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![Page 1: Relevant Indicators For Assessing Management Effectiveness In Different Types Of Parks & Social Contexts Katrina Brandon, CABS-CI.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649ec95503460f94bd7504/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Relevant Indicators For Assessing Management Effectiveness In Different Types Of Parks & Social Contexts
Katrina Brandon, CABS-CI
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WCPA Evaluation Framework
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• Park Establishment Process
• Land & Resource Tenure
• Resource Uses• Organizational
Roles • Linkages between
Parks & Buffer Areas
• Conflict Management & Resolution
• Large Scale Threats
• National Policy Framework
• Indigenous Peoples & Social Change
• Transboundary Issues• Resettlement
Key Social & Policy Themes
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•Ría Lagartos & Ría Celestún Special Biosphere Reserves•Guatemala: Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve•Costa Rica: Corcovado National Park•Dominican Republic: Del Este National Park•Belize: Rio Bravo Conservation & Management Area•Ecuador: Machalilla National Park•Ecuador: Podocarpus National Park•Bolivia: Amboró National Park•Peru: Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park
PiP Case Study Sites
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Selected Results, Base StudyCONTEXT FOR PA MANAGEMENT
STABLE AREAS: Remote PAs orOpportunity PAs, watersheds, little pressure for agriculture
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RAPIDLY CHANGING AREAS:•PAs Created to Stop Change (road, mining, etc.)•Transformation due to forces outside
CONTEXT FOR PA MANAGEMENT
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TWO TYPES OF PAs
CORE AREAS •most of area under protection
•managed to limit consumptive or extractive activities (IUCN Categories Ia,Ib,II)
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•.
Selected Results, Base Studymanaged for multiple objectives
•Residence and consumptive uses allowed
•(IUCN Categories III, IV, V, VI)
BIOSPHERE RESERVES & MULTIPLE USE AREAS
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
This is a National Park; IUCN Category II– but it can never be managed as a core – it must be managed as a multiple use area!
CLASSIFY BY ACTUAL NOT LEGAL
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STABLE CHANGINGCORE 1 3MULTIPLE USE 2 4Ease of Action 1 easiest 4 hardest
CONTEXT & MANAGEMENT COMPLEXITY
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Selected Results, Base Study
STABLE/REMOTE RAPID SOCIAL CHANGE Boundary Demarcation With
Communities Compensation &
Substitution Strategies
Conflict Identification & Resolution
Boundary Demarcation With Communities Compensation & Substitution
Strategies Conflict Identification &
Resolution Identify & Stabilize Threats Increase Enforcement Local Organizations Stabilize Land Use Outside PA Strengthen Tenure Near PA Address Policy Context, inc.
Perverse Policies
Immediate Actions At Core Areas
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Selected Results, Base Study
STABLE/REMOTE RAPID SOCIAL CHANGE Work with
communities to define core areas (ecological & social data)
Clarify jurisdictional issues – who has authority?
Compensation & substitution strategies
Secure agreements on levels and types of uses for zones
Work with communities to define core areas (ecological & social data)
Clarify jurisdictional issues – immediate authority needed
Compensation & substitution strategies (insiders vs. outsiders?)
Secure agreements on levels and types of uses and sanctions
Increase enforcement; (insiders vs. outsiders)
Strengthen existing claims for tenure within BR
Stabilize land use outside PA Identify and address perverse
policies affecting management
Immediate Actions At Multiple Use Areas
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STABLE CHANGINGCORE 1 3MULTIPLE USE 2 4Ease of Action 1 easiest 4 hardest
CONTEXT & MANAGEMENT COMPLEXITY
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Selected Results, Base StudySite Scale: Helps inform better understanding of context
PA System: Helps define strategy across sites
Larger Scales/Donors: Costs, Financing, & Complexity
Scales For Context Asst.
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
Human Footprint & Last of the WildWCS & CIESIN
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
Numbers & % of Protected Areas & Human Footprint by Category
IUCN Category
Total # of PAs
Outside Footprint
Inside Human
Footprint
I 500 76 (15%) 424 (85%)
II 1,522 296 (19%) 1,226 (81%)
III 150 58 (39%) 92 (61%)
IV 2,360 221 (9%) 2,139 (91%)
V 206 18 (9%) 188 (91%)
VI 1,010 195 (19%) 815 (81%)
Total 5,748 864 (15%) 4,884 (85%)
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
IUCN Category
Total Percent
Outside Human Footprint (%)
Inside Human
Footprint (%)
I 100.0 83.6 16.4
II 100.0 75.9 24.1
III 100.0 95.9 4.1
IV 100.0 58.1 41.9
V 100.0 57.5 42.5
VI 100.0 79.0 21.0
Total 100.0 75.6 24.4
Area of Protected Areas (pct)In Human Footprint
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
Social Context of Protected Areas: Numbers
PA CATEGORY1
REMOTE/
STABLE2
CHANGING3
CORE 267 (5%) 1,755 (31%)
MULTIPLE USE
395 (7%) 3,331 (58%)
TOTAL 662 (88%) 5,086 (12%)
1: Core PAs are IUCN categories I and II, Multiple Use PAs are IUCN categories III – VI2: Remote/Stable PAs are those lying at least partially beyond human footprint and with average annual population change < 3.5% between 1990 and 19953: Changing PAs are those with average annual population change > 3.5% between 1990 and 1995 or lying within the human footprint
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
PA CATEGORY1
REMOTE/
STABLE2
CHANGING3
CORE 51.24 (23%) 40.4 (18%)
MULTIPLE USE
71.8 (32%) 63.3 (28%)
TOTAL 123.0 (54%) 103.7 (46%)1: Core PAs are IUCN categories I and II, Multiple Use PAs are IUCN categories III – VI2: Remote/Stable PAs are those lying at least partially beyond human footprint and with average annual population change < 3.5% between 1990 and 19953: Changing PAs are those with average annual population change > 3.5% between 1990 and 1995 or lying within the human footprint4: Figures are millions of ha
Social Context of Protected AreasBy Area (ha) & Percent
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study
Indicators of Social Change at Different Scales
Site Level: ratio of park boundary subject to human pressure; level & rate of deforestation surrounding PA; infrastructure development; land use changes.
National Level: above factors + social data (GIS) on poverty, landlessness, government expenditure
Regional Level: above (if available) + human footprint data; little change data exists; use proxies.
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•.
E.g. 100 #1 sites + 50#2 sites + 10 #3 + 6#4
or 50 #1 sites + 20#2 sites + 15 #3 + 12#4
Selected Results, Base Study Within a system or broadscale, this can help, when used with other data(e.g. $ available) can clarify what is possible and nature of tradeoffs.Biological/Ecological Criteria First! Then
Type of Site 1 2 3 4 100 50 10 6
or 50 20 15 12
Scales For Context Asst.