Regents Biology 2007-2008 Skeletons & Muscles Regents Biology Animal Movement What are the...
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Transcript of Regents Biology 2007-2008 Skeletons & Muscles Regents Biology Animal Movement What are the...
Regents Biology 2007-2008
Skeletons & Muscles
Regents Biology
Animal Movement
What are the advantages of being mobile?1. Find food 2. escape 3. migrate 4. find a mate
mobileable to move from
place to place
sessilestay in one place
Ex: barnacles
Regents Biology
Human endoskeleton
206 bones
Axial skeletonskull, rib cage,
spine
Appendicular Skeleton
hips, shoulders, arms and legs
Regents Biology
Human endoskeleton
Functions
1. support
2. protect
3. Move4. Store minerals5. Make blood cells
Ossification – the replacement of cartilage by bone
Regents Biology
6 Types of Joints – Name, type of movement, example
1. Ball and socket• Wide range of movement - ex. Hips and shoulders
2. Hinge• Back and forth movement – ex. Wrist and knee
3. Pivot • Twisting movement – ex. Neck and elbow
4. Fixed• NO movement – ex. skull
5. Gliding• Sliding movement – ex. Wrist and ankle
6. Saddle• Allows thumb to cross over palm – ex. Thumb ONLY
Regents Biology
3 Types of Muscle
voluntaryinvoluntary,contract on their own
involuntary
Connect to boneWork in pairsStriated or striped
NOT striatedControlled by the medullaExample – peristalsis, diaphragm
Heart ONLYStriated
striated
smooth
cardiac
Regents Biology
Muscle movement Muscles do work by contracting (shortening)
Muscles can only pull bone skeletal muscles come in antagonistic pairs
Muscles work against each other Flexor (bends) vs. extensor (straightens)
Regents Biology
3 Types of connective tissue♦Tendons - connect bone to muscle
Ligaments - connect bone to bone
Cartilage – cushions between bones
Regents Biology
Fast twitch & slow twitch muscles Slow twitch muscle fibers
contract slowly, but keep going for a long time more mitochondria for aerobic respiration
long distance runner “dark” meat = more blood vessels
Fast twitch muscle fibers contract quickly, but get tired rapidly sprinter “white” meat
Regents Biology
Muscle limits Muscle fatigue
lack of ATP – anaerobic respiration low O2
lactic acid lowers pH which interferes with enzyme (protein) function
Muscle cramps build up of lactic acid – causes the
“burn” lack of (ATP) massage or stretching increases
circulation
Regents Biology
Diseases – failure to maintain homeostasis
ALS - amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(Lou Gehrig’s disease)motor neurons degenerate
Osteoporosis – loss of Calcium Arthritis – loss of cartilage – bones
“rub” together Tendonitis Leukemia – cancer of bone marrow