 10
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TAKING SHELTER IN A BUDDHIST TEMPLE
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SURVIVORS: TEMPORARY HOUSING, MAY 10
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GENERAL THAN SHWE INSPECTING TEMPORARY HOUSING
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SURVIVORS: FLOODED RICE FIELDS, MAY 16
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SURVIVORS: BOGALE, MAY 21
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SURVIVORS: SETTING UP ELECTRICAL GENERATOR, MAY 22
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SURVIVORS: REBUILDING WITH FEW MATERIALS, MAY 22
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SURVIVORS: WAITING FOR FOOD THAT WAS SLOW COMING, MAY 27
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FOOD, BUT WITHOUT ANYONE TO DISTRIBUTE IT, MAY 27
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NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE:
• THE INITIAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE WAS SLOW, PARTLY BECAUSE THE EXTENT OF THE DISASTER WAS GROSSLY UNDERESTIMATED.
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DELAY IN RECEIVING INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE:
• THE RULING MILITARY JUNTA ASKED FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE, - - -
• ALTHOUGH, SEVERAL NATIONS RESPONDED IMMEDIATELY, THE RULING MILITARY JUNTA WAITED 7 DAYS BEFORE ALLOWING VERY LIMITED ASSISTANCE TO BEGIN.
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INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE:
• UN agencies such as UNICEF and other organizations such as World Food Program were working with the America Red Cross and other international NGO’s to determine the extent of the needs and to help meet them, as allowed by the ruling military junta.
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INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE SLOWED:
• Australia, China, France, Germany, Singapore, Indonesia, USA, and others responded immediately, but were denied approval to start delivery of aid for several days.
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
AUGUST 6, 2008
BASED ON ARTICLE PREPARED BY JOHN HOLMES
UNITED NATIONS UNDERSECRETARYFOR HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND EMERGENCY RELIEF COORDINATOR
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FACTS ABOUT CYCLONE NARGIS
WORST CYCLONE IN MYANMAR’S HISTORY
ONE OF THE WORST CYCLONE DISASTER IN ASIA DURING PAST 15
YEARS140,000 DEAD
2.4 MILLION SERIOUSLY AFFECTED
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
First, no nation, rich or poor, can go it alone when confronted by a
natural disaster of the magnitude of a Cyclone Nargis.
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
Second, we must stay focused on the goal: assisting people in
crisis; .. helping vulnerable people in need, not on the
politics.
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
Third, Nargis showed us a new model of humanitarian partnership,
adding the special position and capabilities of the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations to those of the United Nations in working to build trust with the government
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
Fourth, Nargis demonstrated once again the importance of disaster risk reduction and preparedness:
simple in concept, low-cost measures such as local evacuation
plans, shelters, and community early-warning systems.
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LESSONS FROM CYCLONE NARGIS
Fifth, Nargis demonstrated the extraordinary resilience
of the Myanmar people.