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Transcript of Regional Planning
HBSHBSHBSHBS
H.B.Singh
(Former) Professor & Head, Regional Planning
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Development Planning Consultant
(Urban, Rural and Regional Planning)
Regional Planning
- Basic ConceptsIP University, Oct 26, 2012
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Structure of presentation
1.Introduction: Definitions and contextual concepts of Development and planning
2.Basic understanding of Urbanization
3.Region and Regional planning
4.Delineation of Region
5.Planning for regions,
It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through
1. PRODUCTION,
2. PROVISION and
3. UTILIZATION
4. PEOPLES CHOICE, PARTICIPATION
5. SAFETY, SECURITY
and
6. ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Environment and Sustainability 5Environment and Sustainability 5
Environment and Sustainability 6
People’s safety & security 5
WORKING DEFINITION
People’s Choice & Participation 4People’s Choice & Participation 4
Goods and Services Goods and Services
Production1
Production1
Provision2
Provision2
Utilisation3
Utilisation3
Concept of Development
Development
OF GOODS AND SERVICES
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ProductionProduction
ProvisionProvision
UtilisationUtilisation
ChoiceChoice
ParticipationParticipation
OrganisationsOrganisations
Natural Capital
Natural Capital
Regeneration Capacity
Regeneration Capacity
Assimilative Capacity
Assimilative Capacity
Material Aspects Goods & Services
Primary Sector ( Agro-based)Secondary Sector ( Industrial)Tertiary Sector (Services)
Primary Sector ( Agro-based)Secondary Sector ( Industrial)Tertiary Sector (Services)
Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure
Physical Infrastructure Social Infrastructure Financial Infrastructure
Availability / Access AffordabilityConsumption Volume
Availability / Access AffordabilityConsumption Volume
Job OpportunityLeadershipConsumption / Service ItemPolitical Freedom
Job OpportunityLeadershipConsumption / Service ItemPolitical Freedom
Decision MakingResource MobilisationPlan PreparationPlan Implementation
Decision MakingResource MobilisationPlan PreparationPlan Implementation
Community Based Orgn.Non-Government Orgn.Government Orgn.Co-operatives
Community Based Orgn.Non-Government Orgn.Government Orgn.Co-operatives
Soil QualitySub- Soil WaterVegetative CoverBio-Diversity
Soil QualitySub- Soil WaterVegetative CoverBio-Diversity
Soil FertilityRain WaterBio-MassBio-Diversity
Soil FertilityRain WaterBio-MassBio-Diversity
Surface PollutionWater PollutionAir PollutionBio-Diversity Damage
Surface PollutionWater PollutionAir PollutionBio-Diversity Damage
Non-Material
Aspects
Environmental
Sustainabilit
y
Physical/Economic Quality of Life
Physical/Economic Quality of Life
DEVELOPMENT Social Quality of Life
Social Quality of Life
Environ-mental
Quality
Environ-mental
Quality
Safety/ SecuritySafety/ SecurityNatural DisastersWars, Riots, Group Clashes.Stable Government .Stable Political Economy
Natural DisastersWars, Riots, Group Clashes.Stable Government .Stable Political Economy
DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS
Indicators of Development
A. Outcome Indicators- Human development Indicators (HDIs)
1. Income related
2. Health related
3. Awareness / Education related
B. Input Indicators– Provision of Infrastructure
1. Physical Infrastructure
2. Social Infrastructure
3. Economic/ Commercial Infrastructure
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COMPONENTS OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
What ?Sectors
What ?Sectors
Who?Organisatio
ns
Who?Organisatio
ns
How ?Techno- ecology
How ?Techno- ecology
Where ?Space
Where ?Space
When ?Time
When ?Time
Rural Area
PrimarySector
Urban Area2ndary
&Tertiary Sectors
Input to Primary SectorTractors, Tools, Techniques,
HYV Seeds etc.
Output to Secondary & Tertiary Sectors
Storage, Processing, Marketing etc.
RURL URBAN COMPLEMENTARITY
TECHNO- ECOLOGICAL INTEGRATION
ACTIVITIES
ENVIRONME
NT
TECHNOLOGY
LandLand
Water Water
LivingLiving
WorkingWorking
Socialising
Socialising
FaunaFauna Movement
Movement
FloraFlora
SECTORAL INTEGRATION
Primary Sector
Primary Sector
Secondary
Sector
Secondary
Sector Tertiary
Sector
Tertiary Sector
Physical Infrastructur
e
Physical Infrastructur
e
Social Infrastructur
e
Social Infrastructur
e
Economic Infrastructur
e
Economic Infrastructur
e
Area
(Landuse)
Area
(Landuse)
Nodes(Settlement
s)
Nodes(Settlement
s)
Network(Infrastructu
re)
Network(Infrastructu
re)
Working(Production)
Working(Production)
Living(Population Distribution)
Living(Population Distribution)
Mobility(Physical & Functional)
Mobility(Physical & Functional)
SPATIAL INTEGRATION
Survey &Analysis
Survey &Analysis
Plan Preparat
ion
Plan Preparat
ion
Plan Approv
al
Plan Approv
al
Plan Implement
ation
Plan Implement
ation
Plan Monitori
ng
Plan Monitori
ng
PlanReview
PlanReview
PLANNING PROCESSLONG
TERMPLAN
LONGTERMPLAN
SHORTTERMPLAN
SHORTTERMPLAN
ANNUALPLAN
ANNUALPLAN
INTEGRATION OF TIME AND PLANNING PROCESS
1. The adopted definition of sustainable development that ‘meets the need of the present generation without compromising the needs of future generations’ (Brndtland Commission 1987) by UN is very general, and ambiguous.
2. World bank’s definition is more specific and usable - It emphasises
that any development project should not exceed the regenerative capacity of the environment ie, the capital of natural resources should not be spent . it is only the cyclic, renewable, additionally accrued natural wealth that should be spent or utilised.
Definition and meaning of Sustainable Development
FIVE BASIC CONCERNS OF SUSTAINABLDEVELOPMENT
5
Natural Resource Capital not to be spent
5
Natural Resource Capital not to be spent
4
Appropriate Technology to enhance Regenerative & Assimilative Capacities
4
Appropriate Technology to enhance Regenerative & Assimilative Capacities
3
Waste Generation within Assimilative Capacity
3
Waste Generation within Assimilative Capacity
2
Use of Resources within Regenerative Capacity
2
Use of Resources within Regenerative Capacity
1
Economic Growth commensurate with the population
1
Economic Growth commensurate with the population
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Concerns of Sustainable development
ActivitiesMan
Life Support System(Land, Water, Flora, Fauna and Climate,
Sun, Rain, Wind etc.)
Primary Production System
(Agriculture, Horticulture, Cattle Rearing, Mining
etc.)
Socio-economic System(2ndary & Tirtiary Sector Production, Infrastructure,
Institution , Organisation etc)
Sustainability of Settlement
Nature
THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY
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ActivitiesMan
Nature
ActivitiesMan
Nature
URBAN SRTTLEMENT
RURAL SETTLEMENT
More PopulationMore Activities2ndary & Tirtiary Sector DominanceLess Nature & Life Support System
Less PopulationLess ActivitiesPrimary Sector Production DominanceMore Nature $ Better Lif Support System
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PEOPLE
ACTIVITIES
SPACETIME
RESOURCES
TECHNOLOGY
PROCESS OF ORGANISING, 1.PEOPLE AND THEIR 2.ACTIVITIES OVER 3.SPACE AND 4.TIME CONSIDERING 5.RESOURCES AND 6.TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT
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DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS, Popln. Size, Age Gender, Change over
time,Literacy, Life expectancy,
Migration, WFPR, HIG, MIG, LIG, EWS, BPL SQUATTERS
POPLATION
LIVING- Housing, InfrastructureWORKING-primary, secondary
& TertiaryMOVEMENT- People, Goods &
ServicesRECREATION /
SOCIALISATION
Over all developed Area, Planned Area, Controlled
Area, Municipal AreaLanduse Areas-
Residential, Commercial etc
Building, Roads, over bridges,
Production, MRTS, Innovative Ideas,
Best Practices
Natural, Man-madeSpace bound,
Mobile
Informal Sector
Long Time Perspective
20 Years5 YearsAnnual
BA
SIC
S &
CO
NT
EX
T O
F P
LA
NN
ING
BA
SIC
S &
CO
NT
EX
T O
F P
LA
NN
ING
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WORKING DEFNITION OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
PLANNING:
It is a process of organising, 1.PEOPLE and their 2.ACTIVITIES over 3.SPACE and 4.TIME considering 5.RESOURCES and 6.TECHNOLOGY to achieve development
DEVELOPMENT:
It is a process of enhancement of quality of life through 1.PRODUCTION, 2.PROVISION and 3.UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES with 4.PEOPLES CHOICE , their 5.SAFETY & SECURITY with 6.ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Legislative
PRODUCTION
PROVISION
UTILISATIONCHOICES
SAFETY …
ENV.SUSTEN.
PEOPLE
ACTIVITIES
SPACETIME
RESOURCES
TECHNOLOGY
Civil Society
Mrkt. Forces
Govt.Setup Executive
Judiciary
Pub. Disclosure
Transparency
Accountability
Equity
•Acts/ Laws
•Institutions/Offices
•Functions
•Plng. Design
•Implementation
•Maintenance /Admin
•Processes/ procedures
PROCESS OF ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH PRODUCTION, PROVISION AND UTILIZATION OF GOODS AND SERVICES WITH PEOPLE’S CHOICE , THEIR SAFETY & SECURITY WITH ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
PROCESS OF ORGANISING, PEOPLE AND THEIR ACTIVITIES OVER SPACE AND TIME CONSIDERING RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY TO ACHIEVE DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISING AND CONTROLLING CIVIL SOCIETY AND MARTKET FORCES FOR ITS SOCIAL WELFARE (SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ) THROUGH A GOVERNMENT SETUP
Constitution
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Social welfare through Economic Growth, full Employment, Equity
and Social justice
Organising Population, Economy, Resources and Mobility over
Regional Space
Economy
Employment Equity
Social Welfare
Area
Node Linkage
Fig.2 Development, Planning and Projects: Inter-linkages
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Land Utilisation
Settlement Pattern
Networks & Transportation
Plot Development, Buildings, Roads, Water Supply, Power, Sewerage,
Drainage, Poverty Alleviaion, P.D.S. etc.
Projects
Socio-economicCivil Engg.PROJECTS / PROGRAMMES
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Evolving Efficient Activities and Space Relationship through layouts
and Spatial details
CIAM’s triangle
Living
Movement
Working Recreation
Architecture
ZONAL/AREA DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Aesthtic
Functional Sustainable
URBAN FORM U.D.
Orderly Development of City for its efficient functioning & enhancement
of QOL
Geddisian
triangle
Folk
Place WorkCITY DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Landuse
Transportation Infrastructure
Sub- processes of Development :
Urbanisation – process of change from rural to urban way of life (based on specialisation)
Industrialisation
Tertiarisation
-Without Industrialisation – pseudo urbanisation
-Gentrification in Developed countries
Modernisation
Including primary sector.
Westernisation
After Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation
URBANISATION
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URBANISATION
URBANISATION encompasses
A. Social Change
Qualitative change at individual level – qualification, attitude, efficiency, priorities, way of life …
Change in social institutions – marriage, customs, rituals
B. Economic ChangeProductionEmployment
PrimarySecondaryTertiary
C. Physical / Environmental change
Landuse, infra-structure, slums, settlement pattern
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Evolution of / Conditions for Urbanisation
Social Surplus1. Soil Fertility2. Technology Input
Emergence of Administrative Group1. Control -- Government Set-up2. Security – Defence, Army
Traders & Merchants Group1. Collection2. Distribution3. Innovation Diffusion
Specialisation
Specialisation
Specialisation
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Urbanisation Process and Spatial patterns
1. Decision Making & Control Spatial Organisation of power
(Decentralisation)
2.Capital Flows Economic Activity location
(Industrialisation)
3.Innovation Diffusion Modernisation Surfaces
(Modernisation)
4.Migration Settlement Pattern
National Capital
State Capital
District HQ
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Friedman’s Model
CORE
Control, Administration,
Governance
Socio-cultural, tecnological
ideas
Labour, Migration
Capital, Excess produce
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Xtics of urbanisation in Developed & Developing countriesSimultaneous with industrialisation / TertiarisationGradual / FastShare of primary, secondary & tertiary sectors
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
20
40
60
80
100%
Tertiary Sector
Secondary Sector
Primary Sector
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
20
40
60
80
100%
Tertiary Sector
Secondary Sector
Primary Sector
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Sound Social surplusPolarisation in Developing countriesUrban Areas exploiting Rural AreasRural Areas left with old, incompetent and childrenNo rural urban ContinuumUrban Areas suffering- slums, crowding………
ProspectsUrbanisation as a tool for Reg. DevelopmentRural -Urban-Continuum -proper hierarchyGrowth-poles - Balanced Settlement patternPreventive, Curative Measurement for Rural & Urban Development (slum formation)SimultaneousJob PeopleNational Commission on Urbanisation (NCU) – GEMs & SPURs (Special Priority Urban Region)
MetropolisPeople Town CityVillage Jobs
X
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Rural Area
PrimarySector
Urban Area
2ndary &Tertiary SectorsInput to Primary
SectorTractors, Tools,
Techniques, HYV Seeds etc.
Output to Secondary & Tertiary
Sectors Storage, Processing,
Marketing etc.
RURL URBAN COMPLEMENTARITY
Metropolis
People
Town
City
Village
Jobs
X
FO
RW
AR
D A
ND
BA
CK
WA
RD
L
INK
AG
E
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MetropolisPeople Town CityVillage Jobs
FORWARD AND BACKWARD LINKAGE & VARIED FUNCTIONALTIES
Town
Town
City
City
Mono-functional
Bi-functional
Tri-functional
Multi-functional
Developed Country
Developing Country
Devlpng Area
URBANISATION / GLOBALISATION
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Devlpd Area
Nodal region
Homogeneous Region
CLASSIFICATION OF STATES AND UT’S ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF URBANISATION
2001 Above national average i.e. 27.75%
25%-28% Less than 25%
National Average
27.75%
Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, A&N Islands, Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Delhi, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. (14 states)
Andhra Pradesh, Kerela, M.P., West Bengal, Uttaranchal. (5 states)
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, H.P., J&K, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, U.P., Dadra Nagar Haveli, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh. (16 states)
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Historical perspective-Aryanisation, Persianisation & Colonialisation (Nodes & Networks.. Civil lines etc..
Indian Urbanisation
Regional Planning
• Organising Spatial Economy in a Region• Organising people, their activities and resources over regional space and time for Development
Aims:
• Economic Growth ( where? How much? When?)
• Full Employment ( People job)
• Equity ( political, social, & economic)
Objectives:
Maximum utilisation of mobile factors
Integrated Sectoral Programme
Invent new resources
Pinpoint national problems at regional levelsHBSHBS
REGION: A territorial area of similar characteristics, which is bigger than local area and smaller than the country/nation.
Attributes of a Region:
1. Entity (Discernible, contiguous)
2. Similarity / commonality (not homogeneity)
3. Scale (manageable, operational)
Types of Region;
1. Natural (hills, deserts etc)/ Cultural(Jharkhand,Telangana, Rayalsimha cow belt. etc)
2. Functional (Agric, Resource etc) / Formal( Admin. – States, Distts)
3. Special / Ad hoc / Arbitrary (Flood, earthquake, Dacoity prone)
4. Regions of Convenience (Postal, Telephones, Railways)
5. Planning Regions
• Nodal
• Homogeneous
• Special HBSHBS
Nodal Region Homogeneous Region
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Regionalisation & Regional Delineation
Regionalisation – Process of dividing the area of concern into pockets (regions) of similar characteristics.
e.g. Administrative Regln. - States
*Geographic ,, - Hills, deserts, Coasts, plateaus
*Cultural ,, - Punjabi, marathi, gujrati spkng areas
*Planning (by Plng Commission) – 15 Agro-clmtc Regions.
*Plng. (physical Planners’0 - TCPOsN
H
H H
H
H
H
Regional Delineation-
Conceptual /Theoretical Process of identification of planning regions.
Demarcation- Actual identification on site.
N
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
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Delineation Techniques for Nodal Regions
1. Boundary Girdle Method
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2. Gravitational Method
Iab =Pa.Pb
d2a
b d
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I = Gravitation Indexa Big Cityb Small settlement d Distance between them
P Population size
3. Transitory Belt Method
( where there are other nodal regions surrounding the nodal region to be delineated)
(Using generally gravitational technique)
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Delineation of Homogeneous Region
4.Composite Index Method
5.Principal Index Method
Techniques depended on
•Purpose
•Scale
•Parameters
•Smallest Areal Units with discernible boundaries
New techniques based on I.T.-Sattellite imageries etc. which are accurate –which are more reliable-- to be rationalised for actual demarcation on ground ( village boundaries)
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Relevance of Delineation
Decreasing because of administrative boundaries are fixed and difficult to change to new organisational set up needed for planning & development .
References:
•Friedman and Alanso
•Regional Planning in India – (L.S.Bhatt)
•Prof. Ansari’s Reader Volume (SPA)
•Berry’s Spatial Organisation
•Glassons’
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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.
Plng. For NODAL REGION / Metro- City Region
Xtics. - Dynamic•Urban / industrial dev. Dominant•Dev. Impulse radiated / transmitted through settlement pattern•Excessive conc. In the node•Stress condn. In nodes (water, power supply)
Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly•Function•Urban character•Mobility
Techniques•Summit Technique (Potentiality & Propensity)•Grid Tech•Network Analysis•Contours / Isopleths•Remote sensing/ Satellite images•Layering technique (– in intensively dev. Areas)
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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.
Strategic Approach NODAL REGION / Metro- City Region
1. Locational decentralisation / distraction of Investments2. Tertiarisation 3. Consumer based, high tech. industries4. Node --- Linkage ---- Area 5. Intervention in
Settlement Pattern– (G.P.,G.C.)• Initiation• Reinforcement
Counter Magnets Complementary Magnets
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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.
Plng. For Homogeneous Region
Xtics. - Non-Dynamic•Primary / trade sector Dominant•Dev. Impulse does not radiated / transmitted effectively through settlement pattern•Preponderance of mandi towns/ small settlements in the region
Analysis for Inter & intra regional settlements & linkage mainly•Diversification of primary sector•Functions- Primary to secondary & teritiary sec linkage•Areal disparity and imbalance in prodn. & infrastructure•Mobility
Techniques•Spatial development. Index method•Grid Tech•Network Analysis•Contours / Isopleths•Remote sensing/ Satellite images•Layering technique (– in intensively dev. Areas)
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REGIONAL PLANNING – Approach & Methodology.
Strategic Approach
1. Correcting imbalance through judicious Land utilisation
2. Resource based labour intensive Industries 3. Provision of Infrastructre4. Area ---- Linkage ---5. Intervention in
Settlement Pattern– (G.P.,G.C.)• Initiation• Reinforcement
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The END
Role of Regional Planning in Urban Planning & Design
1. Population size and developed area required2. Functional base 3. Development Form and pattern4. Landuse priorities (for basic fns.)5. Cultural profile &imageability6. Quantum of informal sector / squatters7. Sustainability
• Pressure on land (popln. Cattle)• Supply area of Water, food, milk, horticultural produces• Environmental- crowding – pollution• Decentralised approach• Regenerative & Assimilative capacity
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DC
Industrial
Institutional
CBD
PHENOMENON OF URBAN DEV.
Some places attract 1.People and 2.Economic Activities due to location advantage and regional resource endowmentThey physically manifest in 3. Area, 4. Nodes, 5. Networks
DC
Industrial
Institutional
CBD
ASPECTS OF URBAN DEV. PLNG
1. Population
2. Functional or Economic Base – Mono, Bi & Multi-Fnl – mandi, admin, etc.
3. Area – Landuses, Dist. Sectors
4. Nodes- CBD, DC, Rly Stn, Ports, Tourist points etc.
5. Networks (Transportation)
6. Infrastructure
7. Environment
8. Organisation & Management
Regional AspectsA.What does Regional aspect study contributes to
UDP•Size and density
•Functional/ economic Base
•Direction of growth through regional linkages and flows
•Location of wholesale markets, depots, traffic nodes, truck terminus, bulk handling activities etc.
•Major transport network
B. Information needed to be collected
Size, type, location and linkages of the adjoining urban centres
Same size UC in the surrounding area.
Types of flows and direction
Basic functions.
Regional roads- through, terminating and originating traffic volume and size.