relaying of materials

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SCADA(Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition)

RESMAC(Remote Substation Monitoring & Control)

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SUBS!A!"#$ AU!#MA!"#$ SCADA A$D RESMAC

%' "$!R#DUC!"#$

8.1.01 With phenomenal growth of demand for electric power; the Power distribution networksare undergoing rapid expansion and becoming more and mote complex making study of security,

reliability and load management difficult without implementing sophisticated automation of datalogging as well as control and operation

%' Bene*its o* !elemetry

i! "mpro#e speed of restoration, especially in remote areas.

ii! $he ability to transfer load between primary sub%stations at times of peakload to a#oid replacing o#erloaded transformers, etc. and under faultconditions.

iii! $he reduction of system losses by switching out primary sub%stations,lines and cables at times of low loads.

i#! $he ability to carry out planned load shedding when supply is restricteddue to either lack of generation and&or failure of ma'or circuits.

#! $o ha#e reduced plant margins with faster response to system changes.

#i! (y ha#ing the ability to accurately monitor the network and transfer loadsat times of peak and&or under fault conditions, ma'or capital sa#ings canbe made by deferring reinforcement works.

#ii! (y using the telemetry circuits established for the telecontrol&)*++system to operate, it would be possible to pas messages from the centralcontrol room to substations, particularly manned as fuse off call centersand similarly return messages could be sent back to the control room.

%'+ Bene*its o* !elecontrol

i! $o ensure that the system is run in the most effecti#e wayso as to maximi-e the use of existing assets and to deferthe costs of reinforcement

ii! $o co%ordinate system outages for routine planned work and faults soas to a#oid o#erloading plant and minimi-e the loss of supply

iii! $o act as safety *o%coordinator for staff working on the system.

i#! $o carry out mathematic studies of the system o calculate load laws and

fault le#el of #arious running conditions to ensure that plant is not o#er%stressed.

#! $he efficient management of loss reduction whereby at times of lightloading, plant should be switched out.

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8.1.0 )ubstation /onitoring uipment forms the fundamental and essential building block inany istribution +utomation )ystem, as it is reuired to furnish continuously informationpertaining to the electrical parameters like acti#e and reacti#e powers, bus #oltage, etc.

8.1.02 With increasing trend towards istribution +utomation there is a growing need tomoderni-e the )ub%station /onitoring euipment. +t present the existing sub%stations ha#e localdata monitoring facility in the form of con#entional electromechanical de#ices for monitoring theelectrical parameters and the parameters are recorded manually. With the ad#ent ofmicroprocessor based systems dedicated data loggers connected with con#entionalmeasurements transducers ha#e gained popularity. +s istribution +utomation demands the dataa#ailability at a centrali-ed location for effecti#e network *o%ordination, the )ub%station /onitoringuipment should be capable of transferring the error%free data with high efficiency at regularinter#als, in addition to the existing local monitoring.

8.1.03 $he data loggers alone are not adeuate to meet these reuirements and it is necessaryto use a 4emote $erminal 5nit 4$5! along with this euipment to carry out the desired functions.

+s the configuration of a separate data logger and a separate 4$5 poses problems ofcompatibility besides the high costs, it will be useful to orient a system design which will integratethese functions into a single unit.

% A ,R#-EC!

%'' E.ample

"n the month of 6ebruary, 1770; a 'oint pro'ect (9 4:! and +P)( wasfirst thought of for de#elopment of such a system for "ndira Park )ub%)tation in the *ity and ateam of four ngineers from +.P.)..(. and three from (...9. 4:! worked hand in hand andfinally brought out a prototype by ctober, 1770. (rief description of the main designconsideration of the system is gi#en below.

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%+ C#S! E//EC!"0E DES"1$

8.>.01 $he presently known measurement de#ices employ transducers which con#ert the +*signals from the *$s and P$s to the * signal proportional to the measured #alue for respecti#eparameters. +n indi#idual transducer will ha#e to be used for each of the parameters to bemeasured and the cost of the transducers contribute significantly to the system cost. $hereforemethods by which the cost of the system can be significantly reduced by employing differentmeasurement techniues were though of.

8.>.0< $he techniue employed puts to effecti#e application the power of the microprocessor incon'unction with a >< bit floating point arithmetic co%processor as a cost effecti#e replacement forthe transducers.

8.>.0> $his method uses sinusoidal signals of #oltage and current from the field P$s and *$srespecti#ely which are further stepped down indi#idually by auxiliary transformers, to the #oltagele#els acceptable by the microprocessors. $hese signals after suitable signal conditioning arefurther multiplexed and digiti-ed at regular sampling inter#als o#er a cycle by the +& con#erters.With the sampled #alues of #oltage and current, the following parameters are computed o#er acycle employing suitable numerical methods=

i! 4/) #oltage

ii! 4/) current

iii! +cti#e Power

i#! 4eacti#e Power

#! Power 6actor

8.>.0 +s the method employs computation of parameters after multiplexing, the addition ofextra channels will ha#e ka minimum increase in cost per channel measurement, as the cost of

auxiliary transformers is significantly less. "n contrast with the existing measurement de#ices, theincrease in number of channels does not result in proportional increase in system cost, due to theincreased number of transducers. owe#er, the impediment is on the update rate which isnormally within acceptable limits for moderate burden.

%2 S3S!EM E4,A$S"#$

8..01 $he system design is modular in nature to accommodate any expansion in the substation. +s the #arious functions outlined abo#e are not achie#able by the single microprocessor,the design is based on multiple processor architecture, where each processor works in anisolated manner in achie#ing the functions assigned to it and at the same co%ordinates with otherprocessors for showing the results. $his concept renders modularity both in software andhardware.

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%5 !E6EC#$!R#6 A,,6"CA!"#$

8.2.01 $he )ub%station /onitoring uipment is reuired to function as an 4$5 for istribution

/anagement application. $his necessitates a $elecontrol system which employs data

transmission protocol for optimum data transfer with error correction mechanism

%7 ,R#!#!3,E

8.3.01 $he prototype uipment for /onitoring a ++ 80

)ub%station incorporating the design in de#eloped and installed at "ndira Park

)ub%station. $he system is built with in%house hardware with the "ntel?s 8082 microprocessor

combined with >< bit floating point arithmetic coprocessor%AMD 95''for carrying out numerical

operations. $he data is displayed in the form of mimic on a *4$ terminal and a periodic logging

facility is pro#ided.

%: !;e salient


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$ypical procedures are those relating to switching schedules, logging, issue of safety

documentation operation of switchgear, isolation of particular pieces of plant, etc., + C*ontrol and

peration? manual setting out these procedure is recommended

$he term C)afety ocument? refers to one of the following=

i! ,ermitto=or>

+ safety ocument specifying the igh Aoltage apparatus which has been made safe to

work and work which is to be carried out.

+ permit%to%work can only be issued with the authority of the *ontrol ngineer by a )enior

+uthori-ed Person to a competent Person. "t shall be issued before any work is carried out on

any apparatus or conductor and the recipient shall confirm that he understands it and is

con#ersant with the nature and extent of work to be carried out.

ii! Sanction*ortest

+ sanction%for%rest can only be issued with the authority of the *ontrol ngineer by a

)enior authori-ed person to an +uthori-ed person. "t shall be issued before any testing is carried

out and the +uthori-ed Person shall confirm that he understands and is con#ersant with the

nature and extent of the testing to be done.

iii! 6imitationso*Access

+ )afety ocument defining the limits and nature of work which may be carried out when

#erbal instructions are not considered sufficient for the purpose and where a permit%for%work or

)anction for $est is not applicable.

+ limitation%of%+ccess can be issued by )enior +uthori-ed Person or an +uthori-ed

Person when it is considered necessary to ha#e written instructions to a#oid danger. $ypical

situations are work in proximity to high #oltage conductors, work in underground chambers, plant

operated by compressed air, etc.

%' S3S!EM C#$/"1URA!"#$

$he )*++ network will contain the following > systems=

"nstrumentation )ub%system

$elementary&*omputer )ub%system

*ommunication )ub%system

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%'' "$S!RUME$!A!"#$ SUBS3S!EM

$his sub%system has to be pro#ided in all the sub%stations for measurement and feeding

of #arious parameters like #oltage, feeder current, power, circuit breaker status and alarm

conditions etc. to the sub%station telemetry euipment usually called the 4emote $erminal 5nit

4$5!

+nalogues= +nalogue parameters to be measured are=

i! (us #oltage and currents from all feeders input is taken from standard

potential and current transformers.

ii! Power factor from group circuit breaker.

6or all the analogue measurements, industry standard transducers gi#ing an output of %


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$he main monitoring is carried out in the control center through the data acuisitioneuipment which does the function of periodically selecting each )ub%station through the radio%polling circuit. When the selected station sends the data burst, it will be recei#ed and passed onto the host computer, which has in its memory the schematic of each sub%station. n getting thedata it will display on the monitor the schematic along with current or power data with eachfeeder. $hese data with respect to time, can also be stored in a floppy for off line analysis.Printers can be attached for taking a print out.

6or super#isory control, the control center can initiate action on the return link with thesub%station to close or trip any circuit breaker. +t the sub%station end, the interface is pro#idedbefore the circuit breaker. $he interface identifies the nature of the command and sends eitherpower data or circuit breaker data or operates a circuit breaker depending upon the nature of thecommand. "n case of any emergency condition, that is by way of tripping of a circuit breaker, or alocal operator trying to change the status of the circuit breaker, the euipment takes the initiati#eand sends emergency signals alerting the control center, which interrupts its scanning, takesnecessary correcti#e action pertaining to the sub%station and then resumes scanning.

%' Scan Rate

$he )ub%station parameters to be monitored by the control center contains a mixture of

analogue, non%fleeting status inputs, high priority and fleeting e#ents. $he scanning rate willdepend on two factors=

Dature of the )ub%station parameters.

$ype of )ub%station, i.e., @A or 11@A

While non%fleeting status inputs and analogues would reuire a scanning rate < to >minutes, high priority and fleeting e#ents like circuit breaker operation, alarms etc. would reuirea scanning rate of the order e#ent information is more important in @A and 11@A sub%stations. $he scanning rate will therefore be decide by the sub%station parameter which reuire the fastest scanning. +s the communication link between thecontrol center and the sub%stations is a high speed $/+ link, the cost factor in#ol#ed in the

choice of the scan rate would depend on the speed of the modems at the control center and thesub%stations, and this cost is insignificant. (ased on the abo#e considerations it is suggested thatthe control center scan rate of the sub%stations should be 2 10 secs.

'+ Communication "nter*ace & Mo


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$he hose computer world reuire on line buffer capable of dri#ing 10 4$5?s for one

communication channel. (ased on the abo#e considerations the host computer should ha#e a

minimum of 10 communication pots and 10 modems.

%'2 ManMac;ine "nter*ace at Control Centre

$o control the Power system successfully the perator needs to ha#e an o#erall picture

of the system. e has to be able to determine the state of the system exactly and be able to

pinpoint the trouble area and act in response to any disturbances in time etc. $he interface

between the human operator and the computer called //" is #ital for the abo#e operations. $he

//" consist of following hardware and software=

% *onsole

$wo consoles will be pro#ided in the control center for switching and super#isory control.

$he consoles will ha#e all functional capabilities including data retrie#al, display and control.

$ypically one console will be pro#ided for data base editing and updating. "t will not ha#e the

control capability.

- 9oggers

- Printers

- Plotters

-/imic sub%system

- )oftware package

$he host software program dri#es the data acuisition display and remote control

euipment in real time collects the system data from all the sub%stations and displays the data on

colour monitor and printer. $he data is displaced in table format, trend format, alarm format and in

alarm reports. $ypically the system will be menu dri#en with extensi#e use made of function keys

to reduce operator input. ther typical features of the host software will be=

-*ombination of memory resident data base and a compiled

programming languages resulting in a program that runs #ery fast.

- ata base maintenance on the fixed disk by an easy%to%use data

base editor.

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- +lthough a standard program, it should ha#e the flexibility to be

customi-ed to the user?s specific needs.

- 5ser friendly; no programming reuired.

- istorical trend display without compression

- *ontrol functions= P", D&66, +D, 4, D$, )W"$*

- *ontrol (ase ditor and graphic builder

- P" $une display

- (uilding of data files

- 9ong term archi#ing of data on%line recall.

%'5 Data Base So*t=are

$he data base software sub%system is separated into three ma'or functions.

- $he data base generation

-$he data base access function

- $he data base editing function.

i! Data Base Generation Function

ata (ase Eeneration 6unction describes the *haracteristics of the real%time data baseand the software modules which generate, initiali-e, and maintain that data base. $he data basegeneration function operates to generate and initiali-e a complete, consistent, and secure database for all application programming.

$he primary function of the data base is to pro#ide a structured organi-ation toinformation so that system and application program needing the information ha#e direct andefficient access to it. Within a gi#en *P5, less freuently referenced data resides on disk storageto conser#e memory space while high usage data is kept memory resident for efficient access.

ii! Data Base Access Function

$he real time data base is referenced by many functions including data acuisition, man%machine display generation, and automatic generation control, to name of a few. $herefore, database access routines are a#ailable to applications programs to facilitate data retrie#al.

iii! Data Base Editing Function

ata (ase diting 6unctions allows the user to display and alter the real%time data basewithout the necessity for a complete data base generation and reinitiali-ation. diting isperformed on%line using *.$. displays and keyboards entries. $hree on%line facilities are pro#idedto meet the editing reuirements of the user.

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- +cuisition data base edition F for display and editing of the dataacuisition data base.

- +pplication data base editor F for display and editing of theapplication sub%system data bases +**, etc!

- /emory&disk editor F a display console implementation of selecteddebug package functions.

ata base utilities support the data maintenance function in mo#ing data from one *P5or de#ice to another utilities are pro#ided for the following functions=

- "nstalling a new data base.

- Preser#ing a copy of the current data base.

- *opying data from the on%line to the off%line *P5.

/inimum information needed to be sloted in the ata base are=

- Detwork parameters

- Detwork $opology

- Detwork )tate

- istorical data about the Detwork

- Detwork geographical information including layout

- perational data like permit to work, etc.

%'7 SCADA So*t=are

$he main functions are=

- $o pro#ide the control center with updated information on theoperating conditions of the sub%stations.

- $o allow efficient super#isory control of all the euipment of the )ub%stations.

- $o inform control center of any change in the status of sub%stationeuipment, alarms, and abnormal loading conditions.

i! ata +cuisition Part

- "t will scan all the 4$5s at pre%programmed inter#als. "t will bepossible to specify the scan rate for analogue and discretemeasurands. $he software will also pro#ide for the demand mode. "twill be in#oked automatically after failure of the 4$5 or the computersystem.

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- btain data from 4$5?s and store it in a buffer in the memory of theon%line computer system.

- $he +) will check e#ery analogue #alue against high and low limitsset by the operation and will draw the attention o the operatorwhene#er the limits are #iolated. $his will also be recorded in thee#ent logger.

- )tatus data will be transmitted from 4$5?s only when there is achange or when responding to reuest scan.

- )tatus checking routine will detect any in#alid breaker or status data#i- neither open nor closed and shall inform the dispatcher #ia alarm.

- + main memory routine for con#erting raw data to ngineering unitswill be pro#ided.

- $ransmit to the 4$5? all the control commands originating fromcontrol center.

ii! *ontrol *ommands

$he control center shall be pro#ided with the super#isory control softwareto perform the following functions=

)witch off of switch on circuit breaker pro#ide at the )ub%station o ran aline.

$he seuence of operation for execution of super#isory controlcommands are indicated below=

)tep%1% $he +) software sends the command code and the selectedpoint address

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ii! 4eacti#e Power ptimi-ation

$he ob'ecti#e of this applications is to minimi-e the losses on the distribution network.$he control element used by the software to achie#e the ob'ecti#e are = scheduling of capacitoron the network; recommendations for transformer tap settings and optimal configuration of thenetwork. "n an office mode, the function shall be capable of recommending the optimal conductorsi-e, optimal capacitor si-e and optimal capacitor location to achie#e minimum losses. $heessential factor which dri#es this software function is that the reacti#e power profile should beoptimally managed to achie#e minimum losses.

%'% Control Centre Computer System Con*iguration

(i) @ost Computer

ual Processor configuration with automatic switcho#er to the hoststandby in case of failure of working processor.

*P5 F >< (it.

/ain memory F < /ega (ytes

+ccess $ime F >00 nanoseconds or less

+uxiliary memory F


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ne alphanumeric key board with standard typewriter style alphanumerickeys, four button cursor control keys, backspace and delete keys andprogrammable function keys.

ne special function keyboard with following functions.

Page forward, page backward, scroll up, scroll down.

+larm acknowledge, silent hault.

isplay free-e, display update, display recall.

*ursor up, down, left, right, home.

A5 copy, plot, print.

Dext tan, pre#ious tab.

4aise, low, open, close, execute, cancel.

)eparate keys for sub%station single line diagram selection.

ne set of cursor positioning de#ices.

ne set of numeric displays ha#ing > displays of 3 digits.

+udible alarm with a #olume control.

b! Logger

$wo numbers shall be pro#ided with the following minimum characteristic=

)peed of < characters per line.

(i%directional printing capability of near letter uality.

c! Printer

1 Do. of the following minimum characteristics.

)peed of 300 lines per minute.

9ine length of at least 1>< characters per line.

*apability to print 73 standard +)*"" character set.

(d) Plotter

1Do. of the following minimum characteristics.

+ccepting plain paper of a minimum +> si-e.

a#ing 8 pen holdings.

Plotting speed of at least


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e! /imic

% 1Do. mimic board ha#ing a flat sub%system surface with dimensions ofapproximately 10 meters in length and > metres in height. $here will be12 sub%stations to be displayed on the mimic board with a maximum of>0 sub%stations.

%'9 Substation !elemetry Equipment

4emote $erminal 5nits 4$5! are to be pro#ided in each of the )ub%station for acuisitionof sub%station data parameters, transmitting them to the control center and for carrying outtelecomm ands recei#ed from the control center. $he 4$5?s will be rugged, intelligent andmicroprocessor based +ll acti#ities including "& processing, data processing and communicationprocessing will be done using microprocessors. + typical 4$5 will be a self contained unit with*P5, 4+/, 4P/, 4) > communication ports, power supply, protecti#e circuitry,analogue and digital "& channels with signal conditioning. $he "& modules will be selectable toachie#e the uantity and mix of "& needs for each )ub%station. $he 4$5 will gi#e priority totelecomm ands from the control center o#er its data acuisition tasks and at the same timeensure that the background scan of all the e#ents at the controlled sub%stations are carried outand no e#ent is lost. + typical 4$5 is gi#en in 6igure >.

%'' So*t=are ,ac>ages *or R!U

4$5?s ha#e to be supplied with software packages installed for carrying out the assignedtasks. $he typical software packages are=

%perating )ystem.

%*ommand 9anguage.

%Programming 9anguage.

i! perating )ystem

6ollowing tasks will normally be performed=

- $he host and local communication tasks which handle the serialcommunication through the host and local ports.

- $he main scan tasks which sur#eys all field inputs and updates thedata structure according to the set up parameters associated witheach channel, it also changes the output based on information in thedata structure. $he main scan task launches the user?s program.

- +uxiliary scan task which sur#eys auxiliary input also carries periodicdiagnostic functions.

- "nitiali-ation task is performed on power up and hardware reset. "tdetermines what "& modules are in place and performs hardwarechecks and initiali-es the date structure.

- 4ecording of certain system le#el errors by the error logger forfurther analysis.

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- $he non%#olatile task performs writes to P4/.

- Watching task resets the numerous hardware watchdog timerspresent in the system.

ii! *ommand 9anguage

$ypically this will be structural command language which is used to communicate with the4$5. "t defines the syntax used to read input channels, change outputs, tailor data processingand change system parameters. $he command language .usually consists of commands andresponses. While a command is a message sent into the 4$5, a response is a message elicitedfrom the 4$5. $he response will be of two kinds; a reply response resulting from successfulcommand execution and an error response resulting from unsuccessful command execution.

iii! Programming 9anguage

$his is a control programming language capable of reading input channels or #ariables,

changing outputs, communicating o#er the serial ports and perform mathematical, or logicaloperations on #ariables, input channels and output channels. While program source code for thefunction oriented language can be de#eloped from a local terminal or any other computer with 'usta text editor, it would be preferable that the 4$5 compiles source code on%board so that noadditional compilers or assemblers are reuired, user programs can be stored in non%#olatileP4/ to protect the program from power outages. ata loading, monitoring with alarmmessages, seuential control and continuous control are some of the functions implemented bythe programming language.

%''' !ransmission an< Co


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- 9P+$ 9= $his will be illuminated if the input #oltage is too low.

- Watchdog time out 9.

- )tatus 9= $his gi#es a binary coded output if the system fails asoftware confidence test.

- iagnostic capability at the "& module le#el.

- ardware read%back at $elecomm and output circuit for #erification ofdata at the field connection point.

- Aerification of memory and certain peripheral chips in operatingsystem.

- *ommunication diagnostics to indicate acti#ity on the 4ecei#er and$ransmitter lines for both the main and local ports.

%''+ R!U Con*iguration (!ypical)

Processor = 8088 or similar

4/ = 1


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6igure >

)ub%station%)cada

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+P)( has taken a rather bold decision to automate yderabad system and to co#er all)ub )tations in and around the twin cities of yderabad and )ecunderabad by a C)*++?connected to a /aster )tation. +lso +) istribution +utomation )ystem! is pro#ided in thescheme which is under execution.

*ertain extracts from the draft specifications drawn up for the purpose are reproduced

below.

%'+ /U$C!"#$A6 REU"REME$!S

$his chapter specifies capabilities that are reuired of the +) for +P)(?s distributionoperations=

)uper#isory *ontrol and ata +cuisition )*++!

istorical +ccounting and 4eporting.

9oad *ontrol of $ *onsumers.

+utomatic /eter 4eading

6eeder )*++ including fault locali-ation, restoration of supply and load balancing.

"ntegrated AolW+4 control

+utomatic /apping and 6acilities /anagement.

$rouble *all /anagement )ystem.

%'+' DA!A BASE

%'+'' 1eneral Requirements

+ll data acuired from the electrical power system, all calculated data and historical data,

and all control commands or parameters to be output to the power system shall be stored in onedatabase. $he database shall be the central interface among all elements of the +) includingthe )*++ functions, load control functions, automatic meter reading function, feeder )*++functions, "ntegrated AolW+4 control functions, +4 accounts and operator interfaces.

+s the common interface, the system database shall include all information necessary forthe proper operation of all application programs, including telemetered data, data which isprogram calculated or operator entered, as well as all program constants, historical accounts andreporting +4! data, and +) communication statistics. $he database shall comprise a real%time portion optimi-ed for fast access, and a historical portion which meets the reuirements of)ection 1>.1


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%'+' Data uality Co) ata has been successfully recei#ed during the latest scan.

Alarming "n;ibite< (") +larming for the specific point has been inhibited by an operator.

Unreasonable (R) 6or analog points only%the point is out of reasonability limits.

/aile< (/) $he +) failed to recei#e #alid data for the point during the most recent

scan. $he last good #alue old data! or calculated data based on last good #alues isshown.

Deactivate< (D) $he operator inhibited processing of 4$5 data for this point. $he lastrecei#ed #alue is shown.

Manually Entere< (M) $he point was deacti#ated by an operator and data wasmanually 1 entered.

Uninitialie< (U) +ll data ualities shall be set to this #alue during cold startups of the

+).

6or calculated points the data uality shall be set to that of the lowest uality data

in#ol#ed in the calculation. +s an exception, the +larm "nhibited data uality shall not be

propagated into calculated #alues, nor into the historical database. "nstead, operands with the

+larm "nhibited data uality shall be handled as if they had an 5p%to%ate data uality.

Do data uality codes, including /anually ntered, shall be associated with silent data

points.

%'+'+ Areas o* Responsibility

$he database shall be partitioned in such a way that it will be possible to allocate the

responsibility for the operation of parts of the distribution system, and also for the management of

the +) itself, to specific operators. 6or this purpose it shall be possible to assign any database

point, which represents a power system de#ice, power system data, +) euipment, etc., to one

of no less than 3 +reas f 4esponsibility +4!. +4 assignments will be used primarily to

allocate operational pri#ileges to operators see )ection .2, I+reas of 4esponsibilityJ!, and also

to configure summary displays and reports for selected combinations of +4s. $he following

initial +4s are reuired=

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istribution

+utomatic /eter 4eading

)ystem +) and 4adio *ommunications )ystem!

$raining.

%'+'2 Connectivity Analysis

+ connecti#ity analysis function shall be pro#ided to maintain up to date the followinginformation=

a. 9ists of all power system elements that belong to each distribution circuit. + 9istde#ices connected to a feeder shall be accessible by pointing to the circuitbreaker that energi-es the feeder.

b. $he circuit breaker which currently connects each circuit element to a substationbus.

c. +ll circuit segments that belong to each substation, i.e., the circuit segments thatare energi-ed from the substation breaker or breakers.

*onnecti#ity analysis shall automatically be performed? upon system startup, restart, orfailo#er, and also when any pertinent switching de#ice changes state. "n this case the connecti#ityanalysis may be performed only for the affected circuits. $he di2tribution network is supposed toalways be in a radial configuration. "f a closed circuit is detected between two feeder breakers,then an alarm shall be generated and the old connecti#ity information shall be retained.

$he connecti#ity information de#eloped by this function shall be used for the display of

circuit connecti#ity; see )ection .1.H. $he connecti#ity information, as well as the topologicalinformation on which it is based, shall be accessible and a#ailable for use by future distributionautomation functions de#eloped by +P)(.

%'+ R!U DA!A ACU"S"!"#$

$he master station will finally operated with both substation 4$5s and pole%top 4$5s;see xhibit %1 6!. $he initial uantity of substation 4$5s shall be furnished by the *ontractor.

%'+' R!U Communications ,rotocol

+ protocol suitable for 4$5 communications shall be proposed. $he same protocol shallbe used for the substation 4$5s and the pole%top 4$5s, because both types of 4$5s will sharethe same radio freuency channels in party%line configurations. for safety reasons, each 4$5 ofthe +) will be assigned a uniue address, and therefore the number of 4$5 addressessupported by the protocol shall be eual and no less than the total 5ltimate uantities of all the4$5s specified in xhibit .1 6!.

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"n order to facilitate the procurement of pole%top 4$5s and additional 4$5s from othersuppliers, a widely accepted protocol is reuired. Protocols which comply with "*% $*2Hrecommendations are preferred. "f the suppliers offered protocol is a proprietary protocol, thesupplier will additionally undertake to pro#ide +P)( with the following information=

a. 6ull protocol details for +P)( information under this contract.

b. utline protocol details, sufficient for other manufacturers to tender for additional4$5?s under any future contract.

c. "f, under any future contract, +P)( wish to procure 4$5?s from a differentmanufacturer, the supplier under this contract, shall agree to pro#ide at noadditional cost! full and complete current protocol details to the newmanufacturer, #ia +P)(, under a suitable pro'ect specific non%disclosureagreement.

%'+ Data Acquisition

$he master station shall make scan reuests to all 4$5s to the most current status andanalog data. )uch reuests shall be made on a seuential basis for those 4$5s on the samecommunication channels, and on a parallel basis for those 4$5s on different channels. $hereuired scan inter#als are specified below.

a Substation R!Us

)tatus seconds

+nalog >0 seconds

4eporting by exception may also be used. "n this case, a forced or IintegrityJ scan shallbe performed e#ery 12 mi.1utes. $his shall be a complete scan in which e#ery 4$5 point reportsits status or #alue. 6orced scanning is also reuired in the following situations=

5pto a warm on cold system startup

When any 4$5 is put back into ser#ice after being off%line for any reason

n manual reuest by operators. )uch reuests shall be processed at higher priority thanperiodic scans.

b ,ole!op R!Us

"t shall be possible to scan all points at least once e#ery >0 minutes. $his scan inter#alshall be programmer ad'ustable, to once per day. )anning of pole%top 4$5s shall be distributedo#er time in order to minimi-e the impact on the faster substation scan. $o obtain information frompole%top 4$5s when needed, such as after control commands are sent, operators shall be able tomanually reuest the polling of any specific pole%top 4$5. "t shall be possible to issue suchpolling K reuests for an 4$5 by selecting a cursor target from any display, tabular schematic, on

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which data from that 4$5 is displayed. /anual polling reuests shall be processed at a higherpriority than any periodic scan acti#ities.

%'++ Error Detection an< Recovery

ach scan reply shall be immediately checked for certain basic error conditions includingincorrect response. 4$5 data buffer o#erflow and in#alid message security codes. )uch checkingis reuired for periodic scans as well as forced scans. +ll detected errors shall be recorded formaintenance purposes. +ttempts shall be made to reco#er from the error conditions by repeatingthe particular data scan for a selected number of times, as defined in the database. "f no moreerrors are detected in at least one of the retries, then the earlier error shall be considered as areco#erable error. therwise, it shall be considered as a non%reco#erable. error. )tatistics shall bekept on communication acti#ities and detected errors, and a *ommunication 4eport containing asummary of the communications statistics for each channel, shall be displayable and printed dailypro#iding details on the total number of transmissions and the errors, by category for each hour ofthe day.

$he detection of a non%reco#erable error or the occurrence of a high number of

reco#erable errors e.g., >0L programmable parameter! shall be considered as channel%failureand shall result in the suspension of scanning for the particular 4$5 and the creation of an alarm.$he channel shall then be periodically tested to see if communications can be restored, and the4$5 returned to scanning after a programmable number of consecuti#e good scans; appropriatealarm messages shall be generated. perators shall also be able to manually suspend andresume scanning of an 4$5. When scanning of an 4$5 is suspended, whether automatically ormanually, all its points shall be marked as 6ailed 6!. /anual suspension and resumption 4$5scanning shall be treated as e#ents.

$he hardware and software must be designed so that data reported by 4$5s will not belost because of insufficient buffer si-e or insufficient time to ser#ice the reply data. "f processinghas not been completed for a certain data point or data group before the new data #alue for thesame point or group are recei#ed in the next scan, an alarm shall be generated.

%'++ ,R#CESS"$1 #/ R!U DA!A

$he following types of data processing are reuired=

+nalog ata Processing

)tatus ata Processing

4$5 data shall be promptly processed for each scan cycle.

%'++' Analog Data ,rocessing

6or analog data that has been recei#ed from an 4$5 without any error, the followingfunctions shall be performed=

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"dentification of significant changes

4easonability limit checking

ata con#ersion to engineering units and storage in the database, in floating point format +larm limit checking

4ate%of%change checking

+" accuracy monitoring.

%'++'' Signi*icant C;anges

+nalog data shall be processed if a significant change is detected in the raw data, i.e., ifthe change from the pre#iously reported #alue exceeds a gi#en dead band. lf the #alue of ananalog " point is close to -ero, i.e., it differs from -ero by less than the significant change deadband, the ! #alue shall be forced to -ero. "t shall be possible to assign a specific significant

change dead band, 1, including -ero, to each analog point from any console in the Programmer/ode. When the dead band is set to -ero, analog input data shall always be processed.

%'++' Reasonability 6imit C;ec>ing

ach raw analog #alue which is processed shall be compared to a pair of reasonabilitylimits, expressed in raw counts, which shall be definable on a point by point basis from anoperator terminal in the Programming mode.

When the raw analog #alue becomes greater than the high reasonability limit or less thanthe low reasonability limit an alarm shall be generated. +nalog data which exceeds itsreasonability limit shall be flagged with the I4J 5nreasonable! data. uality symbol, and shall not

be updated in the , database until it returns within the reasonability limits.

%'++'+ Data Conversion

$he con#ersion of analog #alues to engineering units shall be made by assuming a lineartransducer characteristics of the general form M NaxNb, where a and b are the coefficientsdefining the scaling of the analog point.

9oad $ap *hanger 9$*! tap position will be reported as analog #alues deri#ed from a#oltage di#ider on the 9$* de#ice. $hese #oltages shall be translated into, and displayed as,discrete tap positions.

*on#erted analog #alues shall be stored in the database in floating point format.

%'++'2 C;ec>ing o* Alarm 6imits

#ery con#erted analog #alue shall be checked against three >! sets of independent pre%defined high and low limits which can be indi#idually specified for each point. $hese limits shallbe, in order of se#erity=

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9ow limits

igh limits

mergency limits.

*rossing of an analog limit in either direction shall result in appropriate alarm reporting.ach of the abo#e six three sets of high and low! alarm limits shall be treated separately, i.e., auniue alarm is reuired when each limit is crossed. + dead band shall be applied to each of thelimits to deri#e the return%to%normal le#el, so that repeated alarming does not occur for pointho#ering around the limit. $he dead band shall be specified in the data base for each indi#idualpoint.

+ll analog points whose #alues are outside the low limits shall be included in +bnormal)ummaries.

$he set of alarm limit shall be shown for each point in tabular substation displays. $he

operators shall be able to change the limits for the substation displays; this capability shall belimited to points in +4s that are assigned to the operator.

%'++'5 Ma.?Min an< Average 0alues

"n order to prepare data for the historical database, the following calculation shall beperformed for e#ery telemetered analog point during the processing of data acuired from the4$5s.

a Average 0alues $he a#erage #alue shall be calculated for e#ery 12 minuteperiod, synchroni-ed with the hour.

b Ma.imum Minimum 0alues $he daily instantaneous maximum and minimum#alues shall be sa#ed and the time of their occurrence shall be recorded.

ata uality codes shall be assigned to calculated #alues according to the rules specifiedfor calculated points in )ection 1>.1.


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output. eadbands for return%to%normal alarming shall be pro#ided. $olerance le#els and deadband #alues r shall be assignable from the operator terminals while in Programmer mode.

+s part of the analog data processing, system shall ad'ust each analog #alue so as tocompensate for the drift in the +" con#erter to which the analog point belongs.

%'++ Status Data ,rocessing

Dewly acuired status data shall be compared against the current status data in thedatabase to determine if changes ha#e taken place. 5ncommented changes of state shall beprocessed as alarms and commanded changes of state as e#ents, Points for which a normalstate is defined in the database shall be included in +bnormal )ummaries while they are not intheir normal state. +ll status changes shall result in an immediate update of all displays on whichthe points are currently shown. $he scan processing shall be designed to ensure that no changeof status ") lost.

6or each status point, it shall be possible to define the relationship between the positionof the contact "nput to the +$5 and the state of the de#ice. )o, for "nstance, an open contact may

represent I*losedJ or IpenJ.

%'++' Reporting o* Multiple Status C;anges

6or points designated in the database as sub'ect to change detection, the )ystem shalldetect, identify, and alarm the following operations which may occur between two subseuentstatus scans.

6rom close to open

6rom close to open to close

6rom close to open to close to open

6rom open to close

6rom open to close to open

6rom open to close to open to close.

%'++ !;reeState Devices

/otor%operated circuit switches are monitored by IaJ and IbJ contacts to indicate fullyopened and fully closed positions. $he software shall correctly interpret and show each switchposition as being fully opened, fully closed, in%transit, or in#alid.

%'+2 ,R#CESS"$1 #/ $#$ !E6EME!ERED DA!A

Don%telemetered data points are reuired .to represent data which are not deri#ed from4$5?s and are either manually entered or calculated by the )ystem. $he number of non%telemeterpoints is gi#en in xhibit .1.

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Whether a point is telemetered or non.telemetered shall be transparent to accessingprograms. Don%telemetered data points shall be definable in the real%time database similar totelemetered data points.

%'+2' Silent Data ,oints

)ilent or pseudo! status and analog points represent power system data that are notmonitored by 4$5s. $hese data points will be updated by manual operator entry. #entmessages shall be created for e#ery update. )ilent data shall be stored and accessed in thesame manner as telemetered data.

%'+2 Calculate< Analog ,oints

+ calculated analog point is a data point whose #alue is a function of the #alue of one ormore other telemetered data, or calculated data points component points!. +nalog data point

calculations shall be performed at the freuency at which displays are updated. +lternati#ely, thecalculations can occur whene#er a significant change is detected in any analog point?scomponent. $he #alue of a calculated point shall be calculated by using an algebraic euationthat defines that particular pout. "t shall be possible to use telemetered data, manually entereddata, constants and other calculated data points as the component points in the definition of acalculated point. 5p to thirty >0! *omponent points shall be definable as part of a calculatedpoint?s definition. "t shall not be reuired to define multiple calculated points as interim steps in acalculation. Dewly calculated #alues shed immediately be limit checked, and sub'ect to the sameprocessing as telemetered points.

+s a minimum, the following operators shall be a#ailable for the calculations=

$he four arithmetic operators O %&!

xponent, log base 10!, and natural log

$rigonometric and in#erse trigonometric functions

)uare root

/aximum, minimum and a#erage of a set of data

)um of the #alues in a set of data

+bsolute #alue

4unning a#erage.

$he following computational capabilities are also reuired=

efinition of constants to be used in the calculations

4eset counters and maximum or minimum #alues

)tructured conditional statements such as "6, $D, 9) with (oolean operators

+D, 4, D$, G4! are comparison operators Q, R N.s, S! to define conditions.

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)imple programming steps, including the following=

*onditional branch

5nconditional branch

*all another calculation

4eturn from calculation

"t should be possible to enter comments not executed! into any calculation.

+P)( shall be able to store some freuently used algebraic euations, such as thecalculation of power factor, so that a calculated point can be defined by specifying the componentdata points by name and referencing the desired euation.

%'+2+ Calculate< Status ,oints

+ calculated status point is a database point whose #alue is a (oolean function of the#alues! of one or more other status points, which may themsel#es be calculated status points. "tshall be possible for the programmer to specify and (oolean euation which includes up to twenty


29/50

a command only after the master station #erifies that the correct selection of point and controlfunction were reported by the 4$5.

+ super#isory control reuest shall be sent to an 4$5 only after the controlled point waschecked for proper conditions. $he reuest shall be re'ected if=

T $he de#ice is not sub'ect to super#isory control of the type being attempted;

T $he reuested control operation is inhibited by a tag placed on the de#ice;

T $he point has been deacti#ated or the point?s 4$5 is inacti#e;

T $here is no match between the area%of%responsibility of the de#ice and of theconsole initiating the control reuest;

T $he operator?s console is in a mode which does not permit super#isory control;

T + control reuest for the same de#ice from another console is still pending it hasnot yet been G*5$!;

T + pre#ious control command for the same de#ice is incomplete see )ection

1>.2.>; applies only to control #ia 4$5s!.

4e'ection of a control reuest shall occur before any transmission ") made to the 4$5 orcontrol purposes. 4e'ection of a control reuest shall in a *4$ message being issued. $he pointname and the reason for reuest refusal shall be identified in the message.

"f the 4$5s allow the master station to specify the duration of or act closure, it shall bepossible to specify in the database either an indi#idual contact closure period for each two%state,three%state, and incremental control de#ice, or a minimum of eight typical contact closure periodsto be used for different types of controlled de#ices. $his would be permitted the in Programming/ode only.

%'+5' Control o* t;e !=o an< !i *ee State Devices

)elect%(efore%perate )ac! control shall be pro#ided for #arious types of two%state andthree%state de#ices, including=

T )ubstations breakers trip&close!

T (reaker fast trip on&off!

T 4eclosers on&off!

T )witches open&close!

T 4ecloser cutoff!

T 6ault indication reset

T /otor%operated switches

T /iscellaneous de#ices auto&manual, star stop, open&close, etc.!

)election of a point for control shall be cancelled after the xecuti#e command isinitiated. $he point shall also be automatically de%selected if the operator does not choose aspecific control operation within a control time%out period after the point was selected, or does notissue an xecute command within the same control time%out period after the operation was

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chosen. + system%wide control time%out period shall be ad'ustable from a console in theProgramming mode in the range of 10 seconds to 30 seconds.

%'+5 "ncremental Device Control (-og Control)

"ncremental, open loop, select%before%operate de#ice control capabilities shall bepro#ided to transmit incremental 4+") or 9W4 commands to de#ices such as transformerload tap changers 9$*!.

nce an perator has selected such a de#ice for control and has chosen a 4+") or9W4 operation, it shall be possible to execute the command any number of times withoutha#ing to reselect the de#ice or the operation. $he operator shall also be able to alternatebetween 4+") and 9W4 operations without de#ice reselection. $he de#ice selection shallautomatically be cancelled if neither an execution command nor a new operation selection wasissued by the operator within a pre specified control time%out period. $he control time%out periodfor incremental de#ice control shall be a system wide parameter, independent of the control time%out specified in )ection % 1>.2.1 but ad'ustable in the same way.

%'+5+ Control Completion C;ec>

*ontrol completion checks are reuired when de#ices are controlled #ia an 4$5. +fter thesuccessful conclusion of the exchange of control messages with an 4$5, the master station shallschedule itself to check for control completion by monitoring the status of the controlled de#ice. "fthe expected change of status is not detected within a pre%set time period, a control%failed%to%complete alarm shall be generated. ach controlled power system de#ice may ha#e a differentpre%set time period for control completion. $he change of state shall be reported to the operatoras soon as it is i detected, instead of waiting until the end of the control%completion check period.

+ control%failed%to%complete condition shall not cause any automatic control retry.

6or pole%top 4$5s, which are scanned #ery infreuently, a control completion #erificationscan shall automatically occur at the end of the time%out period.

%'+52 Emergency 6oa< S;e


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generated. 80th the displayed message and the alarm shall identify each affected breaker andthe reason for the failure. $he displayed messages! shall not be deleted or superseded withoutauthori-ation by the system operator. 6ailure to control one or more breakers in a group shall notaffect controlling the other breakers in the same group.

"t shall also be possible to operate trip or close! each indi#idual breaker from the loadshed display for the group.

"nitiation of a block load shed operation shall automatically start a timer. +fter an operatorentered time%out period, an alarm shall be generated to remind the operator to restore the loads.Dormal breaker closing commands will be used to restore pre#iously shed groups.

%'+7 6#AD C#$!R#6

9oad control of $ consumer loads is reuired to reduce the system peak load during the

e#ening peak hours. )ynthesis or load cur#es of the feeders to which the $ consumers areconnected has to be performed for flattening of the load cur#e by shifting of the peak load to#alley portions of the load cur#e.

)hedding&restoration of indi#idual $ consumer loads shall be possible using a two way/+4) remote radio, pole%top 4$5 and a #acuum switch located at the customer premises.

%'+7' #perational Met;o


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T uration of interruption of loads&load groups.

T )ummary of loads shed, total relief obtained and relief obtained on the feeders towhich the $ consumers are connected indicating the name of )ubstation, nameof C feeder and name of $ consumer.

T 4eal time display of acti#e and reacti#e load of $ consumers along with nameof substation and name of feeder to which each $ consumer is connected.

T $rending of load cur#es of loads&load groups with pro#ision to display i! hourlyload cur#es, ii! weekly load cur#es, iii! monthly load cur#es.

T "t shall be possible to effect load control from a user friendly display pro#ided on

the monitor gi#ing the details of loads&load groups, priorities, present loadingstatus and the time when the load was last switched off. )cramming of indi#idualloads&load groups shall be possible with a single command from the displaypro#ided on the operator console. "t shall be possible to control loads from anydisplay showing the loads&load groups.

Eraphical displays showing the single line diagrams of substation, feeders, $ consumerloads connected with real time display of acti#e and reacti#e loads.

%'+7+ Alarms?Messages

T 6ailure of control commands to switch on&off loads&load groups.

%'+: AU!#MA!"C ME!ER READ"$1

+P)( will install electronic meters at large industrial customers. $hese meters will beeuipped with an 4)%


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(illing data shall be a#ailable for display. $he display shall show the customer name foreach meter, and shall show the date and time when the displayed information was obtained.perators shall be able to add or modify customer names and also demand the reading of billingdata from any specific meter from the display.

$he most recent billing data shall be a#ailable for transfer by magnetic tape or diskette to

+P)(?s *ustomer "nformation )ystem in +)*"" format.

%'+: @ourly Meter Rea


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T etails of capacitors, #oltage regulators like capacity, number of taps, theirlocations etc.

T Detwork data.

T +cti#e and reacti#e loading of the feeder.

T Aoltage at the monitored point.

T /aximum, minimum and current tap position of #oltage regulators.

%'+% #perational Met;o


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T )uccess&failure of control commands to operate capacitor banks and #oltageregulators.

%'+9 /EEDER SCADA "$C6UD"$1 /AU6! 6#CA6"SA!"#$ RES!#RA!"#$ #/ SU,,63A$D 6#AD BA6A$C"$1

6or speedy fault locali-ation and restoration of supply during outages and also to utili-ethe a#ailable system capacity effecti#ely by load balancing, 11 @A distribution network controlswitches are pro#ided on feeders sectionali-e the feeders. $hese are operated by employing apole top 4$5 with a /+4) remote.

%'+9' /ault 6ocaliation

n the occurrence of a fault on a radial distribution feeder, this function finds out thesection in which the fault has occurred. $he faulty section is isolated by opening the switches at

both ends of the section.

%'+9'' #perational Met;o times at an inter#al of a few minutes, toascertain that == the fault is not a transient one. $he last test charging is done by opening theisolator and closing the breaker to ensure that the fault is not in the breaker. nce it isascertained that the fault is permanent and is on the feeder, the *( is charged again and theswitches are closed one after another starting from the sub%station end. "f the breaker is in closedposition and trips before the first switch is closed, the fault is noted to be in between thesubstation and the first switch i.e., in the first section!. therwise, the fault is noted to be in thesection beyond the most recently closed switch. $he faulty section is isolated by openingswitches at both ends of the section. )upply to the healthy sections between the substation andfaulted section are restored.

Pro#ision must be a#ailable for selecting either automatic operation of switches by asoftware program or operation of switches by the operator through )*++.

%'+9' Reports?Displays

$he following reports&displays are reuired.

a! 4eport indicating the name of substation, name of 11 @A feeder in which fault

has occurred, number of switches a#ailable on the feeder, switches operated andfaulty section in a tabular form.

b! 4eport indicating the time of occurrence of fault and time at which the fault hasbeen isolated.

c! Eraphical display of faulted feeder with switches, highlighting the, faulted sectionin different colour.

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d! isplay indicating network modification according to dynamic changes.

e! Dumber of switching and the seuence of switching to identify the fault.

%'+9'+ Alarms?Messages

+larms&/essages are generated in the following cases=

a! 6aulty section could not be located.

b! +larm to alert the operator about the occurrence of fault on a feeder indicatingthe name of substation, name of feeder and time of occurrence of fault.

c! 6ailure of control commands to operate switches.

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c! nly partial restoration is possible. "n this case, the sections for which restorationis possible and the sections for which restoration is not possible ha#e to beindicated.

$he alternate source&ad'oining substation name, feeder name selected must alsobe indicated.

d! 4estoration is possible for all sections beyond the faulted sections. $he bestalternati#es! ha#e to be indicated.

%'+9 Reports?Displays

a! 4eport indicating the name of substation, name of faulted feeder, number ofswitches a#ailable on the faulted feeder alternati#e sources a#ailable names ofad'oining substations and alternate feeders!.

b! etails of $ransformer capacity and present loading conditions of ad'oiningsubstations.

c! Present loading status of alternati#e feeders, conductor si-e, thermal limits, o#ercurrent relay settings and node #oltage limits.

d! 4estoration status indicating the name of the alternate substation, alternatefeeder chosen for restoration and number of switches operated for restoration.$he loading status of the alternate substation after restoration is to be indicatedshowing the transformer loading, alternate feeder loading and its #oltage profile."f a possibility exists, AolW+4 control function can be in#oked on the alternatefeeder to impro#e its #oltage profile.

e! Eraphical display highlighting the )ections! to which supply has been restoredindifferent colour.

f! isplay indicating network modification according to dynamic changes.

g! Dumber of switching and the seuence of switching to restore supply to healthsections beyond the faulted section.

%'+9+ Alarms?Messages

+larms&/essages are generated in the following cases=

a! 4estoration is not possible to any of the affected sections.

b! 6ailure of control commands to operate switches.

c! +lternate sources not a#ailable.

%'+9+ loa< Balancing

$he load balancing function helps in better utili-ation of the distribution facilitiestransformer and feeder capacities!. $his increases the life expectancy of the euipments andalso results in deferred euipment in#estments.

%'+9+' /unction

$he aim of the function is to distribute the total load of the system among the a#ailabletransformers and the feeders in proportion to their operating capacities, considering thediscreteness of the loads, a#ailable switching options between the feeders and permissible

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intermediate o#erloads during switching. 6or load balancing between transformers in the samesubstation ha#ing different per unit impedances operation on different taps may be reuired. $hefunction should pro#ide for this exigency. "t is in#oked by the operator or automatically ono#erloads, likely o#erloads, un eual loadings of the feeders and the transformers.

%'+9+ #perational Met;o


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T 6ailure of control commands to operate switches.

T xcess circulating current due to parallel operation of transformers in asubstation on uneual tap positions.

%'+' AU!#MA!ED MA,,"$1 A$D /AC"6"!"ES MA$A1EME$! (AM?/M)

$he displays a#ailable to the ** operator from the )*++ system are representati#eschematics like single line diagrams of electrical network, tables etc. $he operator has #ery littleinformation about the geographical location of #arious field de#ices like distribution transformers,capacitor banks, distribution network control switches etc. 6or trouble call shooting, it is #erydifficult for the operator to dispatch crew to the problematic area. $his problem can be o#ercomewith +utomated /apping +/! function, which gi#es the operator latest geographical maps withthe electric network merged on this.

"n case of routine field de#ice maintenance like re%laying of underground cables, erectionof o#erhead lines etc., the operator has to rely on oral instructions from crew staff. $he a#ailabilityof a database of all such information helps in attending to the maintenance acti#ities moreefficiently. $he 6/ function addresses this problem by ha#ing such databases and supporting

related ueries.

%'+'' /unction

$he function of +/&6/ is to ha#e an integrated display of the geographical maps andsingle line schematics of the electrical distribution network, to facilitate the following=

T isplay of dynamic information of #arious de#ices like status, analog #alues etc.

T 6acility to automatically indicate the status of any element on network.

T 6acility to import scanned maps in standard formats like G6 etc.

T n%line modification of the geographical and network maps with the help of themap editor.

T $o pro#ide #arious map functions like layering of map information -ooming,scrolling and panning.

T $o extract the historical data of the de#ices from the database.

T 6acility for multiple users to access the facility database.

T 6acility for plotting

T Ei#en a de#ice, to display&edit #arious data characteristics of that de#ice #i-.make, capacity etc. 8.1>.10.< 6unction "nputs

T Eeographical maps in standard formats

T Detwork schematics

T )tatic an operational data of de#ices

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%'+'+ Reports?Displays

T Plots of Eeographical layouts and )ingle line diagrams. =

T 4eports of reuired information of #arious de#ices like status, analog #alues etc.in any format.

T "ntegrated display of though geographical maps and single line schematics of theelectrical distribution network.

T isplay of data attributes of selected de#ice.

%'+'' !R#UB6E CA66 MA$A1EME$! S3S!EM (!CMS)

$he outage of supply reported by the consumers will be collected at 6use off call centers."t is proposed to analy-e the reasons for outage reported by the consumer&consumers and takerecalculation to restore supply speedily using this function. 6or instance when outage of supply isreported by a large number of customers in one area, it may be probable to trace the reason toblowing off of a sectional fuse a distribution transformer. (y maintaining data base of customersconnected to each transformer or feeder, such an analysis could be made easily. (y connectingup all the fuse off call centers to **, the operator at ** will be able to make such an analysisand send rectification gangs for speedy restoration. $his function helps to reduce losses due tolong interruptions and impro#e customer relations.

%'+''' /unction

"nput to the function is the $rouble calls from the customers&)*++. (ased on thisinformation, the $*/ software should identify the problematic de#ice and pass this information tothe operators on duty for repair. /eanwhile an alternate feed has to be arranged to the customersby eliminating the faulty portion of the network from the total network. +ccordingly the databasehas to be changed dynamically.

%'+'' Databases

$rouble *all /anagement )ystem is built around two data bases, a#ailable in a ost)ystem, the connecti#ity data base and the consumer information data base. "dentification ofconsumers on e#ery circuit is done by $*/) using these two data bases. ence $*/) canassociate a consumer who reports a problem with a particular feeder, lateral and istribution$ransformer. $he data base shall be any industry standard 4(/), preferably oracle.

%'+''+ Reports?Displays

$he Eraphical 5ser "nterface for 4eports&isplays shall be based on the standard/$"6.

$he reports&displays reuired by the software are=

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a! *all entry form for entering the consumer name&identifier, nature of trouble callreported and time of outage.

b! *all analysis report.

c! *all incidence report showing the distribution transformer to which the consumeris connected.

d! *ase sheet for entering details of outage de#ice.

e! )tatus messages for calls.

f! 4estoration data status.

g! *all back list to inform consumers after restoration.

h! utage data report for /").

i! e#ice status report at any time.

'! isplay of entire network on the monitor.k! ighlighting the problematic de#ice as soon as analysis is o#er.

"! Detwork modification according to dynamic changes.

%'+' @"S!#R"CA6 ACC#U$!"$1 A$D RE,#R!"$1 (@AR)

+ istorical +ccounting and 4eporting +4! function is reuired to sa#e and analy-ehistorical data and to generate reports.

%'+'' @AR Data base

+ single redundant! +4 database shall be maintained in the +). "t shall be the solesource of data for generating +) reports. +P)( considers it a big ad#antage for the +4database to be based on a commercially a#ailable relational database product, preferably racle.

$he +4 database shall be built on the concept of accounts. ach account shall includea set of #alues which are periodically copied from a point in the real%time database. "t shall bepossible to specify the periodicity at which data is copied into the account, and the total number ofsamples it holds. +n account could, for example, include hourly /W or /#ar reading from acertain meter for a period of three months, or periodic snapshots of the #oltage on a bus. +4data shall be a#ailable for +) users for the current month and three pre#ious months.

ata, analog with its uality code, shall be transferred into +4 accounts. +s an

exception, all +laram "nhibited "! codes shall be translated into 5p%to%ate (lank! codes. +ll datauality reuirements of )ection 1>.1..1


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"t shall be possible to establish an +4 account for any point in the +) database,including data that is deri#ed from other +4 accounts. Procedures are reuired to =

a! )elect data points for accounting.

b! efine calculated #alues for accounting.

c! )pecify time periods at which the Rdata is to be sa#ed in +4. +s a minimum,data%sa#ing "nter#als of 12, >0 and 30 minutes synchroni-ed with the hour arereuired, as well as daily and monthly shortly after midnight! data%sa#ingsperiods.

d! )pecify the si-e of the account, expressed in the period for which data is sa#ed,or alternati#ely in the number of account entries.

e! dit account data.

f! elete an account.

ispatcher oriented procedure are reuired for the +4 management functionsdescribed abo#e.

%'+'+ @AR Calculations

"t shall be possible to define calculated +4 accounts based on any other +4accounts!. *alculations shall be definable #ia interacti#e *4$ procedures. ach such calculatedaccount shall be defined by a series of calculation steps wherein each step defines the operationto be performed and the associated operands. perands shall be logically acetified; internal data"s and offsets shall not be reuired. +s a minimum, the calculation capabilities for arithmeticcalculations specified in )ection 1>..< I*alculated +nalog PointsJ, are reuired. $he capability tocalculate sums of #alues across a group of +4 accounts is specifically reuired. + calculated

account shall ha#e all the attributes of any other +4 account. +ny account, including calculatedaccounts, shall be usable as an input for calculating other accounts. "t shall be possible tocalculate an account from shorter time frame accounts, e.g., calculate a daily account from hourlyaccounts or a monthly account from daily accounts.

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$he +4 database and archi#al files shall be structured to facilitate transfer of data forone calendar month at a time. ata transfers shall be by category such as operational data,radio communication statistics, etc.! and sub category, as defined by +P)(, but not by indi#idualaccounts. perator procedures, based on screen selection of the data to transfer and thedestination storage de#ice, are greatly preferred o#er procedures which reuire programmingskills.

%'+'7 Require< Accounts Categories

%'+'7' #perational Accounts

$he +4 accounts described below shall be set up by the *ontractor for all analog points

in the system, including /W, /#ar and #olts. ther accounts shall be set up as needed togenerate data for reuired reports.

a! $he 12%minute a#erage #alues calculated as per )ection 1>.>.1.2a.

b! $he hourly energy #alues calculated as per )ection 1>.>.1.3.

c! $he daily maximum&minimum #alues collected as per )ection 1>.>.1.2b.

+dditional accounts shall be set up if needed to supply data to any of the reuiredreports.

%'+'7 Ra.1>. +ll data from the 4adio *ommunications )ystem shall be stored by+4 e#ery hour on the hour. $he list of monitored data will be compiled after *ontract award.

%'+': Report Requirements

%'+':' Creation o* Reports

+ 4eport ditor is reuired to allow easy interacti#e *4t creation, modification, anddeletion of reports. +ny account data store in the +4 database shall be eligible for inclusion inany or all reports. 4eport definition shall include the following=

T 6ormat e.g. layout, background title!

T )electing whether or not data uality shall be shown

T ata definitions

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T efinitions of calculations

T Printout periodicity on demand, time of day, day&time of week, day&time ofmonth!

T +ssignment of printers.

When reports are printed on the laser printers it shall be possible to specify the IportraitJor I9andscapeJ printing modes, and to support scalable fonts. n other printers it shall bepossible to create reports which are 80 columns wide which use standard paper and 1>< columnswide which use wide paper.

"t shall be possible to concatenate separately reports to be printed out together.

%'+': ,rinting an< 0ie=ing o* Reports

+ report shall be automatically printed at the time periods which were specified when thereports was created. "n addition, an operation shall able to demand the printout of any report atany time. +n operator shall also be able to select any report for #iewing on a terminal, and to

page through multi%page reports.

Printing of reports shall start at the top of a new page. owe#er, if the printer is already atthe top of the page, a new top of the page command shall not be issued. 5nder nocircumstances, including system failo#er, shall the printing of a report be omitted. nce started, areport shall not be interrupted until it is completed, unless cancelled by the operator. /ultiageoutput may be interrupted on page boundaries if the printer is ser#ing its primary task and issimultaneously backing up another printer?s function. ach page of multiple page report shallha#e a specially designed header for that report, identifying pertinent data including time anddate. +t no time shall a page or printed output contain any information other than for that report.

"f the designated printer is una#ailable, the report shall automatically be routed to anoperator%specified backup de#ice. "f no backup printer is a#ailable, the report shall be spooled tobulk storage until a printer becomes a#ailable. at which time the report shall automatically byprinted.

%'+'% Require< Reports

$he reports described below shall be included by the *ontractor in the deli#ered system.

%'+'%' Daily ,o=er Distribution Report

(y substation, this report shall include the daily minimum and maximum readings, withthe time of occurrence for=

T $hree phase amps for each circuit.

T /W and /#ar for each circuit

T ne phase #oltage for each bus

T /W, /#ar, and tap position for each transformer

T + limited number of amp and #oltage readings telemetered from feeders if pole%top 4$5s are installed!.

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%'+'% System Maintenance Reports

)ystem maintenance reports prepared by the *ontractor shall include=

a! 4$5 *ommunications 4eport= $his report shall pro#ide hourly communicationsstatistics by communication channel and by 4$5. lt shall be designed to enable atechnician to monitor the performance of the communication channels and toidentify problems associated with specific channels and specific times of day, inorder to facilitate reliable communications. $he scope of the report shall be forthe month to date. "t shall be automatically printed at the end of each month andany time on operator demand from the operator terminals.

b! +) Performance 4eport= 4eports on utili-ation of system resources and

statistics on euipment errors and failures.

%'+'+ C#MMU$"CA!"#$S MA"$!E$A$CE /U$C!"#$S (#,!"#$)

$he 4adio *ommunications )ystem described in )ection 1.1. will be euipped withremote testing and ad'ustment capabilities, so that it can be operated from **. $he *ontractorshall integrate *ommunications /anagement )ystem software, diagnostic and maintenancefunctions which may be furnished by the supplied of the communications system! and their userinterfaces, into the +) so that communications maintenance can be performed from the +)operator terminals.

%'2 C#MMU$"CA!"#$ #,!"#$ /#R DAS & SCADA

%'2' Distribution Automation

$oday distribution automation means differently to different utilities., $his has arisenbecause automation of #arious functions of distribution system like distribution substation control,load management, feeder )*+ etc. are at different stages, in the #arious utilities. " hasdefined distribution automation system +)! as I+ system that enable and electric utility toremotely monitor, coordinate : operate distribution components, in a real time mode from remotelocation.J

8.1.0< + good data communication system to transmit the control commands : databetween ** : large number of de#ices remotely located on the distribution

network is a prereuisite for the good performance of istribution +utomation)ystem +)!. $he communication reuirements of each +) is uniue,depending upon the + functions selected for implementation. + wide range ofcommunication technologies are a#ailable to perform the tasks of +). $hechoice of communication technology has also big impact on the cost of +).)electing an appropriate communication system for +) calls for understandingof

T *ommunication reuirements of +) and the technologies suitable for it.

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T $he communication technologies a#ailable for +) and their relati#emerits to perform +.

T *ommunication system reuirements are

T xpandability

T 6lexibility

T 4eliability

T $wo way communication

T /eet ata reuirements

8.1.0> *ommunication )ystem chosen should be able to cater to the needs to thefollowing in a district.

T &11 @A )ubstations!

T 10,000 istribution $ransformers

T


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8.1.03 4adio *ommunication= 4adio communications system are usually owned by theutility, and their operation is independent of the conditions of the power system./any data channels, including high speed channels, can be supported, as wellas #oice communications. $he following radio technologies are a#ailable.

T 5ltra igh 6reuency 56! Point%to%Point 4adio operates either in 00or 700 /- band. "t is suitable for backbone communication networks. "treuires line of sight.

T $ime i#ision /ultiple +ccess $/+! 4adio operates in < E- band. "tis also suitable for backbone communication network. "t reuires line ofsight.

T Aery )mall +perture $erminal A)+$! operates in extended * (and.)uitable for backbone communication network. 9ine of sight is notreuired.

T 5ltra igh 6reuency 56! 4adio )ystem operates in 12 /- band.

)uitable for one way control of load control switches. "t also reuires lineof sight.

%'2: System con*iguration base< on various combinations o* Ra0 @/ radius. $he center of each areawas designated as nodal point. ne of these nodal points is at the **.

$he nodal points will be interconnected by a $/+ system for backbone network, with$/+ central station at ** and $/+ outstation at each nodal point. $/+ has the ad#antageof pro#iding 3 @(P) data rate and high uality #oice communication. $/+ repeater stationswill be pro#iding 3 @(P) data rate and high uality #oice communication. $/+ repeaterstations will be pro#ided at suitable locations where line of sight cannot be guaranteed.

/+4) master radio will be installed in each nodal point for communication with 4$5s insubstation, at distribution transformers, and other reuired points in the distribution network.)ubstation 4$5s will be scanned periodically, and others probably once an hour, and on demandby a +) operator $hough radio freuencies% in the 00 /- band are easier to obtain andpro#ide better co#erage, operation in the 700 /- band was chosen because robust and non%conspicuous short IstickJ antennas can be used. $his makes radio euipment installed inexposed locations less prone to #andalism by customers opposed to load control. $he /+4master stations will be suitably interfaced to the $/+ outstations and the data collected at the

$/+ outstations will be transmitted to the central station.

ne%way A6 radio will be used for load control because low cost load control switchesare a#ailable for this technology. A6 radio switches can also be used for capacitor control on thedistribution network, in #iew of more expensi#e 4$5s with remote /+4) radios, if monitoring isnot essential at the capacitor banks.

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