Regional Gliding School Torque n n The propeller usually rotates clockwise, as seen from the pilot...

Regional Gliding School

TorqueTorque The propeller usually rotates clockwise, as

seen from the pilot seat. The reaction to the spinning propeller causes the aircraft to rotate counterclockwise.


Asymmetric ThrustAsymmetric Thrust At high angles of attack and high power At high angles of attack and high power

setting at take-off, the descending blade of setting at take-off, the descending blade of the propeller has a greater angle of attack the propeller has a greater angle of attack than the ascending blade. This produces than the ascending blade. This produces more lift from the right side of the propeller more lift from the right side of the propeller with a consequent yawing to the left.with a consequent yawing to the left.


SlipstreamSlipstream The air pushed backward by the revolving The air pushed backward by the revolving

propeller has a corkscrew motion. This propeller has a corkscrew motion. This causes an increase in pressure on the left causes an increase in pressure on the left side of the tail unit and a decrease on the side of the tail unit and a decrease on the right side. Therefore the aircraft yaws to the right side. Therefore the aircraft yaws to the left. This can be countered by use of rudder left. This can be countered by use of rudder or offsetting the fin.or offsetting the fin.


PrecessionPrecession The spinning propeller of an airplane acts

like a gyroscope. A rotating gyro tends to stay in the same plane of rotation and resists any change in that plane. If an airplane goes quickly from nose up to nose down on take-off it will yaw to the left.


ClimbingClimbing The ability to climb is dependent on the

ability of an aircraft to produce thrust. Lift always acts perpendicular to relative airflow. Therefore the vertical component of lift must increase to balance the vertical component of thrust.


Best Rate Of ClimbBest Rate Of Climb This is the rate of climb that will gain the

most altitude in the least time. The best rate of climb is normally used on take-off.


Best Angle Of ClimbBest Angle Of Climb This is the angle that will gain the most

altitude in a given distance. It is valuable in climbing out over obstacles.


Normal ClimbNormal Climb This is a rate of climb that should be used in

any prolonged cruise climb.


GlidingGliding In gliding there is NO power from the

engine and the airplane is under influence of gravity. Of the four forces, thrust is now absent and a state of equilibrium must be maintained by lift, drag, and weight only.


Best Glide Speed For RangeBest Glide Speed For Range The speed at which an aircraft will glide

the furthest distance for altitude lost.

The speed at which an aircraft will glide the greatest amount of time for altitude lost.

Best Glide Speed For EnduranceBest Glide Speed For Endurance


Confirmation StageConfirmation Stage

NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage


A

B

C

D

Asymmetric Thrust

Precession

Torque

Let's try a few review questions on Theory of Flight:

Question #1 - The increased pressure on the left side of the tail unit causing the aircraft to yaw to the left is known as .

Slipstream

Theory of FlightTheory of FlightAircraft PerformanceAircraft Performance

I’m afraid that answer is incorrect

Let's try again...

Flying Scholarship Program


That answer is correct.

Let's move on...


SlipstreamSlipstream

The air pushed backward by the revolvingThe air pushed backward by the revolvingpropeller has a corkscrew motion. Thispropeller has a corkscrew motion. Thiscauses an increase in pressure on the leftcauses an increase in pressure on the leftand a decrease on the right. Therefore theand a decrease on the right. Therefore theaircraft yaws to the left. This can beaircraft yaws to the left. This can becountered by use of rudder or offsetting thecountered by use of rudder or offsetting thefin.fin.


A

B

C

D

Best Rate Of Climb

Normal Climb

Best Glide Speed For Range


Question #2 - This is the performance that will gain the most altitude in the least time.

Best Angle Of Climb



Let's try again...




Let's move on...


Best Rate Of ClimbBest Rate Of Climb

This is the rate of climb that will gain themost altitude in the least time. The best rateof climb is normally used on take-off.


TurnsTurns The force of Lift acts 90The force of Lift acts 90oo to the wing to the wing

span. In a turn this force of lift is span. In a turn this force of lift is inclined away from the vertical. inclined away from the vertical. Therefore the vertical forces are no Therefore the vertical forces are no longer in balance or equilibrium. The longer in balance or equilibrium. The airplane will descend unless the angle airplane will descend unless the angle of attack is increased to produce more of attack is increased to produce more lift.lift.


TurnsTurns In a turn the lift force has 2 components:

– Vertical» opposes weight (lift).

– Horizontal» makes the airplane turn. This horizontal force is

known as Centripetal Force (toward the turn).


TurnsTurns Steeper the angle of bank:

i. The greater rate of turn, ii. The less the radius of turn, iii. The higher the stalling speed,

and iv. The greater the loading.

High airspeed in a turn: i.i. Slower rate of turn, and Slower rate of turn, and ii. larger radius of turn.


Confirmation StageConfirmation Stage

NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage


A

B

C

D

Vertical force

Centripetal force

Centrifugal force


Question #3 - What is the force that keeps an aircraft in a turn?

Loading force



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Let's move on...


TurnsTurns

In a turn the lift force has 2 components:

– Vertical» opposes weight (lift).

– Horizontal» makes the airplane turn. This horizontal force is

known as Centripetal Force (toward the turn).


A

B

C

D

Lift

Weight

Drag


Question #4 - From the four forces in flight, lift, weight, thrust, and drag, which force allows an aircraft to turn?

Thrust



Let's try again...




Let's move on...


TurnsTurns

The force of Lift acts 90The force of Lift acts 90ooto the wing to the wing span. In a turn this force of lift is span. In a turn this force of lift is inclined away from the vertical. inclined away from the vertical. Therefore the vertical forces are no Therefore the vertical forces are no longer in balance or equilibrium. The longer in balance or equilibrium. The airplane will descend unless the angle airplane will descend unless the angle of attack is increased to produce more of attack is increased to produce more lift.lift.


Congratulations!!

You have now completed the Aircraft Performance lesson of the Theory of Flight Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required.

You are now ready to move along to the next Theory of Flight lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam.

Good Luck!


Regional Gliding School Torque n n The propeller usually rotates clockwise, as seen from the pilot...

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