Regional Development Planning - WordPress.com · 1/6/2017 · • First to link sociological...

REGIONAL PLANNING

AND DEVELOPMENT

Angelica N. Francisco, EnP

January 8, 2017

Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro

Short Course on Environmental Planning

DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc. 1

• Region refers to a city or

central place plus the

outlying territories that are

functionally integrated with it.

• Region is based on

natural/physical as well as

economic/political

relationships between urban

areas and its surrounding

rural territories

What is a Region?



• Economic linkages

– Extent of urban influence on

nonurban

– areas. e.g. journeys to work

– Extent of urban dependence

on non-urban territories for

food, water and labor supplies,

etc.

– Production and consumption

functions: Industries,

commerce, trade



What is a Region?

• Infrastructure linkages

– Major Transport nodes

– Utility trunks – water

purification plants, power

supply

– Areas performing sink-

functions of city,

e.g. landfill, MRF, STP



What is a Region?

• Functional Region

– geographical area which displays a certain

functional coherence, an interdependence of

parts, defined on the basis of certain criteria;

5

Region in Real Space


DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.

– Economic Region – bound by economic linkages,

interflows of factors and materials, inputs-and outputs.

Economic Regions are often carved out by Trans-National

Corporations and other agents of Globalization by their

interlinking of industrial clusters, districts, zones and ports.

• Region as Space Economy. Traditional Industrial Districts,

Clusters, Ecozones,

– Natural Region – a geographic area of interdependent

ecosystems and natural communities (this will be

discussed in subsequent sessions under Ecosystem-Based

Planning)

6




• Formal Region – geographical area which is

uniform and homogeneous in terms of related

criteria; variability is absent; Used generally for

analytic purposes

– Political-Administrative Regions defined by

common political authority, administrative

boundaries (national, state, local) or electoral

constituency.

7




– Urban Region -- region encompassing large

cities/towns as well as commuter

villages/communities economically and socially

linked to them or dependent upon them. Urban

regions are erroneously treated as homogeneous

rather than as physical and socio-cultural

mosaic/collage/palimpsest or as a heterogenous

“ecosystem”

• Historic Region – area bound together by a common

historical past

8




• Natural Region – area defined by the

interdependence and connectedness of natural units

and habitats

• Bio-Region – based on interdependence and

natural connectedness of life forms and species

• Eco-Region – based on interdependence and

natural connectedness of ecosystems and their

communities

9

TYPES OF REGION



1.Early influences from the Garden City Movement

(UK) and New Towns Movement (US)

2.The number of US cities with „municipal planning

commissions‟ grew from 100 to 500 between 1920

1930.

History of

Regional Planning Movement



3. Regional Planning Association of America was

founded in 1923-25 published “Survey” – a manifesto containing the concept of a region

members - architects, engineers, surveyors, sculptors, artists,

sociologists (lawyers associate members only)

result - interdisciplinary approach to planning

4. Town and Country Planning Act of 1947 (UK) Concerned with the spatial impact of problems and the spatial

coordination of many different policies

Method of Planning – man assumes control over physical and human

matter and processes it to serve his defined needs

History of




5.Benton MacKaye published The New Exploration:

A Philosophy of Regional Planning, 1928

6.Thomas Adams and Lewis Mumford debated the

multi-volume Regional Plan of New York, 1928-

1932



History of


7. Regional Planning on counties, river basins, valleys,

dams, rangeland, ancestral land -- Los Angeles County,

1922; Appalachian Trail, 1928; Tennessee Valley

Authority 933; Grand Coulee Dam 1935; Colorado

River- Hoover Dam 1936; St Lawrence Seaway, 1959;

Delaware River 1961; Miami (Ohio) Valley 1970.

8. Regional Planning easily dovetailed with

Transportation Planning (Penn-Jersey, 1954; Chicago-

Detroit, 1954)



History of


Garden City – Ebenezer Howard



• The Garden City Movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the UK.

• Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by “greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.

• A green belt or greenbelt is a policy and land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighboring urban areas.

15



• Father of modern town planning / regional planning

• First to link sociological concepts into town planning

• “Survey before plan” i.e. diagnosis before treatment

• The sequence of planning is to be: (a) regional

survey; (b) rural development; (c) town planning;

and (d) city design

• These are to be kept constantly up to –date

Geddisian Triad – Patrick Geddes

17



• Conurbation – waves of population inflow to large

cities followed by overcrowding and slum formation,

and then the wave of backflow – the whole process

resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste, and

unnecessary obsolescence.

• A conurbation is a region comprising a number of

cities, large towns, and other urban areas that,

through population growth and physical expansion,

have merged to form one continuous urban and

industrially developed area.

Patrick Geddes – Planning Concepts:

18



• A tool for regional analysis,

index-museum and the

world‟s first sociological

laboratory

• It represents the essence of

Geddes‟ thought – his

holism, visual thinking, and

commitment to

understanding the city in the

region

Patrick Geddes – Outlook Tower:

19

Clarence Stein‟s Six Principles of New

Towns (1920s, USA)

– Earliest Regional Planning Efforts



1. Plan simply, but

comprehensively

2. Provide ample sites in the

right places for community use

3. Put factories and other

industrial buildings where

they can be used without

wasteful transportation of

people and goods

20

Clarence Stein‟s Six Principles of New

Towns (1920s, USA)

– Earliest Regional Planning Efforts



4. Cars must be parked and

stored (not on the streets!)

5. Bring private and public

land into relationship

6. Arrange for the

occupancy of houses

21

The Neighborhood Unit

Clarence Perry (1929)



The neighborhood is the planning unit for

a town. It was designed by Perry to act as

a framework for urban planners attempting

to design functional, self-contained and

desirable neighborhoods.

Perry‟s Neighborhood Unit was

conceptualized prior to an automobile-

based society (1920′s). His notes on

the plan above refer to walk distances,

narrow streets and a mix of uses. Perry

utilized the 5-minute walk to define walking

distances from residential to non-

residential components, in particular Perry

was very concerned about the walkability

to and from schools.

22

The Neighborhood Unit

Clarence Perry (1929)



• Evolved due to the advent of

industrial revolution and

degradation of the city

environment caused due to:

(a) high congestion;

(b) heavy traffic movement through

the city;

(c) insecurity to school going

children;

(d) distant location of shopping

and recreation activities

23



A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban

planning that refers essentially to smaller

metropolitan areas on the fringe of larger

metropolis.

SATELLITE TOWNS

24



Characteristics:

• Satellite cities are small or medium-sized cities

near a large metropolis

• Predate that metropolis‟ suburban expansion

• Are at least partially independent from that

metropolis economically and socially

SATELLITE TOWNS

25

Ribbon Development



• Ribbon development means

building houses along the routes

of communication radiating from

a human settlement

• Following the industrial

revolution, ribbon development

became prevalent along railway

lines –predominantly in the UK,

Russia and United States

26

Ribbon Development



• Ribbon development can also

be compared with a linear

village which is a village that

grew along a transportation

route, not as part of a city‟s

expansion

27

„GROWTH POLE‟ THEORY Francois Perroux



• “Growth does not appear

everywhere and all at once; it

manifests itself in points or „poles‟

of growth, with variable intensities;

it spreads by different channels

with variable terminal effects for

the economy as a whole.”

28




• Growth Pole – A spatial

agglomeration of related industries

which contains a growing number

of propulsive firms, which, through

their expansion, induce growth in

the surrounding hinterland

29




• Propulsive firm/ industry –

dominant economic unit which

when it grows or innovates,

induces growth in the other

economic units. It may be a firm, a

cluster of firms within the same

sector (i.e., an industry), or a

collection of firms which have

shared agreement (industrial

estate).

30




• Characteristics of propulsive firms:

large size; fast growth; strong

linkages; innovative

– Direct and indirect dominating

influence over all other activities

– Oligopolistic concentration of

industry with price leadership and

keen sense of anticipation in the

moves of its own sector as well as

related branches

31

GROWTH CENTER Jacques R. Boudeville



• Transformed „Growth Pole‟ into a specific place within

a region that is heterogeneous, continuous, and not

specialized.

• Growth Center (geographic space) is a propulsive

urban center of a region possessing a complex of

expanding industries where the agglomeration of

activities induces growth in its surrounding hinterland.

The growth center has growth rate of population or

employment that is greater than that of total region.

32




• “Regional growth center” refers to “a set of

expanding industries located in an urban area

and inducing further development of economic

activity throughout its zone of influence” with

complex activities around propulsive center

33




• Growth centers are often crafted onto “hierarchy

of central places”

– Central place functions = number of functions

– Nodal location = predominant flows

– Location on the development surface = level of

development indifferent locations

– Population growth rate

34

USEFULNESS OF GROWTH POLE /

GROWTH CENTER



• Efficient way of generating

development – owing to

agglomeration economies

• Less public expenditures if

investment areas are concentrated

in specific growth points

• Spill-over effects out of the growth

point will help solve the problems

of depressed regions

35



• Transportation routes as channels

of growth

• Useful to understand regional

structures and designate regional

centers, predict changes or

prescribe solutions to certain

regional problems

36


GROWTH CENTER



• Inspired the Philippine strategy of

“concentrated decentralization”

where alternative urban centers

serve as counter magnets to the

Primate City (NCR) which has

caused “economic polarization”

37


GROWTH CENTER

„Theory of Cumulative Causation‟(1957) Gunnar Myrdal, Nobel Laureate



• Capitalism is characterized by income and welfare

inequalities based on history

• In countries divided into regions, growth will not be

the same. Disequilibrium in economy is due to market

forces; Market forces create regional inequalities and

widen those which already exist. Market forces, if left

alone, tend to increase rather than decrease

inequalities between regions

38




• Regions with expanding economic activity will attract

net migration from other parts of the country, thus

favoring the growth regions.

39




• Circular and cumulative causation

– Change in some variables does not bring the system

back to equilibrium = induces supporting changes

farther from the initial state

– A region or country becomes richer, the poor becomes

poorer because of cumulative process where forces

work in circular causation to reinforce development or

underdevelopment.

– “The poor becomes poorer and the rich becomes

richer.”

40

Gunnar Myrdal‟s Theory of Cumulative Causation





• Trade operates with the same fundamental bias in

favor of more progressive regions

• Government policy should be to counteract

tendency of capitalist system to foster regional

inequalities. Government needs to intervene to

decrease imbalances wherever the normal market

mechanisms proves inadequate.

42




• Linkage – input-output relationships among firms

or among industries

• Forward linkage – outputs or sales from one

intermediate firm/industry is maximally utilized by

another firm/industry

• Backward linkage – factors of production or

intermediary inputs from one firm/industry is

maximally utilized by another firm/industry

43


Theory of Cumulative Causation



John Friedmann‟s

„Center-Periphery Model‟



• Friedmann went beyond

notions of growth pole and

growth center using center-

periphery concept that goes

beyond inter-sectoral

distribution of resources.

45

John Friedmann‟s




• Economic growth would occur

through a highly developed

and interconnected functional

hierarchy of cities and towns

and such growth is

proportional to the size of

agglomeration. This hierarchy

of cities is a means of

integrating the periphery with

the center.

46



• The periphery of a region can be

divided into four parts: upward

transitional, downward transitional,

resource frontier and special problem.

– Upward transitional regions are

areas which are growing with high

growth potential but are capital

constrained.

– Downward transitional regions

are old rural (or industrial)

economies in decline and where

emigration is most evident.

47

John Friedmann‟s




– Resource frontiers are new

settlement zones in which

potentials for growth is large.

– Special problem regions are

those needing policy interventions

more than the other cited regions.

• This classification allows distinction of

regions according to needed policy

actions and that the treatment of

regional problems are not taken in

isolation but in consideration of the

whole regional system. 48

John Friedmann‟s


Agropolis by John Friedman



• Connect urban area with its

surrounding rural areas

• Selective Territorial Closure –

trade among yourselves,

basically self reliance, focus on

domestic demand, not exports

• Basic Needs Approach

• “Agropolis” became a model

for “Integrated Area

Development” in regional

planning.

49

„Central Place Theory‟ Walter Christaller

• Central Place is a

village/town/city that is

engaged in settlement-

forming trade and

provides a common

location for the local

exchange of goods and

services




• „Hinterland‟ is the

surrounding area or Market

Area being served by a

central place; it is a large

tributary




• There is clustering of human

population around Central

Places through time until a

Hierarchy of Settlements

appears that corresponds to

the market‟s need for low-

level to high-level services.




• The larger the settlements,

the fewer their number. The

larger a settlement, the

farther away a similar size

settlement is.

• The range of market

increases as the population

increases




• The larger the settlement, the

higher the order of its

services. Deviations to this

rule are:

Tourist resorts that have a small

population but large number of

functions.

Dormitory towns that have a

large population but a small

number of functions



Central Place Theory

(The Urban Hierarchy Model)

1)Cities of the same order have

similar economic characteristics

and population sizes.

2) Higher order cities have all the

services of a lower order city,

plus functions that they export

to lower order cities.





3) Smaller cities have smaller

hinterlands and are closer

together.

4) Central places of the same

order will be equally spaced

across the regional/national

landscape.

5) Commodities generally do

not flow up the hierarchy.





Big Point

A useful, but not perfect

model that underscores the

importance of recognizing

the local city‟s role in a

regional economy.



1)Producers are willing to travel up to point „a‟, to

purchase from the other producers

2)With improved transport

and communication,

consumers willing to

travel further to „b‟

3) Market areas overlap:





4)Systematic pattern of central places is evenly

spaced and surrounded by hexagonally shaped

market areas

5)Service activities range

from “low order” services

found in every center to

“higher order” services

found only in major cities.





Scalogram

as a Measure of Centrality

A Scalogram Matrix is used to arrange the different

types of facilities and services and rank them by their

level of ubiquity and functional complexity.

The scalogram can also be used as a general

reference in making decisions about locating services

and facilities in order to increase potential access for

communities within various levels of the hierarchy.

60

61

Scalogram

as a Measure of Centrality

Usefulness of Central Place Theory

• Theory stresses relevance of market area to the size of a

town‟s population

• Theory highlights the importance of situation rather than

site conditions

• Theory introduces urban hierarchy, helps understand the

emergence of an integrated hierarchy of cities of different

functions and sizes.

• Theory served as basis for administering urban regions

and for allocating resources (for investment decisions)

• Provides framework for understanding regional spatial

structure Short Course on Environmental Planning


Limits of Central Place Theory

• CPT assumes urban settlements

are located on an isotropic or

uniform plain and keeps terrain,

soils, other environmental factors

as uniform; theory ignores

variable topography.

63 Short Course on Environmental Planning



• Production inputs are present

everywhere („ubiquitous‟) at the

same price static. A steady-state

economy free of government or

social classes.

• Transportation is universally

available, assumes uniform

transportation costs in all

directions




• Theory assumes uniform

distribution of population, uniform

per capita demand, and evenly-

distributed purchasing power.

Population is equated with

demand. Not necessarily so.

• Linear concept of market : from a

single-good economy to a

multiple-goods economy with

different-order goods



• Producers always optimize

(maximize profits) while

consumers minimize costs.

• Consumers expected to

patronize nearest centers

from their locations. No

shopping externalities (no

complementary goods and

imperfect substitutes)




• Theory does not consider

local specialization wherein

places produce goods and

services for other areas;

• Real-world deviations:

Historical circumstances

Government interference

Social stratification

Income differences

Topographical variations




Rank-Size Rule (1941) George Zipf

• Based on George Kingsley Zipf‟s (1902-1950) method in linguistics. Grafted onto Hierarchy of Central Places.

• The Rank Size Rule notes the relationship between the ranks of cities and their populations.

• Population of a given urban area tends to be equal to the population of the largest city divided by the rank of the population size into which the given urban area falls, the population of settlements thus being arranged according to the series 1, ½, ¼, etc..

68

• The formula is Pn=P1/nq where Pn is the population

of towns ranked n, P1 is the population of the largest

town and n is the rank of the town.

• For example, if the largest town has a population of

x, the second largest town will have a population of

x/2, the 3rd largest will have a population of x/3 and

so on.

69


• Descending order of population 1 n

Pn = P1

nq

Pn = population of nth settlement

P1 = population of largest settlement

n = settlement rank

q = exponent which usually approximates unity.

• May be partially useful in administration and in the allocation of resources.

70


• Weaknesses:

– In most countries, the largest city is larger than the rule would suggest

– Considers only service elements (commerce and trade) and not localization of natural resources

• Does apply when there is Urban Primacy.

71


Urban Bid-Rent Theory William Alonso (1964)



• Each activity derives utility from every site of the

urban area;

• Utility is measured by the „rent‟ an activity is willing to

pay for the use;

• Among the different rents from the utility of the site,

the maximum one will determine the market value.

• People would trade-off land and amenities for

accessibility; this would explain where people work

and where they live.

72




• Land value is maximum at

the city center and

decreases when moving to

peripheries;

• Rent diminishes outward

from the center to offset both

expected lower revenues,

higher operating costs, and

higher transport costs

73

• Land that is more

accessible to the center

has a higher value.

• Land rents decline farther

away from an employment

or transport center.




• As a firm moves closer to

the CBD, transport costs

fall which increases the

amount a firm is willing to

pay for land.

• Taller buildings are built on

higher-valued land leading

to the formation of „Central

Business District‟ Short Course on Environmental Planning



• Firm substitutes capital for

land enabling it to produce

the same output on less

land, or in other words,

more output per unit of land.

• Higher land prices lead

profit maximizing firms to

substitute other factors of

production for land. Short Course on Environmental Planning



Critique Urban Bid-Rent Theory



Assumptions:

• City is mono-centric with a

single nucleus

• There is perfect competition

and level playing field; there

are many identical price-taking

firms which are earning zero

economic profits in equilibrium

• Land is sold to the highest

bidder.

• All land is identical, except for

transport nodes which have

higher accessibility.

77

Critique Urban Bid-Rent Theory

Critique:

• Urban Bid-rent Theory states that commercial space (retail,

offices) needs to get close to the population but as

diseconomies of urbanization ensue (congestion, traffic, etc),

manufacturing firms move away from the urban center.

• When populations also move away from the urban center as in

the processes of „suburbanization‟ and the growth of multiple

nodes, the value of urban land at the core also decreases.

• Thus, Urban Bid-Rent Theory only applies to monocentric

cities with strong urban cores and CBDs – Example:

Melbourne, Zurich, Stockholm, Copenhagen Short Course on Environmental Planning


• It concerns planning for a sub-national territory

with known scale (size) and extent (scope),

normally a contiguous area whose parts have

common or complementary characteristics and

are linked by intensive interaction or flows.

• It is intermediate between national and urban

levels and straddles the gap between national and

grassroots levels.

• Region is always extended urban space – it has

urban as well as rural components.



What is Regional Planning?

• Aspects of Regional Planning

– Physical – planning an area‟s physical structures: land use,

communications, utilities, etc. and has its origin in the regulation and

control of town development (direct control), decentralization policies

– Economic – concerned with the economic structure of an area and its

overall level of prosperity (works more through the market mechanism),

growth poles, efficiency, how to attract investments, reduction of

regional disparities (regional convergence)

– Social – migration of people, issues of equity, allocation, redistribution

– Cultural – ethnic identity, common history, homogeneity versus

heterogeneity

– Environmental – connectedness of ecosystems, sustainability



What is Regional Planning?

• Decentralization policies

• Distribution of population

• Reduction of economic disparities among regions –

versus economic polarization

• Inter-regional allocation or redistribution of resources

(regional convergence)

• Institutional capacitation (e.g. reorganization of local

governments)

Focus of Regional Planning



• Causes of Regional Imbalance

– Geography & natural endowments: uneven distribution

of harbors, minerals, raw materials

– historical factors: invasion, colonization, etc.

– specific economic, political, technological, social,

demographic conditions

– combination: in the beginning, external factors, later

internal factors

• State policies and interventions have to temper if not

rectify Regional Divergence rather than intensify it.

Regional Divergence - Regions are inherently unequal





Spatial data to understand region conditions

• Compile information:

– Sub-national / geo-referenced data to measure poverty,

incomes, employment, industrial composition

– Census or household data to measure labor migration

– Inter regional trade data to measure production linkages

• Generate Stylized Facts:

– How large and persistent are “distances” across regions?

– Measuring and mapping poverty Measuring geographic

inequalities (Consumption , Production, Natural endowments)

83

World Bank‟s Model of Regional Planning in

World Development Report 2009 Framework



Identify barriers to connectivity:

– Identify why geographic differences in economic and

social indicators persist?

• Barriers to labor mobility

• Inflexible land use and property rights

• High transport costs

– Measure economic and social costs

• Limited access to public services

• Loss of scale and specialization in production

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Identify priorities for territorial integration

• Identify activities that generate the highest

economic and social payoffs regionally as well

as nationally

– Calculate costs and benefits of investments across

regions and sectors

– Rank order options based on expected payoffs

85





• Policies leading industrial development in

lagging regions may involve trade-offs

– For manufacturing based growth accelerators

• economies of scale will matter a lot

– As industrial clusters are in formation:

• it is important not to counter them

– Export-led growth is made between cities;

and regions close to export markets

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• In areas with rich natural and economic geographies

– countries should emphasize durable investments

that accelerate national economic growth

– Tilt investments to increase productivity of

firms

– Transport and telecommunications

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• In areas with poor natural and economic

geographies – countries should emphasize portable

investments that accelerate poverty reduction and

stimulate labor mobility.

– Tilt investments to improve living standards of

families.

– social services -- basic education, health, water

and sanitation

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• No single best policy option that could maximize both

economic growth and poverty reduction

simultaneously, but…

• Governments could improve its chances of improving

on both fronts (growth/poverty reduction) by:

– Concentrating core transport infrastructure

investments in urban centers with high economic

potential, and

– Evenly distributing public education spending to

improve human capital across all LGUs.



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Three sets of instruments to connect lagging and

leading areas:

• Institutions

– Spatially universal: health, education, rural

access, water, property rights -- use/ transfer,

income tax policies, portable pensions



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leading areas:

• Infrastructure

– Spatially connective: inter-regional transport,

logistics, information and communication

technologies



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leading areas:

• Incentives

− Spatially targeted: incentives, tax holidays,

technology transfer/ innovation, clusters, EPZs,

SEZs



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THANK YOU!

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