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RegionalEngagementWorkshopSummaryReport:

SoutheastRegion

TableofContents

Introduction...............................................................................................................................2

WorkshopStructure...................................................................................................................2

TheSoutheastRegionalEngagementWorkshop.........................................................................2Authors,Locations,andStaff................................................................................................................3OverviewandTopicsofDiscussion.......................................................................................................3KeyTakeaways.....................................................................................................................................4

Results.......................................................................................................................................6

AbouttheNCA...........................................................................................................................6

AppendixA:WorkshopAgenda..................................................................................................7

AppendixB:ListofSoutheastRegionalChapterAuthors............................................................9

AppendixC:ExpandedNotes....................................................................................................10

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IntroductionTheFourthNationalClimateAssessment(NCA4),currentlyindevelopment,willassessthescienceofclimatechangeanditsimpactsacrosstheUnitedStates.Itwilldocumentclimatechange-relatedimpactsandresponsesforvarioussectorsandregions,withthegoalofbetterinformingpublicandprivatedecision-makingatalllevels.

Toensurethattheassessmentisinformedbyandusefultostakeholders,engagementworkshopswereplannedforeachofthe10NCA4regions.Theseworkshopsprovidedstakeholdersanopportunitytoprovideinputtoandexchangeideaswiththechapterauthorteamonkeymessageformulation,sharerelevantresources,andgivefeedbackonissuesofimportancetotheirregion.

WorkshopStructureInanefforttomaximizeparticipationwhileeasingtravelburden,organizersemployeda‘HubandSatellite’modelforNCA4RegionalEngagementWorkshops.Ahub—orprimarylocation—hostedstakeholders,thechapterauthorteam,andNCA4stafffromtheU.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram(USGCRP).Satellitelocationsthroughouttheregionestablishedremoteconnectionstothehubforplenarypresentationsanddiscussion.Satelliteswereencouragedtoholdbreak-outsessionsonregionalconcernsandproposedtopicsforNCA4,reportingtheirdiscussionstothehubatapre-determinedtime.

TheSoutheastRegionalEngagementWorkshopOnMarch16,2017,theNCA4SoutheastchapterteamhelditsRegionalEngagementWorkshop.TheobjectivesoftheworkshopweretogatherinputfromadiversearrayofstakeholdersthroughouttheSoutheasttohelpinformthewritinganddevelopmentofNCA4,andtoraiseawarenessoftheprocessandtimelineforNCA4.

NorthCarolinaStateUniversityandtheSoutheastClimateScienceCenterinRaleigh,NC,servedasthehublocationwithapproximately60attendees.BrowardCounty,FL;Lafayette,LA;Washington,DC;Charleston,SC;Biloxi,MS;Atlanta,GA;andDarien,GA,servedassatellites,andanumberofstakeholdersparticipatedvirtually(Figure1).Theeventattractedparticipantsfromtheentireregionandacrossawiderangeofprofessionsincludingstudents,scientists,NGOstaff,andlocalandstategovernmentstaff.

Figure1.MapoftheREWhub&satellitelocations.

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Authors,Locations,andStaffAuthorswhoAttended Satellite&HubHosts USGCRPStaff• AdamTerando(USGS)–CoordinatingLeadAuthor

• LynneCarter(LSU/SCIPP)–ChapterLead

• ColinPolsky(FloridaAtlanticUniversity)

• KevinHiers(TallTimbers)• PaulSchramm(CDC)• DougMarcy(NOAA)• VincentBrownonbehalfofBarryKeim(LouisianaStateUniversity)

• MikeOslund(USGS)

• NorthCarolinaStateUniversity(Hub-Raleigh,NC)

• BrowardCountyGovernmentCenter(BrowardCounty,FL)

• USGSWetlandCenter(Lafayette,LA)

• USGCRP(Washington,DC)• HollingsMarineLab

(Charleston,SC)• CoastalResearchand

ExtensionCenter(Biloxi,MS)

• EmoryUniversity(Atlanta,GA)

• ChrisAvery• TessCarter• KatherineWeingartner

OverviewandTopicsofDiscussionLynneCarter,theSoutheastChapterLead,andAdamTerando,theSoutheastCoordinatingLeadAuthor,openedtheworkshopwithawelcometoallparticipantsandanexplanationoftheworkshopgoals.ChrisAvery,theNCASeniorManager,wentontogiveanoverviewoftheNCA,providingcontextandexplainingwaystogetandstayinvolved.CarterthenwentintodetailontheSoutheastchapteritself.InformationontheSoutheastChapterfromNCA3(2014)waspresented,withspecificdetailprovidedoneachofthekeymessagesfromthatreport.Fromthere,thechapterauthorspresentedontheproposedFocalAreasfortheSoutheastchapterofNCA4:

• Extremes• Coastal/recurrentfloodingandcoastalwetlands• Healthissues• Wildfire• Adaptationefforts

Participantssharedspecificquestions,issues,ideas,resources,andcasestudiesforeachoftheaforementionedfocalareas.Foreachofthefivefocalareas,stakeholderswereaskedaseriesofquestionsaroundwhichtostructuretheirresponses:

1. Howisorhowhasclimatechangeaffectedthistopic(i.e.observedchange)?a. Aretherespecificcasestudiesyouwouldsuggesttoillustratethatobservedchange?

2. Howisclimatechangeprojectedtoaffectthistopicinthenext20-30yearsandattheendofthecentury(i.e.projectedchange)?

a. Aretherespecificcasestudiesyouwouldsuggesttoillustratethatprojectedchange?3. Whatchallenges,opportunities,andsuccessstoriesforaddressingriskcanbehighlighted?

a. Aretherespecificcasestudiesyouwouldsuggesttoillustratethosechallenges,opportunities,andsuccessstories?

4. Whataretheemergingissuesand/orresearchgapsonthistopic?

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a. Aretherespecificcasestudiesyouwouldsuggesttoillustratethoseemergingchallengesorresearchgaps?

InRaleigh,participantsrotatedthroughbreak-outdiscussionsontheaforementionedFocalAreas,witheachparticipantgiventheopportunitytoattendbreak-outsforthreeofthefivetopics.Stakeholderswerealsogiventheopportunitytosharethoughtsonareasthatwerenotcoveredbythepreviously-identifiedFocalAreas.Anadditionalbreak-outgroupwasfacilitatedforthosestakeholdersthatjoinedremotely.Eachsatelliteranitsownsetofbreak-outscoveringmanyoftheabovetopics.Eachsatelliteandeachbreak-outgroupinRaleighthenreportedouttothefullaudienceduringanafternoonplenarysession.KeyTakeawaysStakeholdersidentifiedareasofopportunityandconcern,casestudies,andrelevantregionalinformationassociatedwitheachofthefocalareas.Thisfeedbackwaslaterdistilledintokeythematictakeawaysforthechapterauthorteam.Thesetakeawaysaresummarizedbelow.Whatwevalue

• Uniqueandtreasurednaturalspacesthatspanboundariesbetweentropicalandtemperateecosystems

• Ruralcommunitiesandeconomies(food,agriculture,timber,etc.)• Coastalareas• Fastgrowingurbanareas

FireandClimateInteractions,whichincludeaneedtoconsider:

• Thebufferingcapacityoffires• Thefactthatincreasingtemperaturesreducethepossibilityofprescribedburns• Humanhealthtradeoffswithacuteandchronicsmokeexposure,takingurbanandrural

communitiesintoconsideration• Effectsonecosystemservices,hunting,etc.• Theimpactthathotterdayswillhaveonozoneandvolatileorganiccompounds• ThewaysinwhichdroughtwillaffectsystemsintheSoutheast• Ruralhealthimpactsofchronicexposure(tosmokeandotherwildfireemissions??)aroundFort

Bragg• Casestudies,includingthosethathighlight:

o Tradeoffsandimpactsofclimatechange,suchashealthimpactsofprescribedburnsversusecologicalandmanagementneeds

o Thetribalseedcollectionprojecto Collaborationbetweentribesandforestservice

• WaystosharetraditionalecologicalknowledgewithresearchersCoastalfloodingandecosystems,whichincludetheneedtoconsider:

• Systemchangesonagriculture• Recurrentflooding,inlandflooding,andsaltwaterintrusion• Increasedhurricaneintensity,increasedprecipitationrates,andhightides• Differentscenariosoffutureplanning• Burmesepythonasinvasivespecies• Jetstreamchanges• Riskstocoastalecosystemsthatprovidegoodsandservices• Macroclimaticdrivers(uniquetoregion)• Tradeoffsbetweentwohighly-valuedecosystems(mangrovesvs.saltmarshes)

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• Casestudy:HurricaneMatthew(coastalstormsurgeandrecordfloodinginNorthCarolina)• PotentialFigure:Heavyinlandfloodingmap,whichcouldincludeeventswithbilliondollarcostsin

damages• TheSeminoleTribeisdesigningnewfloodcontrolsystems-increasingpumpsizeandalteringthe

waywaterismoved,collectingLiDARelevationdata,notplanningtospecificfutureconditionbutoverdesigningtoprovidesomecapacityforthefuture

Extremes,whichincludetheneedtoconsider:• Cross-cuttingthemessuchasinterconnectednessandcascadingeffects• CaseStudy:BatonRougefloodeventinthecontextofrecurrenceandhistoricalfloods

o Sources:WorldWeatherAttributionandBAMSExplainingExtremeEvents• Ecologicalimpactsoffreezeeventsandwarmnights

o Agriculture,health,etc.• ThestateofevacuationroutessinceKatrinaandtheirimplicationsforemergencyresponseand

vulnerablecoastalareas• Theimpactofhurricanes

o Possiblecasestudy:EnvironmentalSystemsResearchInstitute(ESRI)StoryMapfromSouthCarolinaStateClimateOfficeonHurricaneMatthewimpacts

• Definingtermssuchas“Extreme”and“1percent”Health,whichincludestheneedtoconsidertheimpactsof:

• Accesstohealthcareonruralpopulations• Floodingandincreasedinjuriesrelatedtostormsandflooding

o Work-related(agricultureandconstruction,etc.)o Temperature-looktoClimateChangeImpactsandRiskAnalysis(CIRA)

• Foodsecurityo Fisheriesconnection(coralreefdie-offs)o Tribesarehavingahardertimefindingtypicalnativefoodsourcesandmedicinalorwild

food• Algalblooms• Ticksandmosquitos,includingtheinteractionsbetweenticksandfires• Zikaandemergingdiseases• Moldandindoorairquality• Mentalhealthrelatedtoextremeevents

o ClimateandHealthAssessmentaddressedthisbroadly;maybuilduponforchapter• Wildfire-relatedtopics

NewtopicssinceNCA3toconsiderincorporating:

• ClimatechangeimpactsontheSoutheast’sbuiltenvironmento Effectsonwaterdistributionandstormwatercapacityo Impactsofseallevelriseo Needforadaptationduetoaginginfrastructureo Issueofsaltwaterintrusion,includingondrinkingwaterandwellso TourismandbuiltenvironmentaspectsofHighway12o Issuesfortransportationandaccesstohealthinfrastructureo Flooding-schoolshavehadtoclose

• Drought,hydrology,andwaterquality/managemento Kentuckystateclimatologist(StuFoster)andrecentUSForestServiceReportondrought

couldhelpwiththis

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• Energyproduction• RuralcommunitiesinSoutheast

o Impactsonruralcommunitiesthroughchangestoforests,agriculture,coasts,ecosystems,etc.

o Tribalconcerns,includingbutnotlimitedtorelocation• Oceans–Southeastregionissurroundedbythem

o Seafoodisamajorindustrywhichisbeingaffectedbyclimatechange.Thereisanincreasedriskofdiseaseinseafood–therearestudiesonlinkagesbetweenclimatechangeandoysterproduction

o DeadzonesandhypoxiaintheGulfofMexicoo Saltwaterintrusionandrelatedimpacts

• TourismAdditionalTopics

• Developcommunicationandpackagingofthechapterforeducationalpurposes• Focusonthevalueofthechapterforenduserstoachieveaccessibilityandeffectiveness• Examinethescopeandexamplesofadaptationthatinvolvemultiplelevelsofgovernmentand

public/privatepartnerships• Focusoneconomicsforpoliticalrelevancy,aswellasimpactsonjobsandopportunitiesandacall

toaction• Considernextstepsincludingidentifyinggaps,monitoring,surveillance,dataneeds,andevaluation

(developmentanduseofindicators)

ResultsThefeedbackprovidedduringthisworkshopservesasvaluableinputtothedevelopmentofnotonlytheSoutheastchapterofNCA4,butofallchapters.ThissummaryreportisbeingsharedwithallNCA4authorstoinformthedevelopmentoftheirchapters.ItwillalsobemadepubliclyavailableontheNCA4website(www.globalchange.gov/nca4).Over100stakeholdersthroughouttheSoutheastregionparticipatedintheday-longmeeting,providingauthorswithagreatdealofusefulfeedback–fromconcernstheyface,toresourcestheyuse,andspecificcasestudieswherecommunitiesareworkingtoaddresstheriskstheyfaceasaresultofclimatechange.Responsesfrombothauthorsandparticipantsindicatedthattheworkshopwasnotonlypositivelyreceivedinandofitself,butitservedtocultivatenewrelationships,researchideasand,hopefully,futurecollaborationsacrosstheSoutheast.

AbouttheNCATheNationalClimateAssessmentistheU.S.Government’spremierresourceforarticulatingtherisksposedtotheNationbyclimatechange,aswellaswhatisbeingandcanbedonetominimizethoserisks.Itisaninter-agencyeffort,bringingtogetherexpertsfromthe13FederalagenciesofUSGCRP,thebroaderFederalgovernment,aswellashundredsofexpertsintheacademic,non-profit,andprivatesectors.

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AppendixA:WorkshopAgenda

SoutheastRegionalEngagementWorkshopDraftAgenda

March16,2017(AlltimesEasternDaylightTime)

8:30 Registrationopens9:00-9:10 Welcome,WorkshopGoals,andBriefIntroductions

(LynneCarter,AdamTerando)

9:10-9:40 OverviewoftheNationalClimateAssessment• U.S.GlobalChangeResearchProgram• Mandate,timeline,andstructureofNCA4• Waystogetinvolved• Areasofdesiredinputfrompubliccomments• Questionsandanswers

(ChrisAvery)

9:40-9:45 SoutheastChapterOutline(LynneCarter,AdamTerando)

9:45-10:20 AuthorThoughtsonChapterTopics• 5-7minutesperauthor• Fivefocalareas/topics

o ExtremeEvents(VincentBrown)o CoastalFlooding(DougMarcy,MikeOsland)o HealthIssues(PaulSchramm–remote)o Wildfire(KevinHiers)o AdaptationEfforts(ColinPolsky,KristinDow)

10:20-10:35 Q&AandBreakoutGroup(BOG)Introduction(AdamTerando,LynneCarter,USGCRPTeam)Groupswillrotatethreetimesin20minuteintervals.Thereare5breakoutgroupsandyoumaychooseanythreegroupstocontributediscussionpoints.Note,wehavebuiltin5minutebreaksbetweeneachrotationtoallowpeopletomovefromBOGtoBOG.

10:35-11:50 BREAKOUTGROUPEXERCISE(ChooseTHREEtoparticipatein)

• 10:40FirstBOG• 11:05SecondBOG• 11:30ThirdBOG

TOPIC Leadersplusnotetakers(notlisted)1. Extremeevents VincentBrown2. Coastalflooding DougMarcy

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3. Healthissues PaulSchramm(remote),JessWhitehead

4. Wildfire KevinHiers5. Adaptationefforts LynneCarter6. Othertopics AdamTerando

REMOTE TessCarterForSatelliteLocations:

• Ifthereare15orfewerparticipants:o Choosethreetopicsforthegrouptodiscussinorder.o RefertothespecifictopicquestionsintheBOGhandoutinthe

participantpacket• Iftherearemorethan15participants:

o Breakintogroupsof8orlesso RotateamongthreeBOGsofyourchoice

Generalquestions:

• Introduceyourself(affiliation,areaofexpertise)• Forthegiventopic:

o Howisorhasclimatechangeaffectedthistopic(i.e.,observedchange)?o Whatconcernsyouaboutprojectedclimatechangesandhowtheymay

affectthistopicinthenext20-30yearsandattheendofthecentury(i.e.,projectedchange)?

o Whatchallenges,opportunitiesandsuccessstoriesforaddressingriskcanbehighlighted?

o Aretherecasestudiesorspecificresourcestohighlight?o Whataretheemergingissuesand/orresearchgapsonthistopic?

11:50-12:00 BreakandReturntoAssembly

12:00-12:55 ReportoutfromBreakoutGroups(4minutespertopic/satellite)12:55 Concludingremarksandnextsteps

(LynneCarter,AdamTerando)1:00 EndofPublicMeeting-Thisistheendofpublicparticipationportionofthe

meeting.ThepubliciswelcometostayfortheafternoonsessionsinvolvingtheNCAauthorteamsandassociatedsubjectmatterexperts.However,nofurthergrouporsatellitediscussionswilloccur.

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AppendixB:ListofSoutheastRegionalChapterAuthorsCoordinatingLeadAuthor:AdamTerando,USGeologicalSurveyChapterLead:LynneCarter,LouisianaStateUniversity/SCIPPAuthors:

• KirstinDow(UniversityofSouthCarolina)• ColinPolsky(FloridaAtlanticUniversity)• KevinHiers(TallTimbers)• PaulSchramm(CDC)• DougMarcy(NOAA)• BarryKeim(LouisianaStateUniversity)• MikeOslund(USGS)

USGCRPstaff:

• TessCarter,NCAProgramCoordinator• KatherineWeingartner,NCAProgramAssistant• MattDzaugis,KnaussFellow

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AppendixC:ExpandedNotesExtreme Events

1. Howisclimatechangeprojectedtoaffectextremeeventsinthenext20-30yearsandbyendofcentury?

a. Question:Notes thatnaturalvariability importanton theshorter-termof thisb. Maywanttosay“climatevariabilityandchange”

2. Anyspecific researchor case studiestohighlighta. Dr.Lackman- studyon Joaquin interactionwith frontalprecipitationb. Agriculturaldamages fromOct2015Charleston rainc. Issueswithwarmwinters followedbycoldsnaps

i. Is therecurrentresearch forSoutheastarea,or region-specificcropsResources/Case Studies/Opportunities

● RecentUSForestServiceReportondrought● ESRIStoryMapfromSouthCarolinaStateClimateOffice(Journal/casestudy)

○ HurricaneMatthewimpacts● EarlyWarningSystemforDrought-CitizenScienceviaCommunityCollaborativeRain,Hail&

SnowNetworks(CoCoRAHs)○ KirstinDowatCarolinasIntegratedSciences&Assessments(UniversityofSouth

Carolina)andRebeccaWard(NorthCarolinaStateClimateOffice)-systemusingCoCorahs“citizenscience”

● Anycasestudiesonregionalflashfloodevents(alotofeventsthroughouttheregion)?○ Everincreasingvalueforshorter term forecasts and adaptations○ Success storiesoropportunities for improvedearlywarning,e.g. flash flood

awareness and response?

Questions● Hurricanes– IsSoutheastgoing todiscusshurricanes?

○ Dr.DavidLackman-casestudyonHurricane Joaquin interactingwith frontalsystem,leadingtoprecipitation

○ Ithasbeenover11yearswithoutmajorhurricane ○ Isclimatechange influencinghurricane (tracks)?○ Dohurricaneshave a ro le a s droughtbusters?Howdo their patternsor changes

in frequency influencedrought?● Tornadoes?

○ Any trends relevant to Southeast?● Tipping points

○ Any relevant Southeast tipping points related to extremes?● Communication

○ For short-term projections, communicating distinction between climate variabilityand climate changeisveryimportant.

○ Extremeseventsareaway to reachandengagemore individualsbecausepeople experience them.

○ Attributions■ Is there value in talking about regionally specific attributions?Mostly case

study typeevents. (Whatcanweattributedirectlyor indirectly to climatechange?)

■ Sources:WorldWeather Attribution and BulletinoftheAmerican

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MeteorologicalSociety Explaining Extreme Events,includingastudyonBatonRouge floodevent–casestudyand attribution.

● Interconnected/Cascadingextremeevents○ Extremeeventsaffecting specific location (sayBatonRouge) thatare

interconnected, in turnaffect location (Knoxville,oroutsideSoutheast)that isnot directlyhitbyevent.

● Timing of precipitation throughout the year○ Impacts on salinity, seagrass, etc.○ Can influencedrought (falling in fewerevents,butheavyprecipitationcanbe a

drought buster)● Urban vs. Rural (differences in susceptibility, e s p e c i a l l y r e l a t e d t o infrastructure)

○ HeavyPrecipitation: Rural/Forest Service roads -- culverts handling extremeprecipitation

○ ExtremeHeat:Vulnerability (andexposure) inSoutheast ishigher in ruralareasvs.urban.Capability tocopewithextremeevents,differences in ruralvs urban.

● UpdatedScenarioproducts forextremes - listofvariables (thresholds for extremes),newerproducts thataredownscaled (6 kmgridsize)

○ Willbeon scenarios.globalchange.gov ○ What istheright threshold (variesfromregiontoregion)○ Riskperspective (what’s theaverage,butwhat’s rangeofrisk locally)

● CO2andcrop resilienceandlinkstodrought,precipitationchanges,etc.(Potentialimprovedcrop resilience to drought).

● Itmightbeusefultoshedmore lightonpositives● Useful todo/createmaps thatdemonstrate temperaturechanges (shiftingplant

resilience)● Are their differences in societal adaptationsacrossgeographicregionsorothervariables

(building safe rooms, stockpiling resources, changing theway theybuild)?

Topics thatwere not specifically extremes-related● Reinforce strong conclusions alreadymadeinNCA3wherepossible

○ I.e.how tobalance treatmentof foundationalclimate scienceand findings fromThirdNationalClimateAssessmentSoutheastchapter--can’tassumefull familiaritybutneedto focusonwhat’snew.

● Change inrateofconvection,what isgradientbetween inlandandcoastalregions intermsofatmosphericmoisture content? Ifgradientchanging,dynamicsare changing.

● SolarFlares - impactingpowergrid?Climatechange leadstochanges in the atmosphere, wh ich may lead to changes in howtheatmospheredealswith solarflares.

HealthBREAKOUTGROUPS(BOG)EXERCISE

HealthIssues WhataretheobservedeffectsofclimatechangeonhealthintheSoutheast?

• Needtoemphasizeruralpopulationvulnerability—inthesouththereareplentyofpopulationsthatarevulnerableforotherreasons

o Heatrelatedillness—urbanheatislandsareabigissue,butnotasmuchasruralheatexposuresthatarehappening.Veryplacebased—stillemergingpartoftheconversationofheat-relatedillnessandnotascenterstageasitneedstobe.Ruralvulnerabilityisnot

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asmuchontheradar.Ruralcommunitiescanbe8-10timesmorevulnerable.o TheCarolinasIntegratedSciencesandAssessments(CISA)workedwithotherstodevelop

modelandliteratureonthis(NorthCarolinaDiseaseEventTrackingandEpidemiologicCollectionTool–NCDETECT)▪ 10peerreviewedarticlesforNorthCarolinaandAlabama▪ Ruralissues—therearecertainlylotsofdisparitiesinurbanareas,butthere

are governmentservicesthere,asopposedtoinruralareas,whereaccesstoservicescanbeminimal

▪ Verylittlegovernmentinfrastructurearounddealingwithheatandwildfire▪ Importanttodistinguishbetweenthose impacts that are c l imate-

speci f ic andwhatcomposesvulnerability overall(farmworkerswhoworkoutside)

▪ Hospitalaccess▪ Poorairquality,wildfire,andheathavesynergisticeffect

o Istheprimaryconcernwehaveforhealthimpactsinruralareasheat?Orwhatelse?▪ Currentlyworkingonwildfiresmokeissues—seeingdisparitiesbetweenrural

andurbancounties.▪ ChrisNolteisleadingtheairqualitychapter—needtodrawonregional

chapters—towhatextenthasairqualitycomeupasatopicforSoutheastregionalchapter.

▪ TimberandlandmanagementinHokeCountypresentsotherrelatedissueso Indoorairqualityandfloodrecovery

• Pollencount—peakusedtobeinApril,butit’sstartingearliero Leafoutdatasupportsthat

• KidneystonesandheatrelatedillnessinNorthCarolinaasthingsgetwarmer(dehydration)• Vectorbornedisease—citiesrespondwithpesticideandchemicals.Tradeoffofpublic

reactiontovectorvschemical.• Construction,agriculture,forestry,etc.—healthofpeoplewhoworkoutdoors• Howdoweworkwiththesupersmoke/fogsmolderingfires,andwheredowedealwith

that?Wildfireorhealth?Crosssectoralproblems--Transportationissues,recreation,tourism

• Children,olderfolks,pregnantwomen—balanceofrecreationandwater/airquality/smoke/heat

o Asitgetshotter,morepeoplerecreateinwater—waterfowlshifts,fecalcoliform,harmfulalgalblooms,etc.

Howisclimatechangeexpectedtoaffecttheregion’shealthinthenext20-30years andbytheendofthecentury?

• Heatimpacts• Vectorbornediseases—lotsofliteratureonhowsomemosquito/tickdiseasesimpactedby

climatechange—haven’tseenanythingaboutLaCrosseencephalitis(Georgia,Tennessee,NorthCarolina)

• Mosquitodiversity/movementnorthoftheseillnessesmightseeashiftinreductionofexposuretotickexposures

• Foodsecurityinrelationtoextremeclimateevents—exacerbationofruralfooddesertsaftermathofKatrina

o Foodsecurity—localagriculturenexus—impactsonfarmers• Increasehealthcaresystemcapabilitytoidentifydiseasesandillnessestorespondtochanges

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• Riseinpopulation—impacttheamountofnaturalspaceandimpactsonmentalhealthArethereresources(reports,papers)orcasestudiesweshouldbeawareof?Which casestudiesshouldwehighlight?

• Extremeeventsandfoodsecurityimpacts—paperforthcoming• RobertWoodJohnsonmetrics—ruralareas• Socioeconomicstatus(SES)determinantsofvulnerabilitybetweenpopulationsthatare

particularlyvulnerable• Medicalassociationsreport—highlightingmentalhealthaspectsofclimatechange, including

theresearchgapsthere• USDA/USGlobalChangeResearchProgramreportonfoodsecurity• Scenariosproducts—changingpopulationanddevelopedlandusecanimpact exposureto

climatedrivenimpacts—alternatescenariosatthecountyscaleoutto theendof thecentury

• CasestudiesonairqualityoraeroallergensfromEnvironmentalProtectionAgency?• Openspaceadaptationandpreservationcasestudies• Comparisonoflocal/countyhealthdepartmentsasatrustedhealthcasestudy• CasestudyonmentalhealthandKatrina.

o HurricaneMatthewandfolksnotabletogetintotheirhouseandseparatingfamilies

Whatchallenges,opportunitiesandsuccessstoriesforaddressingriskcanbehighlighted?

• Ruralcoastalcommunitiesandtheirabilitytoadapt.Peopleinurbansettingscan findthefunding,butruralsettingsoftenfacebiggerhurdlesandmorechallenges.

• Casestudies/successstoriesofcommunitygardens—programinVirginia• “Resilientagriculture”• Opportunitiesaroundhealthinfrastructure-postHurricaneSandy,resilientinfrastructure

(JohnBalbus)—nursinghomes,pharmacies,ob-gyn—disruptionstothoseincreasecostforcommunities

Whataretheemergingissuesand/orresearchgapsonthistopic?

• Relationshipsbetweensubstandardhousingandimpacts—createsairqualityissuesbecausepeopledon’t havethepowerormoneytofixmaintenanceissuesthatexacerbateindoorissues

• Thinkmoreecologicallyontheseimpactso Greatconnectivitytolookathealthandagriculturechanges(acorncrops)

• Animalsaresentinelsofhumanhealthissueso Heatassociatedillnessandcanines,livestocko Availabilityofhayforhorseso HowchangesinsoilmicrobiologyleadtohighercountsofE.coli,etc.o Profoundeffectofsandtemperatureandimpactongenderofseaturtles

• Gastrointestinalviralillness—pullingoutseasonalityofillness.Strongprecipitationflushingeventsoccurringafterperiodsofdrynessandseeingimpactsonwaterquality

• Waterbornedisease(vibrio)andillnessforthoseworkingonornearwater• KidneystonesandheatrelatedillnessinNorthCarolinaasthingsgetwarmer(dehydration)• Medicalassociationsreport—highlightingmentalhealthaspectsofclimatechange,including

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theresearchgapsthere• MoldIssuesafterHurricaneIrene,andtheninHurricaneKatrina• Hospitalemergencypreparednessrelatedtoclimatechange• Watersystemrecoveryafterfloods—vulnerabilityofcoalashandpotential

contaminants• Needtoemphasizeruralversusurbanvulnerability(heat,accesstogovernment

services,andemergencydepartmentvisits,etc.)• Impactsonoutdoorworkersfromfireandsmoke• Changesofimpactsofdiseases—LaCrosseencephalitisandspottedfever,andreduced

exposuretoticks(shiftoftickexposurenorth?)• Abilitytouseanimalhealthassentinelsashumanhealth(2006droughtandequine

forage)

BreakoutGroupExercise-BrowardCountyExtremeEventsExtremeEvents–BOGSessionsSummary:A.ObservedchangesB.CaseStudies/SuccessStories

• ColdSnap:FishpopulationinFloridaBaystillbeingaffectedbyclimateimpacts,since2010–badseason

• Latespringfreezingimpactonimportantcropso 2017earlierbloom–concernedaboutimpactinagricultureingeneral

• Communitiesthataredependingmoreonsurfacewaterforwatersupplyareseeingmoreandmoreimpacts

• Moreinvestmentsinwaterstoragealternatives,includingaquiferstorageandrecoveryandreservoirs.

o C-51ReservoirinFloridaisoneexampleofhowinvestmentsarebeingallocatedinprojectstoincreasewatersecuritygivenextremeevents

• Moreinvestmentsalsobeingallocatedtostormwatermasterplansintheregion–consideringsealevelriseandextremeevents–e.g.,WestPalmBeach,FortLauderdale

• MiamiBeachcasestudy–raisingstreetsandimprovingstormwatersystem• Investmentsinreducingsanitaryseweroverflow(SSO)events–infiltrationandinflow

reduction• EvergladesHeadwaters–effortstobuildnewdesignpatterns• Giveawaytrees–morenativeandtolerantspeciestopromotewaterconservationand

reducepeakdemandsduringdrierperiods• Increasedneedforbeachnourishmentprojectsintheregion

C.Challenges/Opportunities• Tourismindustryaffectedbyextremeevents–includingculturalresourcesimpacts–e.g.

lighthousehistoricsites• Takeadvantageoftherobuststructureinplacearoundemergencyresponseplanningto

investinadaptationandincreaseresilience–considerregionalopportunities• Needtounderstanddifferentcharacterizationof“heavyrain”andintensityindifferent

environments• Downscalingdata–needtounderstandbetter/decreaseuncertaintychangesinrainfall

patternsfordifferentplanningpurposes• Exacerbatedimpactsinvulnerablepopulationsandcommunities–lesswealthytoinvestin

increasingresilience

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GeneralCommentsfromtheExtremeEventsBOGSessions:Thingstobringtothechapter

• Tobeadded:o Earlyemergenceandlatespringfreezings-Implicationsfortheeconomyandvegetationo WarmerFebruaryandfreezingtemperaturesstillhappeninginMarch–starttobloom

earlierbutthenwiththefreezingplantsandcropsdie–e.g.,noblueberrieso 2010coldsnapstillaffectedfisheriesinFloridaBay–populationstillhasnotbouncedback,

sotheimpactsbecomeamultiyearevento Askforspecificnumberstobeincluded,e.g.,floodingevents–recurringtidalflooding–

pulloutexamplesforcommunitiesspecificallyaffectedo Precipitationeventsbeinglessfrequentbutmorewater–springdataonnumberof

events§ Theyhaveprettygoodexamplesfromthegagesmap

o Whatdopeopleconsiderheavyrain–1inch/dayor4inch/dayo Sealevelrisecouldbeintegratedinthissectiono Risksinthefuture–extremeheatwavesasproblemsinthecommunity?Howtoaddress

tropical stormdamages?o Seriesofvariouswarmernights–implicationsfortheeconomyo Urbanfloodingandprecipitationo Trafficsafetyandinsurancecost–morecaraccidentso Lightningimportant,too–humanhealthconcerns–morerecurrent

Changesthatareprojectedthathaven’tbeeninthepast?• NewEnglandworriesabouthurricanes–Floridahasexpectationsofhurricanes• Furthernorth–heatwaves…canbedangerousbecausethereisnoairconditioning• SurfacewatersupplyforWestPalm–nowishavingmoredroughtperiods–communities

dependingon surfacewater• C51reservoir–engineerslikesurfacereservoirbecausewecantakeadvantageofrainfall• Whatkindofplanningisneededforthefuturee.g.,newcrop–citrus–needtounderstand

water/raininthenext20years• Stormwatersystemimpacts

Goodstoriestotell–relatedtoextremeevents• Storyofexcavatingreservoirs–noonewouldimaginediggingreservoirstostorewaterinsouth

Florida–importanttocope• Tellingthestoriesaboutimpacts–e.g.,fishpopulationdecreases

Reports• Stormwatermasterplan–30yearhorizon–WestPalmBeach+capitalimprovementprojects

includingsealevelriseprojection• 2010–coldsnap2010workbyFloridaInternationalUniversity(FIU)–fishpopulationdecrease–

casestudy• Jupiter–highvulnerabilityareaofFortLauderdale–AdaptationActionandStormwaterMaster

Plan• MiamiDadeWaterandSewageDepartment(WASD)investmentinavoidingsanitarysewer

overflow(SSO)events–infiltrationandinflowreduction• CIRCLE–FortLauderdale–understandingbetterhowallsectorsareinterdependent• Urbanareasgetlotsofattention–findadaptationmeasuresforruralcommunitiesandefforts

tobuildnewdesignaroundtheEvergladesheadwaters–increaseflowoutofOkeechobee• Waterstoragealternatives

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Round2.Climateindicators

• Morefrequentstormevents• Daysofnuisanceflooding–sealeveloverathresholdvalue• Lessweakhurricanesandmorestrongerhurricanesareprojected• MiamiBeach–concernsonagriculturalland–TownofDavieAgriculturalCommittee–Howto

avoidthreatsfromsealevelriseandclimatechange(especiallyconcernedaboutsugarcrop)• LargestagriculturalproducerinFlorida–whattodoaboutcropfailures…• Shouldhavebeenseeingmorecoldsnaps–fishery industry–2010badcoldsnapseason–

alloverGulfofMexico• Warmertemperatures–initiationofspringandfallareexpanding–migrationpatternsfor

someoftheanimalsarechanging• Historicalsites,suchaslighthousesandotherproperties,arebeingimpacted• Fundingisnotenoughtoadapttotheseresources• Sealevelriseincreasehasnegativeimpactonfloodinfrastructure• Precipitationisstilluncertain,makingitdifficulttoforecastawaterresourcesplan• Warmertemperaturesandchangesinrainfallmakewaterandecosystemmanagement

challengingforFloridaBayfishermenResources/CaseStudies

• Tornadoesshiftingmoretowardsthesoutheast–tornadozonemovingeastward,thetimingoftheseasonseemstobeshiftingaswell

• Aquiferstorageandrecovery(ASR)andinjectionwellsmakeagoodcasestudyOpportunities

• Emergencyresponseplanningandaccidentresponseisprettyrobust–systemsareinplacethataresupportedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency

• Opportunitiesforthecommunitytoengageinplanningprocesstoinvestinresilienceandadaptation

• BuildmoreresiliencethroughresilienceimprovementprogramssuchasthePropertyAssessedCleanEnergy(PACE)program

• Citieshavebeenverysuccessfulinservingallresidentsintermsofprovidingbasicservices,butinvestmentsininfrastructureareneeded.Usingpreviousprojectstoenhanceresilienceinthecommunitiescanbolstercommunityeconomicdevelopment.

• EventhoughBrowardCountyisprogressiveintermsofclimate,itcannotmoveforwardbyitselforignorepoliticalramifications.

Gaps• Moredownscaledprecipitationinformationisneeded.• Longtermforecastmodelscouldbeimproved.• NeedmoreinformationontheEverglades–theecosystemisuniqueandimportantforwater

supply,wildlife,etc.• Needmoreinformationaboutpreservingopenspaceareastobuffernaturalsystemsthrough

openspacedplanning• Needmoreinformationonhowtoincreaseresiliencethroughmitigationstrategies

BrowardCountyBreak-outfortheconversationonHealth&ClimateChangeObservedEffects

• Coralreefdie-offs• Vulnerablepopulations(Aging,youth,poor)experiencegreaterimpacts.Forexample,

prolongedfloodinginpoorneighborhoodshasagreaterimpactonitsresidentswho

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aredependentonwalkingandpublictransportation.Floodedstreetsaredangeroustonavigateonfootbecauseofbacteria,loosematerialsandroaddebris,canals,etc.

• Tribesarehavingahardertimefindingtypicalnativefoodsourcesandmedicinalorwildfood

• Urbanandruralfarmersaredealingwithplantingzonechangesduetotemperaturechanges,andcropfailureduetoirregularrain

• Saltwaterintrusionisaffectingcleandrinkingwatersupplies.• Trihalomethanes(THMs)areincreasingbecauseoftemperatureincreases,andwater

filtrationandtreatmentwillonlyincreaseinpriceinthefuture.• Becausenighttimetemperaturesarehigher,peopleareopeningtheirwindowsless,

whichcausesgreaterindoorairqualityproblemsduetolackofcirculationandmoremoldproblems.

• Similarly,wenolongerhavetypicalafternoonshowerseverydayinthesummerseason.Theresultisthatthereiscoolingoffoftemperaturestoallowforoutdooractivitywhichimpactsmentalandphysicalfitness.Also,pollutionbuildsupandisn’tcleanedbydailyrain.

• Weareseeingmorevector-bornediseaseslikeZikaandticks.• Thereisincreasedmentalstressforpopulationsalreadyundersocialandfinancial

stressesduetosocialandphysicalfactorslikemigration,change,heat,etc.• Shorterwintersmeanalongermosquitoseason.• Urbanheatislandeffectisstronger.• Humiditymakestemperatureincreasestwiceasimpactful.• Therearemoreexoticplantsandanimalswithlessnaturalcontrols(likecoldsnaps),so

thereisagreaterneedformoreactivemanagement.• Lightpollutionisnotaclimateimpactbutisanenergyimpact.Considerweaving

energyandhealthstoriestogetherforgreaterpublicunderstandingofimpactsandactionstheycantake.

ExpectedImpacts• Breathingproblemsduetowildfires,pollen,andpollution• Introductionsofnewvectorbornediseases• Waterqualityissuesbecauseofprolongedsurfacewaterflooding• Warmersurfacewatertemperaturesleadingtoincreasesinmicrobes• Increasedcostsofwatertreatment(morefacilities,ormorelayersoffiltration)• Greatermigrationofpeople,plantzones,tropicaldiseases,andmicrobes• Hardertobalancewatersupplybetweencompetingusers(agriculture,powerplants,

ecosystems,andpeople)Resources/CaseStudies

• Dr.JoanneMcCoyisdoingworkonseedbankingatNorthCarolinaArboretumwiththeCherokeeIndianNation

• NationalAcademyofScience“HiddenCostofEnergy”andCarbonTracker&EnvironmentalProtectionAgency’sHealthCostsofClimateChange.Thelatterstatescostindollarsandlivesinrespecttodifferentenergychoices.ThiscanconnecttotheresultsinHealthImpactStudiesandclosetheloopfromonesector’sexternalitiestoanother’sinputssothattheusercanseeafull-scaleaccountingofmitigationandrenewableenergyinvestment,withimpactsandriskassessment/adaptationinvestment.

• Lessonslearnedfromothersonextremeheatevents(bothasanincidentandasfutureplanning)–likebigcities,othersubtropicalenvironments,Europeancities,pilgrimagetoMecca,etc.

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Opportunities• Greeninfrastructureandnaturalsystemsbenefitscanhelpuswithcooling,stormsurge,

stress reductions,waterfiltration,etc.• Buildingcodecanbeupdatedtomandateenergyefficiency,solarwaterheaters,

electricvehicleready infrastructure, etc.• Newtechnologiesmakecitizenengagementpossibleforairqualitymonitoringand

communication• Increasinginvestmentinpermaculture(thedevelopmentofagriculturalecosystemsintended

tobesustainableandself-sufficient)andlocalfoodproduction• PublicattentiononZikaandhealthimpactsgivesusanopportunitytoconnecttoother

impacts andexpandtheconversationbyusinghealthasalinktowhatpeoplecareabout• Improvecustomscheckpointsandstandardsforexoticspecies

Gaps• Stateandfederalsupportandfundingformosquitocontrol,emissionsstandards,etc.• ContinuouseducationandsupportforproblemslikeZika• Educationonthecombinedimpactofhumidityandheatforresidents,healthcare

providers, planners,builders,andengineersOptions&Highlights

• Keeptopissuesasfocus,evenifcoveredbeforeastheseissuesarestillimportantandwillcontinuetobe.Itisimportanttofocusmoreontheconnectionsamongissuestomakethemessagemoreimpactful.

• Highlightlotsofinteragencycollaboration• Tobalancelotsofstatisticsandgeneralizations,focusonlocalcostsorimpactsona

smallerandmorepersonalscale.WhataretheimpactstoXcommunityorhospital,orevenapersoninXregion.Breakitdowntomakeitrelatabletothereader.

• Focusonvulnerablepopulationsandbasicneeds(air,water,food,shelter)• Focusonpeople,whattheyaregoingtoface,andwhattheycando.• Focusonnaturalsystemsandsolutions,likebiocontrolofvectors• UselessonsfromTribalPlanningandlongertermapproachesandfocuson

naturalresourcemanagement.Coastal FloodingHowhas climate changeaffected coastal flooding? Howisclimatechangeprojectedtoaffectthistopic?

• Sealevelriseismostimportant,causedinpartbyglaciermelt.Unusualgeologyaffectingwaterresources,aswellasmeltingintheEvergladesandsaltwaterintrusion,arealsoissues.Pumpsareonesolutionbutafinitesolution.

• FloodinginMiamiBeachisoneofitsbiggestissues.$100’sofmillionsinnewpumpsarenotsolvingtheproblem.There’sapointwhereitcan’tbecontained,whichisalreadyhappeningintheEverglades.

• Throughbeachnourishment,resilientcoastlinescanbecreatedoutofsuitablesand,armoredcoastlines,andbydredginghistoricalareas

• Asthebeacherodes,resourcesmigratelandward.Limitedsandandresourcescontinuetobeprotected.However,therearehundredsofmilesofcanalsandseawalls.Thereisachallengeinraisingcanalsandseawallelevationsalongwithstreetswithoutfloodingandgainingthefinancialabilitytodothat.Theresultisthathousesareeitherraisedordemolished

• Potentialretreatisanissue• Thereisalarge-scalehardeningoftheshorelinewithchangesinhabitat.Weneedmaterials

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toprotecttheshore,butitisimportanttoconsiderwherewegetthesedimentsastheycanaffectrivers,aswellasthekindsofsubsidencestructuresthatareneeded.Anotherissueiswhatwillhappenwithrunoffanddischargepatternsforthesystem,whichwillbringmoreproblemsthatwillbefurtherexacerbatedbysealevelriseimpacts.

• Notsureofanalternativeaside from leavingcoastalareas• Cityinfrastructure,suchasthosefordrainageandwaterquality,willaffectthewaywe

distributefreshwatertoresidents.Wemustbepreparedforissueslikesaltwaterintrusiontoposefuturechallenges.

• Seminole tribes’naturalsystemsandEvergladesfacemoresignificantchallengesfromwaterflowbeinginhibitedbysaltwaterlevels.Sixreservationsareinland.ThisisofinteresttotheUSGeologicalSurvey

• Asthesearises,thewaterlevelsintheconservationareawillalsobeaffected.Inthelastthreeyears,therehasbeenadecreaseinwadingbirds

• TheArmyCorpsofEngineerswasabletoopenthefirstonemilestretchofTamiamitrail,but,forthefirsttime,therewerenobirdsinJanuary.Countieshavegooddataonsaltwaterwedgemovingthatincludesbothfrequencyoffloodingandeconomicimpact.

• Moreextremes inprecipitationpatternscreateariskofmoreenergyintensivewaterpumpingwiththequestionoffromwherethisenergywouldcome

Next20-30 years• TheParisAgreementoutlinesgoalstoreduceglobalcarbondioxideemissions,butthereisa

tippingpointafter3feetofsealevelrise.Whatcanbedoneiftheriseissixfeet?• Howwillwecommunicatetheprojectionsofsealevelriseandmakeclearthat IPCC

representativeconcentrationpathwaysarebusinessasusualandnotworstcase? • Doyouplanforwhatismostlikely,andwhatdoyoudoabouttheunlikelyextremelimits?

Peopletendtofocusontheworstcase,buthowdoyouplanknowingthat?Anadaptivemanagement approachmaybehelpful

• Regulationscanmandateprescribedelevationsandtypesofmitigationtoachievenonetloss,butwithanticipatedsealevelrise,rainfallandwaterlevels,nonethusfararesufficient.Thevastmajorityofregulationsaredevelopedtomitigateinatypeofhabitatthatwillnotbethesameinthefuture.Threatenedandendangeredspecieswillalsobedifferent,andthisisasystemthatcannotadapt.TheEvergladeswillbeopenwater,andcoastalhabitatswillnotbetheonesweneed.

• SomeGulfCoaststatesarethinkingaboutsealevelriseandthemigrationofspeciesatthestateplanninglevel.However,theratesofchangearetoofastandmangrovescan’tmigratefastenoughtocope.Thereismorerapidsealevelrisethanweanticipatedthreeyearsago. Somemapsofnaturalareas,suchasLakeWorthLagoon,trytopredictnewhabitats,suchasforseagrass.Marshtidalwetlandsarebeingcreated,andthehopeisthatplanningtakessealevelriseintoaccount.

• Inrespecttohardeningtheeasterncoastline,therearemanyquestions,suchashowmuchhasbeenbuilt,what’sbeenbuilt,anddowehave aplaceforhabitatstomigrate?

• Therealsoneedstobeconsiderationsfordischargeevents,whichinvolvesthemovingoutofseawater.Thiscouldresultinwastewateroutflowputtingmaterial intoasensitiveareabecauseofchange indischargepatterns, larval transport,nutrients,etc.

• We’readdingtothechallengesbecauseofinadequategrowthmanagementlawsthatdon’ttake into account sea level rise. Irreversible damage is happening now with rampantdevelopment.Despitebuildingsalongthecoastandgaragesoftenflooding,peoplearestillindenial.

• Inworstcasescenarios,therearelimitstowhatadaptationcando.Mitigation isapolicythat

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isnationaland international inscope.Success stories

• MiamiBeachLeveeisanexampleofapilotprojectadjustingtotwofeetofsealevelrise.Wecan’tbuildforfivefeetbeforewedealwithtwofeet.

• Ingeneral,shorelinesarebeingdepletedofsand,resultinginanetdeficit.JupiterIslandhasmetthischallengeandisagoodexampleofmitigatinghistoricallossesofsand.Perhapsthisisapotentialcasestudy.

• SoutheastFloridaRegionalClimateCompacthasmeaningfuladaptationandmitigationplansChallenge

• Louisiana/NewOrleansandNewYorkCityhavebuiltbarrierislands,butFloridacannotdothesameasitmustprotectitsreefsandthespeciesthatlivethere

Research gaps• Foryears,we’vebeentalkingaboutthreats,andnowwe’retalkingaboutsolutions.Weneed

a riskassessment:Forwhichthreatsdoweneedtodesignsolutions?• Thereisaneedtodefinestormsurgeastheyaredifferentforoceansversuscanals.USArmy

CorpsofEngineersisworkingwithFt.Lauderdaletoraisetheirwalls.Atsomepoint,qualityoflifeandpropertyvalueswillbe severelyaffectedinSouthFlorida.Thereisaneedtocalculateprobability timingand severity. Ineightyears,therehasn’tbeenanassessment.Withdrinkingwaterscarcity, low levelareasflooding, beach fronts flood,wecan’tafford toreplenishsand.

• Are thereotherdata sources? Opportunities

• Wehave theopportunity to lookoutside federallyorotherwiseofficiallydesignated floodmitigationareas to try tomitigate losses, forexample,aroundLakeOkeechobee.

• Thereareprimeopportunities to implementnew standards for infrastructure in stormwaterand wastewater,butthey needtobereplaced ina sustainablefashion.Seawallsmaynotbeaseffectivewiththe limestone.

• Thereisanopportunityto lookatpublicandprivateconstructionstandardsandthefinancesavailabletomakeimportantchanges

Adaptation EffortsAdaptationsunderway

• Seaoatsareplantedondunes for stabilizationo Thechallenge isgainingsupport frompropertyowners to installdunesandchange

views• MiamiBeach i s raisingits road elevation• SouthCarolina tribeshaveaPre-disasterHazardMitigationPlan toaddress flooding

and stormwaterculvertsizing• Thereisadisconnectbetweensealevelriseandsurgedriven flooding.Raisingseawalls

to address tidal floodingdoesnotnecessarily increaseprotection from surge flooding• AlligatorRiver,NorthCarolinaandCapeRomaine,SouthCarolina,havesea level rise and

subsidence issues.Theyaredeveloping plans for adaptationandconsideringissuessuchaswheretheymightexpanddevelopmenttocompensateforlosingproperty, fiduciaryresponsibilities, andpropertyownership

• BrowardCounty is raising infrastructure to complywithFederalEmergencyManagementAgencybase floodelevations

• SeminoleTribeisdesigningnewfloodcontrolsystemswhichincludesincreasingpumpsize,alteringthewaywaterismoved,andcollectingLiDARelevationdata.Theyarenotplanningtospecificfutureconditionsbutareoverdesigningtoprovidesomecapacityforthefuture

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• Windmitigationandadaptation isrequiredwhenmorethan50%ofastructure isreplaced.

• A1AHwy inFortLauderdalewasdamagedduringSuperstormSandyandwas repairedresiliently includinga42’buriedsteelsheetpilewallbehinddune,kneewall,andtiltedroad toprovideadditional surgeanderosionprotection

• ItmaybeusefultolookatSoutheast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact’s ClimateIndicators

• Jupiter Islandisundergoingbeachnourishmentandconstructionofanadvancednourishmentsectionofthebeachtoprovidemore storm protection.Itisa privately implemented project

• Fort Lauderdalehasinstalled tidevalveson stormwateroutfalls• TheUSArmyCorpsofEngineersFloodRiskStudy inBrowardmodels hydrodynamics and

determines seawall top elevations by implementation phase• Therehavebeentreecanopyeffortsincludinghiringurban forestersandgreen infrastructure

specialists incitiestomitigateheat island effectsand complete street projects• ThereishiringofChiefResiliencyOfficersatcountyandcity levels

Long term adaptation strategies• Greenbuilding techniques to improveenergyefficiencyincorporatetheuseofgreywaterand

solar• Newconstructionofpublicandprivate infrastructure isheldtonew standardswhen

existinginfrastructure reachesendof life• Thereisaplanfora 500-yearstormtobuildafactorofsafetyforextremeevents

occurringbackto backoroccurringmore frequently• Astrategy could include cost effectiveness analysis• BrowardCountyisdevelopingafutureconditionmapseriesincludingflooddepthsand

groundwatertableelevationstoserveasadesignstandardfornewconstruction• Thereisaneedtoidentifynewfundingsources• Thereisafinance initiativeto launchmoreprojectswithreturnoninvestmentfocusedon30-

year investmentsandsocialbuy-in• Thereisaneedtoconsidertrade-offswithnaturalareas.LakeOkeechobeewillhavehigher

levelstomanagestormwater,causinglossoflittoralhabitat,andwillneedtoconsidermitigationforthisadaptation.ThisincludesaddingreservoirsforwaterstorageconflictswithcurrentEvergladesrestorationandmanagementstrategiestryingtomatchwaterlevelstohistoricnaturalconditions

• C-51 reservoirisaregionalwaterstoragethatcapturesexcessfreshwatersenttotidethroughLakeWorthLagoonandreducesharmfuldischarges,rechargessurficialaquifer,andservesasanalternativewatersupplyforfuturedrinkingwaterneeds

• AnideaistoreturntostiltstructureslikeintheFloridaKeys• Ordinances and land use updatesanddevelopment regulations should recognize future

conditions and drive resilience.Thereshouldbeagraceful transition away from low-lyingvulnerable areasandeffortstoprevent densification in vulnerable areas

• Avoidbasingdecisionssolelyonthemarket• ThereisaneedtomaintainneutralagenciessuchastheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency

toavoidcollusionbetweendevelopersandcitiesandavoidbuildinginvulnerableareas• Thereisaneedtomandate resiliency standards insteadofleavingthemuptotheinfluenceof

socialconsciousness• Anoptionistocollectcoralspawnandtransplantcoralstoenhancethereefas itdies

Resources

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• SouthFloridaWaterManagementDistrict,SoutheastFloridaRegionalClimateChangeCompactandindividualcitiesandcountieshavebenefittedfromglobaltechnicalexchangeprogramsfocusedonadaptation

• Beachnourishmentanddune restoration inNewJerseyandNewOrleansbenefitfrommore frequent nourishmentandtheuseof sand fences

• USGeologicalSurvey modeling in Broward Countycouldbeuseful • Apossiblecasestudyisthe seawallordinances in SouthFlorida• Apilotproject inMonroeCountyiselevatinghomesandmother in lawsuites• UrbanLandUse Institutereports forFortLauderdalehighlightneedtoidentifywheretodirect

growthRisk mitigation

• Thereisaneedforinnovativefundingstrategiestoaddresstheissueofaging infrastructure • TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationispartneringlocallytodevelop

technicaltoolsforlocaladaptationplanningbysharingsatelliteandvulnerabilitydata • NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationhas a real- t imesurgeprediction tool

Emerging issues/ research gaps• Is therea resistance to stiltsor implementationofcoastalconstructionstandards?• Design criteria andprioritizationofhazardsand risk assessment• Issurgeriskgreateratthebeachorintracoastal?• Hydrodynamicmodeling isneededtoidentify risk atHollywood reservation• Tracking ifmortgagesarebeingdeniedisdifficultasfloodinsuranceisnotavailable• FutureprecipitationpatternsatahigherresolutionareneededforSouthFlorida• Thereisalackofmetrics forresiliencewhichwouldallowspecificgoalstobesetandachieved• Vulnerabilityassessmentson sea level rise, extremes for all applicationsarelacking• Communicationgapsonrateofgulfstreamslowing,andwecannoteasilylookuprecentchanges

inspeedandtheircorrelation to local impacts• Therearemore local tide gauges,waves, temperaturemonitoring• Climate impactson fisheries in southeast Floridaisanemergingissue• Acoral reef sustainability planisneeded

BrowardCountySatelliteMeeting-Plantation,FLTopic:Wildfire&OtherTopics(NaturalSystems),Facilitator:AlbertLee,BrowardCountyObservedchangesinandriskposedbywildfiresandotherimpacts

• Droughtiscreatingmorefuelforwildfires• Changesintemperatureandtheflowrateofstreamsarecausingimpactsonwildlifeand

fisheriesaswellasexcessrunofffromanderosioninwildfireaffectedareas,whichhasconsequencesforlocal/tribaleconomyandcultureo Damagedinfrastructurefromfloodingandextremeeventshasnegativespilloverimpacts

tostreamsLonger-termclimatechangeimpactsonnaturalsystems

• Thereisincreasingimpactsfrominvasivepests• Themigrationofnativeplantsandtrees(e.g.higherelevationsprucefir)hasculturalsignificance

totribes.Forexample,tribesusethemformedicinaluses,whichwillbelostResourcesandcasestudies

• Sharingoftraditionalecologicalknowledgewithresearchersisanimportantresource,whichisenhancedbycollaborationbetweentribesandtheUSNationalForestService

Challenges,opportunities,andsuccessstories• Thereisalackofplanning,resources,andfundingforprescribedburnprogramsontriballands

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• Outdatedplansandlackofintegratedplanscreateahazardformitigationandemergencymanagementplans

• Negativepublicperceptionsofprescribedburnserodepublicsupport• Thereisaneedformechanicalrestorationandwildfirefuelreduction• Thereisalackofprogramadministrationaswellascurrentandlong-termhazardmitigationplans

andprojectsEmergingissuesandresearchgaps

• Thereisaneedtocreateavisionforthefuturelandscape• Thereisalackofstudiesonthecausesandeffectsofplantdeclineandmigrationaswellasthe

associatedsocialeffects,suchasculturalvalues,economic,health,etc.o Researchisneededonnativeplantandanimalspecies,biodiversity,andhabitateffects

• Thereisalackofbaselinedatatoidentifycausesofobservedchangeandtogiveabetterunderstandingofwhatfutureimpactsmaybeo Dataisfromphotosandoralhistories

CharlestonSatelliteMeeting–Charleston,SCTopic:FloodingHowhasclimatechangeaffectedthistopic?

• Floodingisnotjustcoastal.Weneedadefinitionoffloodingthatincorporatessealevelrise,rain,andtides

Concernsaboutprojectedclimatechange20-30yearsinthefuture:• Withtheprojectedincreaseindevelopment,therewillbeanincreaseintheaffectedpopulation

andrun-off• Hugeinvestmentsininfrastructurehavebeenmadewithoutregardforclimatechange,sealevel

rise,flooding,ordrainage.Informationregardingthesemaynotbeuptodateoravailable/accessible,especiallyregardingstormwaterinfrastructure

o Thereisaworrythatdeveloperswillnotendupbeingresponsibleandpassresponsibilityontomunicipalities

• Regulationsandpermittingarenotkeepingupwiththechangingclimatewhichposesparticularchallengesaspollutantandtoxininputentertheecosystemandstormwaterthreatenstoactasadiseasevector.Thereisnotarequirementthatdevelopmentstakeclimatechangeintoaccountwhenplanning,andjurisdictionalrulesvarygreatlyacrosslocalscales.

Challenges,opportunities,casestudies,orsuccessstories:• AdaptationandplanningworkdonebytheGeorgiaSeaGrantatTybeeIslandandGeorgiabarrier

islandcouldbeagoodcasestudy• TheBeaufortCounty,SouthCarolinasealevelrisereportisagoodsuccessstory.LizFlyfrom

SouthCarolinaSeaGrantwouldbethepointofcontactforthis.• Small,ruralarea,vulnerablepopulationssuchasretireesareofkeeninteresttoresidentsandthe

government,particularlywhenconsideringthepopulationgrowthriskfactor.• Defenseinfrastructureisalsoatrisk,suchasMarineCorpssitesonParisIsland• Avolume-sensitivestormwaterstudycompletedbytheSouthCarolinaDepartmentofNatural

Resources,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,SouthCarolinaSeaGrantandothersisagoodresource

• Anexcellentexampleofdata-drivenchangestostormwaterregulationsthatincreaseclimatechangepreparednesscanbeseenthroughcollaborativeresearchwithSouthCarolinaDepartmentofNaturalResources,UniversityofSouthCarolina,BeaufortCounty,andNationalOceanicand

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AtmosphericAdministrationonstormwaterpondflowintoreceivingwatersandvaluableworkinBlufton

• UrbanLandInstitute(ULI)isaprioritizationschemerespondingtothevalueofinfrastructureandaspectsofenvironmentaljustice.

Emergingissues/researchgaps:• Environmentaljusticewillbecomeagreaterissueovertime

ExtremeEventsHowhasclimatechangeaffectedthistopic?

• Arehurricanes,tropicalstorms,andtornadoesbeingaccountedfor?WheredothesefactorintotheNationalClimateAssessment?TheSoutheastisfrequentlyaffectedbysuchevents,alongwithrainandwindevents

• Thereisalmostaneedfora“superextreme”category• Howdowedefinewhatconstitutesanextremeevent?

Concernsaboutprojectedclimatechange20-30yearsinthefuture:• RisingminimumtemperaturewillIncreaseinsectspeciesandnumbers• Thereisachangingdefinitionofextremeevents,andlessextremeeventsarenowmore

impactfulthanhistorically,thuscreatinganewbaselineChallenges,opportunities,casestudies,orsuccessstories:

• Acomparisonbetween2015and2016rainandfloodeventswouldbeusefulasaffectedplacesdifferedduetodifferencesinrainpatterns

Emergingissues/researchgaps:• Whatisthelevelofincreasingfrequency?Whataretheprojections?Howmighttheychangein

thefuture?Howhasdevelopmentinfluencedthehistoricalbaseline?

HealthConcernsaboutprojectedclimatechange20-30yearsinthefuture:

• Therewillbeadecreaseinmentalhealthandfoodsecurity• Moldisaconcern,especiallyforvulnerablepopulations• Anincreaseorchangeininsectscancauseissues

Challenges,opportunities,casestudies,orsuccessstories:• Challengesincludeprovidingaccesstoemergencyservicesinfloods,dealingwithfilledmarshland,

andlosingpilingsEmergingissues/researchgaps:

• Consideringthelocationofemergencyserviceswithclimatechangeinmindwillbeachallenge• Adecreaseinmentalhealthisanemergingissue

LafayetteSatelliteMeeting–Lafayette,LATribalIssues

• TheHoumatribewasawardedaUSDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentgranttorelocatebuthavenotyetreceivedit becausethefundingisbeingheldbythestate.Anothertribehasalreadybeenforcedtoleave theirlandandtheHoumatribeistheirneighbor.

• Ifthereisamajorstorm,theHoumatribecouldbefloodedasinHurricaneKatrina.• Somedon’twanttoleavebecausetheyhavebeenthereforcenturies.• Tribemembershavereliedonfishingforgenerations.Thiswayoflifeandculturalidentityis

threatenedbyclimatechange

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• Thetribewastoldtheirareawouldbegonein50yearsbutatthecurrentrate,theybelieveitwillbefaster

Health• TheLouisianaStateUniversityPsychologyDepartmentisdoingastudylookingathowthestress

ofconstantlyrelocating duetoextremeeventsandfloodingareimpactinghumanhealth.o SpecificallylookingatpeoplewholefttheirhomestomovenorthbecauseofKatrina

but havesinceneededtorelocateseveraltimesbecauseoffloodinginotherareas.• Peopledon’tknowhowtodealwithmold in theirhomesafter flooding.• Peopledoinghomerestorationsafterfloodingandextremeeventshaveledtoanincreased

demand forTetanusvaccines.Thisbringsuptheissueofwhatdoyoudoifyoudonothaveenoughshotsforeveryoneinasituationlikethis

• Waterstoodforweeksafterflooding,killingeverythingbelowthewater.Thisresultedina bigsodmothproblem,andthesemothskilledeverythingelse.

• Contaminatedwaterisleftstandingforweeks,whichcontainallkindsofharmfulsubstancessuchaspesticidesfromlawns,etc.Thiswatersoaksintothegroundsonothinggrowsin somepeople’slawnsandtheycan’teatfruitfromtreesintheirownbackyardbecauseofhealthconcerns.

o Universitystudentsarecomingtopeople’shomesandtestingsoilqualityforfree• ThereisanincreasingconcernregardingincidentsofWestNileandZikainthearea

BuiltInfrastructure• Leveesandbarrierswereputuptoprotectagainstwatercomingfromthesouth,butsome

watercamefromthenorthfromextremeeventsandbarriersactuallytrappedthewaterinareasthatotherwisewouldnothaveflooded.Roadsareblockedduringemergencies.

• Thereisaquestionofwherepeoplecanrelocate,especiallyasthereisnotenoughhousing.Thisisespeciallyaproblembecausemanypeoplewhohavemovedbeforerefusetomoveagain,creatingsafetyissues.

• ForInterstate10betweenOrange,TexasandLakeCharles,floodingmodelswerenotadequate.

o Saidtheinterstatewasbuilttowithstandamajorfloodingeventbutitwasnotsufficientfortherecentflooding.NationaloilreservesarethereinTexaswhichposesadditionalrisks

• HasanyonelookedathowoftenhighwaysareshutdowninLouisianaduetofloodevents?This wouldbeaveryinterestingthingtoincludeinthechaptergiventheeconomicandsafetyimpacts.

• Becausethereissomuchrainonsuchascale,waterisunabletodrainasquicklyasitneedstobecausethesystemwasnotbuilttowithstandsuchthings.Infrastructureandpoorplanningarepartoftheproblem

• AfterHurricaneKatrina,nothingreallychanged.Westillhavethesamenumberofbridges,androadsarenotwidenedtoletpeopleevacuateintheeventofanemergency

• Thereareregulationstobuildonthecoast,butaccordingtoLouisianalaw,ownersofpropertyininlandLouisianacanbuildhowevertheywantontheirland.Atrendhasbeenseenforoptingtobuildnewinsteadofrepairingtheold.Newhousesandroadsarebeingbuiltinareas vulnerabletoflooding.Thereasonroadswerebuiltwheretheywereinthefirstplacewas becausetheywereinthehighestelevatedareas.

• PeoplearecommutingfromNewOrleanstoLafayetteandotherareas,despitetherisks,becausetheycanatleastfindhousinginNewOrleans.Infrastructureavailabilityissuesabound

• Mostmajorinfrastructureplanstake20yearstocomplete,andsomeneedfiveyearsjusttogetapermit.Thisisnotfastenoughtodealwiththechangescommunitiesareexperiencing

Agriculture

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• Inthespring,Louisianahada1,000yearfloodevent.Thentherewasanother1,000yearfloodeventinAugust.Theresultingstandingwaterstayedthereforweeks-longerthanitshouldhave-killing everythingunderthewater.Thiscreatedagriculturallossesonlandimpactedbythiskindof flooding.

Tourism• Aftertherecentflooding,peopleweretoldnottogotoNewOrleans;although,theflooding

did nottakeplaceinNewOrleans.Extremeeventshaveconsequencesforthestateasawhole, regardlessofwheretheeventsactuallytakeplace

Oceans• TheSoutheastRegionhassofarnottalkedmuchaboutoceans,andyettheregionis

surroundedby oceans.• Seafoodisamajorindustrywhichisbeingaffectedbyclimatechange.Thereisanincreased

risk ofdiseaseinseafood,andtherearestudiesonlinkagesbetweenclimatechangeandoyster production

• Extremesofsalinityandfreshwaterdamageoysterswhichneedamixofbothkindsofwater• ContaminatedwaterisgoingintotheriverortheGulfofMexico.Theoysterindustryis

suffering.Thisyear wasalsothefirsttimetheyeverclosedearlyduringbluecrabseason.• Oceanshaveabsorbedmuchofthewarming.Oneimpactistheincreaseinbraineating

amoebas.Thishappenedlastyearincoastalwatersandtakesplacewhenthereiswarm,stagnantwater

• DeadzonesandhypoxiaaremajorissuesintheGulf,whicharegrowingduetocontaminatedwaterflowingtothearea

• Salt-waterintrusionisaffectinggroundwater• TheGulfwasreallywarmthisyear,andwearelookingatapossibleLaNinathisyear,which

pointstoanabove averagehurricaneseason.Informationonmoisturefluxesfromtropicaltomid-Atlanticwould behelpful.

Ecosystems• TheBPoilspillexacerbatedproblems,suchasbykillingmarshandwetlands.Thesekindsof

events cannotbepredictedbutmagnifyclimatechangeimpactsinawaythatwecannotaccountfor

• Changesofinvasivespeciescauseissues.SomesaythatpythonswillbecominguptoLouisianafromFlorida

BrunswickSatelliteMeeting–Brunswick,GeorgiaAdaptationEffortsObservedChange

• Raisingheating,ventilation,andairconditioninginfrastructuretopreventdamagefromsealevelriseisapriority

• Thereisagreaterwillingnesstoadaptthanretreat• Thereismoreawarenessoftheneedtoadaptduetofloodinsurance,i.e.theCommunity

RatingSystem(CRS)• Therearemoretoolsavailableforthepublic• Localandstategovernmentsareincorporatingclimatechangeintoplans• Someinfrastructureretrofitsarehappening

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ProjectedChange• More adaptationisexpected• Costsarelikelytoincrease.Thereisaneedtominimizelongtermcosts• Economiesmaychangebecauseofclimatechangeimpactsonmajorindustries,suchas

seafoodandtourismCaseStudies&SpecificResources

• TheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration’sSeaLevelAffectingMarshesModelisagoodresource

Challenges,Opportunities,Successes• Therearesedimentdeliveryissuesassociatedwithreservoirs• Thereareissueswithinvasivespecies,whichcanactasacompoundingstressor• WorkdoneintheAltamahaCorridorforhabitatmigrationhasbeensuccessful• Challengesincludeworkingwithvulnerablecommunitiestoretreat/adaptandfinding

successfuladaptationexamplestoshareEmergingIssuesorResearchGaps

• Therearegapsineconomicresearch,costbenefitanalysisformitigation,adaptation,andretreatoptions,aswellasnetworkingacrossthestate,geographyandsectors

• Thereisaneedforfundingandtoprioritizeactionsbasedonneeds• Therearechallengesinthecapacitytoadaptandanyresultingunintendedconsequences

CoastalFloodingObservedChange

• Instancesof‘NuisanceFlooding’areincreasing• Property&infrastructuredamageincludingroadwashoutsisincreasing• Thereismore intense flooding fromrainandriverineoverflow• ThereareclimatechangeeffectsoncommerceandtravelingonHighway80• Saltwaterintrusion,vegetationalteration,andsaltimpactstolandscapeareissues• Standingwaterandmosquitoissuespresentchallenges

ProjectedChange• Therewillbemoreeconomicimpacts,landloss,erosionissues,andwaterqualityimpacts,which

includesaltandsevererunoff• Moreinfrastructure retrofitswillbeneeded• Therewillbealossoffloodplainwherethereisnotanabilitytomigrate,aswellashabitatloss

forfishandwildlifeCaseStudies&SpecificResources

• UsefulresourcesincludetheSeaLevelAffectingMarshesModel6.2,St.Mary’sandCityofTybee’sresearch,researchonSapeloIslandNationalEstuarineResearchReservehabitatloss,andUniversityofGeorgiasealevelrisehabitatlossresearch

• DeanHardy’svulnerabilityassessmentsattheUniversityofMarylandcouldbeuseful• FloodwatchfromtheUniversityofGeorgiaMarineExtensionisagoodresource

Challenges,Opportunities,Successes• Livingshorelines,includingthoseinSapelo,LittleSt.SimonsIsland,CannonsPointReserve,and

BurtonCenteronTybee,havebeensuccessful• Therearefundingchallenges,especiallyinthenearfuture• Thereisanopportunitytoincorporatemoreinthelocalplanningprocessandcoastal

management.• Theurgencyoftheissueofclimatechangeandseeingitsimpactsnowprovidesboth

opportunitiesandchallenges

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EmergingIssuesorResearchGaps• Thereisaneedformorelocalcasestudies,broaderpublicengagement,improvedpolitical

education,increasedcommunication,andabroadernetworkofsectorinvolvement• Understandingtheeconomicimpact, especiallywitheconomicservices,isagap

HealthIssuesObservedChange

• Therehasbeenachangeinmosquitos,tickbornediseases,andwaterqualityandquantityforcoastalanddrinkingwater

• Vulnerablecommunitieshavebeenmoreexposedtoimpactsofsealevelriseandheat• Stressandhardshiphasincreased• Instancesofcardiovascularissuesandheatstrokehaveincreased• Shellfishqualityhaschangedandharvestareaclosureshavebeenlonger

ProjectedChange• SpreadofZikaandWestNileaswellaswaterbornediseasesisprojected• Adecreaseinfoodavailabilitybecauseofpollutionandwaterissuesisexpected• Moldissuesmayincrease

CaseStudies&SpecificResources• Oysteraquacultureeducationregardingwaterqualitywouldbeagoodcasestudy

Challenges,Opportunities,Successes• Thereisanopportunitytoeducatethehealthfieldandbenefitfrompersonallyexperienced

impacts• Thehealthdepartmenthasbeensuccessfullyinvolvedinacommunityofpractice

EmergingIssuesorResearchGaps• Thewaysinwhichpopulationincreaseswillexacerbatehealthissuesareanemerging

challenge• Moreinformationisneededontheimpactsofpopulationdensityonheathaswellasnew

diseases

Extreme EventsObservedChange

• Precipitationhasnegativelyimpactedfisheries/crabs• Therehavebeennegativeimpactsondrinkingwatersupplies,groundwateravailability,

sedimentation• Saltwaterintrusion,habitatimpactsandloss,aswellasmarshdiebackhasincreasedin

drought• Thereisgreatererosionfromstormsandprecipitation• Algalbloomshaveincreased• Mosquito&pinebeetleoutbreakshavetakenplaceastheresultofdecreasesinfreezes• Invasivespeciessuchaswaterhyacinthandpythonsareencroaching,whichcanactasa

compoundingstressortoecosystemsalreadyunderstressbyachangingclimate• Displacedpopulationanddamagedinfrastructurefromhurricanesareissues

ProjectedChange• Greatereconomicimpacts,increasedwildfires,forestryissues,challengeswithfoodcosts

andavailability,more intensestorms,changesinfishassemblages,andalternatedrinkingwaterissuesareprojectedtoincrease

CaseStudies&SpecificResources• JasonChristensen’sworkattheUniversityofGeorgiacouldbeuseful

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• MarshdiebackreportsbyDr.Franklincouldbehelpful• RachaelGuyhasconductedresearchonshrimpanddroughts• Agoodresourceisalsoharmfulalgalbloomresearchbycoastalregionalhealthdepartments• DroughtplanbytheDepartmentofNaturalResourcesinGeorgiacouldprovideinsights

Challenges,Opportunities,Successes• Localactionintheformofdisasterrecoveryredevelopmentplanshasbeensuccessful• Challengesincludecostsandcreativewaystoconservewater

EmergingIssuesorResearchGaps• Emergingissuesincludeagingwaterinfrastructureandaquiferstoragerecoverymethods• Fundingtoaddresstheseissuesisagap• Howclimatechangeimpactstourism&sociallyvulnerablecommunitiesisanissue

EmoryUniversitySatelliteMeeting–Atlanta,GeorgiaFutureresearchneeds

• WhoisusingtheEvaluationofNationalClimateAssessmentandatwhateducationlevels(K-12)andforwhichcommunities?

• Thereisaneedtobeawareoftheaudiencewhencommunicatingaboutclimatechangeimpactsanddevelopcommunicationtoolsforthoseaudiences

o Usingvideosforstorytellingisagoodidea.PerhapsacollaborationwithClimateCentralofGeorgeMasononthiswouldbepossible

o Communicationshouldbeeasilyaccessibleandonlineo Personalstoriesforaspecificaudienceishelpful.Packaginginformationoutreachto

youngerpopulationsisalsoimportant.ThePipercartoononadaptationisanexample• ThereshouldbemoreinformationonPositiveFeedbacksHydrology• Howisuncertaintymeasuredandtakenintoaccount?Howcanthisbemadeusefultopolicy

makers?• Bettereconomicanalysisisimportant• Thereisaneedtobetterunderstandtheeconomic,health,energy,andinfrastructureimpactsof

oilandhydraulicfracturingoperations• Agreaterunderstandingofthelinksbetweensocialsciencesandinfrastructure/engineeringis

needed.Importantorganizationstothisendinclude:o AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)o Americansocietyofagricultureandbiologicalengineers(ASABE)

• Shortervslongertermweathertimeseries• Thereisaninterestinbetterunderstandingshiftsinprecipitationpatterns• Shiftsinagricultureanddroughtimpacts,suchasinFlintRiver,Georgiapresentsafutureresearch

needHealth

• Thehealthimpactsofprescribedfiresshouldbeconsidered• Theimpactofheatonmigrantandoutdoorworkersaswellastheresultingneedforemergency

responseisanimportanthealthconsideration• ThereisaneedtoconsiderthetypesofInfrastructureforbiomonitoringindicatorsandtheiruseof

surveillance• Focusingonweatherinformation,healthadaptation,informationsharing,andcommunicationon

theimpactsonvulnerablepopulationsisimportant• Injuryandtraumaneedsinthefaceofstormsandtornadoesneedstobeemphasized

Adaptations• Specifictonational/state/local

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• Howdowecharacterizeadaptivecapacity?o Matrixofintersectionsofscalebysector“howwearedoing”(rate)inadaptationterms–

somethingtoconsiderinAdaptationChaptero Possiblyemphasizesystematicefforts

• Public/privatepartnerships-Floridaexample:Paynerecharge-Workforce/jobscreated• TybeeIslandasadaptationexampletosealevelrise(NewYorkTimes)

o Federalresponseatlocallevel(CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,DepartmentofTransportation,etc.)

Rural/Urban• SocialscienceresearcharoundInfrastructure,Trees/canopy

o Climateeffects,co-benefitsKeyItemstoReportBack

• Communicationandpackagingofthechapterforeducationpurposesshouldfocusonenduserstoachieveaccessibilityandeffectiveness

• Thescopeofadaptationinvolvesmultiplelevelsofgovernmentandpublic/privatepartnerships• Adaptationexamplesexistacrossmultiplelevels.Thereshouldbeafocusoneconomicsfor

politicalrelevancy,aswellastheopportunityforjobs.Acalltoactionisalsoimportant.• Nextstepsincludefillinggaps,addressingmonitoring,surveillance,anddataneeds,andimproving

evaluation,inpartthroughthedevelopmentanduseofindicatorsDiscussion fromRemoteParticipants AfewpeopleinNorfolkdiscussedcoastalfloodingandadaptation

• Isextremescoveringdrought?• ThecasestudyforPortsmouthisinterestingone• VirginiaBeachincorporatesNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration’scoastal

floodingworkusingsciencecurvestoconnectsciencetoplanning,policy,andengineering,withagreaterfocusonengineering.ThecityisalsoaNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationcoastalresiliencegrantrecipient.ThecityhasruralareaslikeNortheastNorthCarolinaandincludesbothurbanandruralplanninginonelocale.Thecityalsohasanagriculturedepartmentwhichlooksatimpactsofwaterintrusionandhowincreasingsaltandwatertablesaffectagriculture

• NorfolkisdoinginnovativeworkwhichincludesbeingapartoftheRockefeller100ResilientCitiesprogramandproducingitsvision2100planlastsummer

• HamptonhasanurbanwaterplansimilartoNewOrleans;although,theyareearlierintheprocess.Thus,thismaynotbeatastagetobeacasestudyyet.

• TheLouisianaSeaGrantisdoinginterestingworkwhichincludesobservinghowdroughtinTexasandelsewhereaffectstheminLouisiana

• Kentuckystateclimatologistsarelookingatdrought.Inparticular,KentuckyStateClimatologistStuFosterhasinlandexamplesandperhapsacasestudyondrought

• IntheHamptonRoadsregion,theyarereinjectingwastewaterintogroundwatertohelpwithsubsidenceasawayofengineeringthewatercycle

• Thechapterneedsasectiononfreshwatersupplyandmanagementtocoverdroughtaswellassoutheastwatermanagementandmovementtootherregions

• GoingbacktotheupstreamstormsurgefloodingsuchasoccurredinNorthCarolina,howcanwehandlebreachingoflargehogfarmandruralsepticsystemsinlightofupstreamstormsurgeflooding,suchaswhatoccurredinNorthCarolina?

• Therearemoreandmoreimpactsfrom“nuisanceflooding”onagriculture• Thereareresearchneedsinforecastingaroundextremeevents