Relationships by mihaela alexandrina cenusa

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Interpersonal relationships

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Transcript of Relationships by mihaela alexandrina cenusa

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Interpersonal relationships

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•The study of interpersonal relationships involves several branches of the social sciences, including such disciplines as sociology, psychology, anthropology and social work. •Interpersonal skills are extremely vital

when trying to develop a relationship with another person.

Field of study

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Development

• Interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence. Like living organisms, relationships have a beginning, a lifespan, and an end. They tend to grow and improve gradually, as people get to know each other and become closer emotionally, or they gradually deteriorate as people drift apart, move on with their lives and form new relationships with others.

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Types of relationships

• Membership in a social group• Family membership• Peer group membership• Organization membership• Community membership• Intimate relationships• Professional relationships

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A social group consists of a number of individuals interacting with each other with respect to:

• Common motives and goals• An accepted division of labour, i.e. roles• Established status (social rank, dominance) relationships• Accepted norms and values with reference to matters relevant to the group

• Development of accepted sanctions (praise and punishment) if and when norms were respected or violated

Membership in a social group

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Types of groups1. Peer group

A peer group is a group with members of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Generally, people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers.

2. CliqueA group of people that have many of the same interests & 

commonly found in a High School/College setting; most of the time they have a name & rules for themselves. 

3. ClubA club is a group, which usually requires one to apply to 

become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities: sporting clubs, for example.

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4. Community A community is a group of people with a commonality or 

sometimes a complex net of overlapping commonalities, often–but not always–in proximity with one another with some degree of continuity over time.

5. FranchiseAn organization which runs several instances of a business in 

many locations.

6. GangA gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular 

area. It is a group of people that often hang around each other. They are usually known in many countries to cause social unrest and also have negative influence on the members and may be a target for the law enforcers in case of any social

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Why Are Positive Teacher-student Relationships Important

They influence success in schoolThey are related to:• Good peer interactions (e.g., positive, respectful)• Positive relationships with future teachers(e.g., warm, 

caring, positive, respectful)• Lower levels of challenging behaviors(e.g., student more 

likely to be cooperative, follow directions, be respectful)• Higher levels of competence in school(e.g., student 

more likely to get along with others, interact well with adults)

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How can teachers develop positive teacher-student relationships?

TechniquesOne-to-one interactions with studentsGet on student’s level, face-to-face Use pleasant, calm voice Use simple languageProvide warm, responsive

physical contactFollow student’s lead

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Developing Relationships with Students

Keep in mind:Cultural, linguistic, and individual needsAdapt strategies to unique student  and family characteristics

CommunicationTrustRespect

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Challenges to developing positive teacher-student relationships

• Not enough time• Too many curriculum requirements• Expectation that students will wait quietly in line

• Noise level in classroom• Maintenance duties• Adherence to lesson plans

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Developing Effective Interpersonal Skills

Communication and Conversation Skills Be a good listener Nonverbal messages Be open to topics Communicate ideas precisely and concisely Think before speaking

Human Relation Skills (“People Skills”) Remember names Refer to people by name when interacting Remember information about people Be positive Be complimentary

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How to Manage Student Behaviour when Teaching

Your behavior, as the teacher, is the single most influential impact on the behaviour of the students in your classroom. You have a huge impact on how your day will go. There are a couple of MUST DO strategies that will help your day run smoothly.

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STEPS

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Step 1: Anticipate compliance. Generally most students want to 

behave and very few really want the tension of getting into trouble. So if you give instructions, anticipate that the student will comply and act as if this is the case. For example, in your travels around the room you notice Gina is reading a book and not doing her task. You take the least intrusive path, “Thanks for putting that book away, Gina.” And continue to move around the room as if you know Gina is going to comply. Gina feels your expectation and 99.9% of the time she will comply, because she is not going to get any mileage if she doesn’t. You have already moved on! Consider the alternative action. You say the same thing, but stand at Gina’s desk with arms on your hips and a snarl ready on your lips. You’re ready for a fight and Gina is likely to accommodate you.

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Step 2:Close your requests with the appropriate

language. Close your request. You can close off a request by prefacing your statement with an expectation of compliance. Such statements like “Thank you for closing the windows for me, Paul”. Few students are likely to refuse a request phrased in such a way.

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Step 3:Differentiate between discipline and managing

behaviour. Teachers seem to  take  things  to heart  far too  often.  Learn  to  differentiate  between  discipline and behaviour. Discipline  is  a  belief  system of  values and principles, children learn that at home. Discipline involves  the  principles  of  honesty,  fairness  and  the values  of  integrity  and  personal  accountability amongst many, many more. Teachers don’t discipline students, we manage their behaviour. Parents are still accountable  (not  teachers)  if  their  child  breaks  the law, damages property. Society dumps on teachers far too easily. 

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Step 4

Stop on my SIGNAL.  Do  the  class  know when  you  want  their  attention?  Avoid screaming,  “Listen  Now!”  because  as  a teacher the class is not attuned to your voice. Try  other  options  like  a  small  bell,  clap  of hands,  a  silly  bike  horn.  Experiment  with different  techniques  that  will  work  for  you. Whatever  you  use,  it  is  important  to  have  a STOP SIGNAL at your disposal

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Step 5Disregard the secondary behaviours. Secondary  behaviours  are  those  that  occur  when  you  have  a 

discussion with  the  student and  the  student wants  to  take  control. They are 'chase me' behaviours designed to push your buttons, gain a  furious  response and ultimately distract you  from  the purpose of the discussion. Some kids are masters at  it, having practised  it very well  at  home.  OK.  So  you  want  Freddie  (it’s  a  shame  that, statistically, most of  the offenders are boys)  to  leave the room. You have  exhausted  all  of  your  positive  reinforcement,  redirection techniques,  warnings  and  sanctions  and  need  him  to  leave.  The secondary  behaviours  are  the  chair  being  thrown  back,  stamping, general  huffing  and  puffing posturing.  Freddie  is  building  up  a  real performance  for  the  benefit  of  his  classmates.  Don't  allow  him  to take control of your behaviour. Resist the temptation to address the secondary behaviours at  the moment.  Instead,  remember  them for later

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Step 6Keep your instruction DIRECT. Major long-term studies 

have proven the irrefutable success of direct instruction (now called explicit teaching) The term refers to a method for teaching that is fast-paced and provides constant interaction between students and the teacher. Direct Instruction is rich in structure and drilling and content. It is starting to become more popular given the current drive for proven results. Many studies have proven its success as a teaching strategy.

What does it mean for the Teacher and how do you DO it?  Direct  instruction  is  a  sequence  of  supports:  setting  a purpose for learning, telling students what to do, showing them  how  to  do  it,  guiding  their  hands-on  application  of the new learning.

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Step 7

Avoid going for the throat FIRST! As hard as it might prove to be, don’t go for the throat first. Start with the non-intrusive strategies. You might have to take a few deep breaths first. You do remember that World War One started with one shot. I have sometimes been caught out by not making a concerted effort to get all the facts first.

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Step 8Distract – Diffuse – Disperse.  The  truth of  the matter  is 

that  sometimes  you  are  going  to  be  confronted  with  a disagreement  between  students.  This  can  happen  within metres  of  a  teacher.  Here  is  a  simple  strategy  that  (usually) works. 

Firstly, DISTRACT students  from hurting or hitting - what ever is occurring. This might be a whistle or calling out. If you can use humour, now is a good time to apply it. If not - DON'T. 

Secondly, DIFFUSE the anger by NOT being angry yourself. (Riots develop when both sides are angry.) Avoid shouting or panicking. Be calm - at least sound calm. Keep your directions short and clear. Never give more than ONE direction at a time. "Bill, thanks for standing over there. 

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Step 8  John,  thanks  for  putting  your  hands  down." 

Repeat  if  necessary  but  do  not  change  the directions.  "OK.  Let's  sit  down  and  face  opposite directions."  Having  students  sit  on  the  ground really has a calming effect. (Watch what NYPD do). and then handcuff them to the nearest pole. 

Thirdly, DISPERSE. You only need the offenders. Chase  the  watchers  away.  (Move  on  citizens. Nothing  to  see  here)  The  next  step  depends  on your  level  of  authority.  If  you  are  comfortable dealing with the offenders at this point, then do it.

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Step 9Use the assertive “I message”.  These  I-

messages are expressions of our  feelings. Thomas Gordon,  creator  of  Teacher  Effectiveness  Training (TET), tells us to structure these messages in three parts. 

First,  include  a  description  of  the  child’s behavior. “When you talk while I talk...” 

Second,  relate  the  effect  this  behavior  has  on the teacher. “...I have to stop my teaching...” And third, let the student know the feeling that 

it generates in the teacher. “...which frustrates me.”

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Steps 10 and 11

Model behavior.  Kids  love  double  standards.  A teacher yelling at a student  for yelling  in  the playground just  doesn’t  make  sense.  Make  no  mistake,  you  are  on show.  The  students want  to  see  how  you  solve  conflict. They will often use that as an exemplar.

Know when to IGNORE. Sometimes you have to learn to  pick  the  battles.  There  is  no  good  coming  back with, “We won the battle, General but we lost the war!” Some relief teachers (and some teachers) target the most trivial matters which are blown out of all proportion.

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Step 12

Direct the learning to the MISCREANT. The student who  continually  misbehaves  is  often  disengaging themselves from the lesson for a purpose. Perhaps they are  finding  the  work  too  difficult  and  do  not want  to show  themselves  up  as  being  a  dunderhead.  Being  a rebellious  youth  is  far more  socially  acceptable.  If  you suspect  this  is  the  case,  engage  the  student  in  a learning  activity  that  shows  the  rest  of  the  class  they are  capable.  You  have  to  tread  carefully  here  and manufacture a situation when the student looks good.