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Relations for Reusing (R4R) in A Shared Context:
an exploration on
Research Publications & Cultural Objects
4th International Workshop on Semantic Digital Archives (SDA 2014) in conjunction with International Digital Libraries Conference (DL 2014)
London, 8th-12th September 2014
Andrea Wei-Ching Huang and Tyng-Ruey Chuang Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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1. Why ?2. How ?3. Meaning:
Interpretation/Citation4. Use Case:
The Story of a Leaf5. Conclusion
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1. Why ?
Background information &Research Motivation.
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open data
cultural heritage data
open science movement
data publication & citation principles
research publication
linked data approach
Reason 1: Several challenges emerged from the external environment.
?
?
?
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Article
Data
Code
ProvenanLicense
The need to represent & explore relations between the
five major objects.
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Reason 2: Several requirements from the internal research needs.
Science Data / Research Data Publication
http://digitalarchives.tw/http://codata2012.tw/
Potential values of Cultural Heritage Data
Motivated by recent involvements with projects relating to research data publication & knowledge engineering for cultural heritage data.
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Research Data Cultural Objects
mostly preserved with rich
metadata information.
professionally established
domain knowledge.
Q1: Is there a shared context between these two domains that can serve for a common understanding?
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Research Publications
(Research Papers) Article
Data
Code
LAM Collections
Data(Cultural Objects)
Article
Code
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations byRepresentations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations byInternal relation
external relation
potential relation
Most of us are familiar with this process.
Article C- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)----------------------------
Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)----------------------------
Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)----------------------------
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Research Publications
(Research Papers) Article
Data
Code
LAM Collections
Data(Cultural Objects)
Article
Code
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations byRepresentations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations by
But, this is stillan adventure for
research community to explore.
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Research Publications
(Research Papers) Article
Data
Code
LAM Collections
Data(Cultural Objects)
Article
Code
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Interpretations
Interpretations by
Preservations by
Representations byRepresentations by
Interpretations by
(Associated Publications)
(Supplement Materials)
Preservations byInternal relation
external relation
potential relation
Representations by
So, if they are interlinked ….
Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)----------------------------
Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)----------------------------
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A digital object Y curated in a digital museum, is a cultural object Y with rich metadata descriptions.
This cultural object Y that is reused by an academic article is not a cultural object but a science object Z that can be viewed under different context perspectives.
By a definition of Zimmermann et al.(2007), “when the contexts of two entities overlap and parts of the context information become similar andshared,” a shared context emerges
The scenario:
object
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Q2. Will the rich domain knowledgefrom research publications and theimplicit cross-domain metadata ofcultural objects be compliant witheach other?
So, if they are interlinked ….
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“Yes” to (Q1 /Q2),
but it depends on …
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ContextMeaningRelation
understanding
exploringsystemization
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ContextMeaningRelation
a contextual framework
a R4R ontology
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2. How ?
Theoretical groundings for the contextual framework.
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Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
An entity’s activity determines to a great extend its current needs.
relationsA relation expresses a semantic dependency between
two entities that emerges from certain circumstances these two entities are involved in.
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Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
Courtright’s (2007) ‘s
Actors-in-Context
a relational view on
• activities of users
• information existence
• information systems
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Zimmermann et.al. (2007) An Operational Definition of Context
Step 1: determining the design space of context models
Courtright’s (2007) theoretical concept
of Actors-in-Context
a relational view on
• activities of users,
• information existence
• information systems
relate actors’ levels with
associated activities as
• Reusing
• Publication
• Curation
3 Activity Contexts
inspire us to define
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Three activity contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation
are situated in a multiple, overlapping & dynamic context.
Reusing
Publication
Curation
Zimmermann et.al (2007)
defines activity context as a context which decides to its
current needs and covers current and future activities.
current
futurecurrent
futurefuture
publication-now
and reusing-in-
the-future
Curation Context from the
view of technology activity,
it has a dual role in context,
technology variations
depend on other contextual
elements while at the same
time technologies influence
information practices.
Courtright (2007)
“when the contexts of two entities
overlap and part of the context
information become similar and
shared,” a shared context emerges.
shared context
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In other words, ….
Reusing
Publication
Curation
shared context is
emerged when
things are reused.shared context
is emerged
when things
are published.
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A perspective setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation.
Peirce’s Sign Theory
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InterpretantRepresentation
“apple”
Object
• an apple/fruit.• an apple/laptop.
hasInterpretation
referTo
SignrepresentedBy
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Representation is a
representation of the activity
context setting itself (the sign),
and is the form that the setting
(the sign) takes.
activity
context
Representation Interpretation
Preservation (object)
The Interpretant of a contextual
setting is the Interpretation that is
made of the setting. In this study, the
interpretation is taken from the view
of Zimmermann et.al. (2007) on
Relations Context that context
information captures the relations an
entity has recognized to the others.
The Object is the entity to which the context setting points, refers or applies. In this
study, it is the specific preservation object that the authors, users, and curators refer
to. The original “Object” has been adjusted to the object preservation for “Preservation”
to describe associated activities.
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The triadic sign theory has been empirically applied as an analytical framework for dynamic and complex composition.
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http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/CG.html
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Activity Contexts: ReusingPublication Curation
R
P
Ia triadic sign setting
9 major conceptual elements
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Beaudoin (2012): Context and its role in the digital preservation of cultural objects.
1. Technical
2. Utilization
3. Physical
4. Intangible
5. Curatorial
6. Authentication
7. Authorization
8. Intellectual
1. Identification
2. Utilization
3. Physical
4. Intangible
5. Application
6. Authentication
7. Authorization
8. Classification
9. Ontological Relation
9 major conceptual elements
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Representation PreservationClassification Authentication
Application Authorization
Utilization
Identification Physicalness
Three Dynamic Contexts: Reusing , Publication, Curation
Intangibleness
Interpretation
Ontological Relations
(R4R ontology)
Mapping 9 major conceptual elements to activity contexts and the R-P-I setting.
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Ontological Relation: a fundamental relationships for dynamic contexts and a domain
independent ontology formation.
R4R Ontology
an Interpretation of Relations Context in the Curation level that
supports the shared context both for Publication and Reusing.
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ContextMeaningRelation
a contextual framework
Relations for Reusing (R4R) ontology
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3. Meaning Meanings can be interpreted through
Citation Relations & Domain Ontologies/ Vocabularies or
Packaging the Provenance/Metadata information.
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What Citation can relate to Interpretation (meaning) in different contexts?
Article A- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference (citation)
----------------------------
Interpretation of the article itself in the publication context.
Article B- - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - --------- --- ------
Reference---------article A --------------
Interpretation of the article by others in the reusing context.
Authors’ interpretation:citing references as
evidences/interpretations for the authors’ arguments.
Users’ interpretation:The object (article/data/code) is cited by others for the use of others’ interpretation.
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4. Use Case
In the fowling, we will use R4R and different contexts to represent an example of interlinked data between research publications and a cultural object curated in Digital Archive Taiwan.
How a shared context between different domains like research publications & LAM collections help us enrich contextual information and make our data better?
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The Story of a Leaf
Once up a time, in thesouthern area of Taiwanthere was one leaf fallingfrom a tree.
It was picked up by a girlnamed S.T. Chiu in 1993, andmade it as a specimen.
The leaf is not a corpseanymore. It becomes ascience object in the lab.
Chap. 1 Reborn
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Eight yeas later, this leaf wasdigitalized by the NaturalMuseum of Natural Science(NMS) with a formal scientificname: “Alpinia pricei Hayata”,with an ID [S010384].
In this Publication Activity,the NMS uses Darwin Core/DwC to classify and describethe Leaf S010384 into thescientific category.
Chap. 2Digital Publication
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[1] The collection object and its basic information (Scientific Names & Vernacular Name)
[2] Link to the original database
[3] Metadata Descriptions
[4] Contact Information for Licensing
[5] Citation Information (bibliography & unique URL)
A Data-Paper like publication in digitalarchives.tw
Chap. 3Curation & Publication
S010384 becomes one of the cultural heritage collections.
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catalog.digitalarchives.tw Chou, T. W., Feng, J. H., Huang, C. C., Cheng, Y. W., Chien, S. C., Wang, S. Y., & Shyur, L. F. (2013). A Plant Kavalactone Desmethoxyyangonin Prevents Inflammation and Fulminant Hepatitis in Mice. PLOS ONE, 8(10), e77626.
Citation Information: S. T. Chiu(1993-03-31)。[中文名:普萊氏月桃(S010384 )]。《數位典藏與數位學習聯合目錄》。http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/item/00/61/e8/e2.html
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077626#pone-0077626-g001
Chap. 4isCitedBy as Reusing
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RemixingReusingApplication Cases
Chap. 5
S010384 is looking forward to being
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R4R can supports dynamic situations.
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Provenance & license concerns are not fully respected and implemented in existing practices, or have been curated as metadata in local curation that are not accessible or downloadable.
Thus, we use hasProvenance and hasLicense for creating relationships for local curation or for sharing publications.
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For Reusing, context transitions occur, and according to Zimmermann et.al. (2007) , context attributes will change when one context enters another, and thus Provenance or License, or both can be packaged with RRObject for reusing purposes.
For such uses of the relation, isPackagedWith, RRObject (article/data/code) andRRPolicy (provenance/license) are reachable and accessible for changing the original Publication and Curation contexts for a shift of the Reusing context.
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Scenario 1: Digital Publication Only
Data like the S010384 is published at here, and has been interpreted by the domain knowledge such as the Biological Taxonomy Vocabulary. However, this object is not easy to be cited.
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RRPolicy
rdfs:Resource
locateAt
time:TemoralEntity
hasTime
subClassOf subClassOf
hasProvenance
RRObject
metadataData
The contextual framework & R4R can help !
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RRPolicy
rdfs:Resource
locateAt
time:TemoralEntity
hasTime
subClassOf subClassOf
hasProvenance
hasLicenseisPartOf
RRObject
ProvenanceLicense
Relations for Resource ReusingRelations for Resource Publication
Data
rdfs:Resource
Scenario 2:Publication for enriching Reusing.
A data-paper like publication that has
metadata, license, and citation information
can also be modelled by R4R.
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Scenario 3: Publication for preparing Reusing.
Provenance information of the collection daT(S010384): two curation activities were involved by National Museum of Natural Science (NMS) and Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).
1. Preservation2. Mapping 3. Publication
National Museum of Natural Science (NMS) Digital Archive Taiwan (daT).
S010384
PROV-O for daT(S010384)
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PROV-O for daT(S010384)
http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/the_story_of_dat_s010384
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Articles/ Papers/ E-BooksBlogs/Twitters/Social Media
derivesFrom New DatasetsApplications
Collections in different libraries, archives, museums
Ready for Reusing
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5. Conclusion !
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exploration
Activity Context: Reusing , Publication, Curation
Representation Preservation
Perspective Setting
Interpretation
Decision Makings to A Contextual Framework for a Shared Context
open science movement data publication and
citation principlesIdentify article, data and code as major components; citation and packaging as key relations for modelling.
linked data approach
A possible approach to link article, data and code with semantics.
LOD for research data LOD for cultural heritage data
domain knowledge semanticsmetadata-rich semantics
a systematic contextual framework
a shared context need relation explorations need
① . ② .
① .
② .
R4R ontology for dynamic context modelling
③ .
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Relations for Reusing (R4R) in a Shared Context:
an exploration on
Research Publications & Cultural Objects
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The Result 1 - a contextual framework:
Three dynamic contexts are expressed through a 3x3 matrix
representing 9 conceptual components.
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3 Activity Contexts
R
P
I
We apply the triadic sign setting for decomposing the three activity contexts with associated 9 elements.
9 major conceptual elements
This framework is inspired by context related theories and Charles Peirce’s sign theory (semiotics).
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In other words, this contextual framework is dynamic & relationalin supporting 3 contexts which are identified by different activities of 3 actors (user/author/curator).
Activity Contexts: (Reusing/ Publication/ Curation)
• individually constructed through the triadic sign setting: Representation-Preservation-Interpretation (R-P-I).
• overlapped with 9 major conceptual elements (reflecting 3 dynamic contexts with relational associations to the R-P-I setting .
R
P
I
setting
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The R4R ontology is an Interpretation in the Curation Context that represents Ontological Relations to interpret and model relations between 5 conceptual components (Article, Data, Code, Provence, and License).
The Result 2 - a R4R ontology
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Two results that you might like to bring them home.
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Advantages for using these two results:
System designers, developers & curators have a contextual framework & ontology to assist them to :
1. identify major components in different contexts.
2. using R4R ontology to build relations between data from different domains.
3. explore meanings through the common understanding of the shared context.
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Advantages :
4. articles, datasets, software codes, provenance
and license information can be treated as first-
class contextual objects for data modelling
tasks.
5. the module-like design of RRObject &
RRPolicy in R4R ontology can be practiced in
isolation, and the unifying representation of
their relations is semantically enough but not
so structurally heavy weighted that curators or
researchers find it difficult to apply.
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The future work:
http://guava.iis.sinica.edu.tw/r4r/examples/possible_scenarios_for_different_contexts
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We would also like to invite you to participate
in validating this contextual framework and
the R4R ontology.
1. Provide your use cases from your own domain to help increase internal/external semantic relations within this systematic framework.
2. Or suggest related data repositories and vocabularies to enrich possible usages for the R4R term concepts.
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Sydney, Australia 29 June–3 July 2015
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Thank You !