José Angel Rodríguez

Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses

The heart is the organ that pumps bloodthrough the body.

An adjective clause is a clause that modifiesor describes a noun or pronoun.

An adjective clause usually comes immediately afterthe word(s) that it describes. It usually begins with arelative pronoun: that, which, who, whom, whose…

Relative Pronouns.1. Who (People)2. Whom (People)3. Whose (People)4. That (General)5. Which (Things)6. Where (Place)7. When (Time)8. Why (Reason)

NOUN + RP + (Subject) + VERBThe man who lives next doorThe man whom we all knowThe girl whose book I foundThe car that I would like to buyThe things which we wonder aboutThe house where I grew upThe year when I was bornThe reason why I am doing this

There are two types of relative clauses:Restrictive and Non-restrictive.

Restrictive Relative Clauses.

Definition:The brain is the organ that controls the body through nerves.The tendons are tissues that connect muscles to bones.The eyes are the organs that collect and decode visual data.

Identification:The kidneys are the organs that look like beans.The heart is the organ that is red in the chart.The pancreas is the organ that looks like a leaf.

Restrictive relative clauses are usedto define and to identify.

There are two types of relative clauses:Restrictive and Non-restrictive.

Non-restrictive Relative Clauses.

Explain:Dr. Fox, who has been a friend of ours for years, is both a pediatrician and an internist. Dr. Carlson, who works with Dr. Fox, specializes in radiology. Comment:The eyes work much better than a camera, which is awesome.The heart never stops pumping blood, which keeps us alive.The pancreas looks like a leaf, which has nothing to do with a plant.

Non-restrictive relative clauses are usedto explain and to comment.

Restrictive vs. Non-restrictiveRelative Clauses

Restrictive Relative Clauses.

No commas are used. “That” replaces most relative

pronouns. Objective relative pronouns can be

left out. Information is essential. Are used to define or to identify.

Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses.

Commas are used. “That” is never used. “That” never replaces any

relative pronouns. Relative pronouns are never

left out. The information is extra. Are used to explain or to

comment.

THE MAJOR SYSTEMS OF THE BODY During the last one hundred years, medical researchers have discovered a great deal about the way the human body works. We now know about the various systems of the body that keep us alive. The systems that are most important include the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal systems. Each of these systems controls major body functions. The system that controls the flow of blood through the body is the circulatory system. It includes the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. The nervous system connects the brain to the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. The system that supports the body and allows it to move is the musculoskeletal system. The system that controls breathing is the respiratory system. It includes the nose, mouth, throat, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Finally, the gastrointestinal system, the part of the body that controls digestion and the elimination, consists of the esophagus, the stomach, the small and large intestines. Two of its most important organs are the liver and the pancreas.

The body is like a complex machine. This machine automatically repairs itself.The body is like a complex machine that automatically repairs itself.Egyptians believed sickness came from spirits. These spirits were angry and evil. Egyptians believed sickness came from spirits that were angry and evil.

Combine the following sentences. The second sentence should become a clause beginning with that . Change a or an to the, if necessary.

Example: Blood is a liquid. This liquid circulates through the body. Blood is a liquid that circulates through the body.

1. The heart is an organ. This organ pumps blood through the body.2. Blood is a liquid. This liquid carries food and oxygen through the body.3. Blood is carried in vessels. The vessels are called arteries and veins.4. The lungs are filled with air. This air contains oxygen.5. The body is supported by a bone and muscle structure. This structure is responsible for body posture and movement.6. The body is covered with skin. The skin protects the body from bacteria.

Continues…

7. The brain is the control center for the nerves. The nerves carry messages to and from the body.8. Digestion of food is an essential process. This process takes place in the intestine.9. In Ancient Egypt, there were many doctors. These doctors cured patients with the help of magic and spirits.10. Egyptians believed sickness came from spirits. These spirits were angry and evil.11. The Egyptian doctor would put a magic spell on the angry spirit. This spirit had caused the person’s illness.12. The magic spell always included words. The words had to be repeated in a certain way.13. Egyptian doctors also used medicine. This medicine came from the organs of wild animals.14. In addition, these doctors used a large number of drugs. These drugs included minerals, vegetables and even beer.15. The Ancient Greeks practiced a different kind of medicine. This kind of medicine was based on the study of symptoms.

16. Ancient Greek doctors trained in medical schools. These schools were located all over Greece.17. Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, wrote three important books. These books discuss medical problems that we still face today.18. The spine is a set of bones. These bones support the body.19. The arteries are major blood vessels. These vessels carry the blood away from the heart.20. The spinal cord is a set of nerves. These nerves lead to the brain.21. Nerves are fibers. These fibers communicate messages to and from the brain. 22. The knees are joints. These joints allow you to bend your legs.23. The tendons are tissues. These tissues connect muscles to bones.24. The quadriceps are muscles. These muscles extend the leg.25. The femur is a bone. This bone reaches from the hip to the knee.

___ 1. Your brain is the organ___ 2. Your heart is the organ___ 3. Your lungs are the organ___ 4. Your intestine is the organ___ 5. Your bones and muscles are the structure___ 6. Your arteries are the blood vessels___ 7. The veins are the blood Vessels___ 8. The elbow is the joint___ 9. The pancreas is the organ___ 10. The stomach is the organ

Match the two sentence halves to make complete sentences with relative clauses with “that”.

a. that carry blood back to the heart. b. that brings oxygen to your blood.c. that controls the body through nerves.d. that connects the upper arm and forearm.e. that digests your food.f. that carry blood from your heart to your organs.g. that receives food you eat.h. that support the body and provide movement.i. that pumps blood through the body. j. that makes insulin.

EARLY MEDICINE Medicine and pharmacology are two sciences that have changed a great deal in recent times. Long ago, medicine was a guessing game. Medical care was given by doctors, pharmacists, and even barbers! All of them experimented freely on their patients, who often died as a result. Early pharmacists depended on plant remedies that had been developed over the centuries. One popular remedy during the Middle ages was poppy juice, which contains opium (a narcotic). Other remedies were animal fat and even crocodile blood, which was considered a “cure” for poor eyesight. Other common practices were dangerous and sometimes fatal. For instance, bleeding patients to let out “bad blood” often resulted in the death of the patient. A common practice that was equally dangerous involved drilling a hole in the patient’s skull. Perhaps this was done to treat head wounds or to relieve pressure inside the head. People whose diseases were “incurable” often looked for help from the spirit world, astrology, and magic. Astrology, which was valued as a method of diagnosis, was even taught in many medical schools. Medicine has become a reliable science only in recent times. Even now, however, it still involves a certain amount of experimentation.

EARLY MEDICINE

Clauses with Who.

The physician was Dr. Andrews.He treated the patient.The physician who treated the patient was Dr. Andrews.

Clauses with Who.Use the cues to make sentences with adjective clauses with who.

Ex. orthopedist / treat bone, joint, or muscle problemsAn orthopedist is a doctor who treats bone, joint, or muscle problems. orthopedist / treat bone, joint, or muscle problemsOrthopedists are doctors who treat bone, joint, or muscle problems.

1. radiologist / read / X-rays2. surgeons / perform / operations3. pediatrician / take care of / children4. ophthalmologist / treat / diseases or injuries of the eye5. internists / specialize in / diagnosis and treatment of diseases in adults6. gynecologist / specialize in / functions and diseases of women7. neurologist / take care of / patients with nerves or brain disease8. psychiatrist / treat / mental problem

Clauses with Which.

Aspirin is a common treatment for headaches.Aspirin is a pain reliever.Aspirin, which is a pain reliever, is a common treatment for headaches.

Clauses with Which. Use the following cues to form sentences with adjective clauses with WHICH. Be sure to add articles when necessary.

Ex. rubber hammer / tool / be used for testing reflexesA rubber hammer is a tool which is used for testing reflexes.

1. stethoscope / instrument / be used for listening to a person’s heart2. scalpel / instrument / be used for cutting during surgery3. opium / narcotic / produce a feeling of great happiness4. anesthetic / drug / put people to sleep before surgery5. aspirin / drug / relieve pain6. thermometer / instrument / measure temperature7. Tensometer / device / be used to measure the tensile properties of materials8. blood pressure monitor / device / be used to monitor blood pressure

Clauses with Who or Which. Combine the following sentences about early medical practices with WHO, or WHICH. Make the second sentence the adjective clause.

1. These brain surgeons used simple knives. The knives were made of stone.2. Many skulls have been found in Europe. The skulls had small holes cut into them. 3. The surgeons probably removed pieces of bone. They operated on the head.4. In early times, some people went to magicians. These people had physical problems.5. People asked from help from a magician. They thought spirit or magic caused illness.6. During the Middle Ages, some doctors used different cures. These cures did not treat the body at all.7. For example, a swordsman was not treated with medicine. The swordsman had been hurt in a fight. (The sword was treated instead!)

Clauses with Whose.

The woman thank the doctor.His treatment had cured her.

The woman thanked the doctor whose treatment had cured her.

Clauses with Whose.Combine the following sentences with WHOSE. Make the second sentence into the adjective clause.

Ex. The villagers gave a gift to the pharmacist. His secret medicine had cured their mysterious disease.The villagers gave a gift to the pharmacist whose secret medicine had cured their mysterious disease.

1. A person sometimes gets well unexpectedly. His or her will to live is very strong.2. Another person might die unexpectedly. His or her belief in witchcraft is strong.3. Some doctors can be successful. Their treatments are not always scientific.4. Some people refuse to see a doctor. Their condition is serious.5. People may be afraid of doctors. Their faith in modern medicine is not very strong.

Clauses with When.

The 1950s were a time. At that time, doctors still made house-calls.

The 1950s were a time when doctors still made house-calls.

Clauses with When.Combine the following sentences with WHEN. Make the second sentence into the adjective clause. Add commas where necessary.

Ex. 1950 was the year. Penicillin was discovered then.1950 was the year when penicillin was discovered.

1. Medicine will become a very competitive field in the future. In the future, there will be too many doctors in the United States.2. We are now in an age. Medicine is very specialized.3. The whole world is hoping for the time. A cure for cancer will be discovered then.4. We would all like to see the day. That day, good medical care will be available to everyone.5. People all hope for the day. They will not get sick anymore then.6. We are in an age. Some diseases are a thing of the past.7. I can’t even remember the day. I last got sick then.

Clauses with Where.

We can expect continued progress in the medical field. New discoveries are made every day in the medical field.

We can expect continued progress in the medical field, where new discoveries are made every day.

Clauses with Where.Combine the following sentences with WHERE. Make the second sentence into the adjective clause. Add commas where necessary.

Ex. That is the hospital. My sister works there.That’s the hospital where my sister works.

1. It’s interesting to visit a hospital laboratory. In the laboratory, there is a lot of sophisticated equipment.2. Teaching hospitals often have the most modern facilities. In these hospitals, new doctors are educated and trained.3. The doctor’s office is now a complicated place. In the doctor’s office, many tests and even surgery can be performed.4. University hospitals around the U.S. are places. A great deal of research on cancer is taking place there today.5. The stomach is the place. Digestion of food takes place there. 6. The brain is the place. Ideas are processed there.

Clauses with Why.The reason why _____ is that _______

People died of infections in the past because there were no antibiotics.

The reason why many people died of infections in the past is that there were no antibiotics at that time.

Clauses with Why.Transform the following sentences into relative clauses with WHY.

1. Alternative medicine has become popular because many people don’t trust traditional medicine to cure without causing side effects.2. In the past, people went to witches because they promised to cure them.3. In modern times, people still go to witches because there are some diseases that traditional medicine cannot cure.4. Some people die because they refuse to follow their doctors’ advice.5. Some people are cured of their diseases because they have a strong faith.6. Some witches became rich because they managed to convince people of their magical power.7. Some people still die today because traditional medicine still can’t cure certain diseases.8. Other people die because they don’t have access to medical attention.9. Modern diseases have evolved because they have adapted to many different environments.

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