REGENERATION OF DECAYING URBAN PLACE THROUGH ADAPTIVE DESIGN INFILL Case Study: Kampung Kriya, Cultural Tourism and Creative Sectors In!ll at Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Bandung, Indonesia� by Hafiz Amirrol�

PREVIEW 2

1.  Topic Discussion 2.  State of Decay – Issues and Problems 3.  Responding the Issues – Urban Regeneration 4.  Case Study 5.  Site Background 6.  Design Statement 7.  Design Strategies and Frameworks 8.  Design Programming 9.  Critical Assessment and Reflection 10.  Bibliography

The area of intervention in relation to Jalan Jenderal Sudirman (Source: Author, 2011)

Figure ground plan of the existing condition of the decaying site showing patches of unregulated building blocks and parcels of open spaces (Source: Author, 2011)

STATE OF DECAY: ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

WHAT IS URBAN DECAY?

Urban decay is the process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude (Grogan & Proscio, 2001).

Urban decay does not have one single cause, but rather a combination of many, including poor urban planning, redlining, poverty, suburbanization and lack of political will to maintain the area into being a decent place to live in (Lim, 2001).

Where land and financial resources are not well allocated, slums and squatters exist, and led to urban decay (Lim, 2001).

Crime, racial tension, riots, mass unemployment, and falling standards in the provision of urban services are some of the more obvious and disturbing indicators of a general and deep-seated deterioration in the social, economic, political, and financial fabric of a city leading to urban decay (Clark, 1989).

WHAT CAUSES THE SITE TO DECAY?

1. Ribbon Development Policy

1.  Resulted in inefficient use of resources and a precursor to urban sprawl and traffic congestion.

2.  Difficult to be serviced efficiently. 3.  Competitiveness of the place, which have to deal with the availability of

efficient infrastructure, facilities and amenities. 4.  Massive and uncontrolled land conversion. 5.  Unreliable supply of water resources and utilization. 6.  Solid waste and liquid waste management. 7.  Inadequate green open spaces.

(Source: Middleton, 1991)

2. Settlements and Population Issues

1.  Settlement problems due to the lack of efficiently allocated space and concentration of the population.

2.  Increasing informal sectors, which resulted in influx of low skilled migrants to the area.

3.  Declining living standard quality causing local citizens to move away to new places that offer better living environment.

3. Competition with New Urban Areas

1.  Development of new urban areas that offer better services and commercial areas, such as malls, distros, tourism spots, etc. increasingly sharpening the dualistic socio-economic conditions of the decaying place.

(Source: Lim, 2001 & Siregar, 1990)

4. Failures of Planning Policies

1.  Unsuitable planning policies that fully adopted Western models without any alteration and improvisation to suit local contexts.

2.  Tensions between the dualist kampung – kota environment. 3.  Poor allocation and maintenance of public services and infrastructures. 4.  Wasteful new developments that is not responsive to the real needs of the

city’s inhabitants. (i.e. over development of gigantic shopping malls, developments on gazetted public and green areas, etc.)

5. Lack of Regulations and By-Laws

1.  Unregulated modification of the built environment that does not respond to the behavioral patterns and culture of the local community.

2.  Weakness in political will and implementation of bylaws and regulations.

(Source: Ng & Hill, 2003)

WHAT ARE THE DECAYS?

1.  Public spaces, community facilities and infrastructure tend to be worn-out and neglected.

2.  Older housing and premises for small businesses have a backlog of repairs.

3.  Numerous derelict buildings attract squatters and illegal activity of various types, causing crime level to be high.

4.  Poor and unregulated building constructions.

5.  Improper utilization of land. (Source: Field survey, 2011)

Urban decay as a result from unregulated transformations (Source: Author, 2011)

RESPONDING THE ISSUES: URBAN REGENERATION

WHAT IS URBAN REGENERATION?

1940s – Urban transformation activities have included the process of ‘clearance’, ‘renewal’ and ‘redevelopment’ strategies.

1950s – Urban transformation activities have also included strategies of ‘reconstruction’.

1960s – The initiatives move on to ‘revitalization’, ‘rehabilitation’ and ‘improvement’ strategies.

1970s – Strategy of ‘urban renewal’ became the major urban transformation activities, with particular emphasis on the coordination and improvement of the separated economic, social and physical aspects of urban policies.

1980s – Main urban transformation strategy was ‘urban redevelopment’. Private sector, instead of central government, became the major actor in the urban redevelopment projects in this period.

(Source: Roberts, 2000)

1990s - today – ‘Urban regeneration’ has become the fundamental urban policy to improve living quality of a place (Zubir & Silis, 2007).

Main Purpose – To eliminate blighted areas – turning them into areas that have better built environment quality and values.

Main Objective – Creating more pleasurable living by responding to more holistic criteria of what pleasurable living should be.

Targets of Improvements – 1.  Flexible and adaptive plans for the place. 2.  Land and building values. 3.  Update and improve infrastructure. 4.  Provide incentives for future development. 5.  Focus and encourage public resources to stimulate and leverage larger

private investments to the area.

Main Concerns of Urban Regeneration –

1.  The relationship between the physical conditions of urban space and social deprivation.

2.  The need to attend to matters of housing and health in urban areas.

3.  The attractiveness of linking social improvement with economic progress.

4.  The containment of urban growth. 5.  The changing role and nature of policy.

CASE STUDY

ROPEWALKS, LIVERPOOL

Lesson Learnt: Industry-based Economy, Building Types,

Scale and Proportions

Urban design frameworks for RopeWalks’ regeneration plan (Source: Liverpool City Council and URBANSPLASH UK, 2009)

Slater Street in RopeWalks – before and after the regeneration initiatives (Source: URBANSPLASH UK, 2009)

DISTRICT SIX, CAPE TOWN

Lesson Learnt: Housing Restitution, City Gallery as Catalyst,

Collective Memory

District Six urban regeneration frameworks (Source: N&M Associates Planners and Designers, 2004)

District Six – before and after the regeneration initiatives (Source: District Six Museum, 2009)

DESA SOSROWIJAYAN & DESA PRAWIROTAMAN,

YOGYAKARTA Lesson Learnt:

Kampung – Kota Relationship, Home Industry Economy, Cultural Tourism, Urban Fabric

Desa Sosrowijayan and Desa Prawirotaman in relation with the city context of Yogyakarta (Source: Google Map, 2010)

Tourist village of Desa Sosrowijayan (Source: Flickr, 2009)

Tourist village of Desa Prawirotaman (Source: Flickr, 2009)

THE PAINTING GARAGE, BANDUNG

Lesson Learnt: Public Initiatives, Community-based Programming, Small Scale – Big Idea

SITE BACKGROUND

Urban fabric studies based on satellite image and ground survey drawing (Source: Google Map and Author, 2011)

Surrounding context of regeneration interventions’ area (Source: Author, 2011)

Population of the place according to gender and religion (Source: Daftar rekapitulasi penduduk Kota Bandung untuk

Kelurahan Kebon Jeruk, 2011)

Population according to age group with involvement in the home industries showed in yellow strips (Source: Daftar sensus Kecamatan Andir, 2011)

Home industries as economic generator for the area (Source: Author, 2011)

Ownership status of houses and building stocks (Source: Daftar sensus Kecamatan Andir, 2011)

Current condition of the site in numbers and figures (Source: Author, 2011)

Street profile studies through mapping of activities and sectional analysis with potential new infill to improve street life qualities

(Source: Author, 2011)

Consideration of Urban’s Physical Conditions (Montgomery, 1998)

1.  Development Intensity 2.  Mixed Use 3.  Fine Grain 4.  Adaptability 5.  Human Scale 6.  City Blocks and Permeability 7.  Streets: Contact, Visibility and Horizontal Grain 8.  Public Realm 9.  Movement 10. Green Space and Water Space 11. Landmarks, Visual Stimulation and Attention to Detail 12. Architectural Style as Image

DESIGN STATEMENT

1.  Approach the problems of the site’s decay condition by means of an appropriate, feasible and sustainable urban regeneration plan.

2.  The regeneration plan will adopt adaptive reuse and design infill development strategies in order to maximize utilization of the site’s physical potential.

3.  Strategic branding concept is used to support the regeneration initiatives, based on the site’s existing strength in home industry activities.

Formulation of the three strategies is designed to elevate the living standard quality of the area and re-brand it into becoming the new cultural and tourist destination area for Bandung, thus improving the wealth and economic status of the local community.

This is being done by transforming the area into becoming Kampung Kriya Sudirman – a regenerated kampung kota that prides itself as the new cultural tourism and home industry haven for Bandung.

DESIGN STRATEGIES AND FRAMEWORKS

DESIGN INFILL AS CATALYST

DESIGN FRAMEWORK

Sketch analysis of the proposed regeneration plan’s massing and configurations (Source: Author,2011)

Overlaying variety thematic corridors and strips as architectural catalyst (Source: Author, 2011)

ADAPTIVE REUSE

Adaptive reuse is the act of finding a new use for an old building. Buildings and neighborhoods with interesting spaces and unusual appearance are particularly attractive to developers and buyers (Burchell & Listokin, 1981).

DESIGN INFILL DEVELOPMENT

Design infill development as the process of developing vacant or under-used parcels within existing urban areas that are already largely developed. Through the use of an infill development ordinance and bylaw, these vacant nonconforming lots can be brought back into productive use. (Lim, 1998).

PUBLIC SPACE INFILL

AERIAL VIEW FROM SARITEM

AERIAL VIEW FROM CIBADAK

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC

BUILDING TAXONOMY

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

HOTELS AND HOMESTAYS / PUBLIC FACILITY BUILDINGS

HOTELS AND HOMESTAYS / PUBLIC FACILITY BUILDINGS

COMMERCIAL AND MIXED USE BUILDINGS

COMMERCIAL AND MIXED USE BUILDINGS

COMMERCIAL AND MIXED USE BUILDINGS

Sectional sketch studies (Source: Author, 2011)

Sectional sketch studies (Source: Author, 2011)

Arcades and gateways providing shades and new experience for the city strollers (Source: Author, 2011)

GATEWAY TO SHOPPING CORRIDOR

SHADED SHOPPING CORRIDOR ENTRANCE GATEWAY

Sketch studies on the scale, height, position and overall visual appearance of shops and boutiques, flats, open spaces and the public realm (Source: Author, 2011)

FLATS (PROPOSED SCHEME 1)

FLATS (PROPOSED SCHEME 2)

Sketch studies on the scale, height, position and overall visual appearance of shops and boutiques, flats, open spaces and the public realm (Source: Author, 2011)

FLATS (PROPOSED SCHEME 3)

SHOP AND BOUTIQUE

Sketch study on the potential of the existing river and new design infill as the catalyst to identification of place making quality (Source: Author, 2011)

View from street junction of Kampung Sukamanah towards city gallery, flats, entrance gateway and gazebos along Sungai Citepus

(Source: Author, 2011)

View from Jl. Jenderal Sudirman towards Jl. Asia Afrika, showing street canopies as shading for pedestrian walkway and adjusted building frontage setbacks

(Source: Author, 2011)

View from Kampung Kriya Sudirman towards Cibadak cluster, showing the relationship between gateways, buildings, open spaces and Jl. Jenderal Sudirman

(Source: Author, 2011)

View from an open space dedicated for communal activities and its scale relationship with flats and other buildings as its background

(Source: Author, 2011)

DESIGN PROGRAMMING

Programming and branding strategies for Kampung Kriya Sudirman (Source: Author, 2011)

CRITICAL ASSESSMENT

AND REFLECTION

1.  Efficient use of land (avoiding urban sprawl), which must also include appropriate new housing schemes and economic spots for existing local community to live there without having to be affected with the issue of gentrification or eviction from their own place.

2.  Economic strength (good promotion of tourist attraction and services, public and private investments, local product showcase galleries, backpackers hotels, restaurants and cafes).

3.  Ecological awareness (environment protection, increase of urban greens, outdoor recreation areas, efficient use of energy).

4.  Cultural heritage protection (post industrial built environment, architectural gems, arts and cultural institutions activities, local gastronomy, tradition and dialects).

5.  Good governance and good design (attractive architecture, landscaping, public space management, approved and consulted with local community members, with their active commitment and participation).

6.  Easy-to-understand designs are more preferable by the community, with intimate scale friendly to the public realm and the fine grain of a kampung.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BURCHELL, R.W. & LISTOKIN, D. (1981) The Adaptive Reuse Handbook: Procedures to Inventory, Control, Manage and Re-employ Surplus Municipal Properties. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

LIM, W. (1998) Asian New Urbanism. Singapore: Select Publishing.

LIM, W. (2001) Alternatives in Transition – The Postmodern, Glocality and Social Justice. Singapore: Select Publishing.

MONTGOMERY, J. (1998) Making A City: Urbanity, Vitality and Urban Design, in Journal of Urban Design Vol. 3, No. 1, p.p. 93-116.

NG, M.K. & HILLS, P. (2003) World Cities or Great Cities? A Comparative Study of Five Asian Metropolises in Cities, Vol. 20.3, p.p. 151-165, Hong Kong: Sustainable World Cities Programme.

ROBERTS, P. (2000) The Evolution, Definition and Purpose of Urban Regeneration in ROBERTS, P. and SYKES, H. (ed.) Urban Regeneration: A Handbook, London: Thousand Oaks.

SIREGAR, S.A. (1990) Bandung—The Architecture of a City in Development: Urban Analysis of a Regional Capital as a Contribution to the Present Debate on Indonesian Urbanity and Architectural Identity (Doctoral Dissertation), Leiven: Katholieke Universiteit Leiven.

ZUBIR, S.S & SILIS, F (2007) A Conceptual Approach to Urban Rejuvenation: A Design Intervention Exercise in the Historic Silver Triangle of Kuala Lumpur in ZUBIR, S.S (ed.) REVUE 3: Shah Alam: Universiti Teknologi MARA.

*expanded bibliography is available in the Thesis Report.

END OF PART 2 7 June 2011