Remediation on the former uranium mining and milling site...
Transcript of Remediation on the former uranium mining and milling site...
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RemedRemediationiation onon the formerthe formeruranium mininguranium mining andand millingmilling sitesite
(Hungary)(Hungary): Case Study: Case Study
M. CsővariThe presented work is a common
work of the experts fromMECSEK-ÖKO Rt, Pécs, Hungary
andMECSEKÉRC Rt, Pécs, Hungaryand other companies, institutions
„DIFPOLMINE” CONFERENCE Budapest4-8 July 2005
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Location of the site
The site has a close connection withdrinking water catchement areas
(T and P).
T P
Water treatment is neccessary for:Mine water
Contaminated groundwater
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Geological crossGeological cross--section of thesection of theformer mining siteformer mining site(Western(Western MecsekMecsek))
±0
-700
SandstoneClaystone
P-T Sandstone
Tectonic zoneUranium ore
Legend
Anhydirte Siltstoneaquitard
Limestone M Sand and clay
Pl Loose sand (aquifer)2
Northern shaftsSouthern shaft
Adit
D
D- drinking water aquifer
Anticline
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Water treatment processesWater treatment processes
1) Mine water treatmentAnion-exchange process is used for U(TDS~1.6 g/l; U~5 mg/l; As<12 mg/l, Ra~0.3 Bq/l)
2) Groundwater treatmentPump and treat process
(TDS~3-15 g/l; U<0.1 mg/l; Ra~0.08 Bq/l)Heavy metals:As<12 mg/l;
Pilot-scale PRB (ZVI + sand mixture)(in situ groundwater treatment, experiment)
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I Mine water treatment stationI Mine water treatment station
Station is situated on the area of former Shaft NI
Mine water
As
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Yellow cake productionYellow cake production
B
Packing unit
U-concentrate accretion onthe mixer in dryer causes
some problemsPrecipitation of
uranium peroxide
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Mine water treatmentMine water treatmentSorption efficiency for uraniumSorption efficiency for uranium
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Ye ar
U, m
g/l U in mine water.
U effl.
Ueff l.~0.2 mg/l
U~2 t/aExtra water fromremediation activityof HL
U~7 t/a
V~0.44 Mm3/aV~1.2 Mm3/a
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The change of uraniumThe change of uraniumconcentration in mine waterconcentration in mine waterover long period (1968over long period (1968--2005)2005)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
Year
U, m
g/l
Volume and concentration were affectedby heap leaching
6-7 mg/l 4.5-5 mg/l35 years
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Mill
TP
Pipeline TPI
TPII
II Groundwater treatmentII Groundwater treatmentTailings PondsTailings Ponds
Total volume of the tailings:20.4 kt solid + 32 Mm3 of liquid
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Groundwater restorationGroundwater restoration
577000 577500 578000 578500 579000 579500 580000 58050075000
75500
76000
76500
77000
77500
78000
78500
79000
A-01
B-01
C-01
H/1
U-09/1
U-10/1
U-11/1U-13/1
U-14/1
U-16/1
U-17/1
U-18/1
U-19/1
U-20/1
U-21/1
V-01/1
V-02/1
V-03/1
V-05/1
V-07/1
V-08/1
V-10/1
V-11/1
V-13/1
V-14/1
V-15/1
V-16/1
V-17/1
V-18/1
V-19/1
V-20/1
V-21/1
V-22/1V-23/1
V-24/1
V-25/1
V-26/1
V-27/1
V-28/1
V-29/1
V-30/1
V-32/1
V-33/1
V-35/1
V-36/1
V-37/1
V-38/1
V-39/1
V-41/1
VIII/1
X/1
XIII/1
XVIII/1
XXVII/1
Bicsérd-2/F-5
Pellérd-1/F-5
ZA-1
ZB-1
ZC-1
ZE-1
ZG-1 ZH-1
ZI-1
ZB
ZC
ZD
ZF
ZIZJ
R-11
R-12
R-15
R-16
TDS (mg/l) in the shallow groundwateraround the tailing ponds in 2003
1000 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
577000 577500 578000 578500 579000 579500 580000 58050075000
75500
76000
76500
77000
77500
78000
78500
79000
A-02
B-02
C-02
G
H
U-09
U-10
U-11 U-12 U-13
U-15
U-16
U-17
U-18
U-21
U-22
U-23
V-01
V-03
V-05
V-07
V-09
V-12
V-13
V-14
V-15
V-17
V-21
V-22V-23
V-24
V-25
V-26
V-27V-29
V-34
V-36
V-37
V-38
V-40
VII
XIIIBicsérd-2/F-3
Pellérd-1/F-3
ZA-2
ZB-2
ZC-2
ZD-2
ZE-2
ZF-2
ZG-2
TDS (mg/l) in the deeper groundwateraround the tailing ponds in 2003
1000 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
5-20 m25-40 m
TPI
TPII
18 g/l 4 g/l
S hallow GW5-20 m
Deeper GW25-40 m
TDS
GW contamination
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GroundwaterGroundwatercontamination undercontamination under thethe TPTP
25 m10 m
TDS in pore water
-40-35-30-25-20-15-10-50
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000TDS, mg/l
Dep
th, m
577000 577500 578000 578500 579000 579500 580000 58050075000
75500
76000
76500
77000
77500
78000
78500
79000
A-01
B-01
C-01
H/1
U-09/1
U-10/1
U-11/1U-13/1
U-14/1
U-16/1
U-17/1
U-18/1
U-19/1
U-20/1
U-21/1
V-01/1
V-02/1
V-03/1
V-05/1
V-07/1
V-08/1
V-10/1
V-11/1
V-13/1
V-14/1
V-15/1
V-16/1
V-17/1
V-18/1
V-19/1
V-20/1
V-21/1
V-22/1V-23/1
V-24/1
V-25/1
V-26/1
V-27/1
V-28/1
V-29/1
V-30/1
V-32/1
V-33/1
V-35/1
V-36/1
V-37/1
V-38/1
V-39/1
V-41/1
VII I/1
X/1
XI II /1
XVI II /1
XXVII /1
Bicsérd-2/F-5
Pellérd-1/F-5
ZA-1
ZB-1
ZC-1
ZE-1
ZG-1 ZH-1
ZI-1
ZB
ZC
ZD
ZF
ZIZJ
R-11
R-12
R-15
R-16
1000 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000
0 500 1000 1500 2000
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GroundwaterGroundwatertreatment processtreatment process
Treatment process consist of:• Precipitation of magnesium and
gypsum with calcium hydroxide•Sedimentation and thickening•Filtration
Shallow GW: TDS~10-12 g/lFor treatment
Deeper GW : TDS~3-5 g/lDirect discharge
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Groundwater extractionGroundwater extractionsystemsystem
WT
Drainage: 2.8 kmWells: 15+12
Q~0.5 Mm3/a0.3 Mm3/a
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Sludge from treatmentSludge from treatment
Mg~17%Ca~17%SO4~26%U~60-70 g/tRa~24 Bq/kg
Sludge7kt/a (with 50% water content)
Treated water:~0.36 Mm3/a
TDS~6-7 g/l (retention time!!)(NaCl~3 g/l)
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Gypsum accretion onGypsum accretion onthe surfthe surfaacece of technological equipmentof technological equipment
Critical parts and units must bemonthly cleaned from
gypsum accretion
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WaterWater discharge summarydischarge summary
Treated groundwater Treated mine water
Mixing basinTDS:3.2 g/lU:0.2 mg/l
Ra:0.18 Bq/l
Receiver
Data for 2004
Non-treatedwater
(e.g.deeper GW)V:1.27 Mm3
V:0.36 Mm3 V:0.44 Mm3
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IIIIII PilotPilot--scale PRBscale PRB(for in situ treatment of GW)(for in situ treatment of GW)
Field test aiming at investigating of long-term performanceof PRB (EU project: EVKI-1999-00035) for removing
of U from GW
Practical solutions are known in first of all inUSA ,but the long-term performance is stillunder investigation
For field test ZVI+sand mixture was selected, thoughdifferent reactive materials were tested in laboratory
and in columns on the field
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Permeable reactive barriersPermeable reactive barriers
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Permeable reactive barriersPermeable reactive barriers
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Funel anf gate systemFunel anf gate system
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Uranium contaminated groundwaterUranium contaminated groundwaterIn valleyIn valley ZsidZsid
Valley
Valley Zsid
Monitoring well Hb1/1
Slite contamination of GW was detected in GW on the site
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Laboratory experiments in columnsLaboratory experiments in columns
Iron, hydroxiapatite,anion exhange resin,
etc. were tested
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Removal of uranium fromRemoval of uranium fromcontaminatedcontaminated GWGW
Uranium can be is removed from GW by steel fibres
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 64 74 85 96 106
117
127
137
Sample number
U, µµ µµg
/lFeedHb1/1
Effluent
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Changing the general chemistry ofChanging the general chemistry ofwaterwater
Bycarbonate calcium etc. Are dropps during treatment
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
54 64 91 100 109 118 127 136
Sample number
kcon
cent
ratio
n, m
g/l
Ca
Mg
HCO3
FeedHb1/1
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Colomns inColomns in monitoringmonitoring wellswells
2,3m
6,3m
Plasticpipe Ditch
∆∆∆∆H
Colomn F=8-12cm2 , L=1-1,4 m
drain
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Field column experimentsField column experiments
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Geochemical processes controllingGeochemical processes controllingGWGW chemistrychemistry
[Fe][CO3] = 2,50E-11 200C
[Fe][OH]2 = 1,64E-14 180C
H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+
K=10-6,3
HCO3-=CO32- + H+ K=10-10,25
[Ca2+] [CO32-]=1.20E-08 200C
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Geochemical processes inGeochemical processes inGWGW
Iron concentration vs. pH
0
10
20
30
40
50
7 7.5 8 8.5pH
Fe, m
g/l Fe2+ CO3
2-=FeCO3
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Location of the PRBLocation of the PRB
The installation is locatedin a narrow valley atthe foot of WPIII, linkingthe mining area withdrinking water aquifer(Zsid-valley)
WP3
GW flowdirection
PRB
Valley
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Principal designPrincipal design of theof theexperimentalexperimental PRBPRB
Soil 50 cmUp stream
Down stream
2.5 m6.8 m
3.8 m
Comp. clay30 cm
HDPE
Bedrock
Bentofix
A
B
Cross-section A-B
Legend: Sand
0.39 t/m3 iron (1-3 mm, 5 t) with sand
1.28 t/m3 iron (0.2-2 mm, 33 t) with sand
Mon. wells
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Elemental iron mixed with sand
Spec. Surface:0.7 m2/g
0.2-3 mm
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Construction of the PRBConstruction of the PRB
Permian sandstone withsediments
Two layers ofFe+sand mixture
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Monitoring wells placed inreactive zones
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Construction of the PRB
course ZVI + sandZVI + sandsandclay
HDPE
Bentofix
aquiferspiezometric head
Design of experimental Permeable Reactive Barrier
GW flow
Length:6.8 m;Depth:3.9 mWidth: 1.5m;Two zones;G:39 t ZVI (mixedwith sand)
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PRB with monitoring wells
28 monitoringwells
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Precipitation of uraniumPrecipitation of uraniumand dissolution of ironand dissolution of iron
Uranium concentratio n pro file in the PRB
1
10
100
1000
-50 0 50 100 150 200width, cm
U, µµ µµ
g/l
Iron concentration profile in the PRB
0
5
10
15
20
25
-50 0 50 100 150 200
Uranium conc. drops inthe first zone
Iron first dissolvesin first zone
than precipitatesin the 2nd zone
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Concentration profiles in zones of PRB
Concentration profiles in PRB
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0,5 1 1,5 2width of PRB, m
%fr
om in
flow
Ca
Mg
TDS
SO4
HCO3
Spec. cond.
Fe~20 mg/l
TDS
U
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PRB performancePRB performance(August 2002(August 2002--April 2005)April 2005)
Uranium is removed with high efficiency but huge volumeof inert compounds (CaCO3, MgCO3 etc.) is precipitated
EC U(VI) TDS Ca SO4 HCO3 FeµS/cm µg/l mg/l
Inflow 6.9 1400 940 1010 150 320525 0.002ZoneI 7.3 1330 37 937 125 300275 5.5
ZoneII 8.7 865 10 550 10 185299 0.03
pHGW flow direction
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Isolines of uranium and calciumIsolines of uranium and calciumconcentrations on the test fieldconcentrations on the test field
U Ca
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V.7 Development of uraniumV.7 Development of uraniumconcentration in downstreamconcentration in downstream
monitoring wellmonitoring wellUranium concentration in groundwater after
construction of the PRB
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
13.03
.9605
.02.97
06.10
.9714
.05.98
26.03
.9920
.06.00
11.01
.0124
.01.02
15.04
.0228
.11.02
22.01
.0304
.06.03
date
U, µµ µµ
g/l
Const.of PRB
monitoring well:Hb1/1
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Performance change
Water passed through the PRB: ~700 m3/aFormed precipitate: ~0.5 kg/m3~ 350 kg/aFree porosity in PRB (original) ~11 m3
Annual losses:~ 0.35x2.7~0.094 m3
in persentage:~1-1.5%
Iron dissolution:~20-30 mg/l Fe(II)G=~700x0.03=21 kg/a
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Performance monitoring is continued•by regular water sampling•by planned drillings•by hydrogeological evaluation
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Acknoledgement
The research works related to the GWtreatment was
suported by the IAEA (Contract: N0 9114).
The research related to the PRB and dispersionof contaminants under TPs was partially suppotred
by EU(Contract: EVIKI-1999-00186 andEVGI-CT-2002-00035)
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Precipitation of gypsum andmagnesium
Kinetic curves o f the prec ipitatio n o fmag nes ium hydro xide and gyps um
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 1 2 3 4
time , hours
conc
entr
atio
n, g
/l
Ca
Mg
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I.I.33 ProjectProject cost distributioncost distribution
A Beruházási Program létesítményi sorainak költségeloszlásdiagramja
13%
8%
4%
11%
40%
6%
1%
1%
3%9%
5%
Földalatti létesítmények felhagyása Külszíni létesítmények és területek rek.Meddőhányók és környezetük rek. Perkolációs dombok és környezetük rek.Zagytározók és környezetük rek. Bányavíz kezelésVillamos energia hálózat rekonstrukciója Víz- és csatornahálózat rekonstrukciójaEgyéb infrastrukturális szolgáltatás Egyéb tevékenységTartalék az 1998-2003. éves összegre
TPs
Mines
HLMWT
RoadsRes.fund