Regulation of renewables

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    Brian R. Copeland & M. Scott Taylor

    American Economic Review 2009.

    Sharon Loxton

    ENV. 379

    Duke U.

    Katherine Macarena Antonio

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    Research topic

    Develop a theory of renewable resources management

    where the degree to which countries escape the tragedyof the commons (the enforcement of property rights,and hence the efficacy of resource management), is

    endogenously determined

    assuming de facto property rights regime

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    Some Facts Continuous declining of renewable resources stock

    (deforestation, capture fisheries are in a state of decline

    if not collapse).

    Carbon emissions continue to grow at rapid rates

    Poor environmental quality in many developingcountries

    Who is responsible? Role of international trade

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    Theory an existing government regulates the use of a renewable

    resource by a set of agents who have a right to harvest

    (fishery, forest stock)

    local resource contained within one country

    agents may cheat on these allocations and risk punishment

    the effective protection is not perfect, even though propertyrights would be perfectly enforced if there was nomonitoring problem

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    Dividing into groups resource-richeconomiesHARDIN OSTROM CLARK

    SUCCESS IN

    REGULATION

    Limited relativeto Overcapacity.De facto openaccess .No rents earnedfrom resources

    Price low openaccess, high theprotection safforded theresourceGenerate somerates. No firstbest

    With Highprices obtain thefist best

    With lowerprices even Clarkeconomiesexhibits openaccess.

    Parameters: Resources growth rate, Mortality rate,

    Time preferences rates, Technologies.

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    Features of the model

    The model can explain heterogeneity across countriesand resources in the effectiveness of resourcesmanagement

    Predict that change in prices, population, and

    technology can cause transitions to better or worsemanagement regimes.

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    Model

    A. AGENTS

    B. TECHNOLOGIES AND ENDOWMENTS

    C. RESOURCES MANAGER

    DETECTION RATE FINE

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    ModelD. INCENTIVE CONSTRAINT

    Expected presented value to cheating

    Value of non-cheat option

    An agent will not cheat when the cost exceed the benefits

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    Model

    E. STEADY STATE

    The steady state is unique. It exhibits either de factoopen access, limited harvesting restrictions, or an

    outcome equivalent to that of the unconstrainedfirst best.

    If:

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    Three forces determine the successor failure in resources management

    The regulators enforcement power,

    the extent of harvesting capacity ,

    and the ability of the resource to generate competitivereturns without being extinguished

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    Country characteristics and

    management regime1. Hardin economies will always exhibit de facto open

    access in steady state. For any finite relative price p of

    the harvest good, we have L=L0

    (p) and no rents areearned in the resource sector.

    2. If

    holds and there is overcapacity in the resource sector,all economies will exhibit open access and zero rents atlow resource prices.

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    Applications How the impacts of trade liberalization, technological

    progress, and economic growth can differ quiteradically across countries and resources.

    Trade liberalization is more favorable for resourceexporting countries, but if market integration alsobrings new technologies these tend to destabilizemanagement systems.

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    Conclusions generated the limiting cases of open access and perfect

    management as endogenous outcomes, and linkedthese outcomes to primitive country and resource

    characteristics

    model is highly stylized and focuses on three simpledeterminants of success and failure in resource

    management; as such, it surely cannot explain all ofthe variation we observe in resource managementworldwide.

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    ConclusionsRESEARCHA welfare maximizing regulator to show how a variety of

    outcomes are possible even with a benevolentregulator, extending to allow corruption or politicalpressure.

    Generate poaching or cheating in equilibrium, andhence generalizing the model to allow forheterogeneous harvesters could yield a richer set of

    outcomes.Using other not a very simple, single-species renewable

    resource model with the Schaefer harvestingtechnology.

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    THANK YOU

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