Regd. No. 21747 ISSN 2277-2014

ISSN 2277-2014

Editor Dr. Anish Kumar Verma

Published by :

South Asia Research & Development InstituteVaranasi, U.P. (INDIA)

Regd. No. 21747

Vol. IV No. 4 October-December 2014

Associate EditorsDr. Rajeev Kumar Tripathi Dr. Purusottam Lal Vijay

PatronDr. Lalji Tripathi, Principal, Mariahu P.G. College, Mariahu, Jaunpur, U.P.

Ex. Prof. Gurudin, M.G.K.V.P., Varanasi, U.P.

International Editorial BoardAnna Malingdog, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Political Science, De La Salle University, Manila,PhilippinesAbdul Qayyum, Pakistan

National Editorial BoardProf. Munnilal, Deptt. of Economics, MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.Prof. Shri Bhagwan Rai, Deptt. of Commerce, BHU, Varanasi, U.P.Dr. Deenbandu Tiwari, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, LBS PG College, Varanasi, U.P.Dr. Rekha, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.Dr. Rajneesh, Asst. Prof. Deptt. of Sociology, SSSVS Govt. PG College, Chunar, U.P.Dr. Anju Sihare, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. Chhatrasal College, Pichore, M.P.Dr. Ramesh Kumar, HOD, Deptt. of Political Science, S.D. College, Ambala, Hariyana.Dr. R. Panneerselvam, Assistant Professor, History Wing, DDE, Annamalai University,Annamalai Nagar, TamilnaduDr. Anjaneya Pandey, HOD, Deptt. of English, Mariahu P.G. College, Jaunpur, U.P.Dr. Kaushal Kishor, Asst. Prof. in Socoilogy & Anthropology, A.N. Sinha Institute of SocialStudies, Patna, BiharDr. Reeta, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Gangapur Compus, MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.Mr. Surendra Pratap Singh, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.

Advisory BoardProf. Renuka Kumari Sinha, HOD, Deptt. of Psychology, J.P. University, Bihar.

Prof. Vasant S. Ghule, Director of Phy. Edu., S.S.K.R.I. College, Washim, Maharastra.Dr. Rakesh Kumar Maurya, Principal, R.D.P.G. College, S.R.N. Bhadohi, U.P.Dr. Sushil Kumar Gautam, Head Deptt. of Phy. Edu., MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.

Dr. Anurag Mishra, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Sci., Mariahu P.G. College, Jaunpur, U.P.Miss. Anajana Verma, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of History, MGKVP, Varanasi, U.P.

Dr. Chiranjeev Kumar Thakur, DLW, Varanasi, U.P.Dr. Dhananjay Sharma, Govt. P.G. College, Bageshwar, Uttarakhad

© Editor

Price : 1000/-

Published by :South Asia Research & Development InstituteB. 28/70, Manas Mandir, DurgakundVaranasi-221005, U.P. (INDIA)Email : [email protected]. 09453025847, 08687778221‘Research Discourse’: An International refereed research Journal, Published QuarterlyNote: Scholars will be answerable to the contents of their articles.All disputes and complaints are subject exclusively to the Jurisdication of the courts/tribunals/forums atVaranasi Only.

lEikndh;

ledkyhu Hkkjr ds lkeus ,d vksj ?kjsyq Lrj ij vkfFkZd pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa lkekftd ljksdkj

ds iz'u [kMs+ gS Okgha oS'ohd Lrj viuh ,d vxy igpku dk iz'u gSaA blds fy;s O;kid nf"V ls

ubZ lksp vksj dk;Zuhfr fd vko';drk gSA

vkt Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr fo'ks"kdj nf{k.k ,f'k;k ij /;ku dsUnzhr fd;s gq, gS] D;ksafd

nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk Lkkekftd&vkfFkZd ,ao LkkaLd`frd <k¡pk le#i gSA ;g vius vki esa csgrjhu

lEHkkouk&ladsr fy, gq, gSaA bl fn'kk eas ,d dne *yqd bZLV ,f'k;k* dk la'kksf/kr laLdj.k ,f'k;k

ij dke djks* Hkh gSA

;g lc iz;kl Hkkjr ds ldy oSf'k"V~; ls tksM+ dj ,d ubZ xfr iznku dh tk jgh gSaaA bldk

,dek= y{; Hkkjr dks varjjk"Vªh; eap ij eq[; Hkqfedk fuHkkus ds fy, rS;kj djuk gS ,oa ?kjsyq

pqukSfr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk djuk gSaA

izLrqr vad ds v'kqf);ksa dks 'kq) djus ds fy, MkW0 vkuUn dqekj] MkW0 fnus'k dqekj] MkW0

iq#"kksÙke yky fot;*] MkW0 Jhizdk'k nwcs ,oa vuU; fe= Jh vuwi dqekj Jfed*] Jh iadt

flag ,oa Jh fjrs'k oekZ ds izfr ân; ls ÑrKrk Kkfir djrk gw¡A izLrqr vad esa jg x;h =qfV;ksa

ds fy, ge lHkh ikBdksa ls {kek izkFkhZ gSA

vUr esa] lHkh ys[kdksa] ikBdksa ,oa vU; fo}rtuksa ds izfr ân; ls vkHkkj izdV djrs gq,

muls lq>ko] lg;ksx ,oa vk'kh"k dh dkeuk djrs gSA

lEiknd

fo"k;&lwph

1- Kku vFkZO;oLFkk % y{k.k] okLrfodrk vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ 1&5MkW0 uhjt dqekj jk;

2- Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa iw¡th fuekZ.k dh vfuok;Zrk 6&8MkW0 lquhy dqekj

3- Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa dh çoh.krk dkjpukoknh fof/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vUos"k.k 9&11gSIih dqekjh

4- vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk %,d vkykspukRed v/;;u 12&15MkWŒ jkts'k cgknqj flag

5- Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa ml ij oSf'od izHkko 16&19MkW0 fot; izdk'k flag

6- Kkiu dkS'ky dh lekl izdj.k ds lUnHkZ eas lkFkZdrk 20&22MkW0 jkts'k dqekj feJ

7- th0,l0 /kqfj;s ds Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL=h; vfHkxe dhlekt'kkL=h; izklafxdrk 23&25MkW0 jtuh'k

8- Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa c?ksy[k.M dk ;ksxnku ¼1840&1947½ 26&27MkW0 ftrsUnz 'kekZ

9- i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ ,oa Lo:i 28&29MkW0 nso vkuUn vghj

10- vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk esa ukjh fp=.k 30&31lfjrk rksej

11- _Xosn esa lR; dh voèkkj.kk 32&34MkW0 izHkkr dqekj flag

12- _Xosn esa of.kZr oSfnd foeku 35&37'osrk vxzgfj

13- vFkoZifjf'k"V esa jksx fuokj.k 38&40MkW0 HkkLdj izlkn f}osnh

14- xksaM+ tutkfr&,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u 41&42nsosUnz dksyh ,oa lrh'k [kVhd

15- tkSuiqj % D;k dgrs gSa ,sfrgkfld lk{; 43&46M‚0 eukst feJ

16- nfyr oxZ % dkyZ ekDlZ ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa 47&49M‚0 vuqjkfxuh jkor

17- Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj 50&51M‚0 xksiky Ñ".k 'kekZ

18- orZeku le; esa ekuo lalk/ku izcU/k esa uohupqukSfr;ka ,oa lEHkkouk;sa 52&53MkW0 vk'kh"k dqekj

19- vkpk;Z ujsUnznso dk lektokn 54&55MkW0 vk'kqrks"k JhokLro

20- MkW0 yksfg;k vkSj fgUnh lkfgR; 56&57MkW0 J)k JhokLro

21- eS=s;h iq"ik ds dFkk lkfgR; ds ukjh pfj=ksa esa euksoSKkfudrk 58&59izeksn dqekj fujatu

22- iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk 60&62gfj ukjk;.k flag

23- fgUnh ds lEo/kZu esa vo/kh dk LFkku 63&64MkW0 laxhrk

24- izFke Lora=; lej esa e.Myk ds xkSM+ jktk'kadj'kkg vkSj j?kqukFk 'kkg 65&67vrqy xqIrk

25- yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o`) 68&69MkW- iq:"kksÙke yky fot;

26- ubZ dfork ,d lksp % jkefoykl 'kekZ 70&72f'kokth

27- 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku % ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk 73&74jke izdk'k JhokLro

28- foosdh jk; vkSj nfyr foe'kZ 75&76MkW0 lUnhi feJ

29- e/;izns'k esa iapk;rh jkt 77&78larks"k dqekj lksuh

30- efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa lgHkkfxrk ¼e0iz0 ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½ 79&80Jherh Hkkouk Bkdqj

31- ledkyhu dfork % ,d uohu fo'ys"k.k 81&82MkW0 lqeu flag

32- Lora=;ksRrj Hkkjr esa xzke psruk ¼vkapfyd miU;klksa dsfo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½ 83&84MkW0 vatw flgkjs

33- Lokeh foosdkuUn ds dkO; esa Lokra= izse vkSjoSpkfjd ØkfUr ds cht 85&86';kew JhokLro

34- fczfV'k vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko¼20oha lnh ds izFke nks n'kdksa ds i=&if=dkvksa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ 87&88MkW0 lqjthr flag HknkSfj;k

35- iwoZe/;;qx esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk 89&90MkW0 eqds'k ekS;Z

36- vk/kqfudrk rFkk ;kSu&mUeqärk 91&92MkW0 jkeÑ".k ik.Ms;

37- lEHkkO;rk dh ,d igy % rqylhnkl dk dkO; 93&95vk'kh"k dqekj ;kno

38- iwoZe/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu 96&98izks0 la/;k HkkxZo ,oa vrqy xqIrk

39- Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= esa iyk;u dh leL;k 99&101lqcks/k fxjh

40- x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj mudk *izrki^ 102&105iz'kkUr dqekj

41- iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k 106&107rglhynkj reksyh

42. Integrating Freedom and Capability : A Discourseon Amartya Sen's Development Theory 108-111Dr. Vinita Pandey & Ms. R.S. Priyanka

43. A Comparative Study of Suicidal Tendencies andMental Toughness of Higher Secondary Students 112-115Bandana Mishra & Prof. P.C. Shukla

44. Religion in the Making of 1857 :A study of the Indigenous Discourse 116-118Farha Khan

45. Affirmative Action : A Conceptual And Analytical Perspective 119-121Manjeet Singh

46. A Study of Balance of Payments in India 122-125Dr. Rajat Kumar Sant

47. Effect of Mallakhamb Exercise on Peak ExpiratoryFlow Rate of High School Students 126-128Prof. Dr. Vishwajit Thakare

48. Institutions do a lot but Silently (An Ice Breakingpace of SHGs at Narsinghpur district of MP- A case study) 129-131Smt. Kamini Singh

49. Environmental Conservation And ConsciousnessIn Early India : A Historical Survey 132-135Dr. Mukesh Chandra Srivastava

50. Parental Participation in Education 136-139Prof. V.S. Ghule

51. Social Marketing Leads To Social Change 140-143Pawan Kumar Singh

52. Challenges face by Women Entrepreneur in Uttar Pradesh 144-147Dr. Prithvi Nath Pathak

53. IPO Action in Indian Prospect: At a Glance 148-151Mr. Anil Kumar Pal & Mr. Rahul Kumar Mishra

54. Decent Work : Concept, Models and Dimensions 152-155Dr. Arun Kumar Singh

55. Book Review 156Mr. Navdeep

1

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk % y{k.k] okLrfodrk vkSj pqukSfr;k¡MkW0 uhjt dqekj jk;*

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy;s izeq[k batu ekuk tk jgk gSA ;g ,d izdkjdh vFkZO;oLFkk gS ftlesa Kku ds vtZu] ltu] izlkj o iz;ksx ij izeq[k tksj fn;k tkrk gSA ;gtehuh Lrj ij Kku ds izHkkoh mi;ksx ls vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus dh uohu ckSf)d rduhdgS tks orZeku le; esa fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk dnerky ds fy, vko';d gSA vkt fo'o Lrjij vk/kkj lajpuk esa ifjorZu dh O;kid ygj fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS tks ekuoh; lekt ds fparu izfØ;kls tqM+h gqbZ gSA lekt esa ifjorZu ds egRoiw.kZ fpUg oSKkfud Kku uokpkj izks|ksfxdh] laLÑfr olaizs"k.k] Kku vk/kkfjr O;oLFkk,a vkSj lkekftd o jktuhfrd vkanksyu rFkk oS;fDrd fodkl esa fn[kiM+rk gSA1 vk/kqfud ;qx dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk oSKkfud Kku o uokpkjksa dh loksZPprk gS tksizkS|ksfxdh fuekZ.k o blds mi;ksx }kjk fo'o dh lekt O;oLFkkvksa o 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa dks ,dhÑrrFkk ikjLifjd :i ls ,d nwljs dks izfrLi/khZ cukdj vkxs c<+kus dh gSA vkt izkS|ksfxdh leL;kugha gS ;g uokpkj rFkk izksUufr dk vk/kkj gSA D;ksafd ;g lkekftd jktuhfrd leL;kvksa ds gydk lzksr gSA lekt ds ifjorZu dh :ijs[kk [khapus okys Hkfo";'kkL=h ,fYou VkQyj ds vuqlkj lektrhu osc esa cnyk gSA izFke osc Ñf"k O;oLFkk f}rh; osc vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk vkSj r`rh; osc loksZPpvkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk dk izrhd gSA ;g uohu lekt dk izrhd gS u fd ifjofrZr lekt dkA2 ;gk¡izkS|ksfxdh ifjorZu dk batu gS vkSj Kku blds bZa/ku ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA fodkl ds bl nkSjesa O;kid fofo/krk] vusdksa mi O;oLFkk,a] rnFkZ 'kkgh izo`fRr vkSj lwpuk dh loksZPPkrk fn[kkbZ iM+rhgSA3 bl nkSj esa mRiknd vkSj miHkksDrk ds chp tks Li"V varjky fn[krk Fkk izkS|ksfxdh rFkk uokpkjksa}kjk lekIr gksus yxrk gS rFkk mRiknd o miHkksDrk ,d nqljs ls tqM+us yxrs gSaA izkS|ksfxdh vkSj Kkudks fodflr djus okyh rduhd] ekuoh; Kku dks e'khuh Kku esa rCnhy djus yxrh gSA bls gh lwpukKku ;qx dk ladsr ekuk tk ldrk gSA Kku vFkZO;oLFkk ekuoh; iwath dk vk/kkj gS tks fd eq[;r%ckSf)d laHkkoukvksa ij 'kkjhfjd o izkÑfrd lzksrksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fuHkZj gksrk gSA ;g fopkjksa] KkuvkSj lwpuk mRiknu djus okys dq'ky dfeZ;ksa ls tqM+k gksrk gS tks ekufld izfØ;kvksa }kjk KkuvFkZO;oLFkk esa lg;ksx djrs gSaAy{k.k %

uohu vFkZO;oLFkk ehfM;k ds u;s rduhd o lwpukRed lzksrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA KkuvFkZO;oLFkk o lwpuk lekt ds fo'ys"kd eSuqvy dS'kVsYl4 bldh ikap fo'ks"krkvksa dks crkrs gSaA igyhfo'ks"krk bldh mRikndrk ds lzksrksa ij ppkZ djrs gSa tks fd foKku o izkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx rFkkmRiknu] miHkksx] forj.k o cktkj esa lwpuk rFkk opqZvy izcU/ku ls lEcfU/kr gSA Kku vkSj lwpukuohu vFkZO;oLFkk dk l'kDr y{k.k gSA ;g vkfFkZd fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djrk gSA nwljh fo'ks"krkds :i esa ;g HkkSfrd mRiknu ls lwpuk izlaLdj.k fØ;kdykiksa esa cnyko gS tks th0,u0ih0 rFkkjkstxkj esa yxs tula[;k ds fØ;kdykiksa esa fn[krk gSA ;g m|ksx ls lsok dk ifjorZu gS] ;gkacgqla[;d dk;Z dEI;wVj o lwpuk ds uohu lk/kuksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA fodflr lektksa dh

*vfl0 izksQslj] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] jktdh; efgyk LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] fcUndh] Qrsgiqj] m0iz0

2 Research Discourse, Vol. IV, No. IV, October-December 2014

vFkZO;oLFkk mRikndrk ds foLrkj vkSj mRiknu laxBu esa prqjkbZ ls izrhdksa o czakMksa ds lapkyu ijtksj nsrh gSA rhljh fo'ks"krk O;kid iSekus ij mRiknu dh vis{kk yphyh vkSj xzkgdksa dks /;ku esaj[k dj mRiknu ls gSA ;g fodsafnzr gksrk gSA NksVs&NksVs e/;e oxhZ; O;olk; o opqZvy mRiknudh yphyh O;oLFkk] mPp lkeF;Z o etcwr vFkZO;oLFkk dk izn'kZu gSA fo'o esa bls rqjar vkiwfrZrduhfd ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA pkSFkh fo'ks"krk blds Xykscy Lo:i dks ysdj gSA ftlds varxZriw¡th mRiknu] izca/ku] cktkj] Je] lwpuk vkSj izkS|ksfxdh dk laxBu o izk:i fuekZ.k jk"Vªh; lhekls ijs gksrk gSA ns'k dh ikjaifjd vFkZO;oLFkk u;s fljs ls fparu o foe'kZ djrh gS D;ksafd izfrLi/kkZblesa cgqy jk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ls ugha cfYd NksVs] y?kq e/;e Lrj ds m|fe;ksa ds dkj.k gksrk gSA D;ksafd;g izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls fo'o cktkj dks usVodksaZ o lwpuk midj.kksa ds ek/;e ls cM+s QeksZa lstksM+rk gSA ;g ,d izdkj dh dk;Z'kSyh gS tgk¡ ,d okLrfod le; esa ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa fo'oLrj ij dk;Z gksrk gSA ;g LFkkuh; vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk oSf'od Lrj ij izos'k gSAikapoha fo'ks"krk ds :i esa dS'kVsYl us vkfFkZd vkSj laxBukRed O;oLFkk dks O;Dr fd;k gS ftlsvkdfLed ?kVuk u ekudj izkS|ksfxdh Økafr dk ifj.kke ekuk tkrk gSA bl Kku vk/kkfjr Økafr dkeq[; dsanz lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh] ekbØks bysDVªkfuDl] bUQkesZfVDl] VsyhdE;qfuds'ku rFkk cgqr lsoSKkfud [kkst o iz;ksx gSaA ;g u;s vkfFkZd LFkku dk xBu gSA bls yks vkWQ Lisl* ds :i esa O;Drfd;k tkrk gSAHkkjrh; okLrfodrk %

Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd o`f) ladsr djrh gS fd dSls ;qok yksxksa ds lkFk tqM+s ykHkksa vkSj lsok {ks=ds c<+rs dne ,d nwljs dks ikjLifjd ykHk igqapk jgs gSaA okLrfod :i ls Kku lapkfyr vFkZO;oLFkkKku ds l`tu o`f) o izlkj dks O;Dr djrh gSA Kku dk c<+rk iz;ksx lkekftd o vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa,d lgh vkdyu dks izksRlkfgr djrk gS D;ksafd ;g vFkZO;oLFkk ds fVdkÅ vkSj lrr~ fØ;k'khy jgusls tqM+k gksrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa fo'o cSad ¼2005½ dh fjiksVZ ,d mi;qZDr leh{kk izLrqr djrh gSA ;gf'kf{kr ekuoh; iwath] le;c) yksdrkaf=d ljdkj] vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk c<+rk nk;jk] lw{e vkfFkZdfLFkjrk] iw.kZr% fodflr foRrh; {ks=] futh {ks=ksa dh vuojr o`f)] cktkj mUeq[k laLFkk,a] ,d O;kido iw.kZr% fodflr foKku o rduhd lajpuk rFkk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh dh O;kid Lohdk;Zrk ds dkj.ktqM+k gqvk gSA5

Kku vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ rF; ;g gS fd Hkkjr dh tukaddh; lajpukblds mi;qDr gSA D;ksafd 2025 rd ns'k dh tula[;k dk 2@3 Hkkx dk;Zdkjh vk;q lewg esalfEefyr gksxkA ;g ns'k ds vkfFkZd of) o laiUurk ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ladsr gSA blds vfrfjDrrduhd Kku okys laLFkkuksa dh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f) gks jgh gSA 2006&07 esa vkbZ0vkbZ0Vh0 dhla[;k dsoy 7 Fkh ogha vc ;g 16 gSA blds vfrfjDr Hkkjr ljdkj us tqykbZ 2014 ctV esa ikapu;s Hkkjrh; izkS|ksfxdh laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk ¼tEew d'ehj] NRrhlx<+] xksok] vka/kzizns'k vkSj dsjyk½esa ?kks"k.kk dh gSA Lora=rk ds ckn ls laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk esa csgrj cf) ns[kus dks feyh gSA vkt42 dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] 243 jkT; fo'ofo|ky;] 53 jkT; futh fo'ofo|ky;] 130 MhEMfo'ofo|ky; rFkk laln }kjk LFkkfir 33 jk"Vªh; egRo ds laLFkku dk;Z dj jgs gSaA 30 gtkj ls Åijdkyst jftLVMZ gSaA mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa dh ukekadu la[;k 2 djksM+ ls Åij gSA bathfu;fjax esaukekadu izfr'kr c<+k gSA ljdkjh iz;kl bl fn'kk esa csgrj lkfcr gks jgs gSaA VsfDudy f'k{kk rFkknwjLFk f'k{kk ij vf/kd cy fn;k tk jgk gSA VsfDudy Kku dq'ky Je'kfDr] vkS|ksfxd mRikndrkdks c<+kus okyh vkSj thou xq.koRrk ds lq/kkj ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gSA blds fy, ljdkj dk lsfor vkSjvlsfor ftyksa esa ikyhVsfDud laLFkkuksa dh LFkkiuk] blds ek/;e ls lkeqnkf;d fodkl dh ;kstuk¼lh0Mh0Vh0ih0½] efgyk Nk=koklksa dh LFkkiuk o laLFkkuksa ds Lrj esa o`f) ds fy, ^lasVj vkQ

3

,fDlysal* rFkk %fMtkbu buksos'ku lsaVj dh LFkkiuk* ljdkj ds mPp iz;klksa dk izn'kZu gSA bldsvfrfjDr us'kuy fLdy MsoysiesaV dkiksZjs'ku ¼,u0,l0Mh0lh0½ }kjk LVkj Ldhe izkjEHk fd;k x;kgSA ;g ;qok oxZ dks Vsªfuax izskxzkeksa dks lQyrkiwoZd iw.kZ djus ij foRrh; lg;ksx }kjk izksRlkfgrdjus ls lEcfU/kr gSA blds varxZr dq'kyrk o Lrj dks c<+kuk] dk;Zcy esa of)] jkstxkj mUeq[k o;ksX; cukuk 'kkfey gSA foRrh; izksRlkgu }kjk fLdy vkSj rduhd dks c<+kus dk ,d uk;kc rjhdkgSA 'kS{kf.kd dk;ksZa ds fy, foRrh; yksu dh ljy lqfo/kk] uokpkj mUeq[k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukrFkk 'kks/k o ladk; lnL;ksa dks xq.koRrk iwoZd dk;Zifj;kstuk ls tksM+us dk iz;kl vuojr tkjh gSA

yksdrkaf=d ljdkj dk le;c) p;u o 'kkludk;Z ds fy, LFkkf;Ro Kku vFkZO;oLFkk dsfy, vko';d gSA iwoZ ds vfLFkj 'kklu iz.kkyh ls eqDr gksdj ns'k esa yacs le; ls fLFkj ljdkj dk;Zdj jgh gS tks uhfr;ksa rFkk fu;kedksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd Kku lapkfyr vFkZO;oLFkk gsrq vko';dokrkoj.k fufeZr dj jgh gSA futh {ks=ksa ds fy, fuos'k ds fy, reke volj miyC/k djkdj ljdkjoSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa blds lapkydksa dks fofo/k volj miyC/k djkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr dj jghgSA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij lsok {ks= ls ysdj vfr lw{e oSKkfud fØ;kdykiksa gsrq vko';d midj.k o inkFkksZads fuekZ.k esa fo'o ds fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks vkeaf=r dj ns'k vkfFkZd vk/kkj lajpuk dks etcwrdjus rFkk ns'k esa miyC/k f'kf{kr o rduhd ds tkudkj ;qokvksa gsrq jkstxkj dk iz;kl] ns'k dh lef)rFkk Kku vFkZO;oLFkk ds lkFk lkeatL; ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ladsr gSA

ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h dk jk"Vª ds uotokuksa dks gqujean gksus ds fy, fLdy bafM;k* vkSj fLdyMsosyiesaV* ,d egRoiw.kZ fe'ku gSA tks Kku lapkfyr vFkZ O;oLFkk dks rkdroj cuk ldrk gSAljdkj dk ^fMftVy bafM;k* dk liuk ns'k ds izR;sd xkao esa czkMcS.M dh lsok;sa igqapkuk vkSj xkaoesa Hkh fMLVsal ,tqds'ku ds tfj, vPNh f'k{kk nsuk Kku vFkZO;oLFkk o izkS|ksfxdh uokpkj dksizksRlkfgr dj ldrk gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr Mk0 vCnqy dyke us vius vkstLoh fopkj 1998 esa^bafM;k 2020* esa izdV fd;k gS vkSj blds varxZr mu jkLrksa dk ftØ gS tgka Hkkjr 2020 rd pydj fodflr jk"Vª vFkkZr Kku vkSj rduhd ls ;qDr laiUu vkfFkZdO;oLFkk ds :i esa vius dks [kM+kdj ldrk gSA bl nk'kZfud fopkj ds 15 o"kZ ckn la;qDr jk"Vª us viuh okf"kZd fjiksVZ ekuo fodkl2013% nf{k.k dk mn;* esa Lohdkj fd;k gS fd vkus okyk le; nf{k.k ds jk"Vªksa dk gSA vc nf{k.kds jk"Vª fo'ks"kdj phu] czkthy vkSj Hkkjr fo'o ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,axsA fjiksVZds vuqlkj 2020 rd phu] Hkkjr vkSj czkthy dh dqy th0Mh0ih0 dukMk] Ýkal] teZuh] bVyh]baXyS.M vkSj vesfjdk dh dqy th0Mh0ih0 dks ikj dj tk,xhA bl rjg dk okrkoj.k vkSj vkfFkZdfodkl Kku vkSj uokpkj dh c<+rh yksdfiz;rk dk ladsr gSA6

vkbZ0lh0Vh0 dh otg ls ge gkbij dusfDVfoVh ds ;qx esa gSaA tgka O;fDr miHkksDrk] m|ksx]ukxfjd ,d nwljs ls lEcfU/kr gSaA vkbZ0lh0Vh0 vkt fo'o ds O;olk; e.My dks iquiZfjHkkf"kr djjgk gSA blls ekuo dY;k.k rFkk mRikndrk dk u;k volj izkjEHk gqvk gSA u;s mRikn vkSj lsokvksadks iSnk djuk bldk ifj.kke gSA ;g lkoZtfud lsokvksa dks ifjofrZr djus okyk rjhdk HkhmiyC/k djkrk gSA vkfFkZd txr dh izfrLi/kkZ vkSj muds e/; l`tu dh 'kfDr Hkh bl izkS|ksfxdhvkSj uokpkj dh nsu gSA Hkkjr ,f'k;k iz'kakr ds ns'kksa o tkiku ds lkFk mu jk"Vªksa esa lfEefyr gS tgk¡baVjusV dk iz;ksx djus okyksa dh la[;k esa vf/kd o`f) fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA baVjusV iz;ksx dh c<+rhla[;k 'kklu dk;ksZa vkSj futh fØ;kdykiksa dh vkuykbu lfØ;rk dk egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k gSA ns'kesa bZ&xouZsal dh yksdfiz;rk tksjksa ij gS D;ksafd 'kklu ds fgr vkSj mn~ns'; ds vuqlkj ;g mRiknksavkSj lsokvksa dks xq.koRrkiwoZd vke yksxksa dks miyC/k djk jgk gSA ;g vkuykbu ds ek/;e ls ljdkjdk izR;{k laidZ gS] tks Kku ds l`tu vkSj forj.k gsrq rhoz lekykspukRed lekt dh jpuk djrkgSA blls Li"V o ikjn'khZ okrkoj.k fufeZr gqvk gSA Kku nwr ifj;kstuk] fMftVy xSaxsfVd Iyku]

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk % y{k.k] okLrfodrk vkSj pqukSfr;k¡


Loku] lh0,l0lh0] baVjusV lao/kZu] :V loZjksa dh LFkkiuk baVjusV izskVksdky] ehfM;k ySc ,f'k;k]ekbZxkao] bZ&iksVZy] ,Q0Vh0,l0] vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl ,sls gh dqN izkFkfed mnkgj.k gSa tks 'kkluds c<+rs dne dks Kku vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy, l'kDr djrs gSaA7

pqukSfr;k¡ %ysfdu Hkkjr dks Kku vFkZO;LFkk dks fVdkÅ vkSj lcds fy, ykHkdkjh cukus gsrq ,d yEck

lQj r; djuk gS D;ksfd vkt Hkh fo'o ds dbZ ns'k vkbZ0lh0Vh0 o uokpkjksa ds iz;ksx esa Hkkjr lsvkxs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, flaxkiqj] LohMsu] eysf'k;k] pkbukA izkS|ksfxdh uokpkj vkSj vkbZ0lh0Vh0ds xBca/ku us miHkksDrk] m|ksx vkSj ljdkjksa dks csgrj <ax ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA fo'ks"kdj Kku vkSjKku ds uohu L=ksrksa dh [kkst esaA ysfdu Hkkjr blds iw.kZ ykHkksa ls oafpr gSA tula[;k dk cM+k Hkkxblls vNwrk gSA 70 izfr'kr ls Åij tula[;k xkaoksa esa fcuk ewyHkwr lqfo/kk ds jgrh gSA 30 izfr'krls vf/kd yksx vHkh Hkh vui< gSaA cPpksa ds Ldwy MªkivkmV dh nj vHkh Hkh cgqr vf/kd gSA tcfdKku vFkZO;oLFkk dk vko';d 'krZ gS fd f'k{kk dk vk/kkjHkwr <kapk dkQh etcwr vkSj fVdkÅ gksA

Ñf"k] NksVs o ea>ys O;olk;] LokLF; dks /;ku esa j[kdj LFkkfir m|ksx] [kk| m|ksx]laLÑfr rFkk vU; lwpukRed m|ksxksa esa Kku lzksrksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu bldsfy, cM+h ck/kk vf'k{kk gSA lkoZHkkSfed f'k{kk ,d lp ds :i esa miyC/k gksuk pkfg,A ukSdj 'kkghds Lrj ij uhfrxr fodykaxrk] y{;ksa vkSj miyfC/k;ksa esa c<+rk varj] Kku vFkZO;oLFkk dk lclscqjk i{k gSA dq'ky Jfedksa dh miyC/krk ds ekeys esa tfVy dkuwuh vM+pusa] NksVs Lrj ij m|fe;ksadks grksRlkfgr djrh gSaA fons'kh fuos'kd lsok {ks= esa dksbZ Hkh fuos'k fe=or~ djuk pkgrk gSAysfdu oS/kkfud tfVyrk,a fuos'kdksa dks jksdrh gSaA gekjs dkuwuh izfØ;kvksa dh tfVyrk ck/kk dhog nhokj gS ftlds laidZ esa ;fn ,d ckj Hkh fuos'kd Qal tk, rks rduhfd lsokvksa o mRiknksagsrq m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dk fopkj R;kx nsrk gSA gekjs ikl ,d O;ofLFkr dkuwuh <kapk rks gS ysfdubldh ikjnf'kZrk] Lora=rk rFkk dk;Z djus dh izo`fRr esa vf/kd xfr dk izn'kZu djuk gksxkA dk;Zdjus dh 'kSyh o U;k; fu.kZ; dh izfØ;k vf/kd rhoz rFkk Lora= gksuh pkfg,A ftlls fuos'kdvklkuh ls dk;Z dj ldsA8

fu"d"kZ %Hkkjr esa u;k e/;e oxZ vkSj lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ls ySl uohu lekt O;oLFkk dh vo/kkj.kk

rsth ls mHkj jgh gSA LekVZ flVh dh ladYiuk lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds c<+rs iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gSA D;ksafdvkt dk e/;e oxZ izks|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkjksa dks rsth ls viuk jgk gS o thou ifjos'k esa vkus okyhleL;kvksa dk rsth ls fujkdj.k pkgrk gS vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gS tc Kku vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkkvf/kd xfr ls izkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkjksa }kjk fodflr gksA blds le{k miyC/k pqukSfr;ksa dk fujkdj.kgks rFkk ,d etcwr uhao dh LFkkiuk gks] tks Li"Vrk] ikjnf'kZrk vkSj ljyrk ds lkFk dk;Z laLÑfrdk fuekZ.k djsA D;ksafd izkS|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkjksa dks c<+kdj ,d LoLFk dk;Z laLÑfr rFkk Kkuvk/kkfjr okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k gksxk rks ;g fuos'kdksa] mRikndksa] miHkksDrkvksa vkSj ukxfjdkssa dks jk"VªjkT; dh pqukSfr;ksa ls la?k"kZ djus dh {kerk iznku djsxk vkSj ;gh Hkkjr dk liuk gS fd pqukSfr;ksadk lkeuk djrs gq, izks|ksfxdh vkSj uokpkjksa ds iz;ksx }kjk Kku vFkZO;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djsa vkSj viusvki dks fodflr Hkkjr ds :i esa fo'o Lrj ij iznf'kZr djsaAuksV&

1- ;gk¡ Kku ls esjk vk'k; rduhdh dq'kyrk] xq.koRrk;qDr dk;Z djus dh prqjkbZ rFkk lsokvksao mRiknksa ds lanHkZ esa fodflr lwpukRed lzksrksa ds iz;ksx ls gSA ;g ikjaifjd Kku ls fHkUublfy, gS D;ksafd iwoZ ds Kku dh ifjHkk"kk] rRoehekalk] uhfr'kkL= vkSj n'kZu ds i{k Fks tkslaKkurk] vkRen'kZu vkSj ifjfLFkfr ds vuqdwy FkhA

5

2- ,fYou VkQyj ls lEcfU/kr v/;;u dks i<+us ds fy, ys[kd ¼uhjt dqekj jk;½ dh iqLrd^lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj lkekftd lajpuk* ¼2011½ Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] nfj;kxat] ubZfnYyh ls izdkf'kr v/;k;&rhu] ifjorZu] mRrj vkS|ksfxd lekt ,oa lwpuk ra= dkvoyksdu djsaA

3- Msfu;y csy us vkt ds ;qx esa lcls ewY;oku i{k lwpuk^ dks ekuk gS u fd vU; inkFkksZa dksvkSj lwpuk ds l`tu dk vk/kkj MkVk gSA MkVk Lo;a esa lwpuk dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA ;s rF;ksa]?kVukvksa] eki] vfHker] ewY; fo'ys"k.k ds :i esa O;Dr gks ldrs gSaA

4- Lisfu'k lekt'kkL=h esuqvy dS'kVsYl us uohu vFkZ O;oLFkk dks uohu ehfM;k Lo:iksa olwpukRed lzksrksa ij vk/kkfjr ekuk gSA blds fy, ys[kd ¼uhjt dqekj jk;½ dh iqLrd^lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj lkekftd lajpuk* ¼2011½] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] nfj;kxat] ubZfnYyh ls izdkf'kr v/;k;&ikap] uohu ehfM;k] laLÑfr ,oa lwpukRed vFkZra= dks ns[ksaA

lUnHkZ %1- LekVZ-ch- 1990( ekMuZ daMh'ku] iksLV ekMuZ dUVªksolhZt] yanu] :Vyst2- Vk¶yj] ,- 1971( ¶;wpj 'kkWd] yanu] iSu cqDl3- Vk¶yj] ,- 1983( nh FkMZ osc] yanu] iSu cqDl4- dSlVsYl-,e- 1996( nh jkbt vkQ usVoDMZ lkslk;Vht% nh buQkjes'ku] ,t% bdksukseh lkslk;Vh]

dYpj] oksY;we I] vkDlQksMZ] CySdosy5- oYMZ cSad 2005( bafM;k ,.M nh ukyst bdksukWeh% okf'kaxVu] Mh-lh- oYMZ cSad6- /kou- lqcks/k- 2014( izkFkfedrk ls nwj f'k{kk] laikndh;] nSfud tkxj.k] fnukad 22 flrEcj 20147- eSadhts Xykscy baLVhV~;wV 2012( nh oYMZ ,SV odZ% tkCl] is ,.M fLdYl Qkj 3-5 fofy;u ihiqy8- jk;-,u-ds- 2011( lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj lkekftd lajpuk] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh9- osclkbV www.mhrd.gov.in/universityandhighereducation

www.iacm.india.com

*****

Kku vFkZO;oLFkk % y{k.k] okLrfodrk vkSj pqukSfr;k¡


Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa iw¡th fuekZ.k dh vfuok;ZrkMkW0 lquhy dqekj*

vkfFkZd fodkl dks fu/kkZfjr djus okys dkjdks esa iw¡th fuekZ.k dh nj lcls egRoiw.kZ gSAtc jk"Vªh; vk; dk cM+k va'k cpkdj fQj ls fuos'k fd;k tkrk gS rks mRiknu dh ek=k vf/kd gkstkrh gS vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr Hkh rst jgrh gSA iw¡th dk vHkko ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dsekxZ esa lcls cM+h ck/kk gS vkSj blds fcuk fodkl dk dksbZ Hkh dk;ZØe lQy ugha gks ldrkA iw¡thfuekZ.k dh izfØ;k rhu Hkkxksa esa iwjh gksrh gS ¼d½ cpr ¼[k½ lk/kuksa dk ,d=.k ¼x½ fofu;ksxA izLrqr'kks/k i= esa ge bu fofo/k fcUnqvksa dks fo'ysf"kr djus dk iz;kl djsaxsA

iw¡th fuekZ.k ds fy, lcls igys cpr dk gksuk vko';d gSA cpr ls mRiknd lk/kumiyC/k gksrs gSaA cpr dks ,df=r djuk fQj mUgsa ogk¡ rd igq¡pkuk tgka fuos'k fd;k tk;sxk] dkQhegRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gSA ns'k esa cpr dk egRo rHkh gS tc mldk fuos'k fd;k tk;A fdlh ns'k dsvkfFkZd laof) dh mPp lhek fu/kkZfjr ugha dh tk ldrh] ysfdu vkfFkZd laof) dh U;wure lhekfu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSA izfr O;fDr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa 5 izfr'kr o`f) dks U;wure ekuk tkrkgSA lEof) dh nj blls vf/kd gksuk vkSj Hkh vPNk gSA ysfdu ;fn vkfFkZd lao`f) dh xfr /khehgS rks vYifodflr ns'k ds fy, xjhch ls eqfDr ikuk lEHko ugha gSA vYifodflr ns'kksa dhtukafddh; izo`fŸk;ka ns[kh tk; rks ,sls ns'kksa esa tula[;k 2 izfr'kr izfro"kZ c<+ tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfresa ldy ?kjsyw mRikn esa okf"kZd o`f) 6-5 izfr'kr ls de ugh gksuh pkfg, ysfdu fodkl'khy ns'kkasdh fLFkfr blds foijhr gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 65 izfr'kr tula[;k Ñf"k ij fuHkZj gSA bruh vf/kdfuHkZjrk gksus ds dkj.k budh vk; cgqr de gSA vk; de gksus ls cpr cgqr de gks ikrk gS D;ksafdvk; dk vf/kd Hkkx miHkksx O;; esa yx tkrk gSA cpr u gksus ds dkj.k fofu;ksx ds fy, i;kZIriw¡th ugha fey ikrh] ftlls iw¡th fuekZ.k ds ekxZ esa leL;k mRiUu gks tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa cpr degksus ds fuEufyf[kr dkj.k mŸkjnk;h gS& 1- Ñf"k ij vR;f/kd fuHkZjrk] 2- vkS|ksxhdj.k dk vHkko]3- vkfFkZd fuekZ.k lajpuk dk vHkko] 4- ;ksX; lkglh dk vHkko] 5- tula[;k esa rhoz xfr ls of)]6- jk"Vªh; vk; dk vleku forj.k] 7- fuEu mRikndrk] 8- LQhfrdkjh ncko] 9- izn'kZudkjh izHkko]10- fu/kZurk dk dqpØ vkfnA ;s lHkh iw¡th fuekZ.k esa /kheh o`f) ds izR;{k o ijks{k :i ls mŸkjnk;hdkjd gaS ijUrq bu dkjdksa esa fu/kZurk dk dqpØ eq[; :i ls mŸkjnk;h gSA D;ksafd Hkkjr tSlkfodkl'khy ns'k blfy, fu/kZu gS D;ksafd ;gk¡ dh tula[;k fu/kZu gSA izks0 uDlsZ us bl rF; dksfu/kZurk dk dqpØ dgk gS] bldk vk'k; ;g gS fd fu/kZurk Lo;a gh fu/kZurk dks tUe nsrh gSA

bUgksaus ,d fu/kZu O;fDr dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, miq;ZDr fp= ds ek/;e ls bl rF; dks Li"Vfd;k gS fd fu/kZu O;fDr ds ikl [kkus dks dqN ugha gksrk gS vkSj vYi iks"k.k ds dkj.k mldk LokLF;fxj tkrk gSA 'kkjhfjd :i ls detksj gksus ij mldh dk;Zdq'kyrk Hkh fxj tkrh gS tks vUrr% mldhvk; esa vkSj deh yk nsrh gSA bl izdkj ;g dqpØ pyrk jgrk gSA blls Li"V gS fd O;fDr fu/kZugksus ds dkj.k cpr ugha dj ikrk gS] ftlls iw¡th fuekZ.k cgqr /kheh xfr ls gksrk gSA fu/kZurk ds bldqpØ dks rksM+s fcuk iw¡th fuekZ.k ,oa rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% bl dqpØdks rksM+us ds fy, vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa us vius&vius vkfFkZd fodkl ds ekWMy izLrqr fd;s gSA fodkl ds

*vfl0 izksQslj] okf.kT; foHkkx] efM+;kgw¡] ih0th0 dkyst] efM+;kgw¡] ]tkSuiqj] m0iz0

7

dqN izeq[k ekWMyksa dks fodkl'khy ns'k ds vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vuq:i iz;ksx esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA izks0ih0,u0 jkstsULVhu us egku iz;kl fl)kar Theory of big Push dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, bl ckr ijcy fn;k gS fd vkfFkZd fodkl esa /khjs&/khjs 'kfDr yxkus dk fl)kar lQy ugha gks ldrk]vFkZO;oLFkk dks rks tksj dk /kDdk yxkus dh vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd fofu;ksx dh bdkb;kaFkksM+h&FkksM+h c<+kus ls lexz vFkZO;oLFkk dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, lap;h izHkko ugha iM+sxkA nwljh vksjlexz vFkZO;oLFkk esa fodkl fØ;k dks Rofjr djus ds fy, ns'k dks vius fofu;ksx dk Lrj Å¡pk mBkukgksxkA bl fofu;ksx dk izca/k flQZ vkarfjd cpr ls ugh cfYd vkrafjd cpr vkSj fons'kh cpr nksuksadk lgkjk ysuk iM+sxk] ysfdu vafre fo'ys"k.k esa lexz fodkl izfØ;k ds fy, ns'k ds vanj ls gh foŸktqVkuk iM+rk gS] D;ksafd fons'kh _.kksa dks rks C;kt lfgr vnk djuk iM+rk gSA vr% fodkl'khy ns'kdks fons'kh cpr dk lgkjk ysuk Bhd ugha gSA fodkl izfØ;k dks rst djus ds fy, ns'k esa cpr dksvf/kd xfreku djuk ,d vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA blds lkFk&lkFk ;fn cpr de izkFkfedrk okys {ks=ksadh rqyuk esa izkFkfedrk izkIr {ks=ksa esa iz;qDr dh tkrh gS rks cpr ds bl ifjofrZr iz;ksx ls Hkh vkfFkZdfodkl esa lgk;rk feysxh] ijUrq cpr dks xfreku djus dh izfØ;k dk mÌs'; jk"Vªh; vk; esa cprds dqy ,oa lkis{k nksuksa Hkkxksa dks c<+kuk gS rkfd bls fofu;ksx dh ,slh mRiknd vkfFkZd fØ;kvksaesa bLrseky fd;k tk; ftlls vkfFkZd fodkl Rofjr gksA vr% ;g vko';d gS fd cpr dks rhuksa{ks=ksa vFkkZr~ ljdkjh {ks=] futh {ks= vkSj ikfjokfjd {ks= esa xfreku fd;s tk; vkSj blds fy, mfpruhfr;ka cukuh pkfg,] D;ksafd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dh orZeku fLFkfr esa ;fn fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh bPNkij cpr dks NksM+ fn;k tk; rks cpr dk Lrj uhpk jgsxkA cpr dk Lrj Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, ;gHkh vko';d gS fd ljdkj jktdks"kh; vkSj ekSfæd uhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsaA

fodkl'khy ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds bl Øe esa g'kZeSu ds }kjk vlarqfyr vkfFkZd fodkldk ekWMy izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA buds vuqlkj vFkZO;oLFkk dks vlarqfyr cukuk gh vkfFkZd fodkldk lcls vPNk rjhdk gSA pw¡fd fodkl'khy jk"Vªksa esa foŸk rFkk dkS'ky dh deh jgrh gS blfy,g'kZeSu dqN pqus gq, fof'k"V egRoiw.kZ m|ksxksa ;k {ks=ksa dks i;kZIr izksRlkgu nsus dk lq>ko fn;k ftudkizHkko vU; {ks=ksa ij Hkh iM+rk gS vkSj /khjs&/khjs lEiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa fØ;k&izfrfØ;k }kjk Ja[kykc)rjhds ls vkfFkZd fodkl gksrk gSA

g'kZeSu us fofu;ksx foLrkj dk Øe fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, vFkZO;oLFkk dks nks Hkkxksa esafoHkkftr fd;k gSA igyk lkekftd Åijh iw¡th (SOC) nwljk izR;{k mRiknd fØ;k;sa (DPA)Alkekftd Åijh iw¡th esa os fØ;k;sa lfEefyr dh tkrh gSa] ftu ij vU; vkS|ksfxd fØ;k;sa fuHkZj jgrhgSa tSls lM+dsa] flapkbZ] ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk,a] ifjogu ds lk/ku vkfnA g'kZeSu ds vuqlkj ;fn igyslkekftd Åijh iw¡th dks c<+kok fn;k tk; rks blds ifj.kkeLo:i izR;{k mRiknd fØ;kvksa esa Hkhfuth fofu;ksx dks izksRlkgu feysxk tSls lLrh fctyh ls y?kq ,oa dqVhj m|ksxksa dk fodkl gksxkAflapkbZ dh lqfo/kkvksa ds foLrkj ls Ñf"k m|ksx dk mfpr fodkl gksxkA blh izdkj ns'k esa ifjoguds lk/kuksa dk foLrkj dj fn;k tk; rks uohu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk mRiknu ,oa foi.ku fØ;kvksa dkHkh foLrkj gksxkA vr% lkekftd Åijh iw¡th esa i;kZIr fofu;ksx }kjk tc vlarqyu mRiUu dj fn;ktkrk gS rks ckn esa izR;{k mRiknd fØ;kvksa esa Hkh fofu;ksx vf/kdkf/kd gksus yxrk gS vkSj vFkZO;oLFkkdk fodkl gksus yxrk gSAfu"d"kZ %

vr% lkjka'k ds :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dk rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl djusds fy, iw¡th fuekZ.k dks izksRlkfgr djuk vfuok;Z 'krZ gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa iw¡thfuekZ.k dks xfr iznku djus ds fy, fuEu lq>ko fn;s tkrs gSa&

Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa iw¡th fuekZ.k dh vfuok;Zrk


1- cpr dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, cSafdax lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkj xk¡oksa] dLcksa rFkk fiNM+s {ks=ksaesa gksuk pkfg, rFkk fofo/k ;kstukvksa ds ek/;e ls lEHkkfor cprksa dks izkIr djus ds fy,izksRlkgu rFkk mi;qDr C;kt nj dh uhfr dks viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

2- bl izdkj dh uhfr viukuh pkfg, ftlds }kjk dher Lrj esa fLFkjrk cuh jgsA3- cpr dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, vk;dj ls NwV dh lhek c<+kbZ tkuh pkfg, blls cpr

dks izksRlkgu feysxkA4- Hkfo"; fuf/k ,oa thou chek ls Hkh x`gLFkksa dh cprksa esa 'kq) of) gksrh gSA vr% ,sls laLFkkvksa

esa /ku fofu;kstu dh lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk blds NwV dh lhek esa Hkh o`f) dh tkuhpkfg,A ftlls yksx cpr ds fy, izksRlkfgr gks ldsA

5- cpr dks miHkksx dk;ksZa esa O;; u djds mRiknd dk;ksZa esa O;; djus dh uhfr;ka cuk;h tkuhpkfg,A blls vkfFkZd fodkl dks xfr feyrk gS vkSj cpr nj esa of) gksrh gSA

6- Ñf"k vk; ij dj yxkdj ljdkj vf/kd lk/ku vftZr dj ldrh gSA7- /ku dk forj.k leku gksuk pkfg,A vleku forj.k ls dkys /ku dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

ftldk vFkZO;oLFkk esa dksbZ ;ksxnku ugha gksrk gSA vr% cpr grksRlkfgr gksrk gSA8- cpr dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij cpr izksRlkgu Ldhesa rS;kj dh

tkuh pkfg,A9- cpr ,oa iw¡th fuekZ.k esa ekSfæd uhfr;ksa ,oa jktdks"kh; uhfr;ksa dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

vr% bu nksuksa uhfr;ksa esa leUo; gksuk vko';d gSA10- iw¡th fuekZ.k ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, jktuSfrd fLFkjrk gksuk vko';d gSA blls m|ferk

dk fodkl ,oa foLrkj gksrk gSA11- Hkkjr esa ,p0okbZ0oh0 izkS|ksfxdh vFkkZr~ gfjr Økafr dk vkSj foLrkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, blls

Ñf"k mRikfnrk vkSj Ñf"k vk; esa o`f) gksrh gS] ftlls cprksa ij vuqdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- feJ] ,l0ds0 ,oa iqjh] oh0ds0- 2005( Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] fgeky;k ifCyf'kax gkml] fnYyh] i0 1372- flUgk] MkW0 oh0lh0] 2013&2014( O;kolkf;d i;kZoj.k] ,l0ch0ih0Mh0 ifCyf'kax gkml] vkxjk] i0

163&1643- lqUnje] ds0ih0,e0 ,oa :ænŸk + 2006( Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] ,l0 pUn ,.M dEiuh fy0] ubZ fnYyh]

i`0 264&2694- ikBd- ,u0ih0 ,oa flUgk] oh0lh0- O;kolkf;d ,oa izca/kdh; vFkZ'kkL=] ds0,y0 efyd ,.M izk0

fy0] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh] i`0 703&7055- feJ] MkW0 t; izdk'k- 2010( tukafddh] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk

*****

9

Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa dh çoh.krk dkjpukoknh fof/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vUos"k.k

gSIih dqekjh*

lkjka'k %f'k{kd&çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa f'k{k.k vH;kl dk;Z ¼Vhfpax çSfDVl½ ,d vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ o

vfHkUu vax gSA tksfd f'k{k.k ds fl)kar vkSj vH;kl ds e/; lsrq dk dke djrk gSA lkFk gh] ;gO;kolkf;d vH;kl vkSj O;ogkj ds fy, Hkh vko;'d rRo gSA fofHkUu 'kks/kksa dk;ksZ ds }kjk Kkr gksrkgS fd f'k{kd&çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds fl)kar vkSj vH;kl esa rkjrE;rk u gksus ds dkj.k] çf'k{kq lsokiwoZf'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kk;h Lrj ij fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA bl Lrj ij] f'k{kdksa vkSjvf/kxedrkZvksa nksuksa ds fy, Hkk"kk ,d lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 nksuksa ds leku :ils n{k u gksuk] f'k{k.k O;olk; esa ck/kd rRo curk gSA ;g v/;;u] o.kZukRed 'kks/k fof/k ijvk/kkfjr gS ftlesa xq.kkRed vkSj ek=kRed 'kks/k rduhdksa dk mi;ksx vkdM+ksa ds laxzg.k ds fy, fd;kx;k gSA tksfd] eq[; :i ls chŒ ,MŒ ds lsokiwoZ f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk;h&n{krk dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq;s]çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vkus okyh leL;kvksa dks mtkxj djrk gSA lkFk gh] çf'k{k.k Lrj ij ghHkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa çf'k{kq f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk n{krk ij t+ksj nsrk gSA bl v/;;u dk eq[;mís'; lsokiwoZ f'k{kdksa dks Hkk"kk;h Lrj ij nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa çHkkoh <ax ls d{kk&v/;kiu ds çca/kuvkSj fo"k; ds çLrqrhdj.k ds fy, Hkk"kk;h&fuiq.krk ij t+ksj nsrk gS] rkfd f'k{k.k&çf'k{k.k ds cknHkk"kk;h Lrj ij mUgsa dfBukbZ dk lkeuk u djuk iM+sAlS)kfUrd i`"BHkwfe % Hkk"kk gekjs fopkjksa] Hkkoksa vkSj O;ogkj dh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gSA Hkk"kk esaizoh.krk] lekt] laLdfr vkSj Hkk"kk dks tkuus o le>us esa l{ke cukrh gSA cnyrs lekt vkSj ifjos'kds dkj.k] gekjs lekt] f'k{kk vkSj Hkk"kk esa Hkh vusd ifjorZu gq;s gSa] ftldk izHkko v/;kid f'k{kkij Hkh iM+k gSA f'k{kk ds rhu egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSa& v/;kid] Nk= o ikB;ØeA lsok iwoZ vkSj lsokjrv/;kidksa esa] Hkk"kk izoh.krk dk gksuk] mUgsa ,d ;ksX; f'k{kd cukrk gS] tks muds Lo;a rFkk muds }kjki<k;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, vko';d gS] D;®afd nü a Òk"kkv a Eksa fuiq.krk csgrjvfËkxe] csgrj miyfCËk v©j csgrj Án'kZu Eksa lgk;d gSA vkTk ds le; Eksa] fo|kfFkZ; a v©j v/;kid®a]nü a d¨] csgrj dy ds fy,] Òk"kk ds :Ik Eksa v©j v/;;u o vuqns'ku ds ek/;e ds :Ik Eksa] nü aÒk"kkv a dk Kku gük pkfg,A

'kks/kdrkZ ds :i esa] eSaus Lo;a Hkh lsok iwoZ v/;kid izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;k vkSj Ldwyksa esa i<+kusds fy, izf'kf{kr gqbZA ml izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe esa ^D;k i<+kuk gS^] fdls i<+kuk gS^ vkSj D;ksa i<+kuk gS^];s fl[kk;k x;k] ijUrq ^fdl rjg i<+kuk gS ] blesa leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k] D;ksafd vf/kdrjizf'k{k.k izkIr djus okys lHkh Nk= v/;kid@v/;kfidk vius fo"k; ds vuq:i dsoy ,d Hkk"kk esaizoh.k gksrs gSa vkSj nwljh Hkk"kk esa mlh fo"k; dks i<+kus esa mUgsa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ;g leL;k eSaus viuslsok iwoZ v/;kid izf'k{k.k ds le; ns[khA eSa [kqn Hkh fo"k;ksa dks ,d Hkk"kk esa i<+kus esa izoh.k gw¡] ijUrqnwljh Hkk"kk esa mlh fo"k; dks i<+kus esa eq>s dfBukbZ gksrh gSA esjh Hkk"kk ,d fgUnh gS vkSj blh Hkk"kk

*'kks/k Nk=k] dsUæh; f'k{kk laLFkku] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh


esa eSa lgtrk vkSj fuiq.krk ds lkFk fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks vklkuh ls i<+k ldrh gw¡] ijUrq ;fn ogh fo"k;eq>s Hkk"kk 2 vaxzsth esa i<+kus iM+s] arks eq>s dfBukbZ gksrh gSA ,slk ugha] fd eSa Hkk"kk 2 esa ugha i<+k ldrh]fcYdqy i<+k ldrh gw¡] ijUrq fo"k;ksa dks i<+kus esa tks Hkk"kk;h dk;Zdq'kyrk gksuh pkfg;s] og nwljh Hkk"kkds laca/k esa fo"k;ksa dks ysdj eq>esas ugha gSA ;g leL;k flQZ esjh gh ugha gS] cfYd esjh rjg izf'k{k.kysus okys vusd Nk= v/;kidksa@v/;kfidkvksa dh gS] tksfd lsok iwoZ f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k izkIr dj jgsgSa ;k dj pqds gSaA vf/kdrj lHkh Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa ls fdlh ,d Hkk"kk esa gh izoh.k gksrs gSaA esjkfopkj ;g gS fd] lsok iwoZ v/;kid izf'k{k.k esa lHkh izf'k{kqvksa dks jpukoknh fof/k;ksa ds }kjk rduhdls lkFk bl izdkj ls izf'kf{kr fd;k tk;s] fd os nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa] Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa izoh.k cusa] rkfdizf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~ fo|ky;ksa esa tkus ij] fo"k;ksa dks i<+kus esa Hkk"kk;h :i ls dksbZ dfBukbZ u gks vkSjizR;sd fo"k; dks os nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa izoh.krk ls i<+k ldsaAÁLrkfor fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lkfgR; dh orZeku fLFkfr % dqN 'kks/k v/;;uksa esa Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk2] nksuksa esa f'k{k.k dks v©j vf/kxe dks csgrj vkSj vko';d ekuk gSA* vksph ;ks'kh ¼2009½] Þn j¨y vkWQ ,y1 bu QSflfyVsfVax ,y2 Á¨MDluß 'kks/k v/;;u ds

ifj.kke ds vuqlkj] Hkk"kk 1 dk f'k{k.k dk;Z esa lekos'k Hkk"kk 2 ds mRiknu dks ljy cukrkgS rFkk Hkk"kk 2 esa lapkj ds le; vkus okyh vf/kxeh; fpUrk dks lekIr Hkh djrk gSA blizdkj Hkk"kk 1] Hkk"kk 2 dh izoh.krk esa lgk;d gSA

* tqudks ;kekf'krk ¼2004½] ÞjhfMax ,VhV~;wMl~~ bu ,y1 ,aM ,y2 ,aM ns;j buyq,al vkWu ,y2,DlVsuflo jhfMaxß dk v/;;u] Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa vf/kxedrkZ dh le> dsn`f"Vdks.k ds egRo dh O;k[;k djrk gS rFkk Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 ds vf/kxedrkZvksa dhlgHkkfxrk dks O;kid v/;;u esa izksRlkfgr djrk gSA

'kks/k iz'u %* lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dh Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 dkSu&lh gSa\* lsok&iwoZ f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk çoh.krk dks l'kä cukus ds fy, bLrseky fd;s tkus okyh

fofHkUu çkS|ksfxfd;ksa dkSu lh gSa\* lsok&iwoZ f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk çoh.krk dks l'kä djus ds fy, dkSu ls jpukRed rjhds gSa\* fdl çdkj jpukoknh fof/k;k¡ o rduhd Hkk"kk dks l'kä cukrs gSa\* çkS|ksfxdh vkSj jpukoknh fof/k;ksa dk lsokiwoZ f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk çoh.krk ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS\* dSls çkS|ksfxdh vkSj jpukoknh fof/k;k¡] lsokiwoZ f'k{kdksa dh Hkk"kk çoh.krk l'kä dj ldrs gSa\

ifj.kke vkSj fu"d"kZ % bl 'kks/k v/;;u dk eq[; mn~ns'; lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dh Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk2] nksuksa esa izoh.krk dk rduhd vkSj jpukoknh fof/k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vUos".k djuk Fkk] ftlds }kjk ;gtkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k] fd D;k nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr fd;k tk jgk gS;k ugha rFkk fdl izdkj izf'k{kqvksa dks Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa] dkSu&dkSu lh rduhd vkSj jpukoknhfof/k;ksa ds }kjk izR;sd fo"k; ds fy, fuiq.k cuk;k tk jgk gSA vkt le; cny jgk gS bl cnyrs lektvkSj okrkoj.k esa f'k{kd çf'k{k.k dh 'kSyh esa ifjorZu dh vko';drk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ ds fopkj ls] Hkk"kk1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa dks tkuuk rFkk nksuksa esa izoh.k gksuk] v/;kidksa dks izHkkoiw.kZ <+x ls i<+kusdk volj iznku djrk gS] tksfd muds Lo;a ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh t:jh gSA

lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dh Hkk"kk 1 ls rkRi;Z gS] dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk tks O;fDr ds tUe ls] lkekU;r%muds O;ogkj vkSj ifjos'k dk fgLlk gS] ftls ekr`Hkk"kk] ?kjsyw Hkk"kk vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk Hkh dgk tkldrk gSA Hkk"kk 2 ls vfHkizk; gS] O;fDr dh dksbZ Hkh nwljh Hkk"kk] tks ekrHkk"kk u gks] cfYd fons'khHkk"kk gks] ;k ogn :i ls lapkj dh Hkk"kk gksA bl v/;;u ds laca/k esa] Hkk"kk 2 fgUnh ;k vaxzsth esals dksbZ Hkh gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd nksuksa gh bl ns'k esa dk;kZy;h vkSj ogn :i ls lapkj dh Hkk"kk gSaA

11

izoh.krk ls rkRi;Z gS] Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa leku :i ls n{k o fuiq.k gksuk rFkk lsok iwoZv/;kidksa ls vfHkizk;] bl v/;;u ls laca/k esa] mu lsok iwoZ v/;kid izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ls gS] tkslsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij izf'kf{kr djrs gSa] tSls&ch-,M-] ch-,y-,M-] ts-ch-Vh-] Mh-,M-o ,u-Vh-Vh- vkfnA bl izdkj] ;g 'kks/k v/;;u lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dh Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksaesa leku :i ls] izR;sd fo"k; dks i<+kus esas izoh.krk ij cy nsrk gSA vkt ds le; esa ,sls fopkjokuf'k{kdksa dh vko';drk gS] tks nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa fuiq.k gksa vkSj mudh xgjh le> j[krs gksa] rkfd lHkhfo"k;ksa dks vklkuh ls nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa rFkk nü a ek/;e a esa i<+k;k tk ldsA

fu"d"kZ :i esa] bl 'kks/k v/;;u us lsok&iwoZ f'k{kdksa dks dk;Z dq'ky ,oa muds Hkk"kkbZ dkS'ky dksl'kä cuk;k gSA ;g 'kks/k v/;;u lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dks vkSj vf/kd dk;Zdq'ky cukus dk lq>ko çnkudjrk gSA Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa dh izoh.krk dsoy muds fy;s gh ugha] cfYd 'kSf{kdnf"V ls lHkh ds fy,] mi;ksxh vkSj egRoiw.kZ gSA lsok iwoZ v/;kidksa dh nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa izoh.krk] mudksizR;sd fo"k; dks nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa Li"Vrk vkSj vklkuh ls i<+kus esa l{ke djsaxhA lkFk gh lkFk] muds }kjki<+k;s x;s] fo|kfFkZ; a d¨ nü a Òk"kkv a esa v/;;u djus ls] fo"k; d¨ le>us esa v©j mlls lacaf/kr viusfopkj a d¨ ÁdV djus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA bl Ádkj] fo|kFkhZ Òh Òk"kk 1 v©j Òk"kk 2] nü a Eksa Áoh.k g axsv©j ;g muds csgrj vf/kxe v©j fodkl esa lgk;d g¨xkA tc Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa lsok iwoZizf'k{k.k fn;k tk;sxk] rks os nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa leku :i ls izf'kf{kr gksaxs vkSj tc izf'k{k.k ds i'pkr~] os Ldwyksaesa tk;saxs] rks nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa izHkkoh <+x ls f'k{k.k dk;Z dj ldsaxsA lsok iwoZ o lsokjr izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksads fy,] xq.koRrk vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dh miyC/krk] f'k{kd&izf'k{kd ij fuHkZj djrh gS] blfy,] ;g v/;;uf'k{kd izf'k{kdksa d¨ Hkh Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa izoh.k gksus ij tksj nsrk gS] D;ksafd os rHkh izf'k{k.k iznkuvPNs ls dj ldrs gSa] tc os Lo;a nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa izf'kf{kr gksaxsA Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2] nksuksa esa izoh.krk gksusls] lsok iwoZ v/;kid izf'k{k.k ÁkIr djus ds i'pkr~] fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa ek/;eksa ds Ldwyksa esa] lgtrkvkSj vkRe&fo'okl ds lkFk nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa rFkk nü a ek/;e a esa fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks i<+kus esa l{ke gksaxsA

lUnHkZ %1- bf.M;u ,twds'kuy fjO;w] 2010] gkWQ bZ;jyh tuZy vkWQ ,twds'kuy fjlpZ] okY;we 46] vad 1A2- , fjO;w vkWQ n fyV~jspj vkWu lsd.M ySUXost yfuZax] lsd.M ,fM'ku] 2006A3- http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp

4- d©xk] thu ikWy ¼2002½] ÞckbZfyaxqvkfyTe ,V VsfjVjh ysoy ,tqds"ku bu dse:u % n dsl vkWQ n;wfuoflZVh vkWQ ;kUMs 2 ¼l¨vk½ß] n flDlFk baVjus'kuy flEi¨fl;e vkWu ckbZfyaxqvkfyTe] ebZ30&twu 2] 2007] ;wfuoflZVh vkWQ gSecxZA

5- tkaxhM+] xhrk] 2005] fyVjslh ,.M ySUXoSt MsoyiesUV% , gksy ySUXoSt ilZisfDVo] ih-,p-Mh-] Fkhfll]lh-vkbZ-bZ-] ,iQ-,y-] gSnjkcknA

6- tuZy vkWQ ySUXoSt Vhfpax ,.M fjlpZ] 2011] vkbZ-,l-,l-,u- 1798&4769] okY;we 2] vad 4A7- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk] vizSy 2010A8- ;kekf'krk] tqud¨ ¼2004½] ÞjhfMax ,VhV~;wMl~~ bu ,y1 ,aM ,y2 ,aM ns;j buyq,al vkWu ,y2

,DlVsuflo jhfMaxß] tuZy vkWQ jhfMax bu , Q¨jsu ySaXost] okY;we 16] uŒ 1] 2004] vkbZ-,l-,l-,u-1539&0578A http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/April2004/yamashita/yamashita.html

9- ;¨"kh] v¨ph ¼2009½] Þn jÿ vkWQ ,y1 bu QSflfyVsfVax ,y2 Á¨MDluß] http://jaits.jpn.org/home/

kaishi2009/pdf/10-ochi.pdf

10- jkW;] jkt"khZ] 2005] jhfFkafdax Vhpj ,twds'ku% uhM vkWQ n Ms] ;wfu- U;wt] 43%55] fnl-] 19&25] 2005A11- ySUXoSt bu bf.M;k LVªSUFk QkWj VwMs ,.M czkbV gksi QkWj Vwekjks] 2012] okY;we 12%7] vkbZ-,l-,l-,u-

1930&2940A

*****

Hkk"kk 1 vkSj Hkk"kk 2 esa lsokiwoZ v/;kidksa dh çoh.krk dk jpuoknh---


vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk %,d vkykspukRed v/;;u

MkWŒ jkts'k cgknqj flag*

n'kZu'kkL= dks ,d izdkj dk ckSf)d O;k;ke le>k tkrk gS] ijUrq Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa n'kZu dkrkRi;Z ckSf)d O;k;ke ls dqN vf/kd gh gSA n'kZu lR; dks ns[kuk gS] vuqHko djuk gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZuds nks i{k gSa& lS)kfUrd vkSj O;kogkfjdA lS)kfUrd i{k Hkh O;ogkfjd lR; dh miyfC/k dk iz;klgh gSA n'kZu dk iz;kstu thou ds mPpre ewY;ksa dh miyfC/k dk iz;kl gh gSA n'kZu dk iz;kstu thouds mPpre ewY;ksa dh miyfC/k gSA cqf) }kjk tks dqN vfUre lR; ds :i esa LohÑr gS] vuqHko }kjk mldhmiyfC/k gh n'kZu dk iz;kstu gSA Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa ds fy, nk'kZfud fpUru dk eq[; y{; thou dsnq%[kksa dks nwj djuk gS] rkfRod iz'uksa dk foospu rks dsoy lk/ku :i gh gSA eSDlewyj us dgk gS fd Hkkjresa rRofpUru Kku gh miyfC/k ds fy, ugha] cfYd ml ije mn~ns"; dh flf) ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk]ftlds fy, euq"; dk bl yksd esa iz;Ru djuk lEHko gSA1 blfy, Hkkjrh; n'kZu dsoy fopkj iz.kkyhgh ugha] cfYd thou iz.kkyh Hkh gSA izks0 fgfj;Uuk fy[krs gSa fd ßHkkjrh;ksa ds fy, n'kZu u rks ek= ckSf)dfpUru gS vkSj u ek= uSfrdrk] cfYd og pht gS tks bu nksuksa dks vius vUnj lekfo"V Hkh djrh gSvkSj buls Åij Hkh gS----- ;gk¡ n'kZu dk y{; mlls Hkh vf/kd izkIr djuk gS tks rdZ'kkL= vkSj uhfr'kkL=ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSAÞ2 Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa pkj iq#"kkFkZ ekus x;s gSa& vFkZ ¼vkfFkZd ewY;½] dke¼ekufld ewY;½] /keZ ¼uSfrd ewY;½ vkSj eks{k ¼v/;kfRed ewY;½A buesa vkfFkZd vkSj uSfrd ewY; lk/kuewY; gS rFkk dke vkSj eks{k lk/; ewY; gSA vFkZ vkSj /keZ Øe'k% dke vkSj eks{k ds lk/ku gSaA pkjksa izdkjds iq#"kkFkZ Øe'k% mPpre ewY; dh miyfC/k dk gh iz;kl gSA vFkZ ,oa dke dk /keZ ds }kjk fu;eu gksrkgS rFkk /keZ eks{k dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gSA vr% eks{k mPpre ewY; gSA

;gk¡ iz'u mBrk gS fd euq"; D;ksa eks{k dks gh thou dk vfUre /;s; ekus\ D;k euq"; gh eks{kdh izkfIr dk ,dek= vf/kdkjh gS\ ;g Li"V gS fd euq"; vU; izkf.k;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd cqf)eku] psru,oa laosnu'khy gSA tkuojksa esa izk.k ,oa laosnuk rks gksrh gS] ijUrq muesa fpUru dk vHkko gSA tkuojksa esadsoy izofRr;k¡ gksrh gSa] ij euq"; dke] Hkw[k ,oa I;kl dh iwfrZ ds vfrfjDr vU; leL;kvksa ls Hkh my>rkgSA ij ,slk D;ksa\ ,slk blfy, fd euq"; vU; izkf.k;ksa dh Hkkafr dsoy gkM+&ekal dk iqryk gh ugha]og ,d vk/;kfRed izk.kh Hkh gSA ,d vk/;kfRed lRrk ds :i esa og dsoy tSfod ewY;ksa ls gh c¡/kkugha jg ldrkA tSfod vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ls mlds vk/;kfRed vlUrks"k dk 'keu ugha gksrkA ;gk¡,d iz'u mBrk gS fd euq"; dks vk/;kfRed izk.kh D;ksa ekusa\ ge D;ksa ekusa fd mlesa 'kjhj ds vfrfjDr,d vkRek Hkh gS\ nk'kZfud nf"V ls bldk mRrj Li"V gSA vkRek ;k vkRe&psruk dksbZ rdZokD; ughagS] ftldk ewY;kadu lR; ;k vlR; ds :i esa fd;k tk ldsA ;g rks og vfUre iwoZ ekU;rk gS] tksvk/;kfRed thou dk vk/kkj gSA izkphu dky ls ysdj vk/kqfud dky rd vusd fo}ku bl Lo;afl)ekU;rk dk dkj.k <w¡<+ jgs gSaA vUr esa os bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡ps fd vkRepsruk ;k vkRek dk Kku u rkscqf) ls gks ldrk gS vkSj u rdZ lsA3 vk/kqfud ik'pkR; n'kZu ds tud nsdkrZ us Hkh vius nk'kZfud lansgdh i)fr }kjk vkRek dh v[k.Muh;rk dks izkIr fd;kA lUnsg djus ij lUnsgdrkZ ds :i esa vkRek dhflf) gks tkrh gSA4 vr% ;g Li"V gS fd ekuo&thou dsoy ,d tSfod izfØ;k gh ugha gSA ;g

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] n'kZu'kkL= foHkkx] fryd/kkjh egkfo|ky;] tkSuiqj] m0iz0

13

vkRepsruk Hkh gS] tks Lo;a izdkf'kr gS] ftls ge vkRek ;k tho dqN Hkh dg ldrs gSaA ,d vkRepsruizk.kh gksus ds euq"; dsoy HkkSfrd oLrqvksa ls gh rIr u gksdj vfUre 'kkfUr vkSj lq[k dh [kkst djrkgSA MkWŒ jsugksYM uscj us fy[kk gS& Þeuq"; izÑfr vkSj le; ds izokg esa iw.kZr% vkosf"Vr ugha gSA og ,dizk.kh gS] tks izkÑfrd fu;eksa ls fu;fU=r gS] ijUrq og LorU= vkRek Hkh gS] tks viuh vUrfuZfgr {kerkvksads dkj.k ,sfgdrk dk vfrØe.k djrk gSAÞ5 Hkkjrh; psruk ;g ekurh jgh gS fd lk/kd dks fdlh ufdlh fLFkfr ij igqap dj vlhe ds eksg dks NksM+ nsuk pkfg,] blds fcuk vuUr dh izkfIr lEHko ughagSA vlhe vkuUne; eks{k llhe ,sfgd foHkwfr;ksa dk u rks ;ksx gS] u mldk ifj.kkeA og llhe ls ,dfHkUu dksfV dh pht gSA eqä gksus dk vFkZ ,s'o;ksZaa dks izpqjrk esa izkIr djuk ugha gS] tSlk fd nwljs /keksZadh LoxkZfn dYiuk,¡ crykrh gSa] vfirq ,d furkUr fHkUu Hkwfedk esa igqqap tkuk gSa] tgk¡ bl txr~ dhck/kk,¡ vkSj lhek,¡ nwj NwV tkrh gSA

eks{k dh /kkj.kk Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh dsUnzh; /kkj.kk gSA eks{k esa fo'okl gksus dk vFkZ vuUr thouvkSj vfou'oj vkuUn:irk dh lEHkkouk esa fo'okl gSA Jh vjfoUn bls Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk dk egku'kCn* ekurs gSaA eks{k vkSj eqfDr 'kCn Øe'k% eks{k vkSj eqp~ /kkrq ls O;qRiUu gksrs gSa] ftudk vFkZ LorU=gksuk* ;k ^NqVdkjk ikuk* gSA eks{k dk vFkZ thou&ej.k ds pØ ls vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i lHkh izdkj dslkalkfjd nq%[kksa ls NqVdkjk ikuk gSA mifu"kn~ ds _f"k;ksa us dBksj riL;k ds i'pkr~ bl lR; dkKku izkIr fd;k fd iqu%&iqu% tUe xzg.k djuk gh lHkh izdkj ds nq%[kksa dk dkj.k gSA MkW0 jk/kkÑ".kufy[krs gSa fd nq%[k bl HkkSfrd thou dh ,d vfuok;Z ?kVuk gS& Hkkjrh; fopkj/kkjk ds lHkh lEiznk;;g Lohdkj djrs gSaA6 teZuh ds ledkyhu nk'kZfud 'kksiugkoj dk dFku gS fd ßvk'kkokn euq";ksads nq%[kksa ds izfr rh{.k O;aX; gSAÞ7 tUe xzg.k djus dh vko';drk dk vkR;fUrd vHkko gks tkuk ghlHkh lk/kukvksa dk y{; gSA ;gh eks{k gSA eks{k dk vFkZ iki ls eqfDr* ugha gSA iki ls eqfDr] iki lscpko gSA eks{k ewY;ksa dh izkfIr gSA ;g vkRek dk vius okLrfod Lo:i dks le>uk ;k vfUre iw.kZrkdks izkIr djuk gSA ;gka eks{k ds lEizR;; dk vFkZ vfrØe.krk ;k :ikUrj.k gSA ;g tSfod ;kO;kogkfjd psruk dk loksZPp ;k 'kq) psruk esa :ikUrj.k gSA eqDrkRek HkkSfrd ,oa euksoSKkfud dk;ksZals lEcU/k ugha j[krh gSA bl Lrj dk euq"; mnkl ;k rVLFk jgrk gSA

Hkkjrh; n'kZu eks{k ls de fdlh ewY; dks thou dk ije~ 'kqHk Lohdkj djus dks rS;kj ugha gSAik'pkR; n'kZu dh izeq[k vfHk#fp ekuork ¼iw.kZekuo ,oa iw.kZekuo lekt dk Lo:i½ gh jgh gS] tcfdHkkjrh; nk'kZfudksa ds fy, ekuork ls Åij mBuk vkSj thoek= rd QSy tkuk gh leLr lk/kukvksa dky{; gSA8 ekuork ls Åij mBus dk vFkZ ekuork dk frjLdkj djuk ugha gS] cfYd gekjs uSfrd dÙkZO;ksadks dsoy gekjs ekuo Hkkb;ksa rd gh lhfer u djds mudk vU; izkf.k;ksa rd foLrkj gSA izksŒ fgfj;Uukfy[krs gSa fd Hkkjrh; nf"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds drZO; ekuo lekt rd gh lhfer ugha gS] cfYdokLro esa lEiw.kZ psru lf"V ds vUnj QSys gq, gSaA Þvius iM+kslh ls vkReor~ izse djksÞ bl lkekU; mins'kds lkFk og ÞvkSj izR;sd izk.kh rqEgkjk iM+kslh gSÞ ;g Hkh tksM+ nsrk gSA uSfrd deZ ds {ks= dk bl izdkjfoLrkj dj nsuk Hkkjrh; uhfr'kkL= dh vUrjkRek ds vuq:i gh gSA ftu izkf.k;ksa ds vUnj uSfrd psrukdk vHkko gS] muds pkgs dksbZ dÙkZO; ugha gksa] ij bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd muds izfr Hkh fdlh dkdksbZ dÙkZO; ugha gSA9 Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk y{; ml fLFkfr dks izkIr djuk gS] tgk¡ tho ije rRo dk KkuizkIr dj Lo;a mlds lkFk rknkRE; LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA ,slk O;fDr lalkj ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks vkReor~ns[krk gSA mlds fy, gS* vkSj pkfg,* dk }Sr] tks uSfrd thou dh tM+ esa gS] lekIr gks tkrk gSA uSfrddk;Z mlds fy, lgt cu tkrs gSa] Bhd oSls gh] tSls lgt fØ;k,¡ gekjs fy, LokHkkfod ,oa lgt gSA;gha eks{k dh fLFkfr gSA fo'o fpUru dks eks{k* Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh lokZf/kd ekSfyd nsu gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZuesa ewY;ksa dh [kkst esa eks{k dk lEizR;;u ,d fuf'pr izxfr dk lwpd gS vkSj ,slk djds Hkkjr us ewY;ksads {ks= esa tks dne mBk;k] og ekuo fpUru ds bfrgkl esa viuh fof'k"Vrk j[krk gSA

vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk % ,d vkykspukRed v/;;u


Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds lEiznk;ksa dks lkekU;r% nks oxksZa ¼vkfLrd ,oa ukfLrd½ esa j[kk tkrk gSAvkfLrd n'kZu mUgsa dgk tkrk gS] tks osnksa dh izekf.kdrk dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl oxZ ds vUrxZr'kM~n'kZu&U;k;] oS'ksf"kd] lka[;] ;ksx] iwoZ ehekalk vkSj mRrj ehekalk ¼osnkUr½ dk lekos'k gksrk gSAukfLrd n'kZu osnksa dh izekf.kdrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA os osnksa ds fuUnd gSaA bl oxZ ds vUrxZrpkokZd] tSu rFkk ckS) n'kZu vkrs gSaA fo'o dh fofo/krkvksa esa ,drk [kkstuk rFkk de ls de rRoksadh lgk;rk ls fo'o dh O;k[;k djuk n'kZu dk mn~ns'; gSA bl nf"V ls vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa gesa iqu%rhu lksiku Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA U;k; vkSj oS'ksf"kd cgqrÙooknh gS] lka[; vkSj ;ksx }Sroknh gS rFkkosnkUr dks ge ,drÙooknh dg ldrs gSaA U;k;&o'ksf"kdksa dk fo'o vkSj mldh leL;kvksa ds izfrnf"Vdks.k oLrqoknh gSA fo'o dh fofo/krkvksa dks os lkr ewy inkFkksZa ls le>krs gSaA lka[;&;ksx U;k;&oS'ksf"kdksa ds dk;Z dks vkSj vkxs c<+krs gSaA os dsoy nks rRo iq#"k vkSj izÑfr ls fo'o dh O;k[;k djrsgSa] ijUrq ekuo dk efLr'd cgqrÙookn vkSj }Srokn ls lUrq"V ugha gksrkA fofo/krk esa ,drk dh [kksttkjh jgrh gSA ekuo efLr"d dks dsoy rHkh lUrks"k gksrk gS] tc osnkUr ds bl lR; dk lk{kkRdkjdj fy;k tkrk gS fd fo'o dh fofo/krkvksa ds ihNs dsoy ,d gh rRo gS] lEiw.kZ fo'o mlh ls mRiUugSA ;g ije rÙo czã gSA iqu% osnkUr n'kZu ds fodkl ds pkj izeq[k lksiku gSaA osnkUr ds lHkhlEiznk;ksa ds vuqlkj dsoy czã gh ije~rÙo gS] ijUrq tho vkSj txr~ dk czã ls D;k lEcU/k gS\ bliz'u ij fofHkUu lEiznk;ksa ds vyx&vyx mRrj gSa vkSj ;gh mRrj muds fo'ks"k lEiznk; ds fuekZ.kdk vk/kkj gSA e/; }Sroknh gSA os tho vkSj txr~ dk czã ls Hksn crykrs gSaA fuEckdZ vkSj pSrU; thovkSj txr~ dk czã ls Hksn vkSj vHksn nksuksa dks Lohdkj djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj tho vkSj txr~ dkczã ls HksnkfUor vHksn dk lEcU/k gSA jkekuqt tho vkSj txr~ dk czã ls fof'k"V izdkj ds v}SrlEcU/k dk izfriknu djrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd czã lkdY; gS vkSj tho mlds va'k gSaA vr% tho vkSjtxr~ dk czã ls va'k&va'kh dk lEcU/k gSA blh dks jkekuqt fof'k"V izdkj dk v}Sr lEcU/k dgrsgSaA oYyHk vkSj 'kadj tho vkSj txr~ dk czã ls v}Sr lEcU/k ekurs gSaA oYyHk dk fl)kUr 'kq)k}Srdgykrk gSA 'kadj ekurs gSa fd txr~ dk viuh lHkh fofo/krkvksa ds lkFk czã ij vkjksi.k gSA vr%ikjekfFkZd nf"V ls og gS gh ughaA mldh lRrk dsoy LoIu esa nss[ks x;s inkFkksZa ds leku gSA vr%ikjekfFkZd nf"V ls txr~ vkSj czã nks ;k fHkUu ugha gSA vfo|k ds dkj.k czã gh txr~ izrhr gksrkgSA blh izdkj tho dk Hkh czã ls v}Sr lEcU/k gSA vKku ds dkj.k og Lo;a dks czã ls fHkUu eu]'kjhj bR;kfn mikf/k;ka le>rk gSA tc mldk ;g vKku nwj gks tkrk gS rks og Lo;a dks czã vuqHkodjrk gSA bl izdkj ikjekfFkZd nf"V ls tho vkSj czã ds chp lEcU/k dk iz'u gh ugha mBrkA dsoyO;kogkfjd nf"V ls gh tho vkSj czã dk rknkRE; ;k v}Sr lEcU/k gSA

Hkkjrh; n'kZu ds lHkh lEiznk;ksa dk y{; ,d gh gSA tho dks eks{knk;d Kku iznku djukAeks{knk;d Kku dk Lo:i fofHkUu n'kZuksa esa vyx&vyx gks ldrk gSA ;g mudh rÙoehekalk }kjkfuf'pr gksrk gSA oLrqxr :i ls eks{knk;d Kku ijerRo dk Kku gS] ijUrq O;fDrxr :i ls ;g thods Lo;a ds okLrfod Lo:i dk Kku gSA bl izdkj lHkh lEiznk;ksa ds vuqlkj tho dk eks{k mldsLo;a ds okLrfod Lo:i ds Kku ¼vkReKku½ esa fufgr gSA cgqrÙookfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ;g fofHkUu rÙoksadk Kku gS] }Sroknh lka[; ds vuqlkj ;g iq#"k dk Lo;a dks izÑfr ls fHkUu le>us dk foosd KkugSA osnkUr ds vuqlkj ;g ,dek= czã ds gh lR; gksus dk Kku gSA vr% vkRek dk ije rÙo ds lkFkfdlh n'kZu esa tks lEcU/k gS] mlh lEcU/k dk Kku ml n'kZu ds vuqlkj eks{k iznku djrk gSA blhdks rRoKku dgrs gSaA ;gh O;fDrfu"B n`f"V ls vkReKku gSA

ijUrq dqN vkykspd izk;% vKku ds dkj.k eks{k dh bl n'kk dks fpUru ¼dYiuk½ ,oavdeZ.;rk dh voLFkk ekurs gSaA eks{k dks os cpko dk ekxZ rFkk Þtxr dk fu"ks/kÞ ekurs gSa] fdUrq ;gu rks fpUru dh voLFkk gS rFkk u gh lalkj dk fu"ks/k gSA mifu"kn~ esa dgk x;k gS& Þtc ân; dh

15

lHkh dkeuk,¡ lekIr gks tkrh gS] rc euq"; vej gks tkrk gS vkSj bl yksd esa gh czã dks izkIr djysrk gSAÞ10 oLrqr% eks{k vkRefu/kkZj.k gSA ;g loksZPp ewY;ksa dh izkfIr gSA eqDr iq#"k lekt esa ekSu ughajg ldrs vkSj txr~ ls nwj ;k cp ugha ldrsA eqDr vkRek,¡ vlhe iq#"k gSA mUgsa dke] oxZ] tkfr;k jk"Vª dk cU/ku ugha gSA os ekuork ds vkfn vkSj vUr gSaA os lHkh /kkfeZd iq#"kksa ds lkFk vkuUnls jgrs gSa] ijUrq fdlh /keZ ls ca/ks ugha gSaA eqDr iq#"k nwljksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djrs gSa] eqDrvkRek,¡ gesa dsoy izdkf'kr gh ugha djrh] vfirq ge lHkh dks eqDr djuk pkgrh gSA MkWŒ jk/kkÑ".ku~us bl fopkj dks ^loZeqfDr* dgk gSA loZeqfDr* dk vFkZ lkalkfjd LoxZ ;k HkkSfrd lq[kksa dk Øfedlap; ugha gSA ;g vkRek ds ewY; ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;g fopkj okLrfod ekuorkokn* dk leFkZu djrkgSA okLrfod ekuork esa gh vkRe&ewY; 'kj.k ysrk gSA ekuorkokn dh Hkkouk vkfFkZd Lrj ij yqIrgks tkrh gSA vr% lH;rk dks ,d 'kk'or vk/kkj nsus ds fy, vkRe&ewY;ksa dh j{kk dh vko';drk gSA;gh eks{k dh 'kk'or izklafxdrk gSA

;gk¡ ;g iz'u gks ldrk gS fd D;k vk/kqfud dky ds LorU=psrk fopkjd bl eks{k ds fl)kUrdks xzká eku ldrs gSa\ okLro esa eks{k dh lEHkkouk dk nk'kZfud e.Mu djuk cgqr dfBu gS] fdUrq blckr esa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gS fd eks{k dk vkn'kZ lalkj ds vU; leLr /keksZa ds ikjykSfdd vkn'kksZa dh vis{kkvf/kd Å¡pk rFkk cqf)xzká gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu esa eks{k dks dsoy thou ds mijkUr QyhHkwr gksus okykvfuf'pr vkn'kZ gh ugha ekuk x;k gS] izR;qr~ mlesa thoUeqfDr dh lEHkkouk esa Hkh fo'okl ik;k tkrkgSA thoUeqDr rÙoKkuh ,"k.kkvksa ls dgha Åij mBk gqvk gksrk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd Þeks{kÞ dkvkn'kZ vFkok ÞthoUeqDrÞ dk vkn'kZ vkt Hkh gekjh cqf) vkSj dYiuk dks Li'kZ djrk gSA

eks{k dk vkn'kZ vkt ds fopkjdksa dks pkgs xzká gks vFkok ugha] fdUrq bl ckr ls dksbZ bUdkjugha dj ldrk fd euq"; dk ân; fpjdky rd vlhe ls lUrq"V ugha jg ldrkA ekuotkfr lnSols gh ,d ,sls vkn'kZ dh [kkst esa layXu jgh gS] tks 'kk'or vkSj fpjUru gksA vkt Hkh ekuork blizdkj ds vkn'kZ dh [kkst esa O;kdqy gSA ml vkn'kZ dk Lo:i D;k gks] ftlls og orZeku oSKkfudcqf) dks xzká gks lds] bldk fu.kZ; djuk n'kZu'kkL= dk dk;Z gSA vr% n'kZu'kkL= dk iz;kstu dsoyfo'o dh O;k[;k djuk gh ugha gS] izR;qr ekuo&thou ds /kzqo vkn'kZ dh [kkst djds mlds Lo:idks fu/kkZfjr djuk Hkh gSA tgk¡ thou&;k=k ds lk/kuksa dks tqVkus okyk gksus ds ukrs foKku dhmi;ksfxrk gS] ogk¡ thou dks fn'kk nsus ds fy, n'kZu dk voyEc Hkh mruk gh] cfYd vf/kd t:jhgSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu izkjEHk ls gh thou ds pje y{; vkSj iz;kstu esa #fp j[krk vk;k gSA vkt ds ;qxesa Hkh ;g mruk gh] cfYd vf/kd] vko';d gks x;k gS fd n'kZu ekuo dh thou&;k=k vkSj fu;frds lEcU/k esa iqu% iz'u mBk, vkSj mudh u;h O;k[;k nsus gq, gesa u;k izdk'k nsA

lUnHkZ %1- Max Muller : Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, p. 370.

2- ,e- fgfj;Uuk & Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh :ijs[kk] i0 213- uS"kk rdsZ.k efrjkius;k& dBksifu"kn& 1%2%9-4- ^; ,o fg fujkdrkZ rnso rL; Lo:ie~*& czãlw= 2-3-7 ij 'kkadjHkk";A5- Dr. Reinhold Nicbohr - The NatureAnd Desiny of Man, Vol.II, p.1.

6- MkWŒ jk/kkÑ".ku~] Hkkjrh; n'kZu] Hkkx&1] i`0 332-7- Schopenhouer - The WorldAs willAnd Idea, p. 1 (420).

8- Prof. Jimer - Philosophies of India, p. 232.

9- ,e- fgfj;Uuk] Hkkjrh; n'kZu dh :ijs[kk] i0 20-10- dBksifu"kn&2-3-14-

*****

vkfLrd n'kZuksa esa eks{k dh vo/kkj.kk % ,d vkykspukRed v/;;u


Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa ml ij oSf'od izHkko MkW0 fot; izdk'k flag*

dkyZ ekDlZ us vius lqizfl) xzUFk nkl dsfiVy* esaa ;g fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k gS fd euq";dk thou ,oa laLdfr ewyr% vFkZ ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ekuo lH;rk dk tks Hkh fodkl gqvk gS ogHkou ds mijh <kaps ds leku gS vkSj /ku bldh uhao gSA ;fn ekuo tkfr ds vkfFkZd bfrgkl dks ufoosfpr fd;k tk; rks lkjk bfrgkl gh vU/kdkje; izrhr gksxkAoSfnd o.kZ O;oLFkk&

Hkkjrh; lekt esa o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk izkjEHk oSfnd&dky esa gh gks x;k FkkA oSfnd dky dbZlkS o"kksZ dk dky Fkk izkjfEHkd oSfnd lw=ksa dks i<+us ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ml dky esa pkj o.kksZa dhO;oLFkk ugha Fkh] ml le; dsoy nks gh o.kZ Fks vk;Z ,oa nkl] tks oLrqr% o.kZ u gksdj lkekftdO;oLFkk ek= FksA vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij budh D;k fLFkfr Fkh bl fo"k; ij oSfnd lkfgR; esa mYys[kde gS] fQj Hkh vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij vk;Z o.kZ dh fLFkfr vPNh FkhA vk;Z o.kZ dk dk;Z ikSjksfgR; dkdk;Z vFkkZr ;K djuk ,oa djkuk ] ea=ksa dh jpuk djuk vkSj ;teku }kjk nh x;h xk;ksa ?kksM+ksa] jFkksavkfn dk lapkyu rFkk mlds ek/;e ls thfodksiktZu djuk Fkk vFkkZr czkã.k o.kZ dh vkfFkZd fLFkfrjktU; o.kZ ds Åij fuHkZj djrh Fkh] fQj Hkh lkekftd Js"Brk dh n`f"V ls czkã.k loksZPp in ijvklhu FkkA

jktU; oxZ dk dk;Z vius dqy ;k tu dh j{kk djuk] vius {ks=ksa dk foLrkj djuk vkSj 'k=qvksasals ;q) djuk FkkA dkykUrj esa jktU; oxZ ds yksx jktk cu x;s rFkk mudk dk;Z iqjksfgr czkge.kksadh eU=.kk ls jkT; dk 'kklu djrk FkkA jkT; ds vUrxZr vius dqy vkSj xks= ds yksxksa dh j{kk djukvkSj mldh vksj ls 'k=qvksa ij vkØe.k djuk FkkA _Xosn ds ijorhZ dky ds ,d lwDr esa ftls iq:"klwDr* dgk x;k gS pkjksa o.kksZ dks fLFkfr Li"V gksrh gSA bl lwDr ds vuqlkj czkã.k fojkV iq:"k dkeq[k Fkk] mldh nksuksa +Hkqtkvksa ls {kf=;] ta?kksa ls oS'; vkSj iSjkas ls 'kqnz mRiUu gq;s FksaA1

_`xoSfnd dky esa tgkW euq"; dk eq[; vkfFkZd vk/kkj i'kqikyu Fkk ogha mRrj oSfnd dkyesa mldk eq[; vk; dk vk/kkj d`f"k dk;Z gks x;kA Qyr% _XoSfnd dkyhu nks o.kZ O;oLFkk prqo.kZO;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr gks x;hA d`f"k deZ ds lkFk gh O;olk; rFkk f'kYi dk Hkh fodkl gqvkA bu lHkhf'kYiksa ,oa O;olk;ks dks Hkh pkjksa o.kksZa esa lekfgr dj fy;k x;kA NkUnksX; mifu"kn esa tho dksfofo/k ;ksfu;ksa esa Hkze.k djus dh ckr dgh x;h gSa vkSj ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd tho vius deZ dsvuqlkj gh u;h ;ksfu dks izkIr djrk gSA v'kqHk vkpj.k okys rRdky fuEu ;ksfu esa tUe ysrs gS vkSjos dqRrs] 'kqdj rFkk pk.Mky tSlh v'kqHk ;ksfu;k¡ izkIr djrs gSA2

blls Li"V gS fd mRrj oSfnd dky esa o.kZ&O;oLFkk deZ.kk u jgdj tUeuk gks x;h FkhAf}tkas dk vkfFkZd thou 'kqnzkas] pk.Mkyksa ls dkQh mPPk Fkk blls izrhr gksrk gS fd mifu"kn~ dky esapk.Mky] Loip fdjkr vkfn dks gh 'kqnz ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj budh lkekftd fLFkfr vR;Ur n;uh;gksrh FkhA Jhen Hkxon~xhrk esa o.kksZ ds lEcU/k esa tks ckr dgh x;h gS og fo'ks"k :Ik ls fopkj.kh;gS D;ksafd Hkxoku d`".k us xq.k vkSj deZ ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gq, Li"V ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd **eSus xq.k vkSj

*izoDrk] izkphu bfrgkl] vo/kwr Hkxoku jke ih0th0 dkyst] vuijk] lksuHknz] m0iz0

17

deZ ds foHkktu ds }kjk pkjksa o.kksZa dks cuk;k gS] eS gh mUgs cukus okyk Hkh gw¡**3 blh fl)kUr dk mYys[kfo".kq iqjk.k esaa Hkh feyrk gS&

^^prqoZ.; e;k l`"Ve xq.k deZ foHkkxl%ArL; drkZjefi eka fo}o;drkZjeO;e~ AA4

tkfr izFkk&izkphu dky esa o.kkasZ ds tks O;olkf;d deZ Fks os /khjs&/khjs tUetkr ekus tkus yxs rFkk os

gh tkfr dk :Ik ysrs x;sA lkFk gh o.kksZa esa fookgkfn izfrcU/k VwVrs x;s rFkk tkfr;ksa dk fodkl blhØe ls gqvk] D;kasfd o.kkasZ ds vUrxZr gh oSfnd lkfgR; esa of.kZr O;olk;ksa vkSj f'kYiksa dk :Ik vkrkgSA lekt ds pkjksa o.kZ vifjorZuh; o.kZ ugha FksA blh izdkj o.kZ vkSj tkfr dk feJ.k gksrk x;kAdeZ dh iz/kkurk eq[; u gksdj tUeuk o.kZ gh eq[; gksrk x;kA Jh en~Hkxon~xhrk esa of.kZr o.kZ dkdeZ lEcU/kh m)j.k oa'kkuqxr gks x;k o.kkasZ dh vkn'kkZRed fLFkfr u"V gks x;h rFkk mldk Lo:IktUeuk gks x;k] ftlls lekt esa mPp ,oa fuEu dk Hksn mRiUu gqvkA o.kksZ dk vk/kkj oa'kkuqxr gksusds dkj.k vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij mPp vFkok fuEu gksus dk vk/kkj Hkh lekIr gks x;s vkSj O;fDr tUe lsgh mPp vFkok fuEu gksus yxkA bl fl)kUr dk fooj.k NkUnksX;mifu"kn esa Hkh feyrk gSAckS)kuqer o.kZ O;oLFkk&

ckS) lkfgR; esa of.kZr tkfr ,oa o.kZ&O;oLFkk mRrj oSfnd dky ds ckn dk gSA bl dkyesa vusd czkge.k xzUFkksa] mifu"kn] vkj.;dksa] dkYiksa rFkk lw= xzUFkksa dh jpuk gks jgh FkhA ;K&fo/kku rFkk /keZ dk vuq'kklu iw.kZr;k czkge.kksa ds v/khu FkkA ;Kksa dks izfØ;k bruh tfVy dj nhx;h fd ;teku] tks izk;% jktU; oxZ dk gksrk Fkk] ;K dk Hkkj ogu djus esa vius dks vleFkZ ekuusyxkA bl dky esa jktU;oxZ esa oSpkfjd fojks/k dh izo`fÙk mRiUu gqbZ] ftldk izfrQy mifu"knksa dsKkudk.M ds :Ik esa fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA mifu"knksa esa czg~eokn ;kfKd deZdk.Mksa ,oa cgqnsookn dsfojks/k esa fodflr gqvkA eq.Mdksifu"kn esa fy[kk gS ^;K VwVh ukSdk ds leku gS] tks ew<+ O;fDr mlsJs"B le> dj mlesas vk:<+ gksrk gS og ckj&ckj tjk eR;q dks izkIr djrk gSA**5 bl fojks/k dsQyLo:Ik ;g gqvk fd /keZ vkSj Kku dk fo"k; czkge.kksa ds gkFk ls fudydj {kf=;ksa ds gkFk esa igq¡px;kA bl izdkj u dsoy czkge.kksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vk;h cfYd ;Kksa }kjk gksus okyhvk; ij Hkh jksd ls mudks dkQh gkfu mBkuh iM+hA jktk tud tSls {k=h; ds ikl rks czkã.k HkhKku izkfIr ds fy, vkrs FksA bl rjg bl dky esa czkã.k dh loZJs"Brk dk in lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZdnksuksa n'kkvksa esa lekIr gks x;kA

mifu"knksa ,oa vusd ckS) xzUFkksa esa f=o.kZ f}tksa ¼czkge.k] {kf=;] oS';½ dks leku LFkku fn;kx;k gSA blls bl le; o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk :Ik O;frØfer gks x;kA blds Ik'pkr Je.k fopkj/kkjkdk izknqHkkZo gqvk] ftlds vUrxZr vusd ererkUrj vkSj lEiznk; izpfyr gq, ftles tSu] ckS)lEiznk; izeq[k gSA bu nksuksa lEiznk;ksa us osn dh izekf.kdrk rFkk czkge.k dh Js"Brk dk fojks/k fd;kAblesa {k=h; ,oa oS'; o.kkasZ dh izeq[krk fn[kk;h iM+rh gSA tUeuk o.kZ& O;oLFkk dk fojks/k ckS) /keZesa fo'ks"k :Ik ls fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA vr% ckS) lkfgR; esa bl lEcU/k esa tks dqN dgk x;k gS mlifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc ls lehphu FkkA

cq) dh e`R;q ds mijkUr ftu xzUFkksa dk iz.k;u fd;k x;k muesa fiVdksa dk vR;f/kd egRogSA f=fiVd esa vf/kdrj izlax cq) ds rFkkdfFkr opu ekus tkrs gSA ,sls izdj.kkas esa o.kZ ,oa tkfrds lEcU/k esa vusd ckrsa dgh x;h gSA cq) dh ckrksa ls ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd cq) ds le; Hkkjrh;lekt dh o.kZ O;oLFkk deZ.kk u gksdj tUeuk ekuh tkrh FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa czkã.kksa dk lkekftd,oa vkfFkZd Lrj dkQh Å¡pk FkkA xkSre cq) us ml O;oLFkk dk fojks/k fd;k vkSj lkekftd iquq:)kjds fy, **cgqtu fgrk; ,oa cgqtu lq[kk;** :ih vkUnksyu dks tUe fn;kA xkSre cq) us vius mins'kkas

Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa ml ij oSf'od izHkko


ls rRdkyhu lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ij dBksj vk?kkr fd;kA mudk Li"V er Fkk fd czkã.k,oa {k=h; dqy esa mRiUu gksus ls gh dksbZ czkge.k ;k {k=h; ugha cu ldrkA czkã.k ,oa +{k=h; dsD;k y{k.k gS\ bl fo"k; esa mUgksaus viuk Li"V er O;Dr fd;k gSA cq) ds mins'kksa esa ØkfUr dk ogtknw Fkk] ftlls dbZ ihf<+;kas dh iqjkuh Hkkjr dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd O;oLFkk pwj&pwj gks x;hAmuds mins'kksa ls **izR;sd dk;Z gj o.kZ ds fy, rFkk izR;sd O;olk; IkzR;sd tkfr ds fy,** dk }kj[kqy x;kA mUgkasus e/;eoxZ dk tks vkUnksyu pyk;k mlls czkã.k o.kZ dh /kkfeZd Hkkouk,a vkgr gqbZvkSj mudk vkfFkZd vk/kkj fgy x;kA

;Kksa ,oa deZdk.Mksa ds Kku ds dkj.k czkã.kksa dks bl ckr dk ?ke.M Fkk fd mudk lektesa loksZPp LFkku gSA xkSre cq) us muds bl vfHker dks feF;k crk;k rFkk mls lekIr djus dk iz;Rufd;kA os czkge.k ,oa {kf=; dh ifjHkk"kk vius <ax ls djrs FksA czkã.k dkSu gS\ bl fo"k; esa mUgksausvusd ckj vius fopkjksa dks Li"V :Ik ls O;Dr fd;k gSA fou; fiVd esa mUgkasus ,d vfHkekuh czkã.kdks czkã.k dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj crk;h gS] **czkã.k og gS tks iki ls eqDr gks] oFkkfHkekuh u gks]fueZy fpRr okyk gks ,oa la;eh gks] osnkUr dk Kkrk gks] czg~ep;Zozrh gks rFkk /keZ ls czg~eoknh gks vkSjftlesa lerk dh Hkkouk gks rFkk ftlds leku fo'o esa vU; dksbZ u gks**6

egkRek cq) dh bu ckrksa ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd cq) dh nf"V esa uSfrdrk vkSj vk/;kfRedrkds {ks= esa ftlus flf) izkIr dj yh gS] mlh dks czkã.k dgk tk ldrk gS ,slk O;fDr dk tUe Hkysgh vU; dqy esa fy;k gks] ijUrq dekZuqlkj og czkge.k gks ldrk gSA o.kZ&O;oLFkk dh mRifRr dslEcU/k esa Hkxoku cq) JkoLrh esa fogkj djrs gq, of'k"B czkã.k ls dgrs gS fd **{ks=ksa dk vf/kifrgksus ds dkj.k dksbZ O;fDr {k=h; gks ldrk gS] ftu yksxksa us ikie; vdq'ky /keksZ dks NksM+ fn;k vkSjtaxy esa i.kZdqVh cukdj vk/;kRe dh vksj vxzlj gq, mudk uke czkã.k iM+kA HkkSfrd lq[kksa esa jryksxksa dk uke oS'; iM+k ,oa lekt ds os yksx tks {kqnz vkpj.k djrs gS os 'kwnz dgykrs gSA**7

blls Li"V gS fd cq) o.kZO;oLFkk dks tUeuk u ekudj deZ.kk ekurs Fks vkSj ,slh fLFkfresa yksxksa dk vkfFkZd vk/kkj Hkh lekt esa mPp ,oa fuEu LFkku ikus ds fy, vuqeU; FkkA ,slh fLFkfresa ge {kf=;ksa dks {ks=ksa dk Lokeh gksus ds dkj.k ,oa jkT; vf/kdkjh gksus ds dkj.k loksZPp LFkku iznkudjrs gSaA f=fiVd ds vaxqRrj fudk; esa cq) dh o.kZ lecU/kh ekU;rk dks Li"V :Ik ls cryk;k x;kgSA8 muds mins'k Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekU; o.kZ O;oLFkk ds mrus gh fojks/kh Fks ftrus vius le; esaizpfyr o.kZ O;oLFkk ds fodr :Ik ds fojsk/kh FksA

tSu /keZ ,oa ckS) /keZ ds izknqHkkZo ds dkj.k o.kZ O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr esa dkQh f'kfFkyrkvk x;h FkhA lq;aDr fudk; ds yksfgPplqRr esa of.kZr ?kVuk rFkk laokn esa mfYyf[kr cq) ds f'k";dkR;k;u ds opuksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gSA egkdkR;k;u us yksfgPp ds f'k";ksa dks ;g crk;k fd **iwoZ;wxksa esa czkã.k vius ijEijkxr /keZ dk Lej.k j[krs Fks os ftrsfUnz;] la;eh ,oa vØks/kh gksrs Fks fdUrqoorZeku le; ds czkã.k vius /keZ ls P;qr gksdj foijhr vkpj.k djrs gS os vius mPp dqy oxks= dk vfHkeku djrs gS] fdUrq czkã.k /keZ dk ifjR;kx dj vfHkekuh vla;r nwljs dks nq[k nsusokys rFkk feF;k&deZdk.Mh] okg~; vkMEcj;qDr ,oa <kasxh gks x;s gSaA**9 bl izdkj os czkã.k /keZdks Hkwy x;s FksA

mijksDr lHkh fooj.kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ckS/k /keZ ds ØkfUrdkjh :Ik ds dkj.k o.kZ O;oLFkkfd izkphu O;oLFkk yqIr gks jgh FkhA {kf=; gj ekspsZ esa czkã.k dh Js"Brk esa las/k yxk jgs Fks tgk¡ rdvkfFkZd fLFkfr dk iz'u gS mles {kf=;ksa dh loZJs"Brk gksrs gq;s Hkh ;g dguk nq"dj gS fd dkSu lko.kZ lkekftd :Ik ls Js"B Fkk] ijUrq ;g fufoZokn lR; gS fd ml le; Hkh 'kqnzkas dh vkfFkZd ,oalkekftd fLFkfr fuEu FkhA

19

oSf'od izHkko&izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt esa okg~; vkØe.kdkjh;ksa ds :Ik esa vk;s 'kd] f'kfFk;u] ig~yo] ;ou] gw.k]fdjkr vkfn lHkh dk Hkkjrh; lekt esa foyhuhdj.k gks x;k] fQj Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt dk iqjkuk :IkvifjofrZr jgkA ;fn ;FkkFkZ esa ns[kk tk; rks Hkkjrh; lekt dk foHkktu vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij gh gksukpkfg;s FkkA izkphu fo'o dh lHkh lH;rkvksa esa lekt dk foHkktu eq[;r% mPpoxZ] e/;e oxZ ,oafuEu oxZ ds :Ik esa gqvk FkkA izkphu Hkkjr esa Hkh o.kksZ ds mRifRr ds igys ;gh foHkktu dk Øe FkkAvkt fo'o ds vf/kdrj fodflr ns'kks esa lekt dk foHkktu vkfFkZd vk/kkj ij gSA ijUrq gekjknqHkkZX; gS fd vkt Hkh ge vius lekt dks tkfr /keZ ds uke ij foHkkftr djrs gSA 2011 bZ0 esatkfrxr o /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij gksus okyh tux.kuk blh dqjhfr dh ifjpk;d gSA

orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt ij oSf'od izHkko Li"V :Ik ls fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA lekt dk iqjkukrkuk&ckuk iwjh rjg /koLr ds dxkj ij gSA tkfr&ikfr] vLi';rk] ukjh&'kks"k.k vkfn viuh vfUrelkals fxu jgh gSA bu lc esa gekjh lwpuk izk|ksfxdh dk cgqr cM+k gkFk gSA vkt ge ?kj cSBs fo'odh lHkh ?kVukvks ls voxr gks ldrs gSA vkt Hkkjrh; laLdfr ij if'peh laLdfr Hkkjh gksrh tkjgh gS gesa Mj gS fd dgha gekjh laLdfr gh vrhr dk fo"k; u cu tk;A vkt vko';drk gSa fdge if'pehdj.k dk va/kkuqdj.k u dj vk/kqfudhdj.k dk vuqlj.k djs rFkk viuh laLd`fr dh j{kkdjsA dk'k! ;fn ,slk gksrk fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr&ikfr] /keZ&lEiznk;] ÅWp&uhp ds cU/kuksa lsÅij mBdj ,d ,sls Hkkjr dh dYiuk djrs tSlh dYiuk fo".kq iqjk.k ds bl 'yksd esa of.kZr gS&

mRRkj;r~ leqnzL; fgeknzs'pSo nf{k.ke~o"kZ rr~ Hkkjre~ uke Hkkjrh v= larrhAA10

vFkkZr leqnz ds mRrj esa rFkk fgeky; ds nf{k.k esa tks Hkw&Hkkx fLFkr gS og Hkkjr ns'k gS rFkkogk¡ dh lUrkus Hkkjrh gSA vkb;s! ge ladYi ysa fd izkphu Hkkjrh; lkekftd rkus&ckus dks /oLrdj fodklksUeq[k lekt dk fuekZ.k djsasA

lUnHkZ %1- _Xosn% 10@90&122- {kkUnksX; mifu"kn~3- Jhen~Hkxor xhrk% 4@134- fo'oiqjk.k5- eq.Mdksifu"kn6- fou; fiVd] egkox dFkk% 2 i`"B 767- nh?kZfudk; 3@4] i0 244&458- vaxqRrj fudk;] i0 69&709- la;qDr fudk; yksfgPPklqRr] i`0 499&50010- fo".kqiqjk.k 2@31

*****

Ikzkphu Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa ml ij oSf'od izHkko


Kkiu dkS'ky dh lekl izdj.k ds lUnHkZ eas lkFkZdrkMkW0 jkts'k dqekj feJ*

vkpk;Z ikf.kfu us v"Vk/;k;h ds lw=ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fofo/k dkS'kyksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA osO;kdj.k ds eq[; iz;kstu y?kqrk ds lEiknukFkZ fof'k"V 'kSyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fdlh vFkZ dk vkns'kdjrs gaS rks dgha ml vkns'k ds fcuk Hkh vHkh"V vFkZ dk izfriknu djrs gSaA lw=dkj uss dgha cgqopuiz;ksx }kjk] dgha 'kCnkas ds lkgp;Z }kjk] dgha iwoZfuikr }kjk rks dgha 'kCn dh iqujko`fRr }kjk vFkZdh izrhfr djk;k gSA bUgha lHkh dkS'kyksa dks lfEefyr :i esa Kkiu dgk tkrk gaSAa Kkiu dk vkJ;ysdj ge lw=ksa dk vFkZ lqxerk ls le> ikrs gSaA bl izdkj Kkiu y?kq mik; }kjk vf/kd lsvf/kd vFkksZa dks crkus dk ,d lk/ku gSA

lekl izdj.k essa Kkiu }kjk fuEufyf[kr dk;ksaZ dk laiknu fd;k tkrk gS&1- vlkeF;Z esa lekl

egf"kZ ikf.kfu us leFkZ% infof/k%* ¼v-lw-2-1-1½ lw= }kjk lekl dk;Z inkas eas lkeF;Z jgus ijgh Lohdkj fd;k gS fdUrq iratfy us dqN ,sls LFkykas dks bafxr fd;k gS tgk¡ u¥~ ds nksukas Hksnkas i;qZnkl,oa izlT;izfr"ks/k ds izkIr u gksus ij Hkh u¥~ ds lkFk lekl gqvk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& vlw;aZ i';kfueq[kkfu] viquxsZ;k% 'yksdk%] vJk)Hkksth czkã.k%] vyo.kHkksth czkã.k%] vlw;ZEi';k jktnkjk% bR;kfnA1

mi;qZDr LFkyksa eas u¥~ dk lEcU/k Øe'k% n`'k~] xS] Hkqt~ vkfn ls gS] lw;kZfn ds lkFk ughaA fQj Hkh lw;Z]iqu%] Jk)] yo.k vkfn ds lkFk lekl gksuk ;g Kkfir djrk gS fd vlkeF;Z eas Hkh lekl gksrk gSA2

mi;qZDr vleFkZ lekl dh lk/kqrk dks iratfy us Lohdkj fd;k gSA blesa mUgkasus lqMuiqaldL;* ¼v-lw-1-1-42½ bl ikf.kuh; lw= dks Kkid ekuk gSA3 /;krO; gS fd lw= eas iz;qDr ^vuiaqldL;* easizlT;izfr"ks/k u¥~ gSA izlT;izfr"ks/k esa u¥~ dk fØ;k ds lkFk laca/k gksus ls lkeF;Z ugha jgrk gSA vr%^vuiqaldL;* ;g vleFkZ lekl fu;ekFkZ gksxkA vFkkZr~ vlkeF;Z eas lekl mi;qZDr LFkyksa ds vfrfjDrvU;= ugha gksrk gSA4

2- lkis{k dk lekl^leFkZ% infof/k%* ¼v-lw-2-1-1½ ds vuqlkj lkeF;Z;qDr inkas dk ,dkFkhZHkko gksrk gSA ^lkis{ke~

vleFkaZ Hkofr* ds vuqlkj leFkZ ogh gS tks vius dk;Z ds fy, nwljs dh vis{kk u djsA jktiq#"k%n'kZuh;%* bl mnkgj.k esa iq#"k* iz/kku gS tks n'kZuh;* dh vis{kk djrk gSA vr% vleFkZ gksus ls ;gk¡lekl ugha gksuk pkfg,] fQj Hkh jktiq#"k%* eas lekl gksrk gSA bleas mifera O;k?kzkfnfHk% lkekU;kiz;ksxs*¼v-lw-2-1-55½ lw= Kkid gSA îq#"kO;k?kz%* bl mnkgj.k eas Ô;k?kz in ^'kwj * vkfn dh vis{kk djus dsdkj.k vleFkZ gS] fQj Hkh lekl gksrk gSA5 egr~ d"Va fJr%* bR;kfn mnkgj.kksa esa d"V vkfn viz/kkuds lkis{k gksus ij lekl ugha gksrkA3- mRlxZ dh vizo`fRr

tgk¡ ^mRlxZ* vkSj ^viokn* egkfoHkk"kk }kjk fodfYir gksrs gaS ogk¡ iqu% ^mRlxZ* dh izofRrugha gksrh gSA îkjse/;s "k"B~;k ok* ¼v-lw-2-2-8½ lw= ^"k"Bh*¼v-lw-2-2-8½ lw= dk ck/kd ;k viokn gSA^foHkk"kk* ¼v-lw-2-1-11½ lw= dh vuqo`fRr ikjs e/;s "k"B~;k ok* lw= esa Hkh vkrh gSA Qyr% ikjsx³~xkr~]

*izoDrk] laLd`r] vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso b.Vj dkyst] iFkjnsok] nsofj;k] m0iz0

21

x³~xkikje~ rFkk x³~xkikjkr~ okD; fl} gksrs gaSA iqu% îkjs&e/;s "k"B~;k ok* lw= esa ôk* xzg.k O;FkZgksdj Kkfir djrk gS fd tgk¡ ^mRlxZ *vkSj ^viokn* egkfoHkk"kk ds }kjk fodfYir gks ogk¡ vioknds eqDr gksus ij iqu% ^mRlxZ* izofrZr ugha gksrkA Qyr% îwoZa dk;L;* esa izkIr "k"Bhlekl dkîwokZijk/kjksRrjesdnsf'kuSdkf/kdj.ks* lw= ls fu"ks/k gks tkus ij iqu% "k"Bh dh izo`fÙk ugha gksrhA blhizdkj ^mUeRrx³~xe~* esa ^mRlxZ* cgqozhfg dk ^viokn* vO;;hHkko ds }kjk fu"ks/k gks tkus ij iqu%cgqozhfg dh izofRr ugha gksrhA6 ;g fu;e ,dns'kh lekl ds fy, gSaA7

4- lekukFkZ esa cgqozhfg dh vis{kk rRiq#"k dh izo`fÙk^f}rh;kfJrkrhrifrrxrkR;LrizkIrkiUuS%* ¼v-lw-2-1-24½ lw= }kjk f}rh;kUr dk ^fJr* ds

lkFk lekl gksrk gSA mnkgj.k gS& d"Va fJr% d"VfJr%A d"VfJr* ds nks foxzg gks ldrs gaS& d"VafJr%* rFkk d"Va fJreusu*A igys foxzg ds vuqlkj rRiq#"k lekl rFkk nwljs foxzg ds vuqlkj cgqozhfgizkIr gksus ij fJr* in ds xzg.k }kjk Kkfir gksrk gS fd leku vFkZ eas dsoy foxzg Hksn gksus ij ;fnrRiq#"k vkSj cgqozhfg nksuksa izkIr gksrs gaS ogk¡ rRiq#"k gh gksrk gSA bl Kkiu esa iz;kstu jktl[k%* 'kCnesas rRiq#"k gh gksxk cgqozhfg ugha] ;g fl) djuk gaSA8

5- ÅukFkZ* dk r`rh;kUr ds lkFk leklîwoZln'kleksukFkZdygfuiq.kfeJ'y{.kS*% ¼v-lw-2&1&24½ lw= esa rrh;k rRdrkFksZu xq.kopusu]

¼v-lw-2&1&29½ lw= ls vFkZ* 'kCn dh vuqofRr vk jgh FkhA iqu% iwoZln'k%* lw= eas vFkZxzg.k O;FkZ gksdj;g Kkfir djrk gS fd Åu* vFkZ okys 'kCnkas dk r`rh;kUr ds lkFk lekl gksrk gSA fdUrq ;g Kkiurks vUrksnkÙk fo/kk;d lw= ÅukFkZ dyga r`rh;k;k%*9 lw= ls Hkh gks tkrk gS vr% iwoZln'k%* lw= esa^vFkZ xzg.k O;FkZ gSA10 ÅukFkZ dyga r`rh;k;k%* ds }kjk Åu* vFkZokpd ds lkFk rFkk iwoZln'k%* lw=eas ^Åu* 'kCn dk r`rh;kUr ds lkFk lekl gksrk gSA ek"kksue~] ek"kfodye~ ;s :i fu"iUu gksrs gSaA6- lksilxZ ^feJ* ds lkFk Hkh lekl

îwoZln'kleksukFkZdygfuiq.kfeJ'y{.kS%* ¼v-lw-2-1-30½ lw= }kjk lksilxZ ,oa milxZjfgr^feJ* 'kCn ds lkFk rrh;kUr dk lekl gksrk gSA bldk Kkiu ^feJa pkuqilxZlU/kkS* ¼v-lw-6-2-154½lw= esa vuqilxZ feJ* 'kCn ds lkFk rrh;kUr dk lekl gksus ij vuqnkÙk dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA Qyr%^lafeJ* in eas vUrksnkÙk dh izkfIr gksus ij mDr lw= }kjk fu"ks/k gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj xqMlafeJk%*vkSj ^xqMfeJ%* nksukas :i fl} gksrs gaSA11

7- rnFkZ ls izd`fr&fod`frHkko dk xzg.k^prqFkhZrnFkkZFkZcfyfgrlq[kjf{krS%* ¼v-lw-2&1&35½ lw= ls rknF;Z ¼prqF;ZFkZ½ esa prqFkhZ foHkfDr

dk lekl fl} gksus ij Hkh cfy] fgr] lq[k] jf{kr 'kCn dk xzg.k Kkfir djrk gS fd ;gk¡ rnFkZ* 'kCnls izdfr&fod`frHkko vFkZ eas lekl gksrk gSA12 Qyr% izd`fr&fodfr Hkko gksus ls ;wink:* essa leklgksrk gSA rnFkZ gksus ij Hkh izd`fr fodfrHkko u gksus ls ^jU/kuk; LFkkyh* eas lekl ugha gksrk gSA8- mRrjin ds fy³~x ds vuqlkj iwoZ in dk fy³~x

;qok [kyfrifyrcfyutjrhfHk% ¼v-lw-2-1-66½ }kjk ;qou~* 'kCn dk tjrh* 'kCn ds lkFk leklgksrk gS rFkk dqekj% Je.kkfnfHk%*13 lw= }kjk dqekj 'kCn dk Jze.kk] izozftrk vkfn 'kCnksa ds lkFk leklgksrk gSA mDr nksuksa lw=ksa eas îwoZdkySdloZtjRiqjk.kuodsoyk% lekukf/kdj.ksu* ¼v-lw-2-1-48½ lslekukf/kdj.k in dh vuqofRr vkrh gSA ;qou*~ rFkk tjrh* fHkUu vk;q okys rFkk dqekj* vkSj Je.k*fHkUu fy³~x okys gksus ds dkj.k O;f/kdj.k gS] fQj Hkh buds lekl dk fo/kku dj vkpk;Zîzfrifndxzg.ks fy³~xfof'k"VL;kfixzg.ke*~ dk Kkiu djrs gaSA14 ;|fi HkV~Vksftnhf{kr% us ^dqekj%Je.kkfnfHk%* dks gh bl ifjHkk"kk dk Kkid ekuk gS15 egkHkk";dkj us bl ifjHkk"kk dks ;gk¡ vuko';dekuk gSA16

Kkiu dkS'ky dh lekl izdj.k ds lUnHkZ eas lkFkZdrk


^vgu~* 'kCn ds lkFk lHkh vo;ookpd dk lekl] Kkid dh vfuR;rk] y{k.kizfrinksDr;ks%izfrinksDrL;So xzg.ke~* ifjHkk"kk dh vfuR;rkA

mi;qZDr Kkiu dk;Z ds vfrfjDr lw= eas fy³~x dh vfoof{krrk] dqxfrizkn;%* ¼v-lw-2-2-18½,oa ^miinefr³~* ¼v-lw-2-2-19½ lw=ksa esa ^lqik* dh fuofRr rFkk vusdeU;inkFksZ* ¼v-lw-a- 2-2-24½ lw=ksaesa vFkZxzg.k lkeF;Z ls inkFkZ lnzO;] lfy³~x lla[; :i ls xzg.k dk Kkiu Hkh gksrk gSA

vr% Li"V gS fd Kkiu dk iz;ksx vlk/kq 'kCn dh flf} ds fuokj.kkFkZ fd;k tkrk gS fdUrqtgk¡ leku ifjfLFkfr;k¡a gksus ij Hkh Kkiu ds }kjk nks"k mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk gks ogk¡ Kkiu dksvLohd`r Hkh dj fn;k tkrk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- egkHkk";] 2&1&12- dkf'kdko`fRr] 3&2&36] nz"VO;&oS0 fl0i0y0e0 fuikrkFkZfu.kZ;3- egkHkk";& 1&1&43]4- ogha&2&1&15- ogha&2&1&1]nz"VO;&oS0fl0dkS0 rRiq:"kleklizdj.k &2&2&56] ij ckyeuksjek6- oS0fl0dkS0 vO;;hHkkoleklizdj.k 2&1&18 ij ckyeuksjek7- egkHkk";&2&1&18 iznhi&2&1&17] m|ksr& 2&1&178- ogh] 2&2&239- v-lw- 6-2-15210- egkHkk";&2&1&2911- oS0fl0dkS0 rRiq:"klekl izdj.k&2&2&31 nz"VO; dkf'kdkofRr& 2&1&31] egkHkk";&iznhi&2&1&3012- egkHkk";&2&1&35] nz"VO; oS0fl0dkS0 rRiq:"kleklizdj.k&2&1&3513- v-lw-&2&1&6914- egkHkk";&iznhi&2&1&66 nz"VO;& dkf'kdkofRr& 2&1&6715- oS0fl0dkS0 rRiq:"kleklizdj.k&2&1&7016- egkHkk";&m|ksr&2&1&66

*****

23

th0,l0 /kqfj;s ds Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL=h; vfHkxe dhlekt'kkL=h; izklafxdrk

MkW0 jtuh'k*

Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h; v/;;uksa dh i`"BHkwfe dSlh gksA bl ij Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h;ksaus vius&vius nf"Vdks.k izLrqr fd;s gS tgk¡a ,e0,u0 Jhfuokl] ;ksxsUnz flag lajpukRed&izdk;kZRedvfHkxe ds i{kdkj gS ogha ,0vkj0 nslkbZ] Mh0ih0 eq[kthZ }U}kRed vfHkxe ds i{kdkj gSA blhizdkj th0 ,l0 ?kqfj;s M~;wek us Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL=h; vfHkxe dks vk/kkj cukdj Hkkjrh; lektdh ;FkkFkZrk dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL= ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds osn] iqjk.k]egkdkO;] jkek;.k] jkepfjr ekul] Le`fr;ksa vkfn /kkfeZd xzaFkksa ftlesa dh Hkkjrh; lekt dk;FkkFkZ fp=.k izzLrqr fd;k x;k gS] dh lgk;rk ysdj Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL= dks fodflr djuk ghHkkjrh; fo|k'kkL= gSA ,slk gh iz;kl izeq[k Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=h; th0 ,l0 ?kqfj;s us fd;k]ftuds v/;;uksa dh izklafxdrk dks bl 'kks/k i= }kjk fo'ys"k.k djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSAth0,l0 /kqfj;s Hkkjrh; lekt'kkfL=;ksa esa vxz.kh gS ftUgsa ^Hkkjr ds lekt'kkL= ds firk^ dhmikf/k ls Hkh foHkwf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vkius Indian Sociological Society ¼1952½ dh LFkkiuk dhrFkk blh ds vUrxZr Sociological Bulletin ¼1952½ uked fo'o izfl) if=dk dk Hkh izkjEHk buds}kjk fd;k x;kA

/kqfj;s Hkkjrh; fo|k vfHkxe ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrh; lekt ds v/;;u ij cy nsrs gS rFkkdqN izeq[k iqLrdksa eas bl ij v/;;ukRed fpUru djrs gS% Caste and Race in India (1932),Culture and Society (1945), Caste, class and occupation, The Scheduled Tribes (1963),The Indian Sadhus (1964). /kqfj;s ds vuqlkj Hkkjr fo|k vfHkxe& vFkkZr~] osn] Le`fr;k¡] jkek;.k]egkHkkjr] vkbus vdojh] lEiw.kZ izkphu /keZ xzaFk dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL= dks fodflrdjuk pkfg,A

?kqfj;s dk er gS fd izR;sd lekt'kkL=h; dks Hkkjrh; lekt dks le>us ds fy, bulEiw.kZ xzaFkksa dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg, rHkh ,d vkn'kZ Hkkjr dks le>k tk ldrk gS ;gh lclsizekf.kd Hkh gSA

?kqfj;s us vius v/;;uksa esa rqyukRed ,sfrgkfld v/;;u i)fr dk iz;sx fd;k rFkkHkkjrh; fo/kk vfHkxe dh lgk;rk ls lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k ftlds vUrxZr tkfrO;oLFkk] tkfr dh mRifr] tkfr ,oa iztkfr] xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; lekt] ukrsnkjh] /keZ dklekt'kkL=] Hkkjrh; lk/kq vkfn dk v/;;u izeq[k gSATkfr O;oLFkk %

?kqfj;s ds vuqlkj tkfr O;oFkk ds lHkh i{kksa dk v/;;u djuk pkfg, vFkkZr~ ,d tkfrdk vU; tkfr;ksa ls laca/k fdl izdkj dk gS ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g tkfrxrlaca/k lEiw.kZ Hkkjrh; lekt dks le>us esa lgk;rk Hkh djrk gSA

?kqfj;s us vius v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij gh N% izdkj dh tkfr dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[kfd;k gSA

*vfl0 izks0] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] jktdh; ih0th0 dkyst] pqukj] ehjtkiqj] m0iz0


1- lekt dk [kMkRed foHkktu fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr lEiw.kZ fgUnw lektdks [akMksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS

2- Hkkjrh; tkfr;ksa dk laLdj.kkRed foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA tkfrxr lekt ds foHkktu esalaaLrj.k dBksj :Ik esa ik;k tkrk gSA izR;sd tkfr nwljh tkfr ls mPp ;k fuEu gksrh gSA

3- lekt esa [kku&iku ,oa lkekftd varfØ;k ij izfrca/k Fkk] ?kqfj;s us vius v/;;uksa esaik;k dh izR;sd tkfr vU; nqljs tkfr;ksa ls Hkkstu ,oa lkekftd varfØ;k ijizfrcU/k yxkrs gSA

4- ukxfjd ,oa /kkfeZd fu;ksZX;rk,a ,oa fo'ks"kkf/kdkj Hkh lekt esa Fks] blds vUrxZr mPptkfr;ksa dks /kkfeZd ,oa ukxfjd fo'ks"kkf/kdkj izkIr gSA

5- O;olk; ds p;u eas Hkh izfrcU/k Fkk] izR;sd tkfr dk viuk ,d ijEikxr O;oLkk; gksrkgS tks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h dks gLrkUrfjr gksrk gSA

6- fookg ij izfrca/k Fks] izR;sd tkfr dks viuh gh tkfr] mitkfr esa fookg djus dh vuqefrizkIr FkhA

?kqfj;s dk tkfr dk mRifr dk fl)kUr %/kqfj;s dk er gS fd vk;Z ewy fuokfl;ksa dh rqyuk es vf/kd lH; xksjs o.kZ ds Fks rFkk

vk;ksZ us jDr dh 'kq)rk dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, Lo;a dks vU; tkfr;ksa ls i`Fkd j[kk] ckn esa blhmPp ,oa fuEu dh Hkkouk ls vusd tkfrxr lkekftd lewgksa dks tUe fn;kA /kqfj;s dk dguk gSfd tkfr dh mRifr czkã.kksa ds iz;Ru dk Qy gS tks mUgksaus Lo;a dks vkfnokfl;ksa rFkk 'kwnzksa dks/kkfeZd] lkekftd laidZ ls vyx j[krs gq, czkã.kh; laLd`fr dks Å¡pk cuk, j[kus ds fy, fd;kAHkkjr esa tkfr baMks&vk;Zu laLd`fr czkã.kksa dh larku gS tks fd xaxk vkSj ;equk ds eSnku eaaas iyhvkSj ogk¡ ls bls ns'k ds nqljs Hkkxksa esaa ys tk;k x;kAtutkfr;ksa ,oa vLi`';rk ij v/;;u %

/kqfj;s us vius ,sfrgkfld v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij fy[kk dh tutkfr;k¡ ,oa vLi`';tkfr;k¡ fiNMs+ gq, fgUnw gSAukrsnkjh O;oLFkk %

fo/kk'kkL=h; v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij /kqfj;s us fy[kk gS fd xks= vkSj pj.k^ Lotu Jsf.k;k¡gS ftu ij yksxksa ds in ,oa izfLFkfr dh O;oLFkk vk/kkfjr gSA ;s Jsf.k;ka vrhrdky ds _f"k;ksa}kjk fufeZr FkhaAxzkeh.k&uxjh; leqnk; %

/kqfj;s us laLd`r xzaFkksa dh lgk;rk ls LIk"V fd;k gS fd xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; thou ,d nwljsfHkUUk ugh gS cfYd muds chp ,d lfEEkJ.k gSAHkkjrh; dyk ,oa okLrqdyk %

/kqfj;s us dgk gS fd fgUnw] ckS) rFkk tSu /keZ ds dykRed Lekjdksa esa dbZ leku rRo gS]Hkkjrh; efUnjksa eas dyk ,oa okLrqdyk] osnksa] egkdkO;ksa vkSj iqjk.kksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA/keZ lEcU/kh v/;;u %

/kqfj;s us /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ij fOkLr`r ppkZ fd gS] vkids erkuqlkj izkphu Hkkjr] feJ vkSjcSfcyksfu;k ls /keZ tqM+k gqvk gSA lkFk gh /kqfj;s us Hkkjrh; /keZ ds fofHkUu nsorkvksa dh Hkwfedk ijviuh jpuk esa f'ko] fo".kq vkSj nqxkZ tSls izeq[k nsoh&nsorkvksa ds mn~Hko dk v/;;u fd;kAHkkjrh; lk/kqvksa ij v/;;u %

/kqfj;s us Indian Sadhus uked iqLrd esa Hkkjrfo/kk'kkL=h; mikxe dk iz;ksx fd;k ftlesavkius lgHkkxh voyksdu djds Hkkjrh; lekt esa lk/kqvksa ds egRo ij izdk'k Mkyk gSA /kqfj;s dk

25

dguk gS fd Hkkjrh; /keZ&xzaFk ,oa LkaLd`fr esa lk/kqvksa dk vxz.kh LFkku gS ftUgksaus Hkkjrh; lektesa vk/;kfRed ckSf)d ,oa lkekftd mRFkku esa ;ksxnku fn;k gSA /kqfj;s us 'kSo ,oa oS".ko er dslk/kqvksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k vius v/;;u esa fd;k gSA

fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjrh; ekuo'kkL=h; ,oa lekt'kkL= ds vxz.kh fpUrd]/kqfj;s }kjk izLrqr ,sfrgkfld rqyukRed xzaFkksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjrfo/kk'kkL=h; mikxe viukegRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA fuf'pr gh /kqfj;s us Hkkjrh; lekt dh ;FkkFkZrk dks le>us ds fy,Hkkjrh; lkfgR;] izkphu /kkfeZd xzaFkksa] osnks] egkdkO;ksa iqjk.kksa dh lgk;rk dks izeq[k euk gS tks vktHkh lekt'kkL= esa izklafxd gSA

lUnHkZ %1. Momin, A.R.(ed) 1996; The Legacy of G.S.,Ghurye: A centernnial Festscbrift, Popular Prakashan,

Bombay2. Oommen, T.K. and Mukherji, P.N. 1986; Indian Sociology: Reflections and indtrospections, Popular

Prakashan, Mumbai:3. Upadhya, Carol 2002; The Hindu Nationalist Sociology of G.S.Ghurye, Sociological Bulletin, Vol

51, No. 1, 28-57 march.

4. Nagla, B.K. 2015; Indian Sociological Thought, Rawot Pub., New Delhi.

5- Ukkxyk] ch0ds0 2014( Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL= dk fodkl] Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL= leh{kk] [k.M&1]vad&2 tqykbZ&fnlECkj 2014] ubZ fnYyhA

6- frokjh] t;dkUr] 2003( Hkkjr dk lekt'kkL=] m0iz0 fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ] m0iz0A

*****

th0,l0 /kqfj;s ds Hkkjrh; fo|k'kkL=h; vfHkxe dh lekt'kkL=h; izklafxdrk


Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa c?ksy[k.M dk ;ksxnku ¼1840&1947½MkW0 ftrsUnz 'kekZ*

Hkkjr dk Lora=rk vkUnksyu ,d tu vkUnksyu Fkk ftldk usrRo egkRek xka/kh] ia0 tokgjyky usg:] ljnkj iVsy rFkk vusd egku usrkvksa us fd;k Fkk ftlesa e-iz- ds yksx Hkh bl egk;Kesa c<+&p<+ dj lgHkkxh jgsA eSa viuk 'kks/k i= e/;izns'k ds c?ksy[k.M {ks= ds vkUnksyudkfj;ksa rdlhfer djus dk vfHkyk"kh gw¡ D;ksafd bruk egku vkUnksyu rFkk izk.kksRlxZ djus okys 'kghnksa dh ognlwph dks ns[krs gq, 'kks/ki= ds lhfer i"Bksa esa lcdk mYys[k dj ikuk lEHko ugha gSA jhok] lruk]'kgMksy] mefj;k o lh/ks&ftys dks feykdj c?ksy[k.M ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS ftlds varZxrfczfV'kdkyhu Hkkjr dh e/;Hkkjr ,tsUlh Fkh jhuk] esgj] ukxkSn] dksBh] lksgkuy cjks/kk tlks ofp=dwV dh pkSfc;kuk tkxhjksa dk fj;klrh {ks= vkrk Fkk eqfLye 'kklu vkus ls iwoZ ;g egkdks'ky{ks= psfn ns'k ;k nkgky ns'k ds uke ls la'kksf/kr fd;k tkrk FkkA eqfLye ,sfrgkfld xzUFkksa esa blsHkVns'k ;k HkV&xksM&ns'k dgk x;k gS ftldk izek.k fczfV'k ljdkj ds i=ksa esa feyrk gSA 1870 esac?ksy ikWfyfVdy ,tsUlh dh LFkkiuk ds ckn c?ksy [k.M 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA

c?ksy[k.M dk bfrgkl xfjeke; jgk gS c?ksy[k.M ds eq[; ftyk jhok ds lezkV v'kksd }kjkfu;kZr Hkjgqr ds ,sfrgkfld ckS)&Lrwi gS ftuls Li"V gS fd ;g {ks= fdlh le; egku ekS;Z lkezkT;dk vax FkkA dkykUrj es ;g ex/k ds xqIr lezkVksa ds v/khu jgk rFkk bl {ks= esa dypqjh psfn vkSjgSL; oa'k ds jktkvksa us Hkh 'kklu fd;kA 13oh 'krkCnh esa bl {ks= ij c?ksy jktiwrksa dk vf/kiR; gqvkA;g {ks= jkt{ks= jktra=h; dqyhu ra=h; vkSj yksd ra=h; lH;rk dks vius vax esa lesVs gq, viukfo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA izSxsfrgkfld jaxfp= ls bl {ks= esa jgs dyk dsUnzksa dk lgt gh vuqeku yxk;ktk ldrk gSA

bl {ks= ij eqxy 'kklu ds le; dksbZ fo'ks"k izHkko ugh iM+k D;ksafd ;g {ks= eqxyksa ds dsUnzvkxjk o fnYyh ls nwj iM+rk gSA vaxzstksa ds 'kkludky esa Hkh ;g {ks= fczfV'k gqDejkuksa ds dksi ls Hkhcpk jgk D;ksafd ;g vaxztksa ds O;kikfjd dsUnzksa enzkl] cEcbZ vkSj fnYyh ls nwj FkkA 1810&12 esafiMkafj;ksa dh leL;k ls futkr ikus ds fy, dEiuh dh ljdkj us jhok ds jktk dh lEizHkqrk dksv{kq..k cuk;s j[kkA

izFke okj 1857 esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds le; bl {ks= ds dbZ yksxksa us vaxztks ls ;q)fd;kA vaxztksa ls ;q) djus ds izlax esa Bkdqj j.ker flag rFkk yky ';ke lkg ds uke fo'ks"k :ils mYys[kuh; gSA c?ksy [k.M esa fonzksg dk Lo:i LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fczfV'k Hkkjr lsdqN fHkUu Fks fdUrq mldk mnsn~'; Hkh Hkkjr dks vaxzstksa dh nklrk ls eqfDr fnykuk FkkA ØkfUrdkjhBk0 j.ker rFkk yky ';ke 'kkg ds uke fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gS c?ksy[k.M ds fonzksg dk Lo:iLFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k fczfV'k Hkkjr esa dqN fHkUu Fkk fdUrq mldk mn~ns'; Hkh Hkkjr dks vaxzstkasdh nklrk ls eqfDr fnykuk FkkA ØkfUrdkjh Bk0 j.ker flag us vius lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk txksn] fHkylkbZ]fp=dwV] ukSxkao] Nkouh] D;ksVk]s mHkkSjk] jk;Qy] lksuksjh] ?kweu rFkk pafn;k vkfn vusd LFkkuksa esavaxzstksa ls yksgk fy;kA Bk0 j.ker flag ds lkfFk;ksa esa yky ';ke 'kkg] /khjflag] iatkc flag tcj flagcryw flag] n'ker flag] glu [kka rFkk e;kuh yqgkj izeq[k FksA bl Økafr esa uke ysus okys ,d vU;liwr fot; jk/kksx< ds Bkdqj lj;w izlkn flag us vaxztksa ls dqN dj toyiqjh fetkZiqj ekxZ dk Hkkx

*lgk0 iz?;kid] bfrgkl] th-,y-,l egkfo|ky;] okuekSj] eqjSuk

27

vius vf/kdkj esa dj fy;k Fkk cjksa/kk ds Jh nyxtu flag] lksgkxiqj ds Bk0 x:M flag vkSj mudsHkkbZ Hkjr flag] os dq.Biqj ¼jhok½ ds gkjkSy gjpUn jk;] feflj xoka ds eujkt flag rFkk MekSjk dsohj lsukuh j.kthr jk; nhf{kr vkfn vusd ohjksa us bl {ks= ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vaxztksa ls ;q) fd;kA1919 esa jksysV fo/ks;d ds fo:) esa egkRek xka/kh us lR;kxzg vkUnksyu izkjEHk fd;kA xka/kh th pkgrsFks fd ns'k esa vaxzt ljdkj dks mldh fdlh Hkh laLFkk dks lg;ksx u fn;k tk;saA jhokjkT; dsrkRdkfyd ujs'k egkjkt xqykc flag dks xka/kh th ds fl)kar vPNs yxsaA mUgksaus vius jkT; esa mufl)karksa dks ykxw djuk izkjEHk fd;kA egkjkt xqykc flag dks c?ksy[k.M lkekftd ifjoZru dkvxznwr ekuk tkrk gSA

o?ksy [k.M esa ebZ 1931 dks o?ksy[k.M dkaxzsl desVh dh LFkkiuk gqbZA c?ksy[k.M dk¡xszldesVh us mRrjnk;h 'kklu LFkkfir djus dh ek¡x dh] ftldk bl {ks= dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij izHkko iM+kAvkUnksyu ds fy, lR;kxzg dk jkLrk viuk;k x;kA lR;kxzg dks vlQy djus ds fy, vo/ks'k izrkiflag dks fxj¶rkj dj fy;k x;k rFkk vusd /kkjkvksa esa eqdn~nek pyk;k x;kA vU; lgk;d usrkvksadks Hkh fxj¶rkj fd;k x;k vusd {ks= easa /kkjk 144 ykxw dh xbZA bl vkUnksyu esa djhc 200 O;fDr;ksadks canh cuk;k x;k o 15000 O;fDr;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA

c?ksy[k.M dk¡xzsl 1934 ls 1941 rd 42 ckj iquZxfBr Lo:i esa dk;Zjr gqbZA 1934 esalfou; voKk vkUnksyu dh lekfIr ds ckn xfBr LVsfMax desaVh dks Hkaxdj iqjkuh desVh dks cgkydj fn;k x;k ftlds v/;{k vo/ks'k izrki flag rFkk mik/;{k jktHkwr flag frokjh gq,A 1941&1942rd bl {ks= esa f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dk i;kZIr :i ls foLrkj gks pqdk FkkA jktuSfrdtkx:drk mRrjksRrj c<+ FkhA turk rhu i{kksa esa foHkkftr FkhA1- egkjkt xqykc flag ds i{k/kj2- bykdsnkjksa vkSj iokbZnkjksa ds leFkZd3- dkaxzsl ds leFkZdA

1942 es egkRek xka/kh ds vkOgku ij Hkkjr NksM+ks vkUnksyu izkjEHk gks pqdk FkkA jhok jkT; esaujs'k dh okilh o mRrjoknh 'kklu dh LFkkiuk ds gsrq vkUnksyu py gh jgk Fkk] xk¡/kh th ds *djks ;kejks* dk rRdky izHkko iM+k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us [kqydj vkUnksyu esa Hkkx fy;kA 1945 esa egkjkt us iw.kZmrjnkf;Roiw.kZ 'kklu dh ?kks"k.kk dj nhA egkjkt pkgrs Fks fd muds LFkku ij ;qojkt ekrZ.M flag dksjktk cuk fn;k tk;sA blh chp ;qojkt ekrZ.M flag dks fons'k izf'k{k.k gsrq Hkstus dh lwpuk izlkfjrdh xbZ ftldk fojks/k gqvk ,oa egkjkt us Lo;a turk ls vkUnksyu dh vihy dhA egkjkt dh buxfrfof/k;ksa dks ifj.kkeLo:i mUgsa xn~nh ls gVkdj HkkrZ.M flag dks 1946 esa jktk ?kkas"kr fd;k x;kA

jktuSfrd psruk ds fodkl esa 1944 ls 1947 ds dky dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA 1945 esa mÙkjnk;h'kklu dh ?kks"k.k dk izHkko NksVh fj;klrksa ij iM+kA 1946&47 ds chp NksVh fj;klrksa esa iztke.Myksadh LFkiuk gqbZ ftldk usr`Ro ogk¡ ds Nk=ks }kjk fd;k x;kA lafo/kku lHkk ds izfrfuf/k ds fuokZpu,oa jhok jkT; dh ijke'kZ nk;uh lHkk ds fuokZpu esa iztke.My ds vf/kdka'k lnL;ksa us fot; izkIrdhA Loara=rk dh ?kks"k.kk ds ckn vf/kdka'k dk;ZdrkZ lks'kfyLV ikVhZ o dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gq, bu yksxksaus vkxs pydj bl {ks= dh jktuhfr esa egkRo iw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA

lUnHkZ %1- lkojdj- 1947( bfUM;u okj vkWQ bafMisMsl] QfuDl ifCyds'ku] ckEos2- 'kqDy] cztxksiky rFkk vf[kys'k] ,e- 2002( lektoknh vkUnksyu3- Hkkjr dh Lor=ark esa e-izdk ;ksxnku] Loar=rk lykgdkj lfefr] Hkksiky] 19744- j?kqoa'kh ,oa flag] oh-ih- 1976&77( jk"Vªh; vkanksyu rFkk Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] jru izdk'ku eafnj] vkxjk5- izFke Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke esa foU/; izns'k dk lg;ksx] lwpuk,¡ ,oa izpkj foHkkx] foU/;izns'k

*****

Lok/khurk vkUnksyu esa c?ksy[k.M dk ;ksxnku ¼1840&1947½


i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ ,oa Lo:iMkW0 nso vkuUn vghj*

i=dkfjrk lekt dh fofo/krk dk ,slk niZ.k gS ftlds vUnj lPpkbZ ,oa ;FkkFkZ dh >kadhfn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

;fn i=dkfjrk ds 'kkfCnd vFkZ dh O;k[;k dh tk;s rks **ijk/khu Hkkjr esa i=dkfjrk* 'kCnds fy, vusd i;kZ; î=dkjh*] î=dyk*] ^laokndyk*] ô`Ÿk fuospu*] ^lekpkj i= lEiknu* vkfnvf/kd izpfyr FksA**1

rRi'pkr~ **orZeku fgUnh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; esa i=dkfjrk* 'kCn :<+ gks x;k i=dkfjrk dsfy, vaxzsth esa tuZfyTe* 'kCn O;ogr gksrk gSA tks tuZy* ls fudyk gSA bldk 'kfCnd vFkZ nSfud*gSA ewy :i ls tuZfyTe* 'kCn dh O;qRifŸk Ýkalhlh Hkk"kk ds tj* ¼Jour½ vkSj *tuZy* ¼Jurnal½ 'kCnls gqbZ gS ftldk 'kfCnd vFkZ bl Hkk"kk esa Øe'k% ^,d fnu* vkSj ^lekpkj i=* gSA**2

**laLdr Hkk"kk ds i=* 'kCn esa d* ¼djuk½ /kkrq$f.kfu$ry~$rki~ izR;;ksa ds ;ksx ls i=dkfjrk*'kCn cuk gSA**3 ftldk ikjaifjd vFkZ î=&if=dkvksa ds fy, lekpkj] ys[k vkfn ,d= djus rFkklaikfnr djus] izdk'ku vkns'k nsus dk dk;Z gSA**4 i=dkfjrk ds vFkZ dks le>us gsrq bls ikfjHkkf"krdjuk vfr vko';d gS D;ksafd **i=dkfjrk vk/kqfud ;qx dh ,d leqUur fo/kk gSA ftldk lkekU;vFkZ gS&^î=dkj dk dke ;k i=dkj dk O;olk;A**5

nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd i=dkfjrk Li"V :i ls rhu :iksa esa lkeus vkrh gSA* i=dkj gksus dh voLFkk ;k Hkko* i=dkj dk dke rFkk* og fo/kk ftlesa i=dkjksa dss dk;ksZa] mn~ns';ksa vkfn dk foospu gksrk gSA

^^turk dh Hkk"kk esa turk rd igqapuk] mls f'kf{kr djuk] lwfpr djuk vkSj mldk euksjatudjuk i=dkfjrk dk dk;Z gSA**6 Jh jke d".k j?kqukFk [kkfMydj us vk/kqfud i=dkfjrk dks ifjHkkf"krdjrs gq, dgk gS&^^Kku vkSj fopkj] 'kCnksa rFkk fp=ksa ds :i esa nwljs rd igq¡pkuk i=dyk gSA**7

igys i=dkfjrk dk rkRi;Z lekpkjkas dk ladyu rFkk izlkj.k Fkk ijUrq tSls&tSls lekpkj&i=ksaesa lekpkj&izs"k.k] eqnz.k vkSj forj.k ds lk/kuksa esa oSKkfud] izkfof/kd vkSj f'kYixr mUufr gksrh x;hi=dkfjrk dk {ks= foLr`r gksrk x;kA

i=dkfjrk vk/kqfudrk dh ,d fof'k"V miyfC/k gSA i=dkfjrk ,d ,slk l'kDr ek/;e gSAtks gekjs thou dh fofo/krkvksa] fuR;&uwrurkvksa vkSj nSfud ?kVukvksa&dk;Z fparkvksa dks tYnh lstYnh lkoZtfud rkSj ij izLrqr djus dh vrqy {kerk j[krk gS ,d veks?k vL= Hkh gS vkSj thoUrek/;e HkhA

thou dh fofo/krk vkSj fuRkuwru lk/kuksa dh izpqjrk us i=dkfjrk dks cgq&vk;keh cuk fn;kgSA vkt i=dkj viuh :fp ,oa izofÙk ds fglkc ls vius fy, fof'k"V {ks=ksa dk pquko dj jgs gSaD;ksafd ;g ;qx gh fof'k"Vhdj.k dk gSA la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd i=dkfjrk dk Lo:ifofo/kkijd gS bldh foospuk djus gsrq i=dkfjrk ds nwljs :iksa dk Hkhs v/;;u djuk vko';d izrhrgksrk gSA orZeku esa i=dkfjrk dks fuEu egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa esa ckaVdj ns[kk tk ldrk gS &

*nhun;ky uxj] egkjktiqjk] Xokfy;j] e0iz0

29

vuqla/kkukRed i=dkfjrk % i=dkfjrk [kkst&[kcj vkSj odkyr dk l'kDr ek/;e gSAblds }kjk lkef;d ?kVukvksa] fLFkfr;ksa vkSj rF;ksa dk Øec) lw{e losZ{k.k] v/;;u vkSj vuqla/kku dsvk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkrk gSA ckcxzhu fy[krs gS fd ftl rF; dks dksbZ fNikuk pkgs vFkokvuqn~?kkfVr gks] oSls lekpkj dks izdk'k esa ykus dk dk;Z vuqla/kkukRed i=dkfjrk dk gSA

Hkzked ?kVukvksa] izlaxksa] vQokgksa] vizekf.kr rF;ksa vkSj vk/ks&v/kwjs lk{kkRdkjksa ds izdk'kuls i=dkfjrk dyqf"kr gks jgh gS ftlds fuokj.kkFkZ lR; ij vk/kkfjr vuqla/kkRed i=dkfjrkmi;ksxh gSAvkfFkZd i=dkfjrk % thou dk izR;sd {ks= vFkZ ls izHkkfor gSA iSls ls lEc) leLr xfrfof/k;ksa dkslkoZtfud djus ds fy, vkfFkZd i=dkfjrk fodflr gks jgh gSA eqnzk cktkj] iwath cktkj] oLrq cktkj]iapo"khZ; ;kstuk] cSad] xzkeks|ksx] ctV vkSj jk"Vªh; vk; ds lekpkj ikBdksa dks vf/kd vkdf"kZr djrs gSAxzkeh.k i=dkfjrk % viuk ns'k xkaoksa dk ns'k gSA vHkh Hkh xkaoksa esa cgqr fiNM+kiu gS ftlds ewy esalapkj fjDrrk gSA lqnwj xkaoksa esa u;h psruk vkSj oSKkfud fodkl ds Loj dks i=dkfjrk ds }kjk gh igq¡pk;ktk ldrk gSA ijEijkxr yksddyk] yksdlaLdfr ds izpkj] dqVhj m|ksx] xzkeh.k LokLF;] gfjr Økafr ds}kjk xkao ds lexz fodkl gsrq lefiZr i=dkfjrk dks xzkeh.k i=dkfjrk dguk lehphu gSAO;k[;kRed i=dkfjrk % vkt tks lekpkj fo'ys"k.k] mldh i"BHkwfe rFkk Hkkoh ifj.kke dks funZsf'krdjus dh leL;k gS mls O;k[;kRed i=dkfjrk }kjk gy fd;k tk jgk gSA lekpkjksa ds ;FkkFkZ ifjos'kesa mudk ewY;kadu djuk gh ,slh i=dkfjrk dk y{; gSA nzqrxkeh lapkj&lk/kuksa ls izkIr lekpkjds foLrkj vkSj Li"Vhdj.k gsrq O;k[;kRed i=dkfjrk ojs.; gks jgh gSAfodkl i=dkfjrk % igys yksxksa dh /kkj.kk cu pqdh Fkh fd i=dkfjrk dk laca/k rks ek= jktuhfrls gSA mls fofHkUu ;kstukvksa] fodkl dk;ZØeksa] rduhdh ls D;k ysuk nsukA vc ;g Hkze nwj gks tkukpkfg,A lkekftd] vkfFkZd] oSKkfud vkSj izkfof/kdh lEcU/kh lexz fodkl ds igyqvksa ij izdk'kMkyus okyh fodkl i=dkfjrk gS ftlesa dHkh&dHkh luluh[kst vkSj mÙkstd rF; vk tkrs gSAlanHkZ i=dkfjrk % lanHkZ i=dkfjrk dk;Zjr O;fDr lEikndksa] LrEHk ys[kdksa] laoknnkrkvksa vkSjiz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks mudh vko';drkuqlkj lanHkkZsa dh vkiwfrZ }kjk mUgsa l{kerk iznku djrhgSA i=dkfjrk vkSj iqLrdky; foKku esa izf'kf{kr ;s i=dkj izfr"Bku ds fo'odks'k* gksrs gSaA tks lHkhdh lgk;rk iqjkuh drjuksa] ys[kksa] lanHkZ xzaFkkssa] QksVks dh izLrqfr }kjk djrs gSaA

blds vfrfjDr vkt lalnh;] [ksy] jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu] o`rkUr] QksVks ,oa loksZn; i=dkfjrkdk izpyu gksrk gSA

la{ksi esa ;g v/;;u i=dkfjrk dh mi;ksfxrk vkSj egRo dks xgurk ls fnXn'khZr djrk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- fo'kky Hkkjr] ebZ 1932] i0 5832- iqjuYl U;w bafXyl bulkbDyksihfM;k] ¼[k.M 7½] i0 3453- ekud fgUnh dks'k] rhljk [k.M] i0 3804- oSKkfud ifjHkk"kk dks'k] i0 1175- MkW- lq'khyk tks'kh] fgUnh i=dkfjrk % fodkl vkSj fofo/k vk;ke] i0 16- i=dkfjrk ds izfreku % izsepan xksLokeh] i0 47- jk- j- [kkfMydj] vk/kqfud i=dyk] i0 2

*****

i=dkfjrk dk vFkZ ,oa Lo:i


vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk esa ukjh fp=.klfjrk rksej*

lf"V ds fuekZ.k esa ftruk iq:"k dk egRo gksrk gS mruk gh ukjh dk Hkh gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.kgS fd ukjh dks ^vkfn'kfDr^^ dgk x;k gSA ukjh lekt dh egRoiw.kZ dM+h gSA lekt dh /kqjh nks ifg;ksaij fVdh gS] ftldk ,d ifg;k iq:"k gS rks nwljk ifg;k L=hA

laLd`r lkfgR; esa izkphudky ls gh ^^ukjh fp=.k^^dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA ukjh fp=.k dhlqnh?kZ ijEijk fujUrj pyh vk jgh gSA gekjs izkpkhu xzUFk osnksa esa Hkh ukjh fp=.k dks LFkku fn;k x;kgSA _Xosn ds iq:jok&moZ'kh laokn esa moZ'kh dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA egkdfo dkfynkl us Hkh ukjhfp=.k dks egRo fn;k gS mUgksaus ^vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~^^ ukVd esa 'kdqUryk ds fofo/k :iksa dk fp=.kfd;k gSA

blh ijEijk esa vkpk;Z jk/kk oYyHk f=ikBh th Hkh vkrs gSA vkpk;Z th ,sls gh laLd`r txrds ew/kZU; gS ftUgksaus bl ijEijk dks vkRelkr~ dj vk/kqfud txr~ ds lkFk ukjh ds fofo/k :iksa dsfp= [khpdj lkfgR; esa j[k fn;s gS tks ges izsfjr djrs gS vkSj lekt dks tkx:d cukrs gSA f=ikBhdh jpukvksa esa vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk mRd"V dksfV dh jpuk gSA ftlesa N% dFkkvksa dk laxzg gS ftlesaukjh fp=.k nf"Vxkspj gksrk gsA

vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk esa dFkk dh ukf;dk 'kEik ds fofo/k xq.kksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tksi<h fy[kh] drZO;cksf/kuh ,oa lektlsoh gSA og ^^eknd inkFkksZ ds lsou dk ;qok ih<h ij izHkko^^fo"k; ij 'kks/kdk;Z dj jgh gSA tks lektfgr ds fy;s 'kjkc ds vM~Ms ij tkdj eknd inkFkZ p[kysrh gSA ukEuh lkfjdk ¼eSuk½ ds Øks/k djus ij og mls le>krh gS fd esjs 'kks/k ls lekt dk cgqrHkyk gksxkA1

blds vykok Hkh 'kEik lektfgr ds fy, fofo/k dk;ksZ dks djrh gSA og izks< efgyk lk{kjrkdsUnz tkdj vui< efgykvksa dks f'k{kk nsrh gSA

yfyrk dks mPpdksfV dh ukjh ds :i esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA ftls pkrq;Zrk ds Hkko ls iw.kZfn[kk;k x;k gS fd] fdlh izdkj og viuh 'kqHk cqf) ls lcdh fiz; cu tkrh gSA yfyrk vkn'kZ cgw]vkn'kZ iRuh vksj vkn'kZ HkkHkh ds :i esa mn~Hkkf"kr gqbZ gSA izkjaHk esa yfyrk vR;kf/kd g"V iq"V Fkh]fdUrq og llqjky esa vkdj nsgyh yka?kus dh jLe esa llqj ls pkj HkSals ekaxrh gS vkSj viuh esgur dscy ij viuh o vius ifr dh dk;k dks ifjofrZr dj ysrh gSA2 HkSalks ds vkus ds ckn ?kj esa nw/k] ngh]?kh vkfn lHkh vR;kf/kd ek=k esa gksus yxrs gSA mlds dBksj ifjJe ls ?kj dh vkenuh rks c< tkrhgSA lkFk gh mlds nsoj dks jkstxkj Hkh feyrk gSA3

yhyk dks ,d lk/oh] /kS;Zorh] bZekunkj] fgEerokyh] iq=h] izseh ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;kgSA og ,d fo|ky; esa f'kf{kdk gS tks Lo;a esgur dj ?kj dh O;oLFkk pykrh gSA fons'k esa ifr }kjk/kks[kk fn;s tkus ij og fgEer ugh gkjrh vkSj yanu esa ukjh izrkfM+r la?k fd vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls viuhiqf=;ksa dks mPp f'k{kk fnykrh gS ,oa la?k dh jkf'k Hkh okil dj nsrh gSA vkt og yanu 'kgj dhizfl) oL= O;olk;h cu pqdh gSA4

*'kks/kPNk=k] laLdr foHkkx] thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e/;izns'k

31

ljyk dh ekW dks ,d vkn'kZ ekW ,oa iq=h izseh ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gS ] tks dsoy viuhiq=h dk Hkyk pkgrh gS vkSj iq=h ds vrhr dks Nqikdj ,d vkn'kZ iq:"k ds lkFk mldk fookg djoknsrh gSA bl ckr dks Lo;a ljyk dqcqy djrh gS fd esjh ekrk us rqEgsa crkus ls euk fd;k gSA

eksguh dk ,d vkn'kZ cgw] cqf)erh ,oa vkn'kZ iRuh ds :i esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks ifr}kjk viekfur fd;s tkus ij grk'k ugh gksrh vkSj i< fy[k dj viuh Hkwy lq/kkjrh gSA5

;gkW¡ ukjh fp=.k ds ek/;e ls f=ikBh th us Li"V fd;k gS fd] i<us dh dksbZ vk;q ugh gksrhAekuo fdlh Hkh mez esa f'k{kk xzg.k dj ldrk gS] cl mlds vanj yxu gksuh pkfg,A blds vykokeksguh ,d lkglh L=h gS] tks foifRr iMus ij vius ifr dk lkFk nsrh gSA tc dqN yksx feydjmlds ifr ij >wBs vkjksi yxkdj Qalk nsrs gS] rc og Lo;a U;k;ky; esa tkdj viuh ifr ij yxs>wBs vkjksiksa ls mls cpkrh gS vkSj mls U;k; fnyokrh gSA ;gkW ij eksguh dks ,d drZO;ijk;.k] vkn'kZiRuh ds :i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA eksguh nfyr lkekt dh vUR;tk dU;k gSA og viuh yxuvkSj ifjJe ds cy ij i< fy[k dj ,d lqf'kf{kr ukjh curh gS vkSj ,s fe'kky dk;e djrh gSA eksguh^^ Hkkjrh; efgyk izkS<+ lk{kjrk dsUnz ^ ds v/;{k in ij inLFk gSA -

Lo.kZyrk ,d LokfHkekuh o lqf'kf{kr ;qorh gS ftldk fookg lEiUudqekj uked ,d vui<O;fDr ls gks tkrk gSA og Lo.kZyrk ls vuxZy okrkZyki djrk gS ftls Lo.kZyrk lgu ugh djrh vkSjlEiUudqkej ds izR;qRrj ds laca/k esa mlls dgrh gS fd D;k rqe yksxksa ds ;gkW uoo/kw ls ckr djusdk ;gh rjhdk gS\ vjs eSa lqf'kf{kr L=h gwWA rqEgkjs pj.kksa dh nklh ugh gw¡A6

Lo.kZyrk ds izlax esa f=ikBh th us ,d ukjh ds LokfHkeku vkSj vkRelEeku dks vfHkO;Drfd;k gSA

mi;qZDr fooj.k ls ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gS fd dfo us bl dFkk ds ek/;e ls fL=;ksads f'k{kkizn LoHkko dk fu:i.k fd;k gS tks izR;sd L=h dks izsfjr djus esa l{ke gSA ;g ukjh fp=.ktgk¡ ,d vksj ges laosnu'khy cukrk gS ] ogh nwljh vksj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls yM+us dh lkeF;Z Hkh tqVkrkgSA

lUnHkZ %1 - enh;su 'kks/kdk;sZ.k egku midkj% L;kr~lektL;A 'kks/kdk;ZL; d`rs e;k ekndinkiFkZL; Loknks·isf{kr%A

;|geso u tkukfe Øhnz'kksa Hkofr ,rkn'kinkFkkZuka lsous enLrfgZ dFka izekf.kda L;kUes 'kks/kdk;Ze~A vr%lektL; jk"VªL; d`rs e;k fofgrks·;eqiØe%A ¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i- 10½

2- ,oap nqX/knf/k?k`rkfn lsousu lk;a Hkze.ksu p Øe'k% mip;eokn rL; oiq%A vFk p xokaa nksgus rklka[kycqlkfndj.ks izfrfnua rkE;Urh Jes.k rf{krruqj HkoYyfyrkvfiA lk Lofirqx`Zgs r.kefiZ uksRFkki;frLe v= rq dBkjsdk;kZf.k dq:rsA rsu xfyrkLrnh; nsgknfrfjDrk ekalfi.Mk%A ØekP; dq'kyewfrZdkjs.krf{kra ePp;feo 'y{.ka el.ka cHk~o rnh;a 'kjhje~A ¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i- 40½

3- rfLeu~ xgs nqX/ksu ?krsu n/;k lg 'kq"dxkse;sZfuZ% 'kqYda bU/kua fouk ewY;a 'kkdkfnlEHkkjk% iq"ikf.k psfrleHkon [k.Mks y{E;k vorkj%A ¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i- 41&42½

4- n'kZo"kaZ O;rhre~A bnkuha yhyk;k% lkmFkgky bR;k[;s y.Muksiuxjs L;wroL=k.kka egkuki.kks orZrsA rL;kT;s"Bk dU;k es/kk fookfgrk duh;lh izKk LukrdksRrj d{kk;ke/khrsA ¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i- 93½

5- rnkuha Hkork vld`r~ dfFkre~A u e;k v/;;uedkfjA bnkuh ega Jherka 'kj.ka iziUukA eka f'k{k;rqA¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i`- 129½

6- fda ;q"ekda xgs uoo/kwa izfr vkyiuL; v;eso f'k"Vkpkj% \ vjs] vga lqf'kf{krk ;qorhA fdega Hkorkapj.knklh\ ¼vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk i`- 140½

*****

vfHkuo'kqdlkfjdk esa ukjh fp=.k


_Xosn esa lR; dh voèkkj.kkMkW0 izHkkr dqekj flag*

lR; 'kCn dh fu"ifÙk vl~ /kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftlls lR; dh 'kk'or lÙkk dk cks/k gksrk gSA Hkk";dkjlk;.k us lr~ dh mRifÙk vl~ /kkrq ls 'kriwoZd 'u'kksjyksi%* ls vdkj dk yksi djds ekuh gSA1 _Xosn esalR; dh mRifÙk ds fo"k; esa vusd fopkj izkIr gksrs gSaA ;Fkk&n'ke e.My esa dgk x;k gS fd vlr~ ls lr~dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSaA2 ,d vU; eU= esa _r vkSj lR; dh lf"V ds vkjEHk esa czãk ds ri ls mRiUu dgk x;kgS vkSj blh lR; vkSj _r ds }kjk jkf=] leqnz mRiUu crk;s x;s gSa& izTofyr riL;k ls ;K vkSj lR;mRiUu gq,] vuUrj fnu jkf= mRiUu gq, vkSj blds vuUrj ty ls iw.kZ leqnz dh mRifÙk gqbZA3 bllEcU/k esa ;tqosZn ds _f"k dk dFku gS fd eSa ver ls lR; dks izkIr djrk gSA4 NkUnksX;mifu"kn esa lR;'kCn dk foospu djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd lR; esa lr~&fr&;e* ;s rhu v{kj gSaA muesa tks lr~ gS og vergS] tks fr gS og eR;Z gS vkSj ;e* bu nksuksa ¼eR;Z&veR;Z½ dks tksM+us okyk gSA5 bl izdkj lR; eR;q ls verdh vksj ys tkus okyk gSA

_XoSfnd _pkvksa dk vuq'khyu djus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd lR; dk lEcU/k nsoksa ds lkFk vR;Ur?kfu"Brk ls gSA blhfy, nsoksa ds fo'ks"k.k ds :i esa Hkh lR; dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r :i esa fd;k x;k gSA6

_XoSfnd vk;Z vius vkjk/; nsoh&nsorkvksa dks lR; ls ;qDr crk;k gSA ;Fkk&izFke e.My esa vfXu dh Lrqfrdjrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd gs vfXu! rqe gksrk] v'ks"k cqf) lEiUu] lR;&ijk;.k] cgqr vf/kd vn~Hkqr dhfrZls ;qDr gksA7 vkxs iqu% dgk x;k gS fd es/kkoh vkSj lR;/kekZ nso vfXu ds ikl vkdj ;Kdk;Z esa mudhLrqfr djksA8 ,d _pk esa fe=k&o#.k dks lR;/kekZ fo'ks"k.k ls lEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA9 o#.k dh Lrqfrdjrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd& jktk o#.k euq";ksa ds lR; vkSj vlR;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ?kwers gSaA10 izFke e.Myesa of.kZr gS fd lw;Z us lR; dk foLrkj fd;k& ^lR;a rkrku~ lw;Z%A*11 |kokifFkfo dks ,d LFky ij lR;ls ;qDr gksus ds fy, dgk x;k gSA12 blh izdkj ;e&;eh laokn esa ;e vius euksHkkoksa dks izxV djrs gq,;eh dks lEcksf/kr djds dgrk gS fd ge lR; oDrk gSa] vlR; dHkh ugha cksyrs gSaA13 _XoSfnd _f"k;ksaus lR; dks lf"V dk dkj.k vkSj txr ds vk/kkj :i esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj _r vkSj lR;*lf"V ds vkjEHk esa ri ls mRiUu gq, vkSj blh lR; vkSj _r ds }kjk fnol] jkf=] leqnz vkfn Øe'k% izknqHkwZrgq,A14 _Xosn esa lR; dks dsoy lf"V dk dkj.k gh ugha vfirq mls lf"V dh vusd fØ;kvksa dk izeq[kvk/kkj Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ,d eU= esa ,sls lR;&opu ls j{kk dh dkeuk dh xbZ gSA ftl ij |qyksd] fnu]jkr rFkk lkjk txr vkfJr gS vkSj ftldh efgek ls izfrfnu lw;ksZn; gksrk gS ,oa ty izokfgr gksrk gSA15

_f"k;ksa dh ;g Hkh ekU;rk jgh gS fd lR; fo'o dk fu;U=.k ,oa lapkyu djus okyk Hkh gSA ,d LFkyij dgk x;k gS fd lR; ds }kjk gh ifFkfo LrfEHkr gSA16 bl eU= ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd _Xosndkyhulekt esa lR;* uSfrd deZ ds :i esa LFkkfir gks pqdk FkkA lR; cksyuk ml le; ifo= dR; ekuk tkrkjgk gksxkA ,d eU= esa rks iFoh vkSj vkdk'k dks Hkh lR; cksyus okyk crk;k x;k gSA17

_Xosn esa lR; dks HkkSfrd rRo ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA vFkoZosn esa ;gh fopkj vkSjvf/kd Li"V :i esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA tgk¡ dgk x;k gS fd lR;] _r~] nh{kk] ri] czã ,oa ;K ifFo dks/kkj.k djrs gSaA18 mifu"knksa esa rks ;g czã dk i;kZ;okph cu x;k gSA19 ;ksxn'kZu esa rks ;gk¡ rd dgk x;kgS fd ekuo esa lR; dh izfr"Bk gks tkus ij mldh leLr fØ;k,a lQy gksrh gSaA20

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] laLd`r foHkkx] jktdh; LukrdksRRkj egkfo|ky;] pqukj] fetkZiqj m0iz0

33

oSfnd _f"k;ksa dh nf"V esa lR; dsoy ykSfdd vkuUn dh gh oLrq ugha cfYd og ikjykSfdd lq[k vFkokLoxZ&izkfIr dk lk/ku Hkh gSA ,d eU= esa lR;/kekZvksa dks ije O;kse esa fLFkr crk;k x;k gSA21 firjksa dkslefiZr ,d lwDr esa nsoRo dks izkIr djus okys firjksa dks lR;oknh dgk x;k gSA22 blls ;g izrhr gksrkgS fd _XoSfnd ;qx esa lR;oknh dh gh ijyksd esa nsoRo izkfIr lEHko ekuh tkrh FkhA ,d eU= esa _r]lR;] J)k ,oa ri }kjk lkse ds vfHk"ko.k dk o.kZu gS23 vkSj bls lkseiku }kjk nsox.k verRo dh izkfIrfd;k djrs FksA24

mÙkjoSfnd dkyhu lkfgR; esa Hkh lR; }kjk LoxZ izkfIr dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,'kriFk czkã.k esa lR; ds }kjk LoxZ izkfIr dk o.kZu gSA25 euqLefr esa rks lR; dks LoxZ dk lksiku dgk x;kgSA26 ysfdu ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd lR; ds bl ekgkRE; dk ewy fopkj _Xosn dh gh nsu gSA ;g /kkj.kk_Xosn ls vo'; izHkkfor jgh gksxhA

lR; dh vR;f/kd egÙkk ds dkj.k gh _f"k;ksa us blds izfr vusd lwDrksa esa fu"Bk O;Dr dh gSA,d eU= esa _f"k dkeuk djrk gS fd esjk ân; rFkk fopkj lR; ls ;qDr gksA rRdkyhu vk;ksZa dk lR;ds izfr ,slk fo'okl Fkk fd lR; dh fot; gksrh gS vkSj vlR; dh ijkt;A tSlk fd lkrosa e.My esadgk x;k gS fd fo}ku~ O;fDr ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurk gS fd lR; rFkk vlR; opu ijLij Li/kkZ djrs gSaAmlesa tks _tqre~] vdqfVy lR; gS] lksenso mldh j{kk djrs gSa rFkk vlr~ dks ekj nsrs gSaA27 izk;%eq.Mdksifu"kn~ ds _f"k dks ;gha ls izsj.kk izkIr jgh gksxh rHkh mlus dgk fd&lR; dh gh fot; gksrh gS]vur ¼vlR;½ dh ughaA28

bl izdkj _Xosn esa tgk¡ lR; ds izfr fu"Bk ,oa vkLFkk O;Dr dh x;h gS] ogk¡ vlR; opu ,oavlR; deksZa dh fuUnk Hkh dh x;h gSA ,d eU= esa vlR;oknh dks ikih dgk x;k gSA29 vlR;&okfn;ksa dsizfr _f"k;ksa dh /kkj.kk gS fd os nsorkvksa dh lgkuqHkwfr ds ik= ugha cu ldrsA blds foijhr mUgsa nsorkvksadk dksiHkktu cuuk iM+rk gSA ,d eU= esa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS fd lkse nsork jk{kl rFkk vlR; cksyusokys dks ekj Mkyrk gSA30

_Xosn esa lR; 'kCn nsorkvksa ds lkFk ?kfu"B :i esa of.kZr gSA31 ogk¡ og nsorkvksa ,oa muds deksZadk okpd&ek= gh ugha cfYd mlds lkFk tqM+s gq, leLr ekuoh; dk;Z dh vo/kkj.kkvksa dks Hkh O;Dr djrkgSA32 _Xosn esa lR; dh vo/kkj.kk dk fodkl nsorkvksa ls ekuoksa dh vksj mUeq[k gksrk pyk izrhr gksrk gSA;fn ge lR; dks nSoh lR; vkSj ekuoh lR; bu nks :iksa esa foHkkftr djsa rks vf/kd mfpr gksxkA nSoh lR;ds vUrxZr _r dh izfr"Bk gS vkSj ekuoh; lR; ds vUrxZr ykSfdd lR; dhA tc _Xosn dk_f"k _raonu`re|qEu lR;a onu~33 rFkk _r'p lR;'p /kzqo'p34 tSls lUnHkksZa dk mYys[k djrk gS] rc ;g ckrizekf.kr gks tkrh gSA bUgha :iksa ds dkj.k /khjs&/khjs _r vkSj lR; ,d vFkZ esa iz;qDr gksus yxsA fdUrq bunksuksa inksa dk _Xosn esa vusd LFkyksa ij ,d lkFk iz;qDr gksus ds dkj.k bu nksuksa dh iFkdrk vFkkZr~fHkUu&fHkUu Lo:i gksuk lwfpr gSA35 O;qRifÙkijd nf"V ls Hkh nf"Vikr djsa rks Hkh bu nksuksa dk iFkd&iFkdgksuk gh cksf/kr gksrk gSA lR; 'kCn dh fu"ifÙk ^vl* /kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^'kk'or~ lÙkk dkcks/k* rFkk _r~* in dh fu"ifÙk _ XkrkS* /kkrq ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS xfr'khy jguk*A bl izdkj lR;*loZnk fLFkj lÙkk dk cks/kd gS vkSj _r~* loZnk izokgeku~ lÙkk dk cks/kd gSA ;|fi _r* dh izokgrk dkslR; ds izfr gh dg ldrs gSaA bl fo"k; esa MkW0 x.ks'knÙk 'kekZ us viuh iqLrd ^_Xosn esa nk'kZfudrRo* esa fy[kk gS fd _r* vius esa ,d vykSfddrk ,oa nk'kZfud xEHkhjrk fy, gq, gS vkSj lR;* ykSfdd,oa O;kogkfjd txr~ dk vkpkj gS] ;|fi ,d Lrj ij igq¡pdj lR; Hkh nk'kZfud fpUru dk fo"k; cutkrk gSA36 bl izdkj ;s nksuksa in loZnk nk'kZfud fpUru ds fo"k; jgs gSa rFkk Hkfo"; esa Hkh jgsaxsA

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd lR; nsorkvksa ls ;qDr gksdj _XoSfnd lekt dh vk/kkjf'kyk gS] tksrRdkyhu uSfrd ekU;rkvksa esa lcy :i ls izfrf"Br gSA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd nsorkvksa ds mikld _f"k

_Xosn esa lR; dh voèkkj.kk


nsorkvksa ls lR; dh izsj.kk izkIr djds ekuoek= esa lR; ds izlkj ds fy, mRlqd jgs gksaxsA blhfy, mUgksauslR; ds izfr fu"Bk ,oa vlR; ds izfr ?k.kk O;Dr dh gSAlUnHkZ %1- lr% vIrs%'krfj'ulksjYyksijR;dkjyksi% 'krqjuqebfr foHkDrs:nkRoe~A _0] 1-36-3 ij lk;.kHkk";2- nsokuka;qxsizFkeslr%lntk;rA _0 10-72-33- _ra p lR;a pkHkh}krilks/;tk;rA

rrksjk=~;tk;rr% leqnzksv.kZo%AA _0 10-190-14- oktlus;h lafgrk 1-5] rS0la0] 1-5-10-35- rkfu g ok ,rkfu =h.;{kjkf.k lfÙk;fefrA r|rq ^lr~* rnereFk ;r~ ^fr* rUeR;Z;e;;r~ ^;e* rsuksHks

;PNfrA Nk0mi0] 8-3-56- _0] 1-3-3-] 1-29-1] 1-136-4] 1-51-8] 1-12-7] 5-51-2] 10-27-1] 9-113-47- vfXugksZrk dfoØrq% lR;f'p=JoLre%A nsoks nsosfHkjkxre~ _0] 1-1-58- dfoefXueqiLrqfg lR;/kekZ.ke/ojsA nsoeehopkrue~AA _0] 1-12-79- lR;/kekZ.kkijesO;ksefuA _0] 5-63-110- ;klkajktk o:.kks ;kfr e/;s lR;kurs vo';atukuke~A _0] 7-49-311- _0] 1-105-1212- ;qoks_rajksnlh lR;eLrqegs"kqik% lqfork; izHkwre~AA _0] 3-54-313- _0] 10-10-414- _0] 10-190-115- lk ek lR;ksfDr % ifjikrq fo'orks |kok p ;= rruUugkfuA

o'oeU;kfUufo'krs ;nstfr fo'okgkiks nsfr lw;Z% _0] 10-37-216- lR;s uksÙkfHkrk Hkwfe%A _0] 10-8517- _rkojh jksnlh lR;okp% _0] 3-54-418- lR;a ogn~ _reqxza nh{kk riks czã;K% i`fFkoha /kkj;fUrA vFkoZ0] 2-119- rL; g ok ,rL; czkã.kks uke lR;fefrA Nk0mi0] 8-3-420- lR; izfr"Bk;ka fØ;kQykJ;Roe~A ;ksxn'kZu] 2-3621- lR;/kekZ.kk ijes O;ksefuA _0] 5-63-122- lR;S% dO;S% firfHk/kZeZlfn~Hk%A _0] 10-15-923- _rokdsu lR;su J);k rilk lqr bUnzk;sUnzks ifjlzoA _0] 9-113-224- Roka nsoklks ve`rk; da iiq%A _0] 9-106-825- 'k0czk0] 2-2-2-2926- lR;a LoxZL; lksikue~A euq0] 8-827- lqfoKkua fpfdrs"kq tuk; lPpklPp oplh iLi`/kkrsA

riks;ZRlR;a ;rj}th;LrfnRlkseks·ofr gUR;klr~ AA _0 7-104-228- lR;eso t;rs ukure~A eq.Mdksifu"kn~] 3-1-629- ikikl% lUrks vurk% vlR;k%A _0] 4-5-530- gfUr j{kks gUR;kln~onUre~A _0] 7-104-1331- _0] 1-73-2] 2-24-1432- _0] 4-54-433- _0] 9-113-434- ;tq0] 17-8235- _0] 10-190-1] 3-54-3] 9-113-236- 'kekZ] MkW0 x.ks'k nÙk- JXosn esa nk'kZfud rÙo] i0 170

*****

35

_Xosn esa of.kZr oSfnd foeku'osrk vxzgfj*

vkdk'k esa mM+rs gq, if{k;ksa dks ns[kdj izR;sd O;fDr dks vkdk'k dh Åpk¡bZ;kaas esa mM+usdh dkeuk tkx`r gksrh gSA bl mRiUu egRokdka{kk us ,d u;h l`f"V dks tUe fn;k] ftldks gevkt ok;q;ku ;k foeku ds uke ls tkurs gSaA ekuo bruk cq)thoh izk.kh gS fd mlus vkdk'k esamM+rs if{k;ksa dks ns[kdj ok;q;ku rFkk ty esa rSjrh eNfy;kas dks ns[kdj ty;ku vFkok ukSdkfoeku dk fuekZ.k fd;kA

vkt dk fodflr ;qx foKku dh pjelhek rd igq¡p pqdk gS] rks og dsoy oSfnd ;qx dhgh nsu gSA mlh ;qx ls izsj.kk ysdj vkt euq"; fur~ uohu [kkst dj u;s phtksa dk fuekZ.k dj jgkgSA _Xosn esa ty;ku rFkk ok;q;ku ls lEcfU/kr vusdksa ea= miyC/k gaS] ftuls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fdrŸdkyhu lekt esa Hkh vkokxeu gsrq Ik;kZIr lk/ku miyC/k FksaA foeku dk ;fn ge /kkRokFkZ djsa rks^fo* vFkkZr~ i{kh dh Hkk¡fr xfr ds eku ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku] ,d yksd ls nwljs yksd dks tksvkdk'k ls mM+dj tkus okyk ;ku gks mUgsa foeku dgk tkrk gSA vkdk'kxeu ds fy, _Xosn esa^o;ksulh* 'kCn izkIr gksrk gSA1 iFoh] leqnz rFkk vkdk'k esa pyus okys vusdksa ;kuksa dk o.kZu _Xosnesa izkIr gksrk gSA _Xosn esa lkS Mka<okyh ukSdkvksa dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA2 ukSdkvksa dks pyk;eku djusgsrq irokj dks Ikz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA bl irokj ds fy, _Xosn esa vfj=a 3 'kCn dk Ikz;ksx fd;k x;kgS] u dsoy _Xosn vfirq ;tqosZn4 rFkk vFkoZosn5 esa Hkh irokj gsrq ^vfj=a 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA

_Xosn esa u dsoy Mk¡M okyh ukSdk vfirq ikyh okyh ukSdk,¡ Hkh of.kZr gSaA ikyh ds fy,^irf=^6 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA _Xosn ds nwljs e.My ds 58 osa lwDr esa iztkikyd ds ukSdk dk o.kZudjrs gq, dgk x;k gS] fd tks vkidh vkd"kZ.k;qDr ukSdk,¡ leqnz o vUrfj{k eas gSa] muls vki lw;Z {ks=eas igq¡prs gSaA7

blls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd rŸdkyhu ukSdk,¡ u dsoy leqnz vfirq vUrfj{k ekxZ esa Hkh pykdjrh FkhA blh izdkj dk o.kZu _Xosn ds izFke e.My esa fd;k x;k gS fd tks vkdk'k esa mMrs gq,if{k;ksa dks tkurk gS] og leqfnz; vkdk'kh; ukSdkvksa dks Hkh tkurk gSA8

_Xosnh;dkyhu lekt esa u dsoy ukSdk foeku dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS vfirq vkdk'k ekxZesa i{khor~ mM+us okys ;kuksa dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gSA vkf'oulwDRk esa of.kZr gS fd vf'oudqekjksa us HkqT;qdks lkS iSj okys] N% v'oksa ls ;qDr mM+us okys jFkksa ds }kjk leqn ikj dj lw[ks LFky ij ys vk;sA9

_Xosn esa gh lIrpØ;qDr foeku dk o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS tks iFoh vkSj vUrfj{k dks eki ysrkgS rFkk ftldh xfr gj txg gSA10

vUrfj{k esa fopj.k djus gsrq vkdk'kh; ukSdk Hkh miyC/k Fkh] bls ^viksndkfHk%^ 'kCn lslEcksf/kr fd;k x;k gSA bl ij ty dk izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA11

u dsoy _Xosn vfirq vFkoZosn esa Hkh vUrfj{k ekxZ esa tkus ds fy, ^nso;ku^12 'kCn izkIrgksrk gSA ukSdkfoeku ds lkFk gh lkFk jFk #ih foeku dk Hkh mYys[k _Xosn esa izkIr gksrk gSA

jFk ds vkdkj ds lUnHkZ esa _Xosn esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS fd ;g f=dks.k gksrs Fks rFkk blesarhu ifg,¡ gksrs Fks vkSj vf'ounso bl jFk ls ;gk¡ vkos ,slh izkFkZuk dh x;h gSA13

*'kks/kPNk=k] laLdr foHkkx] dyk ladk;] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh] m0iz0


_Xosn ds itZU;lwDr dk ;fn ge v/;;u djsa rks mlds lkrosa eU= esa dgk x;k gS fd gsitZU;! nsork vki ty ls Hkjs vius jFk ls pkjksa rjQ /kwe dj ty o`f"V djksA14 vFkkZr~ itZU; nsorkjFk ij vk:<+ gks loZ= vkokxeu dk dk;Z djrs FksA dqN jFk rks ,sls Hkh Fks tks v'o jfgr Fks rFkkvUrfj{k esa loZ= Hkze.k djrs FksaA15

_Xosn ds lw;ZlwDr esa o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS fd T;ksa gh lw;Z nso jlgj.k djus okys v'oksa dksjFk ls vyx djrs gSa] rnUrj jkf= lcds fy, d`".k oL= dks loZ= QSyk nsrh gSA16 ;fn ge bu jFkksads osx ds lUnHkZ esa ckr djsa rks ;s eu ls Hkh rhoz xfr ls pyus okys FksA _Xosn ds ,d ea= esa bUgsax:M+ dh rjg mM+us okyk dgk x;k gSA17

_Xosn esa vf'oudqekjksa ds jFkksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,d ea= esa ?k`rorZfu%^18 'kCn iz;ksx gqvkgSA blds vfrfjDr _Xosn ds ik¡posa e.My ds 77osa lwDr esa ?krLrq* 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA19 blls ;gKkr gskrk gS fd buds lapkyu gsrq ?kr tSlh dksbZ oLrq iz;qDr gksrh FkhA

vkt tc ge fdlh Hkh ;ku ls vkokxeu dh ckr djrs gaS rks ;g /;ku j[krs gS fd mllsfudyus okyh /ofu vFkok xfr gekjs eu&efLr"d dks vk?kkr u igqpk¡,A bl vR;Ur gh egRoiw.kZrF; dks /;ku esa jgrs gq, _Xosn ds ,d ea= esa vk;k gS fd ;ku dh xfr e/kqj gksuh pkfg, bldsfy, ^e/kqokgus jFks 20 ;g 'kCn iz;qDr gqvk gSA

bl izdkj ds vusdksa eU= _Xosn ds fofo/k LkwDrkas eas miyC/k gSa] tks rŸdkyhu foeku dh lqn<+O;oLFkk dks vfHkyf{kr djrk gSA _Xosnh; foeku dyk vR;Ur gh fo'kn] O;kid o vkd"kZd FkhA

;fn ge lEiw.kZ _Xosn dk voyksdu djsa rks gesa ;g Kkr gksxk fd ml le; ,sls foekumiyC/k Fks ftudh vkt ge dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrs gSaA

/kU; gSa os fo}r~tu ftUgksaus vius lw{e o vykSfdd cqf) ls ,sls ;kuksa dh lf"V dh tks loZFkkljkguh; gSA fu%lUnsg ;g dgk tk ldrk gS oSfnd foeku O;oLFkk orZeku foeku fuekZ.k O;oLFkkgsrq iFkin'kZd gSA

lUnHkZ %1- fo".kq;qZq)ko)"k.kaenP;qao;ksulhnéf/k ofgZf"kfiz;sA ¼_0 1@85@7½2- vukjEHk.ks rnohj;sFkkeuk LFkkus vxzHk.ks leqnzsA

;nfðkuk ÅgFkqHkZqT;qeLra 'krkfj=ka ukoekrfLFkokale~AA ¼_0 1@116@5½3- vfj=a oka fnoLiFkq rhFksZ flU/kwuka jFk%A

f/k;k ;q;qtz bUno%AA ¼_0 1@46@8½4- lqukoek:gs;eaoUrheukxLke~A

'krkfj=ka LoLr;sAA ¼;tq0os0 21@7½5- lw;Z ukoek:{k 'krkfj=ka LoLr;sA

jkf=a ekR;ihijksg% l=kfr ikj;AA ¼vFkoZ0os0 17@1@26½6- ;qoa HkqT;qa leqnz vk jtl% ikj bfre~AA

;krePNk irf=fHkukZlR;k lkr;s dre~AA ¼_0 10@143@5½7- ;kLrs iw"kékoks vUr% leqnzs fgj.;;hjUrfj{ks pjfUrA

rkfHk;kZfl nwR;ka lw;ZL; dkesu dr Jo bPNeku%AA ¼_0 6@58@3½8- osnk ;ks ohuka ineUrfj{ks.k irrke~A

osnk uko% leqfnz;%AA ¼_0 1@25@7½9- frlz% {kiflzjgkfroztföukZlR;k HkqT;qewgFkq~% iraxS%A

leqnzL; /kUoéknZL; ikjs f=Hkh jFkS% 'krif˜% "kGðkSSAA ¼_0 1@116@4½10- lksekiw"k.kk jtlks foekua lIrpØa jFkefoðkfeUoe~A

fo"kwora eulk ;qT;ekua ra ftUoFkks o`"k.kk iapjf'ee~AA¼_0 2@40@3½

37

11- rqxzks g HkqT;qefðkuksnes?ks] jf;a u df'pkUeeok¡ vokgk%ArewgFkqukSZfHkjkReUorhfHkjUrfj{kizqf˜jiksndkfHk%AA ¼_0 1@116@3½

12- ;s iUFkkuks cgoks nso;ku;]vUrjk |kokifFkoh lapjfUrA ¼vFkoZ03@15@2½13- f=cU/kqjs.k f=ork jFksu f=pØs.k lqoŸkk ;kreokZd~A

fiUora xk ftUoreoZrks uks o/kZ;refðkuk ohjeLesAA ¼_0 1@118@2½14- vfHkØUnz LrUk; xHkZ;k /kk mnUorkifjnh;k jFksuA

n`fra lqd"kZ fof"kra U;øka lekHkoUrw}rks fuiknk%AA ¼_0 5@83@7½15- vf'puksjlua jFkeu'pa okftuhorks%A rsukga Hkwfj pkduAA ¼_0 1@120@10½16- ;nsn;qDr gfjr% l/kLFkknknzk=h oklLruqrs fleLeSA ¼_0 1@115@4½17- vk oka jFkks?ofuuZ izoRokURlizoU/kqj% lqfork;xE;k%A

o`".k% LFkkrkjk eulks toh;kugEiw.ksZ ;trks f/k".;kFk%A ¼_0 1@181@3½18- vk oka jFkks jksnlh c)/kkuks fgj.;;ks o"kfHk;kZRoðkS%A

/krorZfu% ifoHkh :pku b"kka oksGgk u`ifrokZftuhoku~AA¼_0 7@69@1½19- gj.;Ro³~e/kqo.kksZ ?krLuq% i{kks ogé jFkks orZrs oke~A ¼_0 5@77@3½20- =;% io;ks e/kqokgus jFks lkseL; osukeuq foðk bf}nq%A

=;% LdEHkkl% LdfHkrkl vkjHks f=uZäa ;kFkflzoZfJuk fnokA ¼_0 1@34@2½

*****

_Xosn esa of.kZr oSfnd foeku


vFkoZifjf'k"V esa jksx fuokj.kMkW0 HkkLdj izlkn f}osnh*

vkFkoZ.k&xzUFkksa esa vFkoZosnh; ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa dk fof'k"V egŸo gSA ^vFkoZosnh;&ifjf'k"V*O;kogkfjd thou ds mi;ksxh ,oa f'k{kkizn O;ogkjksa dh vkFkoZf.kd n`f"V ls foLrr #ijs[kk izLrqrdjrs gSaA ^gsVQhYM* ds vuqlkj vFkoZifjf'k"Vksa dh la[;k 72 gS ijUrq dqN fo}ku~ budh la[;k 79ekurs gSaaA1 bu ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa esa vusd ,sls vFkoZosnh; fo"k;ksa dk foLr`r fooj.k feyrk gS] ftudkvFkoZosn esa ladsrek= miyC/k gksrk gSA vFkoZosnh;&ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa esa dqN lw=&'kSyh esa gSa vkSj dqNNUnksc) #i esa gSa ftuesa izkphu oSfnd i|&'kSyh dk n'kZu gksrk gSA fofHkUu /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa rFkkjhfr;ksa dk mYys[k bu ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa esa izkIr gksrk gS tks mRrjoSfnd dky ds gSa ftlds dkj.k bUgsamRrjoSfnd&dkyhu ekuk tkrk gSA

vFkoZosnh;&ifjf'k"Vksa ij loZizFke izks0 oscj vkSj ,e0 CyweQhYM us dqN dk;Z fd;k FkkA lu~1889 esa izks0 oscj us QkWuustyhu vkSj CyweQhYM us cksfYyax dks bu ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa ds lEiknu dsfy, izsfjr fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr dqN vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh bu ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa dk lEiknu fd;kgSA ftuesa xMfou ¼/kwrZdYi½] eSxksu ¼vklqjhdYi½] dkyUn ¼Jk)dYi½] gsVQhYM ¼vkS"kulkn~Hkqrkfu½]izks0 fi'ksy rFkk izks0 ysuesu izeq[k gSaA izkphu *vFkoZifjf'k"V&xzUFk* lEizfr vuqiyC/k gSA 1909 bZ0 esavFkoZifjf'k"V dk jkseu&fyfi esa izdk'ku gqvk] ftldk lEiknu vkSj la'kks/ku cksfYyax rFkk ustyhuus fd;k FkkA nsoukxjh fyfi esa vFkoZifjf'k"Vksa ds izdk'ku dk Js; MkW0 jkedqekj jk; dks gS ftUgkasusbls okjk.klh dh pkS[kEck izkP;fo?kk xzUFkekyk* ls lu~ 1976 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr djk;kA vFkoZosn esa ftufo"k;ksa dk ladsrek= gksrk gS] mudk bu ifjf'k"V xzUFkksa esa fof/k&fo/kku lfgr iw.kZ fooj.k fn;k x;kgS rFkk dqN uohu fo"k;ksa ;Fkk&y?kqy{kgkse] rMkxfof/k] ik'kqirozr] ,oa dksfVgkse vkfn dk Hkh o.kZuizkIr gksrk gSAbu 72 ifjf'k"V&xzUFkksa dk Øekuqlkj ukeksYYks[k v/kksfyf[kr gS %1 u{k=dYi 2 jk"VªlaoxZ 3 jktizFkekfHk"ksd4 iqjksfgrdekZf.k 5 iq";kfHk"ksd 6 fi"Vjk=;k% dYi%7 vkjkf=de~ 8 ?k`rkos{k.ke~ 9 fry/ksuqfof/k10 Hkwfenku~ 11 rqykiq#"kfof/k 12 vkfnR;e.Md deZ13 fgj.;xHkZfof/k 14 gfLrjFknkufof/k 15 v'ojFknkufof/k16 xkslglzfof/k 17] 18 ¼d½] 18 ¼[k½ jktdeZlkaoRljh;e~18 ¼x½ o`"kksRlxZ 19 ¼d½ bUnzegksRlo 19 ¼[k½ czã;kx20 LdUn;kx 21 laHkkjy{k.ke~ 22 vjf.ky{k.ke~32 ;Kik=y{k.k 24 osfny{k.k 25 dq.My{k.k26 lfeYYk{k.k 27 lzqok&y{k.k 28 gLry{k.k29 Tokyky{k.k 30 ¼d½ y?kqy{kgkse 30 ¼[k½ cgYyygkse31 dksfVgkse 32 x.kekyk 33 ?k`rdEcy

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] laLdr foHkkx] jktdh; LukRkdksRrj egkfo|ky;] pqukj] ehjtkiqj] m0iz0

39

34 vuqykse dYi 35 vklqjh dYi 36 mPNq"e dYi37 leqPp;izk;f'pRr 38 czg~edwpZfof/k 39 rMkxfof/k40 ik'kqirozr 41 lU/;ksiklukfof/k 42 Lukufof/k43 fir`riZ.kfof/k 44 Jk) fof/k 45 vfXugks= gksefof/k56 mRreiVy 57 o.kZiVy 58 dkSRlO; fu#Drfu?k.Vq49 pj.kO;wg 50 pUnzizkfrifnde~ 51 xzg;q)52 xzglaxzg 53 jkgqpkj 54 dsrqpkj55 _rqdsrqy{k.k 56 dweZ foHkkx 57 e.Mykfu58 ¼d½ fnXnkgy{k.k 58 ¼[k½ mYdky{k.k 59 fo|qYy{k.ke~60 fuokZry{k.k 61 ifjos"ky{k.k 62 HkwfedEiy{k.k63 u{k=x`gksRikr y{k.k 64 mRikry{k.k 65 l|ksof"V{k.k66 xks'kkfUr deZ 67 vn~Hkqr'kkfUr 68 LoIuk/;k;69 vFkZoZân;e~ 70 ¼d½ HkkxZoh;kZf.k 70 ¼[k½ xkX;kZf.k70 ¼x½ ckgZLiR;kfu 71 vkS'kulkn~Hkqrkfu 72 Ekgkn~Hkqrkfu

vFkoZifjf'k"V esa Hkh vFkoZosn ds leku jksxksipkj] fofHkUu vkS"kf/k;ksa ds iz;ksx] ef.k/kkj.k ds}kjk vfu"Vfuokj.k] eU=ksa rFkk gkse ds ek/;e ls O;kf/kfuokj.k] nsorkvksa ls jksxfuokj.k ds fy;sizkFkZuk,¡ rFkk fofHkUu vfHkpkj?kkrd ÑR;kvksa dk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA vFkoZifjf'k"V esa jksx ,oarRlEcU/kh fujkdj.k ds fy;s dqN ,sls jgL;iw.kZ ,oa loZFkk uohu fo"k; nf"Vxkspj gksrs gSa ftudk iwoZesa mnkgj.k ugha feyrk gSA

vFkoZifjf'k"V esa u{k=ksa ds vk/kkj ij jksxksa dh vof/k dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA pUnzek] xzg.k]xzgksa] fnXnkg] fo|qr~] of"V] fofHkUu vn~Hkqrksa rFkk LoIuksa ds y{k.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu jksxksa dh mRifRrrFkk fuokj.k dk mYys[k izkIr gksrk gSA jksxksa ds mipkj ds fy;s vusd deksZa dk Hkh fo/kku feyrk gSAvFkoZifjf'k"V ds ^u{k=dYi* esa funsZ'k fd;k x;k gS fd HkS"kT;&fo"k;d deksZ dks 'krfHk"k u{k= esadjuk pkfg;sA2 izdkj ds vU; fo"k; Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSAu{k=ksa }kjk izHkkfor jksxksa dh vof/k

vFkoZifjf'k"V esa fofHkUu u{k=ksa ds vUrxZr jksxksa dh vof/k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA mRrjk'kk<+,oe~ mRrjkHkknzin u{k= esa jksxksa dh vof/k ,d ekg] jksfg.kh] iquoZlq] iwokZ'kk<+ vkSj mRrjkQkYxquh esa 20jkf=] exf'kjk] vfHkftr rFkk Jo.k esa 16 jkf=] vknzkZ] vuqjk/kk] Jfo"Bk vkSj Hkj.kh esa 15 jkf=] iq";] gLrvkSj Lokfr esa 12 jkf=] 'krfHk"k u{k= esa 9 jkf=] T;s"Bk vkSj ewy esa 8 jkf= ,oa jsorh] vk'ys"kk] dfRrdk]e?kk] fp=k] fo'kk[kk rFkk vf'ouh esa jksxksa dh vof/k 7 jkf= rd gksrh gSA3 blds vfrfjDr ^u{k=dYi*esa gh ;g crk;k x;k gS fd gLr] vf'ouh] fp=k] mRrjkQkYxquh] vfHkftr] Lokfr rFkk exf'kjk u{k=ksads jgus ij gkFkh] ?kksM+s] ÅWV] usoyk] fpfM+;k rFkk lHkh 'kL=/kkjh jksxksa ls ihfM+r jgrs gSaA

pUnzek4] xzg.k] xzgksa5] vfXue.My6] fnXnkg] fo|qr~7] of"V] LoIuksa8] vn~Hkqrks9 rFkk lfe/kk dsLo#i ds vk/kkj ij jksxksRifRr gksrs gSAvFkoZifjf'k"V esa jksxksipkj

1- vfuUnzk jksx dk mipkj % vfunzk jksx ls ihfM+r gksus ij ^^vkjkf=d&deZ** dks djus dkmYys[k feyrk gSA blesa fofHkUu vkS"kf/k;ksa ¼'krkojh] fiz;axq] 'kriq"ik] nwokZfn½ ls gkse fd;ktkrk gSA jksx ls ihfM+r O;fDr ds pkjksa vksj nhid dh rhu ckj ifjØek djk;h tkrh gSAbl lEcU/k esa ,d m)j.k fn;k x;k gS fd ,d ckj nkuo iqjksfgr }kjk vfunzk jksx ls izrkfM+rfd;s tkus ij bUnz us c`gLifr ls bl vkjkf=d&deZ* dks djok;k FkkA10

vFkoZifjf'k"V esa jksx fuokj.k


2- Toj dh fpfdRlk % Toj fpfdRlk ds lUnHkZ esa vFkoZifjf'k"V esa fooj.k izkIr gksrk gS fdyo.k ls 8000 ckj gkse djus ij Toj rFkk nf/k vkfn ls ;qDr ykok ds }kjk 8000 ckj gksedjus ij ^f}rh;d&Toj** ¼,d fnu ds vUrjky ij vkus okyk Toj½ nwj gks tkrk gSA11

3- viLekj] QksM+s rFkk us+='kksFk dk mipkj % vFkoZifjf'k"V esa dgk x;k gS fd vfXu esa vdZdh lfe/kk dks nw/k ls ;qDr djds gkse djus ij rFkk bUnz ds fufeRr ?kr;qDr vkgqfr nsus ijviLekj] QksM+s rFkk us="kksFk bR;kfn jksx nwj gks tkrs gSaA12

4- ;{ek jksx dk mipkj % ;{ek jksx ds uk'k ds fy;s xqXxqyq] dq"B vkfn vkS"kf/k;ksa dks tykdj/kwi vkfn nsus dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gS rFkk jksxksa ls j{kk ds fy;s ^izfrlj* uked ef.k dksvfHkeaf=r djds cka/kus dk Hkh o.kZu gSA13

5- loZjksx fpfdRlk % vFkoZifjf'k"V esa lHkh izdkj ds jksxksa ds 'keukFkZ ^^?k`rdEcy deZ**dks djus dk fo/kku izkIr gksrk gSA14 bl d`R; esa O;fDr dks ,d dEcy esa yisV dj mldsÅij ?k`r fNM+dk tkrk gSA bl d`R; dk vkfo"dkj Hk`xq ,oe~ vafxjk _f"k us fd;k FkkAbldks djus ls lHkh ikiksa dk uk'k] jksxksa ls eqfDr] dkeukvksa dh iwfrZ rFkk vHk; dh izkfIrgksrh gSA15

lUnZHk%1- **'krfHk"kft fHk"kDdeZ HkS"kT;a pk= dkj;sr~** vFkoZifjf'k"V 1-10-82- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 13- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 50-3-14- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 55-4-15- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 57-1-56- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 59-1-87- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 68-2-408- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 68-5-7&129- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 69-4-110- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 36-10-2]1311- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 35-1-1212- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 4-4-7&913- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 33-3-114- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 64-10-1015- vFkoZifjf'k"V & 1-43-4

*****

41

xksaM+ tutkfr&,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;unsosUnz dksyh*

lrh'k [kVhd**

tutkfr ekuoh; lekt dk og oxZ gS] tks vkt ds lH; lekt esa Hkh ekuo ds ekuo ds vkfndkydks fpf=r djrk gSA bUgsa vkfnoklh] ouoklh] vkfne tkfr ,oa orZeku esa vuqlfpr tutkfr vkfn ukeksals iqdkjk tkrk gSA Hkkjr ds fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa budh la[;k yxHkx 840 gS] ysfdu buesa ls 541 tutkfr;ksadks gh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds :i esa ekU;rk feyh gqbZ gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa e-iz- dh izeq[k tutkfr xksaM+ds v/;;u dk mYys[k fd;k tk jgk gSA blesa f}rh;d L=ksrksa dh enn fy;k x;k gSA

xksaM+ e/; izns'k dh lcls egRoiw.kZ iztkfr gS] ;g tula[;k ,oa {ks= foLrkj dh nf"V ls lclscM+k tutkrh; lewg gSA ueZnk unh ds nksuksa vksj foU/; vkSj lriqM+k ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa bldk ladsUnz.kvf/kd gSA xksaM+* 'kCn dh mRifRr rsyx Hkk"kk ds dksaM+* 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ioZr* vFkkZrog tutkfr tks ioZRkksa esa fuokl djrh gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd xksaM+ vius vki dks xksaM+ ugha^dks;rkj* dgrs gSaA1 budh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk uhxzhVksa LdU/k ls feyrh tqyrh gSA

;s tutkfr e/; Hkkjr ds mRRkjh Hkkx dks NksM+dj cSrwy]jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn] fNanokM+k]'kgMksy] eaMyk] lkxj] neksg ,oa NRrhlx<+ vapy ds ljxqtk vkSj cLrj vkfn ftyksa dh izeq[ktutkfr gSaA e.Myk ftyk xksaM+okuk jkT; Fkk] NRrhlx<+ esa 1947 ds iwoZ NksVh&eksVh fj;klr xksaM+ksadh FkhA2 2011 dh taux.kuk ds vuqlkj e/;izns'k esa xkasM+ks dh tula[;k ---

As History opened its pagesAvert region came to be knownAs chhttisgarh, theBaster region developed its connection with the region on its northen boundaries Baster,KankerAnd LoharAre perhaps the mostAncient states but the most important of its feudatorystates was Khairagarh it had 585 villages "mostly lying in the richest parts of the chhatisgarhplains the original possessions of the family which is of the Raj Gond CastsAnd descendedfrom the royal family of Garha Mandla were confined to the small forest tracks knownAsKhalwaAt the foot of salatek in range.3

Another group of Chhatisgarh states,Associated with gond histroy, includedNandgaon, Khairagarh, Chhuikhadan, Pandaria, Kawardha, PendraAnd Matani. TheseArein the north KorbaAnd KowainaAre in the last. Chhatisgarh eventually came to spreadover31,000 sq. miles, Containing 14 states.4

xksaM+ksa dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk lqxfBr gksrh gSA budk psgjk piVk] ekFkk pkSM+k] dqN yack] ukd dqNpiVh] uFkquh pkSM+s gksrs gSaA budh vka[ksa dkyh] iydsa iq"V ,oa ckgj dh vksj vkSlru Hkjh gksrh gSaAxksaM+ fL=;ka izk;% dkyh iq"V vkSj piy gksrh gSaA LoHkko ls xkSaM+ iq#"k dqN ythys lqLr fdUrq lân;gksrs gSaA5 izk;% lHkh vkfnokfl;ksa dk 'kjhj fBxuk gksrk gS] ulsa rkj ljh[kh dM+h gksrh gSaA 'kjhj dkvo,o lqxfBr vkSj etcwr gksrk gSA jax lkaoyk] psgjk] piVk vkSj ekFks eas mHkkj ugha gksrkA xksaM+dU;kvksa ds ekFks ij v)ZpUnz ;k f='kwy dk xqnuk xqnk;k tkrk gSA ;s 'kSo gSA vf/kdka'k fL=;ka nsgHkj esa xqnus xqnokrh gSa] fo'okl gS fd eR;q gksus ij tc 'kjhj NwV tkrk gS] xqnus lkFk tkrs gSaA6 iq#"kyaxksVh yxkrs gSa ;k NksVh /kksrh igurs gSa] nsg esa caMh igurs gSaA FkksM+k lk diM+k ixM+h dk dke nsrkgS] /kuokuksa ds diM+s dqN vPNs vkSj vf/kd gksrs gSa] ,d ycknk lk vks<+ ysrs gSaA o"kkZ vkSj 'khr esa xys

*vfrfFk fo}ku] lekt'kkL=] 'kkldh; N=lky egkfo|ky;] fiNksj] f'koiqjh] e0iz0**'kks/k Nk=] lekt'kkL=] thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e0iz0


ls dEcy cka/k ysrs gSa] tkM+s esa ;k=k djrs le; jtkbZ] dEcy dk cks>k ugha <ksrsA jkr dks dksnksa dsiSjk dh [kj esa gh yqd tkrs gSaA jkr Hkj tkM+k ugha yxrkA fL=;k¡ yky jax dh lkM+h vkSj dkys jaxdh dapqdh ilan djrh gSaA ijnk izFkk ugha gSA

;s izkr% djhc vkB cts is; ihrs gSaA rhljs igj ejS;k is; ihrs gSaA jkr dks Hkkstu dqN vPNkgksrk gSA ist] dqnbZ] dqVdh] pkoy ;k edbZ dk curk gSA taxyh iRrksa dh Hkkth vkSj ued dk ghlkyu gksrk gSA jksVh jkst ugha [kkrs gSA ekal [kkus ds #fp jgrh gSA7

28 vizSy ds fnu us- Vh- CyaV dh eqykdkr nf{k.k ds vjIYyh ujs'k badqVjko ls gqbZ okrkZykids nkSjku CykaV us badqVjko ls cLrj ds xksaM+ksa ds laca/k esa iwNkA badqVjko dk dFku Fkk fd ^'kjhj esafdlh izdkj dk oL= /kkj.k djuk gh ;gka ds xksaM+ksa ds pkSdUuk gks tkus dk lwpd gSA** cLrj ds lHkhxksaM+ fuoZL= jgrs gSa] pkgs L=h gks ;k iq#"kA buesa Hkksiky iVue ds xksaM+ lcls vf/kd [kwa[kkj gSaA8

izkphu xksaM+ksa dk izeq[k /ka/kk f'kdkj djuk vkSj eNyh ekjuk FkkA ysfdu f'kdkj ij dkuwuhcafn'k yx tkus ds dkj.k rFkk vf/kdka'kr% ;k ou izk.kh ;qDr ouksa dks vH;kj.k ?kksf"kr dj fn;s tkusds ckn] oU; i'kqvksa dk f'kdkj pksjh fNis gh laHko gSA fQj Hkh os ufn;ksa ds fdukjs if{k;ksa vkSj eNfy;ksadk f'kdkj dkQh ek=k esa djrs gSaA9 xksaM+ksa ds ?kj izk;% feV~Vh ?kklQwl ds gksrs gSaA ,d >ksifM+;k] edkucukus ds fy, feV~Vh] iqvky] ydM+h] ckal] [kijSy dh vR;Ur vko';drk gksrh gSA uhao [kksnus ls iwoZxksaM+ ukfj;y] ?kh] xqM+ ls iwtk djuk dHkh ugha HkwyrsA10 osfj;j ,Yohu us viuh iqLrd esa fy[kk gSfd xkasM+ vkx ds pkjksa vksj cSBrs gSa] uR; djrs gSa vkSj xkuk xkrs gSaA11 xksaM+ tutkfr ls vxfj;k] vks>k]iz/kku] dksbyk] Hkqfrl] ,oa lksykgl tSls lewg iSnk gq, gSa ¼O;olkf;d vk/kkj ij½A xkasM+ksa dh nksmitkfr;ka ,d jktxksaM+ ¼Hkw Lokeh½ ,oa nwljs ^/kqjxksaM+ ¼lk/kkj.k½ gSA xksaM+ tutkfr esa ifjokj^fir`lRrkRed* gksrk gSA blesa fookg dh dbZ izFkk,a izpfyr gSa] fdUrq lgefr fookg dks lcls mfprekuk tkrk gSA blds vykok iyk;u fookg dks ;g yksx ^yke>uk* dgrs gSaA

bl tutkfr esa vUrfoZokg vkSj cfgfoZokg ds fu;eksa dk Hkh dBksjrk ls ikyu fd;k tkrkgSA xksaM+ tutkfr esa HkkbZ dk yM+dk vkSj cgu dh yM+dh vFkok cgu dk yM+dk vkSj HkkbZ dh yM+dhesa fookg dk izpyu gS] ftls ;g yksx ^nw/k ykSVkok** dgrs gSaA12 xksaM+ksa dh le) lkaLÑfrd ijEijkgSA ;s yksx vius df"k vkStkjksa rFkk vU; gfFk;kjksa dh Hkh iwtk djrs gSaA xksaM+ tutkfr esa /keZ ds vykoktknw esa Hkh fo'okl fd;k tkrk gSA xksaM+ tutkfr esa euksjatu dh ,d izeq[k laLFkk ^?kksVqy* gS] tksbldh lkaLdfrd xfrfof/k;ksa dk izeq[k dsUnz Hkh gSA xkao ds vfookfgr ;qodksa vkSj ;qofr;ksa dks ?kksVqy*esa gh viuh laLdfr] /kkfeZd fo'oklksa vkSj uSfrd e;kZnkvksa dk izf'k{k.k feyrk gSA ;kSfud la;e dkizf'k{k.k nsus rFkk u;h ih<+h dks euksjatu nsus dk dk;Z ?kksVqy esa gh gksrk gSA xksaM+ tutkfr ds yksxgfofM;u iztkfr ds ekus tkrs gSaA bl tutkfr esa eR;q ds i'pkr nQukus dh izFkk Fkh] fdUrq fgUnqlH;rk ds lEidZ esa vkus ds ckn vc erd dk nkg laLdkj ¼vfXunkg½ djrs gSaA

lUnHkZ %1- glusu] unhe- 2007( tutkrh; Hkkjr] tokgj ifCy'klZ ,.M fMLVªhC;wVlZ] fnYyh] i0 1192- uk;Mw] ih- vkj- 1997( Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh ¼fodkl dh leL;k,a½] i0 153- fcykliqj fMfLVªªDV xtsfV;j] foykliqj] e-iz- ljdkj] 1975] i0 108&1094- esgrk] ch- ,p- 1984( ^xksaM+~l vkWQ n lsUVªy bafM;u gkbysaM~l*] ubZ fnYyh (Vol-I), i`0 64&655- uk;Mw] ih- vkj- 1997( Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh ¼fodkl dh leL;k,a½] i0 256- vxzoky] jkeHkjksl- laor~ 2018( ^x<+k e.Myk ds xksaM+ jktk*] i0 1507- ogh] i0 150&1518- CyaV- 1930( fczfV'k VªsogylZ bu ukxiqj VsjfVjht] i0 14510- e/;izns'k lans'k] 10 Qjojh 1992] i0 3911- ,yfou] osjh;j- 1958( ^yhOt ÝkWe n taxy^] i0 14&1512- vxzoky] th- ds- 2009( tutkrh; lekt dk lekt'kkL=] lkfgR; Hkou izdk'ku] vkxjk] i0 201

*****

43

tkSuiqj % D;k dgrs gSa ,sfrgkfld lk{;M‚0 eukst feJ*

Hkkjr dh ,sfrgkfld ekufp=koyh ij tkSuiqj dk vadu 1389 bZ- ls fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA tkSuiqjegf"kZ ;enfXu dh riksLFkyh Fkk ftl dkj.k bldk çkjafHkd uke ;enfXuiqj iM+k Fkk rFkk dkykUrjesa ;enfXuiqj gh tkSuiqj ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA dfri; fo}kuksa us bl /kkj.kk ij Hkh cy fn;kgS fd ;gka çkphu Hkkjr esa ;ouksa dk vkf/kiR; jgk gS ftl dkj.k bldk uke çkjfEHkd nkSj esa ;ouiqjFkk tks fd dkykUrj esa tkSuiqj gks x;kA KkrC; gS fd egkHkkjr esa ;ouksa dk mYys[k çkIr gksrk gS&

;ouk phu dkEckstk nk#.k EysPN tkr;%AlfØnxzgk: dqykRFkk'p gw.kk% ikjfldS% lgAA

¼Hkh"e ioZ ]9]65&66½iratfy ds egkHkk"; esa ;g mfYyf[kr gS fd& ;ouksa us lkdsr ij vkØe.k fd;k] ;ouksa us

ek/;fedk ij vkØe.k fd;k&v#un ;ou% lkdsre& v#un ;ouksa ek/;fedkeA Lej.kh; gS fd Hkkxor] fo".kq ,oa ok;q

vkfn iqjk.kksa esa Hkh ;ou vkØe.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA xkxhZ lafgrk ds ;qx iqjk.k [kaM esa of.kZr gSfd&nq"V ,oa ohj ;ouksa us lkdsr] eFkqjk rFkk ikapky ij vkØe.k fd;k] blds i'pkr os dqlqe/otigaqp x, ogka pkjksa vksj cus feêh ds ijdksVs ij muds ogka igqapus ij lHkh yksx O;kdqy gks x, &

-- bl lEHkkouk dks ekuus esa dksbZ folaxfr ugha gS fd ikfVy iq= vkSj lkdsr ds chp esa ;oudqN le; rd ftl {ks= fo'ks"k esa jgs gks og {ks= dkykUrj esa ;ouiqj ds uke ls tkuk x;k jgk gks\vkt rd ds uohure 'kks/kksa esa Hkh bfrgkldkjksa ds chp bl ç'u ij vke jk; LFkkfir ugha gks ikbZgS fd iq";fe= 'kqax ds le; esa gq, ;ou vkØe.k dk usrk dkSu Fkk ,oa rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa gq, ml;q) dk LFky dgka Fkk\ iqjk.kksa esa Hkh ;ouksa ds xaxk ?kkVh esa 'kklu djus dh ckr dgh x;h gSA gkFkhxqEQk vkSj ukfld ys[k esa bZLoh lu~ ds çkjEHk esa ;ouksa ds xaxk ?kkVh esa #dus dk leFkZu feyrk gSAbu lk{;ksa ds vkyksd esa ;g lEHkkouk cyorh fn[kkbZ nsrh gS fd lkdsr vkSj ikfVyiq= rd vk igqapusokys ;ou bl tuin dh lhek dks viuk dk;Z {ks= vo'; cuk;s jgs gksaxsA

jkek;.k esa of.kZr gS fd dkS'ky ds mÙkj esa usiky dh igkfM;ka] nf{k.k esa lfiZdk ;k L;fUndk¼lbZ½] iwoZ esa lnkuhjk o xkserh gSA bl rF; ls ;g ladsr feyrk gS fd NBha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa vFkokmlds iwoZ Hkh tkSuiqj dkS'ky ds varxZr jgk gksxkA bfrgkl xokg gS fd tc NBha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZds mÙkjk/kZ esa pkj çeq[k jktra=ksa ex/k] dks'ky] oRl vkSj voafr dk mn; gqvk rks dk'kh Hkh dks'kyds v/khu gks x;hA çLrqr lk{;ksa ls ;g rknkRE; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS fd tkSuiqj Hkh dks'kyds varxZr 'kkfey jgk gksxkA dkykarj esa dks'ky rFkk ex/k ds lÙkk la?k"kZ esa varr% laiw.kZ dks'kyex/k esa foyhu gks x;k rFkk ex/k tSls fo'kky jktra= ds varxZr lekfgr gq, tkSuiqj dks Lo;a esa,d jktra= ds :i esa LFkkfir gksus dk volj miyC/k u gks ldk gksxkA NBha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ lsysdj nwljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds e/; dh vkgr eqæk,a Hkh tkSuiqj tuin dh lhek ds fudV vkSfM+gkjuked LFky ls çkIr gqbZ gSaA tkSuiqj ,oa lkjukFk ¼okjk.klh½ ij Hkh dq"kk.kksa dk vkf/kiR; jgk gSA bl

*çk/;kid] tulapkj foHkkx] ohj cgknqj flag iwokaZpy fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj] m0iz0


rF; dk çdk'ku mR[kuuksa ls çkIr eqækvksa ls gqvk gSA tkSuiqj ls xqIr eqækvksa dk laxzg Hkh çkIr gqvkgS ftlls ;g laHkkouk Hkh cyorh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS fd xqIrdky esa ;g uxj O;kikj fofue; dk mUurLFky jgk gksxkA blesa Hkh 'kd dh dksbZ xqatkbZ'k ugha gS fd ;g {ks= fo'ks"k xqIr 'kklu lÙkk ds varxZrjgk gks D;ksafd vkl&ikl ds tuinksa ls çkIr xqIr dkyhu vfHkys[k bl /kkj.kk dks iq"V djrs gS fd;g tuin xqIr 'kkldksa ds 'kklu lÙkk ds varxZr jgkA ;gk¡ rd fd ijorhZ xqIr 'kkld vkfnR;lsuds nsoo.kkZda ys[k esa xkserhdksV~Vd 'kCn dk mYys[k feyrk gS tks fd mlds jkT; {ks= esa lfEefyrFkkA lEHkkouk gS fd xkserh rV ij vofLFkr ;g 'kgj Hkh mlds jkT;dky dk egÙoiw.kZ ?kVd jgk gksrFkk O;kikj&fofue; dk egÙoiw.kZ dsaæ HkhA bl lEHkkouk dks udkjk ugha tk ldrk gS fd ufn;ksa dsfdukjksa ij cls çkphu O;olkf;d iM+ko ty ;krk;kr dh cgqyrk ds pyrs dkykarj esa uxj esa rCnhygks x,A fuf'pr :i ls xkserh rV ij cls bl uxj dks çkphu dky esa viuh euksgkjh NVk ds pyrsbldk Qk;nk feyk gks rFkk rRdkyhu Hkkjr esa ty ;k=k dk ;g egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko jgk gks tgkaO;kikj&fofue; esa layXu O;kikjh viuk iM+ko cukrs jgs gks vkSj ftl dkj.k ;g uxj ,d çeq[kO;kikfjd çfr"Bku ds :i esa LFkkfir jgk gksxkA bl tuin ds lqnwjorhZ LFkyksa] tgka vkt Hkh vkokxeudh cgqyrk ugha gqbZ gS] ogka ,sls lk{;ksa dh miyC/krk vo'; gks ldrh gS ftlls ;g fuf'pr :i lsfl) fd;k tk lds fd çkphu Hkkjr esa tkSuiqj O;kikj fofue; dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko FkkA

bl tuin ds c['kk Fkkuk ds varxZr xzke pqjkefuiqj esa xkserh unh ls lVs ,d cM+s ukys dslehi gh ,d vfr çkphu ewfrZ gS] tks fd prqeqZ[kh f'kofyax vFkok v/kZukjh'oj çfrek çrhr gksrh gSAbl ewfrZ dh igpku tulkekU; esa pEeq[kchj ckck ds uke ls ,d xzke nsork ds :i esa dh tkrh gSAewfrZ dyk fd nf"V ls ;g ewfrZ vius vki esa ,d cstksM+ çLrqfr gS ,oa lkekU;r;k ,slh ewfrZ dk fun'kZumÙkj&Hkkjr esa de gSA bfrgkldkjksa us çFke n`f"V esa bls xqIrdkyhu -ekuk ijUrq ;fn lanfHkZr {ks=fo'ks"k esa cM+s iSekus ij iqjkrkfÙod mR[kuu lEikfnr djk,a tk,a rks fuf'pr :i ls tkSuiqj vkSj Hkkjrds çkjafHkd bfrgkl ys[ku esa dqN vkSj egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk,¡ layXu gks ldrh gSaA blh Øe esa [kqVguFkkukUrxZr xkao x<+kxksikykiqj dk mYys[k fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd vkt Hkh ,d x<+ ln'; fn[krkgS rFkk yksd dFkkvksa ,oa tuJqfr;ksa esa ;g ekU;rk cgqr çkphudky ls pyh vk jgh gS fd lanfHkZrLFky çkphu Hkkjr esa dHkh fdlh jktk dh jkt/kkuh Fkk rFkk xkserh ml x<+ ls lV dj cgrh Fkhftls rRdkyhu jktk us unh dh /kkjk dks nwljh vksj eksM+ fn;k FkkA orZeku esa og jkt/kkuh u"V gkspqdh gS rFkk ogka Åijh rkSj ls dqN Hkh ugha fn[krk ijUrq nar dFkkvksa esa og vkt Hkh thfor gS rFkkiqjkrkfRod mR[kuu dh izrh{kk esa gSA bl lUnHkZ esa bl rF; dk çxVhdj.k djuk lehphu gS fdleqæxqIr ds ç;kx ç'kfLr dh 21oha ykbu esa vkVfod jktL; 'kCn feyrk gS ftls bfrgkldkjksa usvkVfod jkT; ekuk gSA bfrgkldkj yhV vkSj gsepUæ jk; pkS/kjh us bUgsa taxyh jkT; ekurs gq, bldhlhek mÙkj esa xkthiqj ¼vkyod½ ls ysdj tcyiqj ¼nHkky½ rd ekuk gSA la{kksHk esa [kksg rkezys[k ¼xqIrlaor 209&529 bZ-½ ls Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd mlds iwoZt nHkky ¼tcyiqj½ ds egkjkt gfLru dsvf/kdkj&{ks= esa 18 taxyh jkT; lfEefyr FksA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd ç;kx ç'kfLr esa bUgha taxyhjkT;ksa dh vksj ladsr fd;k x;k gS] ftls leqæxqIr us foftr fd;k FkkA bl lEHkkouk dks ekuk tkldrk gS fd tkSuiqj Hkh bu taxyh jkT;ksa ds v/khu jgk gksxk rFkk laHko gS fd ;g Hkh rRdkyhu le;esa Hkjksa ;k vU; taxy esa jgus okyh cuoklh tkfr;ksa ds Hkksx dk lk/ku cuk gks rFkk dsjkjchj]pEeq[kchj vkSj cUg~okjschj tSls 'kkld ¼ftudk eafnj orZeku esa 'kkghiqy vkSj tuin ds vkl&iklfLFkr gS½A bl {ks= fo'ks"k esa bu taxy esa jgus okyh tkfr;ksa ds uk;d ,oa lsukuh ds :i esa pfpZrjgs gksA bu ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa ds xHkZ esa fNis bfrgkl dks çdkf'kr djus ds fy, O;kid iSekus ijiqjkrkfRod mR[kuu dh vko';drk gSA blds vykok tuin ds eNyh'kgj] tQjkckn] dsjkdr ,oa'kgj ds iwohZ] if'peh ,oa mÙkjh Nksjksa ij dqN pqfuank LFky Hkh iqjkrkfRod mR[kuuksa dh çrh{kk esa gSa]

45

blds izdk'ku ls tkSuiqj gh ugha] vfirq çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh dbZ vulqy>h ,oa vcw> igsfy;ksadks lqy>k;k tk ldsxkA

Hkkjrh; iqjkrRo ds vFkd vUos"kd lj vysDtsaMj dfua?ke dks tkSuiqj dh cM+h efLtn dsçLrj [kaM ij bZ'ojoeZu dk ,d vfHkys[k feyk Fkk] ftlls ekS[kfj;ksa ds bfrgkl dks çdkf'kr djusesa dkQh enn feyh Fkh rFkk blh vfHkys[k dh lkroha ykbu esa /kkj ds jktk] vka/kz ds jktk vkSj jsord¼lkSjk"Vª½ ds jktk ds lkFk gq, la?k"kksaZ dk mYys[k gSA ;|fi la?k"kZ dk fooj.k laiw.kZ ugha gS] [kafMrgS ysfdu blls bruk vo'; /ofur gksrk gS fd bZ'ojoeZu us bu vkØe.kksa dks foQy dj fn;k FkkrFkk laHkkfor gS fd ;g ;q) Hkh tkSuiqj ;k mlds vkl&ikl gh gqvk gksxkA gjgk ys[k ls ;g Kkrgksrk gS fd mlds iq= bZ'kkuoekZ us gtkjksa gkfFk;ksa dh lsuk okys vka/kzifr dks ijkHkwr dj foftr fd;kFkkA mlus lwfydksa dks gjk;k] leqæ rVh; xkSM+ks dks nck;k vkSj mUgsa viuh lhekvksa esa jgus dks foo'kfd;kA bu fot;ksa ds QyLo:i gh bZ'kkuoekZ vius oa'k dk çFke Lora= egkjktkf/kjkt cukAbZ'ojoeZu ds tkSuiqj ik"kk.k vfHkys[k esa Hkh vka/kzksa ij fot; dk mYys[k gqvk gSA 1904 esa ekS[kfj;ksads dqN flDds QStkckn ds fHkrkSjk uked xkao ls çkIr gq, FksA bu lk{;ksa ds voyksdu ls yoys'kek= Hkh 'kadk dh xqatkbZ'k ugha gS fd tkSuiqj ij ekS[kfj;ksa dk vkf/kiR; ugha FkkA

blh ifjçs{; esa tkSuiqj ds 'kkgh iqy ij lEçfr esa fojkteku xt&flag ewfrZ dk rknkRE;bZ'ojoeZu ;k bZ'kkuoekZ ds vka/kzksa ij fot; ls LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd gjgk ys[k esaof.kZr gS fd bZ'kkuoekZ us vka/kzksa dh lgL=ksa gfLr;ksa dh fo'kky lsuk dks pw.kZ &fopw.kZ dj Mkyk FkkAbfrgkldkjksa esa bl er ij vke jk; gS fd bZ'kkuoekZ us mÙkjh Hkkjr esa viuh Lora= laçHkqrk dk;edj yh FkhA laHko gS fd bl ewfrZ dk vadu vka/kzksa ij fot; ds çrhd ds :i esa gqvk jgk gks rFkke/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa 'kkgh iqy ds fuekZ.k ds le; esa LFkkuh; dykdkjksa us vkd"kZ.k iSnk djus dsmís'; ls vkl&ikl ls gh mldks LFkkukarfjr dj 'kkgh iqy ds e/; esa LFkkfir dj fn;k gksA ;grks esjs }kjk LFkkfir fopkj gS] ysfdu ;gka cqf)thfo;ksa dh ,d jk; vkSj gS og ;g gS fd ;g ewfrZckS) /keZ ds fodkl dk çrhd gS] mu yksxksa dk dguk gSa fd xt&flag ewfrZ oSfnd /keZ ij] ckS)/keZ ds fot; dk lwpd gSA tkSuiqj esa pansy {kf=; rks gSa] ogka ds ujs'kksa dk bl tuin dslEcU/k ds ckjs esa dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ lk{; ugha gSA ,d vkSj 'kadk eu esa mitrh gS fd [ktqjkgks dseafnjksa ij vafdr flag ewfrZ vkSj 'kkgh&iqy tkSuiqj ij LFkkfir xt&flag ewfrZ dh Hkko&Hkafxek esadkQh vlekurk gSA

ekS[kfj;ksa dh 'kklu lÙkk ds ckn tkSuiqj fuf'pr :i ls lezkV g"kZ ds v/khu jgk gksxk]D;ksafd g"kZ dh fo#) ^ldyksÙkj ukFk iFkdj* dh FkhA ,sls çek.k feysa gSa fd t;paæ us tkSuiqj esa,d LFkkbZ lSfud f'kfoj LFkkfir fd;k Fkk rFkk tQjkckn esa ,d mPp vf/k"Bku ij çkIr LrEHkko'ks"kls bl lEHkkouk dks c<+r feyh gS fd ;gka dHkh t;paæ dk cSBdk jgk gksxkA t;paæ ds mÙkjkf/kdkjhgfj'pUæ dk ,d ys[k tuin ds eNyh'kgj ls çkIr gqvk gS] ftlesa mldks vusdkusd foHkwfr;ksa lsvyaÑr fd;k x;k gSA

e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds lzksrksa us tkSuiqj dh LFkkiuk dk Js; fQjkst'kkg rqxyd dksfn;k gS] ftlus vius HkkbZ eqgEen fcu rqxyd ¼twuk [kka½ dh Lefr esa bl uxj dks clk;k vkSj bldkukedj.k Hkh mlds uke ij fd;kA ysfdu ,d [kkl ckr ;g gS fd tkSuiqj jkT; dk laLFkkid ekfydljnkj ¼ljoj½ fQjkst 'kkg rqxyd ds iq= lqyrku eqgEen dk nkl Fkk tks viuh ;ksX;rk ls 1389bZLoh esa othj cukA lqyrku egewn us mls efyd&ml&'kdZ dh mikf/k ls uoktk FkkA 1399 bZLohesa mldh e`R;q gks x;hA mlds in ds dkj.k gh mldk oa'k 'kdhZ&oa'k dgyk;kA

KkrO; gS fd mldks dksbZ larku ugha Fkh] mlds ekSr ds ckn mldk xksn fy;k gqvk iq=eqckjd 'kkg xíh ij cSBk FkkA

tkSuiqj % D;k dgrs gSa ,sfrgkfld lk{;


1402 bZ- esa eqckjd 'kkg dh e`R;q gks x;hA blds ckn mldk HkkbZ bczkfge'kkg 'kdhZ ¼1402bZ- & 1440 bZ-½ tkSuiqj jkt flagklu ij cSBkA bczkfge'kkg ds ckn mldk iq= egewn'kkg fQj gqlSu'kkg rFkk vUrr% tkSuiqj 1479 bZ- ds ckn fnYyh lYrur dk Hkkx cu x;kA tkSuiqj esa ljoj ls ysdj'kdhZ ca/kqvksa us 75 o"kksaZ rd Lora= jkt fd;kA bczkfge'kkg 'kdhZ ds le; esa tkSuiqj lkaLÑfrd nf"Vls cgqr miyfC/k gkfly dj pqdk FkkA mlh ds le; esa tkSuiqj esa dyk&LFkkiR; esa ,d ubZ 'kSyhdk tUe gqvk] ftls tkSuiqj vFkok 'kdhZ 'kSyh dgk x;kA dyk&LFkkiR; ds bl 'kSyh dk fun'kZu ;gkaij vkt Hkh vVkyk efLtn esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dgk tkrk gS fd 'ksj'kkg lwjh dh lkjh f'k{kk&nh{kk tkSuiqj esa gh gqbZ FkhA ;g Hkh dgk tkrkgS fd tkSuiqj esa bczkfge'kkg 'kdhZ ds le; esa bZjku ls 1000 ds yxHkx vkfye ¼fo}ku½ vk;s FksftUgksaus iwjs Hkkjr esa tkSuiqj dks f'k{kk dk cgqr cM+k dsaæ cuk fn;k FkkA blh dkj.k tkSuiqj dks f'kjktsfgan dgk x;kA f'kjkt dk rkRi;Z Js"Brk ls gksrk gSA njvly rRdkyhu nkSj esa tkSuiqj f'k{kk dkcgqr cMk dsaæ cu x;k FkkA

bl çdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa dk lk{kh jgk ;g tuin vius bfrgkl dsØec/n ys[ku gsrq iqjkrkfRod mR[kuuksa dh çrh{kk esa gS] cxSj bu iqjkrkfRod mR[kuuksa ds tkSuiqj dkçkjafHkd bfrgkl mn~?kkfVr ,oa çdkf'kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA tuin ds eknjMhg xkao esa dk'khfgUnw fo'ofo|ky; }kjk orZeku le; esa fd;s tk jgs iqjkrkfRod mR[kuu esa bZlk iwoZ uxjh; lH;rkds LFkkfir gksus ds lk{; feyus ls bfrgkl ds u, ys[ku dh i"B Hkwfe rS;kj gSAØec) bfrgkl ys[kuds fy, cxSj Bksl lk{;ksa ds] ladsrd lk{; vkt Hkh csekuh çrhr gks jgs gSaA vkt rks iqjkrRo mR[kuuds fy, gekjs ikl fodflr vkSj leqUur rduhd gS] ;fn Hkfo"; esa tkSuiqj ds pqfuank LFkyksa ijiqjkrkfRod mR[kuu laikfnr djok fn, tk,a rks mÙkj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl gh ugha vfirq çkphu Hkkjrh;bfrgkl ds dbZ vulqy>s lokyksa dk tckc Hkh gesa ;gka ls fey tk;sxkA

lUnHkZ %1- lS;n ,dcky vgen tkSuiqj] 'kdhZ jkT; tkSuiqj dk bfrgkl] 1968( f'kjkt fgUn izdk'ku Hkou] 115

fjtoh [kka] tkSuiqj] i0 69 ,oa 872- ,y-ih- 'kekZ] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] o"kZ 1975( y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky izdk'ku] vkxjk&3] i0 2033- gfj'pUnz oekZ] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr] o"kZ 1992( fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZUo; funs'kky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]

i`0 242] 245&46] 271] 275] 277] 288&89] 323] 521] 532] 5504- ds-lh- JhokLro] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] o"kZ 1989( ;qukbVsM cqd fMiks] bykgkckn] i`0 86] 280]

405] 5255- mn; ukjk;.k jk;] xqIr jktoa'k rFkk mldk ;qx] o"kZ 1986( yksd Hkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] i0 4676- MkW- foey panz ik.Ms;] izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] o"kZ 1979] dsnkjukFk jkeukFk f'k{kk lkfgR; izdk'kd]

esjB] i0 237] 3386- izks- Hkxorh izlkn ikaFkjh] jktoa'k % ekS[kjh vkSj iq";Hkwfr] o"kZ 1973] fcgkj fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] iVuk]

i0 147- Mk- gfjizlkn Fkify;ky] Hkkjr dh ,sfrgkfld eku fp=koyh] i0 368- lfPpnkuan HkV~Vkpk;Z] Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dks'k] i0 1749- tkSuiqj dh vkf/kdkfjd osclkbV tkSuiqj ,oa gekjk tkSuiqj

*****

47

nfyr oxZ % dkyZ ekDlZ ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esaM‚0 vuqjkfxuh jkor*

21oha lnh esa izkjEHk ls gh ;g vuqHko fd;k tk jgk gS fd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fo"kerkdk ladV 'kksf"kr] ihfM+r vkSj nfyr oxZ dks >syuk iM+k gSA

19oha lnh ds e/; esa tc iwathokn dh e;kZnk,a¡ Li"V gks jgh Fkh vkSj bfrgkl ds eap ijJfed oxZ dk izHkko'kkyh mn; gks jgk FkkA mlh le; ekDlZ ,axYl us nk'kZfud] vkfFkZd] lkekftd,oa jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k dh 'kkL=h; fopkj&O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl fopkj O;oLFkk esa&

1- ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn] 2- }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn] 3- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL= vkSj4- 'kkL=h; lkE;okn dk lekos'k gSA1

ekDlZ ,axYl us }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn ds fl)kUrkas ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd ifjfLFkfr dkv/;;u ,oa fo'ys"k.k fd;kA bl izfØ;k esa ftu fu"d"kkasZ rd os igq¡pa muesa ls dqN egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kZbl izdkj gS &v½ izR;sd oLrq ds ewy esa dqN varfoZjks/k gksrs gSA2 varfoZjks/k vFkkZr~ nks ijLij fojks/kh rRoksa dk

vfLrRoA tSls fd py&vpy fuf'pr&vfuf'pr] fLFkj&xfr'khy bR;kfnA xfrRo fodkl'khy,oa ifjorZu'khy gksus ds dkj.k gksus ds dkj.k fLFkfr rRo ls mldk la?k"kZ gksrk jgrk gSAbl la?k"kZ ds iwoZ fodkl dh voLFkk esa gh nwljh voLFkk vadqfjr gksrh gS blh izdkj la?k"kZds }kjk oLrq dk fodkl gksrk tkrk gSA fodkl dh bl izfd;k esa xfrRo fLFkfr rRo dkfu"ks/k djrs gq, ,d voLFkk dks u"V dj nsrk gS vkSj nwljh mPprj dh voLFkk dks tUe nsrkgSA tSls fd dyh dh iw.kZ fodflr fLFkfr ,oa voLFkk u"V gksus ij gh Qy tUe ysrk gSA;gh dkyZ ekDlZ dk fu"ks/k fl)kUr gSA3 ;g xR;kRed fodkl dh izfØ;k pØkdkj

(Circular) ugha cfYd lfiZy (Sprial) gSA vkxs c<us] Åij mBus ,oa mPp Lrj dh vksj tkusokyh bl izfØ;k esa oLrq dh voLFkk esa ifjorZu gksrk gS vkSj oLrq ds lRo (Essence) dk fodklgksrk jgrk gSA dkyZ ekDlZ us bl fl)kUr dk vk/kkj fy;k vkSj lekt O;oLFkk dk vkSj bfrgkldk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, ;g fu"d"kZ izLrqr fd;k fd lkeUrh O;oLFkk (Feudal) dh iw.kZ fodflrvoLFkk eas gh iawthoknh (Capitalist) O;oLFkk us tUe fy;kA ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk tUe ysusdh izfØ;k eas ekuoh; laca/kks a ,oa lkekftd lEcU/kksa eas Hkh vfuok;Z :Ik ls ifjorZu gksrk jgrkgSA euq"; vkSj lekt dk lRo bu lEcU/kksa es a gh O;Dr gksrk gSA vk/;kfRed ;qx esa ;slEcU/k /kkfeZd Lo:i ds FksA vkRek&ijekRek vFkok bZ'oj&euq"; ds lEcU/kks a dk fo'ys"k.k/kkfeZd Lrj ij gh fd;k tkrk FkkA D;kasfd euq"; /kkfeZad vFkok vk/;kfRed izkf.kek= (Socialbeing)

gS] ;gh /kkj.kk izpfyr gksrh jgh vkSj lkekftd lEcU/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k rFkk fuoZpu gksrk jgkAtSls fd Lokeh vkSj nkl] ekfyd vkSj etnwj] 'kkld vkSj 'kkflr] 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"kr bR;kfnA,d n`f"V ls ;g v/;kReokn ls bgokn ,oaa HkkSfrdokn dh vksj laØe.k FkkA ekDlZ dhfopkj/kkjk bgoknh gSA ekDlZ us ;g izLFkkfir fd;k fd fdlh Hkh ;qx esa lekt dh jpuk ,doxhZ; ugh cfYd f}oxhZ; gksrh jgrh gS vkSj bu oxksZa dk lRo (Essence) vkSj Lo:i (Form)

LoHkko (Character) ijLij fojks/kh cuk jgrk gSA

*vfrfFk izoDRkk] jktuhfr'kkL= foHkkx] 'kkldh; N='kky] egkfo|ky;] fiNksj] f'koiqjh] e0iz0


oLrq ds ewy esa varfoZjks/k ds dkj.k gh oLrq dk LkaHkkO; fodkl gksrk jgrk gSA blh rjg lektO;oLFkk ds ewy esa gh oxhZ; varfoZjks/k ds dkj.k lekt ds fodkl dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA ekDlZ&,axYlds }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn dk gh nwljk uke gS xR;kRed HkkSfrdokn vFkok fojks/k fodkloknA4

c½ lekt dh jpuk f}oxhZ; gksus vkSj nks oxksZa dk lRo] Lo:Ik vkSj LoHkko fHkUu&fHkUu gksus dsdkj.k nks oxksZa easA la?k"kZ gksuk vfuok;Z gSA bl oLrq fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij ekDlZ bl fu"d"kZij vk igq¡pk fd ekuoh lekt dk bfrgkl oxZ la?k"kZ dk gha bfrgkl gSA ^dE;qfuLV ikVhZds ?kks"k.kk i= dk izkjEHk blh fo/kku ls gS "the history ofAll hitherto existing society isA

history of class struggle"5 ekDlZ&,axYl dh ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd lekt dk fodkl oxZla?k"kZ }kjk gh gksrk vk jgk gSA oxZ la?k"kZ dHkh iks'khnk (now hidden) rks dHkh [kqys vke(now open) gksrk vk;k gSA ekDlZ us iawthoknh O;oLFkk dks u"V djus ds fy, iwathoknhvoLFkk ds fodkl izfd;k esa gh bfrgkl ds eap ij mfnr gq, nqfu;k ds gkFkkas esa oxZ la?k"kZdk gfFk;kj fn;k vkSj fo'o eas ifjorZu vFkok cnyko ykus dh ftEesnkjh Hkh etnwj oxZ ijgh lkaSi nhA blhfy, rks dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds ?kks"k.kk&i= ds var es nqfu;k ds etnqjksa dkslacksf/kr djrs gq, ekDlZ us ØakfUr dk ,syku fd;k working men ofAll countries unite6

;gh ekDlZ dk ^oxZ fl)kUr^ gSAl½ ekDlZ us ;g Hkh izLFkkfir fd;k fd oxZ;qDr lekt dh lEiw.kZ jpuk vkfFkZd laca/kksa ij

vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA euq"; dks thfor jgus ds fy, vius vkSj vius ifjokj ds fuokZg ds fy,mRiknu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mRiknu] mRiknu ds lk/ku vkSj 'kfDr;k¡] mRiknu lk/kuksaij LokfeRo] mRiknu dk fofue; bu lHkh ij lekt dh vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dk <kapk fuHkZjgksrk gSA izpfyr lekt O;oLFkk easA ,d oxZ ds ikl mRiknu ds lk/kukas ,oa 'kfDr;ksa dkLokfeRo gksrk gSA nwljs oxZ ds ikl flok esgur ds vU; lk/kukas ,oa 'kfDr;ka u gksus ds dkj.kmls fuokZg ds fy, viuk Je cspuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA blh nwljs oxZ dks ekDlZ&,xYl us^izksysrkfjvr^ dgk gSA ;g oxZ Je ds }kjk /ku dk miktZu djrk gS vkSj igyk oxZ ftlsekDlZ&,axYl us cwTokZ^ dgk gSA ;g oxZ mDr /ku dk LosPNkuqlkj miHkksx djrk gSA c<+rsoxZ la?k"kZ ds lkFk gh lekt mRiknu dh mPp voLFkk dks izkIr gksrk gSA var esa loZgkjk oxZdh ØakfUr lQy gksus ij lekt fodkl ds gj eksM+ ij oxZ dk dqN fgLlk Jfed oxZ esafoyhu gksus ds dkj.k oxZghu lekt ,oa 'kks"k.k eqDr lekt LFkkfir gksrk gSA oxZghu vFkok'kks"k.k eqDr lekt dk fuekZ.k] ;gh oxZ la?k"kZ dk vafre y{; gSA7

n½ ekDlZ ds bu fopkjksa dk fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk ,oa vkfFkZd laca/k lEiw.kZ lektO;ogkj dk ewyk/kkj (Infrastructure) gSA euq"; ds thou esa vkfFkZd O;ogkj ds vykok/keZuhfr] lektuhfr] jktuhfr] dkuwu] dyk] lkfgR; bR;kfn O;ogkjksa dh Hkh vko';drk gksrhgSA bu lHkh O;ogkj {ks=ksa dk vfLrRo vkfFkZd laca/kksa ds ewyk/kkj ij fuHkZj gksus ds dkj.k mUgas^Åijh jpuk^ vFkok ^vf/kjpuk^ (Super structure) dgk tkrk gSA ekuoh; lekt dk lEiw.kZO;ogkj blh ewyk/kkj vkSj vf/kjpuk ds rgr gksrk jgrk gSA oxZ&la?k"kZ ds }kjk vkfFkZdlaca/kksa esa ifjorZu gksus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vf/kjpuk esa vfuok;Zr% ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSAblhfy, ewyk/kkj vkSj vf/kjpuk,¡ (BaseAnd super structure) ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn dh

cqfu;kn gS vkSj oxZ&la?k"kZ gh lekt ds lEiw.kZ fodkl dk ,oa vkewy lekt ifjorZu dk ,dek=ØkfUrdkjh ekxZ gSA

ewyk/kkj vkSj vf/kjpuk ;g fl)kUr rks ekDlZokn ,oa ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk dk dsUnzLFkkuekuk tkrk gSA ekDlZ us bl ckr dk iwjk ;dhu fnyk;k fd oxZ la?k"kZ gh 'kks"k.k eqfDr dk ØkfUrdkjhgfFk;kj gS vkSj ØkfUr }kjk lekt esa vkewypwy ifjorZUk djus dh ftEesnkjh esgurd'k etnwj oxZdks gh fuHkkuh gksxhA

49

bl Økfrdkjh oxZ dks çpfyr lkekftd okLrfodrk (social reality) dk ifjp; nsrs mldksØakfr lEeq[k djuk ,oa mldh iwoZfl)h (Preconditioning) djuk ftruk vko';d gS mruh gh blØkafrdkjh oxZ dks okLrfodrk dh fLFkfr&xfr ls voxr djkrs gq, jktdh; vkSj lkekftd nf"V lsf'kf{kr djuk Hkh vko';d gS ;g egRoiw.kZ vfuok;Z dk;Z lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh gksuk lEHko gSAblfy, dgk x;k gS fd lekt ^^Marx found, in Art,A powerful weapon to educate the

masses"8 lekt dh uSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLdfrd vfHkO;fDr ls vFkokfuosnu ls lRrk/kkjh oxZ dh vk'kk vkSj fgr laca/k tqM+s jgrs gS vkSj vius fgr lEcU/kksa ds lqj{kk dsfy, og lHkh O;oLFkkvksa dks vifjofrZr fLFkfr esa ijaijkc) djuk pkgrk gSA blhfy, lekt esa nwljh'kfDr dks txkdj mldk laxBu djrs gq, mlh dks lekt ifjorZu rFkk lekt ØkfUr dk dk;Z lkSaiktkrk gSA ekDlZ&,axYl us nqfu;k Hkj ds esgurd'k et+nwjksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, ftEesnkjh dk lans'kfn;kA ekDlZokn ifjofrZr] çxfr'khy thoukfHkeq'k rFkk ;FkkFkZoknh Hkh gSA vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gSvkSj ØkfUr dk lk/ku HkhA

lUnHkZ %1- lnk dUgkMs] ekDlZokn vkSj nfyr lkfgR;] olq/kk&58] tqykbZ&flrEcj] 2003] i0 422- vkse izdk'k xkck] lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k] ledkyhu jktuhfr fl)kUr] e;wj isij cSDl] uks,Mk]

prqFkZ uo&fufeZr laLdj.k] 2004] i0 3723- lnk dUgkMs] 2003( ekDlZokn vkSj nfyr lkfgR;] olq/kk&58] tqykbZ&flrEcj] i0 434- ogh] i0 435- Mk0 ih0 Mh0 'kekZ( dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj oSKkfud lektokn rFkk ekDlZ ds iwoZorhZ fopkjd] vk/kqfud

jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk bfrgkl] i0 2936- lnk dUgkMs] 2003( ekDlZokn vkSj nfyr lkfgR;] olq/kk&58] tqykbZ&flrEcj] i0 447- Mk0 ih0 Mh0 'kekZ( dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj oSKkfud lektokn rFkk ekDlZ ds iwoZorhZ fopkjd] vk/kqfud

jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk bfrgkl] i0 2948- Okgh] i0 297

*****

nfyr oxZ % dkyZ ekDlZ ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa


Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkjM‚0 xksiky Ñ".k 'kekZ*

Ekkuokf/kdkjksa ds izfr lEeku ds lkFk&lkFk vf/kdkjksa dk laj{k.k vkSj mudks okLrfod cukusdh fpUrk 20oha lnh ds jktuhfrd fparu dk ,d izeq[k /;s; jgk gSA yksdra= dk vk/kkj lekurk]Lora=rk vkSj cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk gSA Hkkjr nqfu;k¡ ds mu ns'kksa esa gS ftldk vfr izkphu bfrgkl blrF; dk izek.k gS fd Hkkjr&Hkwfe vukfn dky ls ekuo vf/kdkjksa dh laj{kd vkSj iks"kd jgh gSA nqfu;kads fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ekuokf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k vkSj mudh LFkkiuk esa Hkkjr lcls Åij gSAlaoS/kkfud vf/kdkj % Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkjksa dh ladYiuk gekjs izkphu osn] iqjk.k vkSj vU;egkdkO;ksa rd esa gSA vk/kqfud Hkkjr us vius lafo/kku dh mn~nsf'kdk] ewy vf/kdkj vkSj uhfr funs'kdfl)karksa ds ek/;e ls vf/kdkjksa dks Li"V djrs gq;s mUgsa laoS/kkfud vk/kkj iznku fd;k gS vkSjvko';drk ds vuqlkj vf/kdkjksa dks U;k;yh; laj{k.k Hkh iznku fd;k gSA1

ekuokf/kdkjksa ds vf/kd vPNs laj{k.k ds fy;s jkT; dk;Z djsa ;g la;qDr jk"Vª ds lkoZHkkSfedekuo vf/kdkj ?kks"k.kk i=] 1948 dh vfHkyk"kk gS vkSj Hkkjr blds izfr opuc) gSA Hkkjr ljdkj}kjk ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k fo/ks;d laln ls ikfjr djkds] ekuo vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 1993cuk;k x;k gSA bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 esa jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds xBu dh O;oLFkk gSAvf/kfu;e ds v/;k; 5 esa jkT; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;kssx cukus dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSAjk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx % bldk eq[;ky; fnYyh esa gS tks vius dk;ksZa dks egklfpo dsek/;e ls lEikfnr djrk gSA vk;ksx esa ,d v/;{k gksrk gS tks fd mPpre U;k;ky; ds iwoZ eq[;U;k;k/kh'k ls fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSaA ,d&,d lnL; mPPkre vkSj mPp U;k;ky; ds orZeku ;k iwoZU;k;k/kh'kksa esa ls fu;qDr fd;s tkrs gSaA ekuokf/kdkjksa ls lacaf/kr fo"k;ksa dk Kku j[kus okys ;k blfo"k; dk O;ogkfjd vuqHko j[kus okys nks O;fDr Hkh vk;ksx ds lnL; gksrs gSaA vk;ksx ds bu ikaplnL;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk jk"Vªh; vYila[;d vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfrvk;ksx vkSj jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx ds v/;{k insu vk;ksx ds dk;kZsa esa lg;ksx gsrq lnL; gksrs gSAegklfpo vk;ksx dk dk;Zikyu vf/kdkjh gksrk gS tks ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vkSj dk;Z djrk gS tksmldks vk;ksx }kjk lkSais tkrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx ds v/;{k vkSj lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr egkefge jk"Vªifr th }kjk,d lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij dh tkrh gSA lfefr esa iz/kkuea=h v/;{k vkSj yksdlHkk ds v/;{k]x`gea=h] yksdlHkk esa foi{k ds usrk] jkT;lHkk esa foi{k ds usrk] vkSj jkT;lHkk ds milHkkifr lnL;gksrs gSaA blds vykok ,d lnL; Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;ewfrZ ds ijke'kZ ls mPpre U;k;ky; dsU;k;k/kh'k vFkok fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[; U;k;k/kh'k esa ls fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/;{klfgr vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gS fdUrq 70 o"kZ dh vk;q iw.kZ gksus ij og in ijugha jg ldrk gSaA dksbZ lnL; 5 o"kZ dh vfof/k lekIr gksus ds ckn iqu% iquZfu;qfDr izkIr dj ldrkgSA in ij u jgus ij og Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu ;k fdlh jkT; ljdkj ds v/khu fdlh in ijfu;qfDr dk ik= ugha jgrk gSA2

ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,oa dk;Z % vk;ksx ds }kjk ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds laj{k.k ds fy;sf'kdk;rksa dh tkap djus rFkk 'kklu dks nks"kh O;fDr ds fo#) dk;Zokgh djus ds fy;s funsZf'krdjus] ihfM+r O;fDr dks eqvkotk fnyokus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSaA blds vfrfjDr vk;ksx }kjk

*lgk;d izk/;kid] fof/k foHkkx] ftokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e0iz0

51

ekuokf/kdkj dk izpkj&izlkj djus ds fy;s iz;kl djus] ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds {ks= esa vuqla/kku dksizsfjr djus] ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds {ks= esa dk;Zjr xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks mRlkfgr djus dk drZO;dk fuokZgu djus dk nkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gSaA vk;kssx dks tk¡p ,oa vUos"k.k gsrq O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ iznkudh xbZ gSA ekuo vf/kdkj vk;kssx dks dsUnzh; ljdkj rFkk lacaf/kr jkT; ljdkjksa dks okf"kZdizfrosnu] vko';drk iM+us ij fo'ks"k fjiksVZ izLrqr djus dk d`R; lkSaik x;k gSA vk;ksx dks vUos"k.kds fo"k; esa O;kid vf/kdkj gSAjkT; ekuo vf/kdkj vk;ksx % jkT;ksa esa Hkh ekuokf/kdkj ds laj{k.k ds fy;s jkT; ekuo vf/kdkjvk;ksx ds xBu dh O;oLFkk gSA ftldh fu;qfDr jkT;iky }kjk ,d lfefr dh flQkfj'k ij dh tkrhgSA lfefr esa eq[;ea=h insu lHkkifr gksrs gSa rFkk fo/kkulHkk v/;{k] jkT; ds xgea=h vkSj fo/kkulHkkds usrk izfri{k insu lnL; gksrs gSA ftu jkT;ksa esa fo/kku ifj"kn gksrh gS ogka jkT; ifj"kn dk lHkkifrrFkk ifj"kn esa foi{k dk usrk Hkh insu lnL; gksrs gSaA lacaf/kr jkT; ds mPp U;k;ky; ds eq[;U;k;ewfrZ dh lykg ij ftyk U;k;k/kh'k in ds O;fDr dks Hkh lfefr esa lnL; fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrkgSA jkT; vk;ksx ds lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gS vkSj dk;Z ds fy;s vk;q lhek 70 o"kZ gSA jkT;vk;ksx viuh fjiksVZ jkT; ljdkj dks nsrs gSa vkSj dsUnz ds leku bu fjiksVksZa vkSj mu ij dh xbZdk;Zokgh ds lkFk fo/kkulHkk dks voxr djk;k tkrk gSaA3

jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;kssx % efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus muds vf/kdkjksa dks vkSj T;knk lqjf{kr djusds mn~ns'; ls jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx vf/kfu;e 1990 ds }kjk jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk 31 tuojh1992 dks xBu fd;k x;k gSA

jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx lerk vkSj U;k; izkIr djkus dk iz;kl djrk gS ;g lerk laca/khfof/k;ksa ds vfrØe.k volj ds izR;k[;ku rFkk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ds oapu ds ekeyksa esa gLr{ksidjds iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds e/; U;k; dh LFkkiuk djus ds dk;Z dks vkxs c<+krk gSA ;g ns'k esa ;krukvksavFkok Øwjrk dh f'kdkj efgykvksa dks ijke'kZ vkSj lgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g ngst]cykRdkj] lEifRr vf/kdkjksa] fookg] fookg foPNsn] Hkj.k&iks"k.k vkfn ds {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa ds fgrksa dklaj{k.k djus ds fy;s vi;kZIr fof/k;ksa dks la'kksf/kr fd;s tkus ds fy;s iz;k; djrk gSA vk;ksx v'kkldh;laxBuksa] ikfjokfjd efgyk yksd vnkyrksa vkSj dkuwuh tkx#drk vfHk;kuksa ds ek/;e ls tutkxj.k dkdk;Z djrk gSA vk;ksx lapkj ek/;eksa esa v'yhyrk dk fojks/k djus dk Hkh vf/kdkj j[krk gSaA vk;ksxxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa ds fy;s uohu izks|ksfxdh ys tkus dk Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA

jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx us efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djus okyh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dkijh{k.k fd;k gS vkSj buesa vko';d la'kks/ku ds izLrko Hkh 'kklu dks fn;s gSaA vk;ksx ds iklle;≤ ij vusd f'kdk;ras vkSj ekeys vkrs gSa ftu ij dk;Zokgh djus ds fy;s vk;ksx us ,dijke'kZ vkSj eqdnek iwoZ izdks"B LFkkfir fd;k gSaA vk;ksx dks vf/kdrj f'kdk;rsa ngst laca/khmRihM+u] Øwjrk] vR;kpkj] f}fookg] cykRdkj] lEifRr ds vf/kdkj dk;Z LFkku ij mRihM+u] fookgfoPNsn vkSj Hkj.k iks"k.k vkfn ds fo"k; esa vf/kd f'kdk;rsa izkIr gqbZ gSA

fodkl ij nf{k.k ,f'k;k&2000 esa izdkf'kr okf"kZd fjiksVZ esa ;g ekuk x;k gS fd nf{k.k,f'k;k esa fyax lekurk dh laoS/kkfud xkjaVh gS ijUrq ;FkkZFk esa efgyk;sa dkuwuh] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrdvkSj lkaLd`frd {ks=ksa esa HksnHkko dk vuqHko dj jgh gSaA4 la{ksi esa ekuokf/kdkj efgykvksa vkSj ckydksads Hkh vf/kdkj gSa ,d LoLFk fpUru ds vHkko esa bUgsa ;FkkFkZ cukus esa vojks/k vkrk gSaA

lUnHkZ %1- vxzoky] ,p-vks0- 2014( vUrjkZ"Vªh; fof/k ,oa ekuo vf/kdkj] lsUVªy ykW ifCy0] bykgkckn2- f=ikBh] Vh0ih0- 2009( ekuokf/kdkj] bykgkckn ykW ,tsUlh] bykgkckn3- ik.Ms;] ts0,u0- 2010( Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] lsUVªy ykW ifCy0] bykgkckn4- jsUVyu] ,fylu MqUM- 1990( b.Vjus'kuy áweu jkbV] lkxk ifCy0] yUnu

*****

Hkkjr esa ekuokf/kdkj


orZeku le; esa ekuo lalk/ku izcU/k esa uohupqukSfr;ka ,oa lEHkkouk;sa

MkW0 vk'kh"k dqekj*

Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds lanHkZ esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd iz'kklu ds lkFk gh lkFkekuo lalk/ku iz'kklu gekjk /;ku vkd"V djrk gS vkSj fo'ks"kdj lsfooxhZ; iz'kklu ;k ekuolalk/ku izcU/k ds varxZr miØe esa xq.kkRed vkSj la[;kRed nksuksa nf"V;ksa ls lq/kkj djus ds fy;s fofHkUulzksrksa ls mudh vkiwfrZ ds fy;s ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gSA ekuo lalk/ku fdlh Hkh laxBu ds fodkl esa ,dvge Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djrk gS vkSj vkt ds izfr;ksxh ;qx esa tcfd ge u;s rduhd] fons'kh iwath]izcU/k ds u;s rjhds vkfn izkIr djus dh vksj vxzlj gSA bldh egRrk vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSA

fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa ekuo lalk/ku vFkok tula[;k dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA vr%vkfFkZd fu;kstu ds lHkh iz;klksa dk dsUnz fcUnq ekuo fodkl gksrk gSA dsoy LoLFk vkSj f'kf{kr ekuogh fdlh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dks okafNr fn'kk esa ys tkus esa l{ke gksrh gSA ftl ns'k esa ekuolalk/ku ftruk vf/kd ;ksX; vkSj dq'ky gksrk gSA og ns'k mruk gh 'kh?kz fodkl djrk gSA vFkZkr~ ekuogh og 'kfDr gS tks lsok {ks= esa viuh dk;Zdq'kyrk rFkk okSf)d n{krk }kjk okafNr fn'kk esa vkfFkZdfodkl dh jFk dks ys tk ldrk gSA lsok {ks= esa Je mRiknu dk lk/ku ,oa lk/; nksuksa gS ysfdu Jedh ek=k ekuo lalk/ku ds vkdkj ,oa mlds xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSA bl izdkj ekuo lalk/ku fdlhHkh ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ fu/kkZj.k rRo gSA ;fn ns[kk tk; rks fdlh Hkh ns'k dk vkfFkZdfodkl ml ns'k dh tu'kfDr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA tu'kfDr ,d egRoiw.kZ lalk/ku gS] cfYd ;g dgktk; fd vU; lalk/kuksa ls c<+dj gS] rks blesa dksbZ vfr';ksfDr ugha gksxhA okLro esa ekuo'kfDr dk izHkkolEiw.kZ jk"Vªh; lalk/kuksas ij iM+rk gSA ;fn ;g fodkl ds fy;s miyC/k vU; lalk/kuksa ls de gks tk;rks fodkl ij izfrdwy izHkko iMs+xk vkSj lsok {ks= esa pqukSfr;ka c<+ tk;sxhA

Uk;s okrkoj.k esa lsfooxhZ; izcU/kdksa ds dk;Z vc ijEijkxr dk;ksZ tSls fu;qfDr] p;u] izf'k{k.k]vkUrfjd xfr'khyrk ,oa dY;k.k vkfn rd lhfer ugh gSA cfYd Hkkjrh; m|ksx us buds fy;s u;s ;qxds }kjk [kksy fn;s gSA lsoh;oxhZ; izcU/kd ls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gSA fd og vius deZpkfj;ksaa ds fgrksadh j{kk djsxkA og deZpkjh dY;k.k ls lacaf/kr dkuwuksa dh fcuk i{kikr fd;s] lekurk ds vk/kkj ijlaLFkk esa ykxw djk;saA vU; dY;k.kdkjh dk;ZØe tSls f'k{kk&izf'k{k.k] vkoklh; lqfo/kk] ifjokj dY;k.k]lsokfuofRr vkfn cuk;s vkSj mls ykxw djk;saA

lsok {ks= esa yxs gq;s deZpkjh ds ykHkkFkZ ;kstuk,¡&1- Hkkjr o"kZ esa igys lsok {ks= esa yxs gq;s deZpkjh;ksa dh f'k{kk ij dksbZ fo'ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA

ijUrq vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd lsfooxhZ; izcU/kd deZpkfj;ksa dh f'k{kk ds fy;s izkS<+ f'k{kkdk;ZØe] jkf=dkyhu Ldwy] va'kdkfyd :Ik ls f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsA

2- mRikndrk dks c<+kus ,oa mlesa lq/kkj djus] u;h rduhd viukus ij] Lopkyu gsrq izf'k{k.kvko';d gSA lsfooxhZ; izcU/kd dks blds fy;s izf'k{k.k ij tksj nsuk gksxA blls u dsoymRikndrk c<s+xh vfirq fujk'kk de gksxh] dk;Z ds izfr yxko c<s+xk] la;qDr Hkkxhnkjh c<s+xhA

3- deZpkjh ds fuokl LFkku ls dk;ZLFky dh nwjh dks de ls de djds ,oa lqfo/kktud cukdjmuds le; ,oa Je dk mfpr mi;ksx djds mRiknu esa of) dj ldrs gSA

*izoDrk ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] okf.kT; ladk;] efM+;kgWWw ih-th- dkyst] efM+;kgwW] tkSuiqj] m0iz0

53

4- orZeku esa efgykvksa dh la[;k lsok{ks= esa vf/kd gSA bldk dkj.k mudh LofuHkZjrk] mPp f'k{kk;k vkfFkZd vko';drk vkfn gks ldrh gSA ysfdu bldh otg ls ,d leL;k vkSj c<+ x;hgSA og gS cPpksa ds ykyu&ikyu dhA blds fy;s vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd tc efgyk;ssadk;Z ij vk;sArks muds cPpksa dh mfpr ns[kHkky gsrq Ik;kZIr O;oLFkk dk;ZLFky ij miyC/k gkstgkW os vius cPPkksa dks NksM+dj fuf'pUr Hkko ls dk;Z dj ldssaA

5- lsfooxhZ; izcU/kd dks deZpkfj;ksa ds ilUn&ukilUn] mudks izsfjr djus okys rRoksa dk irkyxkuk gksxkA mls ,d vuqla/kku lsy cukuk gksxk tks fd lsfooxhZ; uhfr;ksa dh mi;qDrrk]muesa ifjorZu] deZpkfj;ksa ds O;ogkj dk v/;;u vkfn ckrksa ij vuqlU/kku djds vius lq>kkolaxBu dks ns ldsA;|fi vkfFkZd fodkl esa ;=a] midj.k dPpkeky] foRr vkfn viuh fof'k"V Hkwfedk vnk djrh

gSA ijUrq ekuo blesa lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA ;g lkekU; vuqHko dh ckr gS fd ;fn euq"; iw.kZ {kerkls] dk;Z djrk gS rks HkkSfrd lk/ku Hkh] iw.kZ {kerk ds lkFk dk;Z djsxsaA D;ksafd vkt ds dEI;wVj ;qx esaHkh mUur ;a= euq"; dh lfØ;rk ij fuHkZj djrs gSA lsfooxhZ; izcU/kd dks vkt ds ;qx esa u;h rduhdksadk Kku Hkh ije vko';d gS ftlls fd os MkVk fo'ys"k.k dj lds] fo'o esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dks tkuldsaA lkFk gh c<+rs gq;s dk;Z ds ncko dk eSuqvyh djuk ] vc laHko ugh gksxkA blfy;s deZpkfj;ksadks ubZ rduhdh ls ifjfpr djuk gksxkA

,d lsfooxhZ; izcU/kd dks vkus okys le; esa laxBu ds lHkh fdz;kRed {ks=ksa esa viuh mifLFkfrntZ djkuh gksxha mls u dsoy lsfooxhZ; izcU/k esa izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksxh vfirq mRiknu] foi.ku]foRr vkfn {ks=ksa esa Hkh izf'k{k.k dh vko';drk gksxhA ftlls fd fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa dk;Zjr Jfedksa dhleL;kvksa dks le> ldsAfu"d"kZ % ekuo dk O;fDrRo ,d dyh ;k v/kf[kys iq"Ik dh Hkkafr gSA ftlesa lqizcU/k }kjk gh fu[kkjyk;k tk ldrk gSA ftl izdkj ,d dq'ky ekyh viuh cfx;k dks [kkn ikuh nsdj ,oa izdk'k vkfndh mRre O;oLFkk djds o{kksa dh lqj{kk djrk gS rFkk ,sls Js"B okrkoj.k esa gh o{k iqf"ir o iYyforgksdj lcdks lq[k 'kkafr iznku djrs gS mlh izdkj ekuo lalk/ku vFkkZr ekuo 'kfDr dk lsok {ks= esalqizcU/k :ih ekyh ekuo :ih i;kZoj.k dks fodflr djds mPp mRikndrk :Ikh iq"iksa ,oa Qyksa ls fdlhHkh ns'k ds ekuo "kfDr ds fodkl dks rhozre dj ldrk gSA ftlls lsok {ks= dh pqukSfr;ksa ls lkeukfd;k tk ldsA c<+rs gq;s vkS|ksfxdj.k ds dkj.k] lekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd ifjorZu gks jgs gSAftlls vkS|ksfxd okrkoj.k Hkh vc igys ls ifjofrZr gksrk tk jgk gSA lsok {ks= dh leL;kvksa dslek/kku gsrq uohu pqukSfr;ksa ls MVdj eqdkcyk djuk gksxkA vc vkS|ksfxd txr ds le{k ,d ghfodYi gS fd og ekuo 'kfDr vFkkZr~ lsfooxhZ; izcU?k ds izR;sd {ks= dks is'ksoj cuk;saA blls m|ksxesa yxh gqbZ ekuo 'kfDr dks vkSj vf/kd izfr;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vFkZo;LFkk ds rhljs lsDVj&lsoklsDVj esa jkstxkj dh laHkkouk;sa c<+kdj xzkeh.k {ks= esa df"k mRiknu ij fuHkZjrk de dh tk ldrh gSA,oa ijLij lgk;rk ds u;s vk;ke fodflr dj fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- feJ] ts-ih- 2006( Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] fotMe cqDl] okjk.klh] i0 792- dqekj] xkSre- vDVwcj 2000( c<+rh tula[;k lalk/ku ;k cks>] izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] i0 463- eksuIik] v:.k- 1997( eSusftax g~;weu fjlkslZ] eSdfeyu bf.M;k fy0] ubZ fnYyh4- es;j] ,p0bZ0- Qjojh 1976( ijluy Mk;jsDVlZ vkj n U;w dkjiksjsV ghjkst] Qkjpwu] i0 88&895- lS;knhu] fetkZ ,.M eksuIik] v:.k( ijluy eSustes.V] VkVk eSDxzkfgy ifCyf'kax da0fy0] ubZ fnYyh] i0 3056- feJ] ,-ds- 2004( ekuo lalk/ku izcU/k esa pqukSfr;ka] vkfFkZdh ¼'kks/k if=dk½] i0 33&347- vxzoky] ,0,u0- 2006( Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] U;w ,st b.Vjus'kuy ifCy'klZ] ubZ fnYyh] i0 102&1038- ok".ksZ;] ih0ds0- ebZ 2001( vkfFkZd fodkl ,oa ekuo ewY;] ;kstuk] i0 23

*****

orZeku le; esa ekuo lalk/ku izcU/k esa uohu pqukSfr;ka ,oa lEHkkouk;sa


vkpk;Z ujsUnznso dk lektoknMkW0 vk'kqrks"k JhokLro*

vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso Hkkjrh; lektoknh fpUru ds ^vkfn iq#"k** vFkkZr euq* ekus tkrs gSaA vkpk;ZujsUnz nso ,d dV~Vj lektoknh FksA lu~ 1934 esa dkaxzsl ds gh dqN usrkvksa us t; izdk'k ukjk;.k dsizR;Ruksa ds QyLo:i dkxzsal ds Hkhrj lektoknh ny ds fuekZ.k dk fu'p; fd;k rFkk izFke lEesyudh v/;{krk vkpk;Z ujsUnznso us dh vius v/;{kh; Hkk"k.k esa mUgksaus vk'kk O;Dr dh fd Hkkjr esa lektokndh 'kfDr fnu izfrfnu c<+rh tk,xh vkSj ;gk¡ LFkk;h :i ls lektokn jgsxkA1 vkpk;Z ujsUnznso us viusfopkjksa ekU;rkvksa vkSj usrRo }kjk Hkkjrh; lektoknh vkUnksyu dks ,d fuf'pr fn'kk nh rFkk ns'k esaetnwj o d"kd vkUnksyu dks Bksl vk/kkj iznku fd;kAetnwj vkUnksyu vkSj lektokn

ujsUnznso etnwjksa dks VªsM ;wfu;uksa esa laxfBr djus rFkk muesa oxZ la?k"kZ dh Hkkouk fodflr djmUgsa jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ds fy, laxfBr djus ds leFkZd FksA bl dk;Z esa bUgsa fdlh lhek rd lQyrkHkh izkIr gqbZA laxfBr vkSj fu;ksftr etnwjksa dk oxZ la?k"kZ gh iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh 'kks"k.k dh uhfr dksm[kkM+ ldrk gSaA blfy, etnwjksa ds ØkfUrdkjh vkfFkZd la?k"kZ ds ek/;e ls gh lektokn dh LFkkiukdh tk ldrh gSA vkpk;Z ujsUnznso ekDlZoknh fopkjd FksA mudh ;g /kkj.kk Fkh fd vkS|kfxd etnwjvkfFkZd la?k"kZ vkSj oxZ la?k"kZ ds }kjk VªsM ;wfu;u dh izofRr fodflr dj ldrk gSA2 ujsUnz nso ;g pkgrsFks fd etnwjksa ds oxZ la?k"kZ dks jktuhfrd la?k"kZ ls tksM+dj mls vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k tk;A bllsetnwjksa dk oxZ la?k"kZ vf/kd O;kid :i esa fodflr gks ldrk gsSaA

ujsUnznso dk fopkj Fkk fd etnwjksa dks vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk uSfrd izf'k{k.k nsukvko';d gSaA bl izdkj ds izf'k{k.k ls mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj dh vkfFkZd&lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku izkIr gksxk lkFk gh muesa ;g Hkkouk O;kIr gksxh fd os vius y{; dks izkIr djsA mUgsatkr ikr dh ladh.kZrkvksa ls Åij mBkuk gksxk ftlls os ns'k dh leL;kvksa ij [kqys :i esa fopkj dj ldsA

vkpk;Z ujsUnznso etnwjksa dk vf/kd ls vf/kd dY;k.k pkgrs FksA usg: ljdkj us budh ekaxksadks iwjk ugh fd;kA blds dkj.k os usg: ljdkj dh vkykspuk fd;k djrs FksA ekpZ 1949 esa iVuk easujsUnznso dh v/;{krk esa lks'kfyLV ikVhZ dk okf"kZd vf/kos'ku gqvkA bl vf/kos'ku esa us'kuy VsªM ;wfu;udkaxzsl dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z i)fr dh tedj vkykspuk dh x;hA mUgksusa dkaxzslh ljdkj ds i{kikriw.kZnf"Vdks.k dh HkRlZuk dhA mUgksaus dgk fd vkS|ksfxd >xM+ksa dks r; djus ds fy, ljkdj us ftl izdkjds le>kSrk cksM+ksZ vkSj vk|ksfxd iapk;rh vnkyrksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA mlls ekfydks o iathifr;ksa dksgh ykHk izkIr gksxkAfdlku vkanksyu vkSj lektokn

vkpk;Z ujsUnznso Hkkjr ds d"kd iwufuZekZ.k ds i{k/kj FksA ujsUnznso dk er Fkk fd fdlkuksa dslkekftd] jktuhfrd o vkfFkZd vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fdlkuksa dh laxfBr fd;k tk;aA vkpk;ZujsUnznso pkgrs Fks fd lHkh izdkj ds fdlkuksa dks pkgs os NksVs fdlku gks ;k cM+s fdlku mUgsa ,d tqVfd;k tk;A vkpk;Z ujsUnznso Hkkjrh; tuleqnk; esa QSyh fujk'kk dks nwj djus ds fy, vkUnksyu pykus

*ofj"B izoDrk] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] ds0ih0,l0ih0th0 dkyst] rEckSj] lhrkiqj] m0iz0

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ds i{k esa FksA Hkkjr esa fdlkuksa rFkk [ksfrgj etnwjksa dh fLFkfr vPNh ugha FkhA mUgsa dbZ izdkj dhleL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk FkkA blds fy, ujsUnznso us Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k thou ds iqufuekZ.k dh,d ØkfUrdkjh ;kstuk izLrqr dhA ujsUnznso Jfed oxZ dks lkezkT; fojks/kh la?k"kZ dk gjkoy nLrk ¼vfxzeVqdM+h½ rFkk fdlkuksa dks mldk lgk;d ekurs FksA vkpk;Z ujsUnznso Lrkfyu ds bl er ls lgefr j[krsFks fd fdlkuksa dks lektoknh fopkj/kkjk ls vuqizkf.kr djuk pkfg,A3

vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso Hkkjr esa fdlkuksa dks ns'k ds lektoknh iqufuekZ.k dh ;kstuk ls lEcfU/kr djusds fy, fdlkuksa dh lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ cukuk pkgrs FksA mudk Li"V er Fkk fd lgdkfjrk ds ek/;els xzkeh.k lekt vkSj fdlkuksa dk dY;k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ujsUnznso us fdlkuksa ds fgrksa ds fy, fdlkuokn dk fojks/k fd;kA mUgsa Hk; Fkk fd fdlkuoknfdlkuksa esa ladqfpr Hkkoukvksa dks fodkl djsxkA mUgkasus bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd dkaxzsl fdlkuksa dhlaxfBr laLFkkvksa dks ekU;rk ns rFkk mUgsa lkewfgd lnL;rk vkSj izfrfuf/kRo iznku djsA mUgksaus bl ckrij tks fn;k fd Lora=rk laxzke dks O;kid cukus ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd Lora=rk laxzke dks turkds nSfud thou dh vkfFkZd t:jrksa ds fy, la?k"kZ ls tksM+k tk;sA blh dkj.k os fdlku vkSj etnwjksalaxBuksa ds ek/;e ls la?k"kZ dks rhoz djuk pkgrs Fks rFkk os ;g Hkh pkgrs Fks fd fdlku la?kksa ds lnL;ksadks dkaxzsl esa vius izfrfuf/k Hkstus dk vf/kdkj gks rkfd ;s izfrfuf/k jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ls tqM+ ldsa vkSjdkaxzsl ds lEeq[k viuk nf"Vdks.k rFkk dfBukbZ;k¡ j[k lds rFkk dkaxszl Hkh fu.kZ; ysrs le; fdlkuksadh leL;kvksa dks /;ku esa j[k ldsA

ujsUnz nso us Hkwwfe lq/kkj dk;ZØeksa ij dkQh tksj fn;kA Hkwfe lq/kkj gsrq loZizFke mUgksaus tehnkjhmUewyu dk iz;kl fd;kA mudh ekU;rk Fkh fd tc rd tehnkjh izFkk lekIr ugha gksxh rc rd fdlkuksadh vkfFkZd vkSj uSfrd izxfr ugha gks ldrhA tehnkjh izFkk dks lekIr djus ds fy, mUgksaus oxZ la?k"kZdk leFkZu fd;kA4

fdlku vkUnksyu ls vkpk;Z ujsUnznso brus xgjs :i esa tqM+s fd mUgsa 1939 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh;fdlku lHkk ds x;k vf/kos'ku dk v/;{k cuk;k x;kA bl vf/kos'ku esa ujsUnznso ds usrRo esa ;g rdfd;k x;k fd fdlkuksa dks df"k ØkfUr ds fy, tq>k: cuk;k tk;] ftlls fd os viuh Hkwfe ds Lokehcu ldsaA fdlkuksa dks dtZ ls eqfDr fnyk;h tk;s ftlls mUgsa vius Je dk iwjk iwjk ykHk izkIr gks ldsAmu mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fdlkuksa dks jktuSfrd la?k"kZ ds fy, rS;kj djuk vfr vko';d gSA bldslkFk gh fdlku la?kksa dk ,d la;qDr ekspkZ cukuk Hkh t:jh gSaA

lUnHkZ %1- nso] vkpk;Z ujsUn(- jk"Vªh;rk vkSj lektokn] Kku e.My fyfeVsM] okjk.klh&12- voLFkh] vEkjs'oj( vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru] fnYyh3- feJ] jkedqekj( fjlpZ ifCyds'ku t;iqj] u;h fnYyh4- izlkn] xksfoUn( Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd fpUru] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] e0iz0

*****

vkpk;Z ujsUnznso dk lektokn


MkW0 yksfg;k vkSj fgUnh lkfgR;MkW0 J)k JhokLro*

lkfgR; ds lkFk tc Hkh fdlh n'kZu] fopkjk/kkjk ;k fopkjd ds fj'rs dh ckr dh tkrhgS] rks lkekU;r%] ;gh ns[kk tkrk gS fd fdlh fopkj ;k fopkjd us lkfgR;&jpuk dks fdl izdkjizHkkfor fd;k gSaA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn fgUnh jpukdkj Hkkjrh; fopkjdksa esa lokZf/kd lkehI; MkW0yksfg;k ls eglwl djrk jgkA ;gk¡ rd fd mlus xka/kh dks Hkh yksfg;k ds ut+fj;s ls gh le>kA muds?kksf"kr oSpkfjd mRrjkf/kdkjh fouksck ds ut+fj;s ls Hkh ughaA vKs;] js.kq] j?kqohjlgk;] losZ'ojn;kylDlsuk] v'kksd lsdlfj;k] uUn prqosZnh] d".kukFk ls ysdj deys'k] iz;kx 'kqDy] jes'kpUnz 'kkg]fxj/kj jkBh] v'kksd cktis;h vkfn dh ih<+h ls gksrs gq,A ;qok ys[kdksa rd ,d cM+h la[;k esa ,sls fgUnhjpukdkjksa dks jgh gS] tks MkW0 yksfg;k ds oS;fDrd vkSj oSpkfjd lEidZ esa jgs gSaA buesa ls fdlh ,desa Hkh MkW0 yksfg;k ds fopkjksa dk lkfgR;kuqokn 'kk;n u feysA ysfdu lkfgR; vkSj lekt dks le>usdh vo/kkj.kkvksa dh nf"V ls nksuksa esa lkE; fn[kkbZ ns ldrk gSaA

MkW0 yksfg;k ds fy, lerk vkSj Lora=rk dsUnzh; ewY; gSa] cfYd mudh nf"V esa os ,d ghflDds ds nks igyw gSa] tSls xka/kh th ds fy, lR; vkSj vfagalkA yksfg;k bUgha nks ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ijbfrgkl dh O;k[;k djrs vkSj ,d u;s lekt dk liuk Hkh ns[krs gSaA ysfdu og buesa ls fdlh ,ddks nwljs ds fy, cfynku djus dks mfpr ugha ekursA blh rjg] HkkSfrdrk vkSj vk/;kfRedrk esa lsHkh og fdlh ,d dk nwljs ds fy, R;kx ugh djuk pkgrs D;ksafd nksuksa dks ,d lkFk gkfly fd;sfcuk iw.kZrk dk liuk lkdkj ugh gksrkA

^vk/kqfud lH;rk dk vFkZ* fuca/k esa&tks vk/kqfud lH;rk dk cgqr ryLi'khZ foospu gS& MkW0yksfg;k dgrs gSA vxj fiNyh lH;rk,¡ vk/;kfRed lekurk vkSj lkekftd fo"kerk ds vuesy cks>ls VwVh rks vk/kqfud lH;rk lkekftd lekurk vkSj vk/;kfRed fo"kerk ds vuesy cks> ls VwV jghgSA blfy, fd Økafrdkjh izkS|ksfxdh ds vR;f/kd fodkl ls vk/kqfud euq"; ml ekufld fLFkfr esaigq¡p x;k gS tgk¡ og vU; euq";ksa ds lkFk izR;{k vkSj utnhdh viukiu ugha eglwl dj ikrkA Li"VgS fd vk/;kfRedrk ls MkW0 yksfg;k dk rkRi;Z euq";ksa ds chp izR;{k vkSj viusiu ds laca/kksa ls gSaAblhfy, og dgrs gS] O;fDr dh xfjek ds :i esa tks dqN 'kq: gqvk Fkk] og vc dsoy ,d vad vkSj,d fcYyk ek= jg x;k gS--- O;fDr dh xfjek ls 'kq: gksdj ,slk ekyqe iM+rk gS fd lH;rk iwjk pDdjpydj ml txg vk xbZ gS] tgkW O;fDr lewg e'khu ds ,d iwtZs ls vf/kd dqN ugha jg x;kA MkW0yksfg;k ekurs gS fd tc rd bl }S/k dk vk/;kfRed vkSj HkkSfrdokn] lerk vkSj Lora=rk] O;fDrvkSj lekt] jksVh vkSj laLd`fr] izdfr vkSj iq#"k vkfn ds cukoVh v;FkkFkZ fojks/k dk vfrØe.k ughagks ikrk] rc rd ,d iw.kZ lH;rk dk fodkl lEHko ugha gSaA

MkW0 yksfg;k bl df=e fojks/k dk eq[; dkj.k ;g ekurs gS fd vk/kqfud lH;rk esa nwjLFkdk egRo gS] izR;{k vkSj rkRdkfyd dk ughaA ge {k.k dks dsoy izokg ds :i esa ns[krs gS vkSj 'kk'orLo:i dks Hkwy tkrs gS tcfd gj {k.k izokg Hkh gS] 'kk'or Hkh--- vxj ;g t:jh gS fd euq"; bfrgklesa jguk lh[ks rks mls bfrgkl ds ckgj jgus dh Hkh mruh gh vko';drk gSA blhfy, MkW0 yksfg;k

*lgk;d izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] ds0ih0,l0 ih0th0 dkyst] rEckSj ] lhrkiqj] m0iz0

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uSfrdrk dh rkRdkfydrk dh ekax djrs gSa vkSj ml {k.k dh uSfrdrk dks fdlh izokg dh uSfrdrkds uke ij cfynku djuk mfpr ugha ekursA og dgrs Hkh gSA ge lpeqp ,d Lo.kZ;qx dh vksj c<+ldrs gS] vxj ge rRdky gh mls ikus dh dksf'k'k djsaA ftl gn rd ge mls rRdky ikrs gSa vkSjizR;{k lk{kkRdkj ds fl}kUr dks O;ogkj esa ykrs gSa] ml gn rd {k.k ds fy, izokg vkSj 'kk'or :iksads chp dM+h Hkh tksM+h tk ldrh gSA

vKs; us tc jpukRed izfØ;k dh O;k[;k djrs gq, {k.k ds egÙo vkSj vuqHkwfr dhizkekf.kdrk dh vo/kkj.kk dk izfriknu fd;k Fkk rks gekjs vkykspd vius vfLrRooknh mRlkg esa blckr dh vuns[kh djrs jgs fd og ml jpukRed {k.k vkSj izR;{k lk{kkRdkj dh ckr dj jgs Fks] tkslkfgR;] dyk rFkk /keZ&n'kZu dk cht gSaA og {k.k ds izokg:i dh vuns[kh u djrs gq, Hkh mlds'kk'or :i ij vkxzg djrk gSaA D;ksafd MkW0 yksfg;k ds 'kCnksa esa] bls u le>uk {k.k ds 'kk'or :ils fcydqy bUdkj djuk gS] vkSj lkFk gh O;fDr ds egRo ls Hkh] tcfd og dyk vkSj lkfgR;] dFkkvkSj iqjkdFkk] /keZ vkSj n'kZu ds }kjk LFkkfir gks pqdk gSA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk Hkh vuqfpr ugha gksxkfd uSfrdrk dh rkRdkfydrk gh thou ds izR;sd {k.k esa lR;kxzg dk lekos'k gSA ftl viusiu ds{k.k dh ckr yksfg;k djrs gSA

fiNys nks&rhu n'kdksa esa nfyr&foe'kZ vkSj ukjh foe'kZ dks fgUnh jpukRedrk ds u;sizklafxd vk;keksa ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj nfyr&foe'kZ ds MkW0 vEcsMdj rFkk ukjh&foe'kZ dksif'peh ukjhokn vkUnksyu ls tksM+dj ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dh tk jgh gSA ;gk¡ gesa fQj MkW0 yksfg;kdk Lej.k gks vkrk gS] ftuds }kjk o.kZ vkSj ;ksfu ds vk/kkj ij gksus okys vU;k;ewyd Hksn dh vksjfujarj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fgUnh esa bu nksuksa foe'kksZa dks lgt LohÑfr feyh gSa rksblesa MkW0 yksfg;k }kjk fufeZr le> ds egRo dh vuns[kh ugha dh tkuh pkfg,A MkW0 vEcsMdj dkvkg~oku eq[;r;k nfyrksa ds fy, Fkk] tcfd MkW0 yksfg;k us nfyrksa] fiNM+h tkfr;ksa vkSj fL=;ksa dslkFk vU;k;ewyd Hksn dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, mu lHkh ds Lo=ar ekuoh; O;fDrRo dk vkxzg fd;kAnzkSinh ;k lkfo=h rFkk of'k"B vkSj okYehfd tSls ys[kksa vFkok jke] d`".k vkSj f'ko dh izrhdkRedrkdks mtkxj djus okys fuca/kksa dks mu yksxksa }kjk Hkh yfyr fuca/k dh rjg i<+k tkrk gS] tks vU;k;MkW0 yksfg;k dh jktuhfr ls vf/kdka'kr% de gh lger gksrs gSA j?kqohj lgk;] losZ'ojn;ky lDlsuk]v'kksd lsdlfj;k rFkk vkseizdk'k nhid vkfn ds jpukdeZ esa fL=;ksa] cPpksa vkSj nfyr tkfr;ksa dsfy, tks ljksdkj fn[kkbZ nsrs gSA mudh i"BHkwfe esa vkSj izHkko Hkh gksaxs] ysfdu yksfg;k dh ewY; nf"Vdh Li"V Nki ogk¡ fn[kkbZ ns tkrh gSaA

lUnHkZ %1- yksfg;k] jke euksgj- 1953( Oghy vkWQ fgLVªh] flU/kq ifCy0] ckEcsA2- lksykseu] jkcVZ- 1983( n jkbt ,.M n QkWy vkWQ n lsYQ] vkDlQksM izsl] vkDlQksMZ

*****

MkW0 yksfg;k vkSj fgUnh lkfgR;


eS=s;h iq"ik ds dFkk lkfgR; ds ukjhpfj=ksa esa euksoSKkfudrk

izeksn dqekj fujatu*

fgUnh miU;kl esa izsepUnz ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh euksfoKku dk Hkh izos'k gqvkA euksfoKku dsek/;e ls O;fDr dk vareZu vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA euq"; ds O;fDrRo esa vUrjofRr;ksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSAleLr cká O;kikj bUgha vUrjizofr;ksa dh ckákfHkO;fDr gSA euksfo'ys"k.k us ekuo vUrtZxr esa psrukeu ds lkFk vpsru eu dh fLFkfr dks Hkh :Ik fn;kA fgUnh miU;kldkjksa us euksfoKku ds bUgha fl)karksadks dFkk lkfgR; esa izLrqr djus ds fy;s ukjhthou dks Hkh uohu:Ik esa fy;kA ukjh ds ijEijkxr Lo:Ikdks R;kxdj] ukjh dh ekufld tfVyrkvksa dk euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k] ijh{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu fd;k x;kgSA bl euksoSKkfud fo'ys"k.k esa L=h&iq#"k lEcU/kksa dh u;h O;k[;k,¡ mHkjdj vkbZA euksfoKku us vkn'kZds LFkku ij ;FkkFkZ dks LFkkfir fd;k gSA O;fDr dks mldh lEiw.kZ fodfr;ksa] folaxfr;ksa ,oa euksfodkjksads lkFk dFkk lkfgR; esa izLrqr fd;k tkus yxkA eS=s;h iq"ik ds miU;klksa ds ukjh ik= dh bUghafo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;s x;s gSaA fdUrq ;s ukjh ik= Ýk;M fl)karksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor ugha fn[kkbZnsrsA blds lHkh ukjh&ik=ksa esa ukjh lqyHk ekufldrk nf"Vxr gksrh gSA iq"ikth dr *pkd^ miU;kl psrukizokg 'kSyh esa jfpr miU;klksa dk ,d mRd"V mnkgj.k gSA miU;kl ds dsfUnz; ik= ij mudh dqfUBreu% fLFkfr;ksa dks ysdj pyus okyk var}ZU} lkjs dFkkud ij Nk;k jgrk gSA

miU;kl esa ekufld :Ik ls =Lr gksdj] lkjax vius vfLrRo vkSj viuh fopkj'kSyh dks ysdjvar}aU} ds chp Ql tkrh gSA tSls& ^rqe D;k pht gks Jh/kj\ vaxkjk\ fpuxkjh\ ;k dksbZ /kekdk\fdruh ftanfx;ksa esa vkx yxkvksxs \^^1 lan~HkksZuq:Ik lkjax dk O;fDrRo Lo;a dks Js"B vkSj lH; crkusds fy;s ftl thou 'kSyh dk fuekZ.k djrk gSa] mlesa lkekftd vkSj oS;fDrd vkn'kksZa dk lkeatL;ugha gks ikrkA ftlds QyLo:Ik lkjax var}ZU}ksa dh tky esa Q¡lrh gSA

eS=s;h iq"ik us tgk¡ ukjh psruk dks izk/kkU; fn;k gSA ogha ukjh dh eu% fLFkfr ds fofHkUu :iksadks mn~Hkkf"kr fd;k gSA tSls >wykuV^ miU;kl dh vEek^ ¼ckyfd'ku dh ek¡½] tks fo/kok ukjh gSA^^2

og vEek iq[rSuh e;kZnk ,oe~ vkc: ds fy,] vius vki ls yM+rh gSA ftuds dkj.k og viusvkarfjd txr~ esa gh jg tkrh gSA rks csrok cgrh jgh^ miU;kl esa ysf[kdk us moZ'kh^ dks izLrqr fd;kgSA tks Hkwrdky vkSj orZeku dky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds chp lkeatL; ugh fcBk ikrhA ftldh otgls eukseaFku dh f'kdkj gksrh gSA D;ksafd Hkwrdky blds fy, loZneu gS vkSj orZekudky cjtksj flaggSA nksuksa ds chp esa og Q¡lh gqbZ gSA tSls moZ'kh dh eu% fLFkfr ^^fQj------\ vkt D;k gqvk\ ftuloZneu ds lkFk feydj egkekbZ ds efUnj esa gkFkksa ds fpg~u cuk;s Fks os feV x;s D;k\ ftu f'kothdks muds gkFk esa gkFk nsdj iwtk Fks] os gh 'kadj Hkxoku Hkwy x;s D;k\ lkl ds Fkku ij cjkj cÅds dgus ls iwjs opu nsdj vk;h Fkh fd ftBkuh ls feydj jgsxhA nsorkvksa dks fnyklk nh Fkh fde;kZnk ds vuq:Ik djsxh------------bl xk¡o ds nsorkvksa us lc fcljk fn;k-----------------\^^3

izLrqr lanHkZ ewyr% moZ'kh ds vUr}ZU}ksa dks izLrqr djrk gSA D;ksafd moZ'kh u rks Hkwrdky dksfeVk ikrh gS vkSj u gh ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj vius vkidks <ky ldrh gSA blhfy, og iw.kZr;kekufld :Ik ls =Lr jgrh gSA njvly og nk:.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus fy, le{k ugha gksikrh gSA QyLo:Ik moZ'kh vUr}ZU}ksa ls yM+rh gqbZ n`f"Vxr gksrh gSA moZ'kh2 dh rjg vYek dcwrjh^

*fgUnh foHkkx] cqUnsy[k.M fo'ofo|ky;] m0iz0

59

dh dneckbZ Hkh }U}ksa ds chp esa Q¡lh gSA dneckbZ dh eu% fLFkfr Hkh orZeku vkSj Hkwrdky ds chpQ¡lh gSA tks ,d vksj vius ifr dks eu ls fudky ugha ikrhA rks nwljh vksj ealkjke dks viukdjmlds lkFk lekt ds lkeus [kM+k jguk eqf"dy yxrk gSA ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ekufld }Un dks ysf[kdkfy[krh gSA tSls dneckbZ dk c;ku gS fd& ^eSa rqEgsa Hkwy tkrh rks vPNk Fkk ekrsA ij Hkwyrh dSls]og jkr rks th dk tatky cu xbZA ml jkr us u taxfy;k dks Hkwyus fn;k u rqEgsaA ml cSjh dks ;kndj&djds rqEgsa ;kn djrh jghA b/kj Nkrh lqyxrh] rqEgkjh g¡lh mBrhA jk.kk xje esa V¡xk x;kA ek¡u gksrh rks rqEgsa dkV Mkyrh ekrsA jk.kk dks gh [kRe dj MkyrhA--- ij mls [kRe djus ls D;k eyky?kV tkrk \ lks esjk thuk&ejuk rqEgkjs lax c¡/k x;kA rc thuk ugha pkgrh Fkh] thus nsuk ugha pkgrhAvc ejuk ugha pkgrh vkSj u rqEgkjk ej.k---- jk.kk dSlh csM+h cu x;k---- vVwV csM+hA^^4

fu"d"kZr% og viuh vlQyrk dks vius vfLrRo ds lkFk tksM+dj ekufld :Ik ls =Lr gksrhgSA tSls fd&lksprh gw¡A vxj buds ia[k Fkd tk,sa rks\ vxj bu ij dksbZ nwljk rkdroj iaNh geykdj ns rks\ vxj ;s Å¡pkbZ ls fxjsa rks& lokyksa ds tokc esa viuk gh otwn f?klaV jgk Fkk] tks ?kk;ygksdj ne rksM+us dh gn ls xqtjus yxrkA eSa D;k [kks cSBh gw¡ ,slk] tks feyuk vc eqefdu ugha yxjgk\^^5 rks nwljh vksj ysf[kdk us _rq dks my>uksa ds chp esa Q¡lh gqbZ fpf=r fd;k gSA D;ksafd _rqds fy, leL;k gS fd fdls viuk;k tk, vkSj fdls NksM+ fn;k tk,A lkekU;r% _rq ds fy, ek/koloZLo gS] fdUrq ek/ko dks viukdj vkxs dh ftanxh 'kwU;kodk'k gks tk,¡xh vkSj fcuk ek/ko dsv/kwjkiu lrk,¡xkA eS=s;h iq"ik ds ukjh ik= LoihM+u ;k vkReihM+u vkSj ijihM+u nksuksa :iksa ls xzLrgSA ^>wykuV^ miU;kl dh ^vEek^ ¼ckyfd'ku dh ek¡½ tks ijihfM+r ukjh gSA tks viuh iq=o/kw ,oe~vU; yksxksa ds }kjk ekufld rkSj ls gkjdj =Lr gks tkrh gSA ^gk;] eSa flfjZu ugha tkurh Fkh fd lk¡fiu dks nw/k fiykdj fcl Hkj jgh gw¡ csVksa dh ftanxkuhesa ------,d fnu ;gh M¡Wl ysxhA^^7 iq"ikth ds ukjhik= vkReihM+u ls =Lr rks gS ghA fdUrq ijihM+uls =Lr gksus ukjh pfj=ksa dk xBu Hkh fd;k gSA tSls csrok cgrh jgha] miU;kl dh moZ'kh] tks lekt,oe~ lxs HkkbZ vftr ds vR;kpkjksa dh f'kdkj gksrh gSA D;ksafd cs cjtksjflag ds ikl ls FkksMs iSlsvkSj tehu ds cnys moZ'kh dks csprus dks rS;kj gksrk gSA lkjh xMeFkh ds dkj.k moZ'kh ihfM+r ukjhds :Ik esa miU;kl dh i`"BHkwfe ij mHkjrh gSA8

eS=s;h iq"ik us vius miU;kl lkfgR; esa ukjh ik=ksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k ckr ijleh{kdksa dk /;ku dsfUnz; fd;k gSA tgk¡ vapy fo'ks"k dks dsUnz esa j[kdj miU;kl dk ltu djrhgSA ogha flQZ vapy dks cjdjkj ;k dk;e j[kus ds iz;Ru Hkh djrh gSA fdUrq euksoSKkfudrk dks ik=ds lkFk of.kZr djds miU;kl dks jkspd ,oe~ lthork iznku djrh gSA tSls f=;k&gB^ miU;kl esaysf[kdk us ehjk dh eu% fLFkfr ds vk/kkj ij muds O;fDrÙo dk ewY;kadu fd;k gSA9

eS=s;h iq"ik u dsoy izLrqr ukjh pkfj=ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k gS fdUrq ;sfo'ks"krk,¡ lfg vFkksZa esa vk¡py&fo'ks"k dks Hkh izLrqr djrs gSA eS=s;h iq"ik ds ukjh pfj=ksa esa vf/kdrjokRlY;rk lkgfldrk] cgqtu fgrk;] fonzksgHkkouk] vfLrrRo&vfLerk vkfn xq.k n`f"Vxr gksrs gSA

lUnHkZ %1- iq"ik , eS=s;h] pkd jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1994] i0 2582- ogh] 1999] i0 65&663- iq"ik , eS=s;h] csrok cgrh jgh fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1994] i0 1084- iq"ik , eS=s;h] vYek dcwrjh jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 2004] i0 1625- iq"ik , eS=s;h] dgh bZlqjh Qkx jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 2004] i0626- iq"ik , eS=s;h] >wykuV jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1999] i0 1147- iq"ik , eS=s;h] csrok cgrh jgh fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1994] i0 1138- iq"ik , eS=s;h] f=;k&gB fdrkc?kj izdk'ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1994] i0 41

*****

eS=s;h iq"ik ds dFkk lkfgR; ds ukjh pfj=ksa esa euksoSKkfudrk


iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedkgfj ukjk;.k flag*

vk/kqfud ;qx ijrU=ksa vkSj ihfM+rksa ds mRFkku dk ;qx jgk gS vkSj muds mRFkku lsHkkjrh; jktuhfr esa efgyk oxZ ds mRFkku] fpUru o fodkl dk n'kd dgk tk ldrk gSA lektds vusd lEcU/kksa dk dsUnz gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; efgyk fo'ks"kr% uohu ih<+h dh ukjh esa tksvfLFkjrk mRiUu gqbZ] mlus vrhr esa pyh vk;h vusd ekU;rkvksa dks [kf.Mr dj fn;k gS vkSjvusd leL;kvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA

jktuhfrd n`f"V ls Hkkjr dh efgyk oxZ dh fLFkfr Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ;k lnh ds izkjEHk esagh fuf'pr gh vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa lekurk dh jgh gSA jktuhfrd {ks= esa efgykvksa us Lora=rkds iwoZ bl ns'k dh LorU=rk ds fy;s la?k"kZ dj viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA Hkkjr ds x.kjkT;curs gh LokHkkfod o lgt :Ik ls iq#"k ds lkFk erkf/kdkj izkIr gks x;kA Hkkjrh; yksdrU= esaernku ds vf/kdkj dk mi;ksx djus rFkk vkfFkZd] lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd {ks= esa Hkh mUufr dh rjQc<rs dneksa ds ckn Hkh orZeku efgyk lnL;ksa dh U;wu la[;k gh LoLFk yksd ,oa lqn`<+ lkekftdlajpuk ds foijhr gSaA os dkSu lh ifjfLFkfr;ka gSa ftuds dkj.k uhfr fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa efgykvksadk leqfpr izfr'kr ugha jgk gSA ;fn dkj.k [kkstus dh dksf'k'k djsa rks og vkfFkZd] lkekftd]'kS{kf.kd vkSj jktuhfrd lHkh {ks=ksa esa fn[kk;h nsrs gSa1&

1- efgykvksa dks lkekftd ,oa ikfjokfjd {ks= esa vkt Hkh f}rh; Lrj dk LFkku izkIr gksukAjke euksgj yksfg;k tSls Hkkjrh; jktuhfrK iwjs ukjh lekt dks fiNM+siu dh nf"V lsleLrjh; ekurs FksA

2- 'kSf{kd {ks= esa efgyk oxZ dk fiNM+k gksukA vkt Hkh Hkkjr dh efgyk tula[;k dk yXkHkxnks frgkbZ Hkkx fuj{kj gS blh dkj.k iz'kklfud {ks= esa Hkh budh fLFkfr ux.; flQZ 8 izfr'krefgyk;sa gh oSKkfud rFkk izkS|ksfxdh o fo'ks"k vuqla/kku fodkl ds {ks= esa layXu gSaA2

3- vkfFkZd {ks= esa vkt Hkh Hkkjrh; efgyk oxZ LokoyEch ugha gSA e/;e ,oa fuEu oxZ esafo'ks"kdj 'kgjh {ks= esa efgyk;sa f}rh; Lrj izkIr gksus ds dkj.k mudh vk; dks O;; djusdk iw.kZ vf/kdkj ugh gSaA

4- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa orZeku esa /ku ,oa ckgqY; dh iz/kkurk gksus ds dkj.k Hkh efgyk;as bl{ks= esa Lo;a dks nwj j[krh gSaA3

5- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa nwf"kr okrkoj.k ds dkj.k Hkh jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysus okyh efgykvksa dsizfr lekt dk LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k u gksukA4

;s leLr rRo la;qDr :i ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh esa ck/kd jgs gSaA;|fi ;g lgh gS fd ;s rRo Hkkjr ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa vyx&vyx rjg ds izHkkoh gS] fdUrq tgka rd fdlhfo"k; ij LorU= fu.kZ; ysus dk iz'u gS efgykvksa dh fLFkfr leLr Hkkjrh; lekt esa ,d leku gSA

iaapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa gj oxZ dh efgykvksa dks vkj{k.k nsdj fuf'pr :i ls budks xzkefodkl dh eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+us dk iz;Ru fd;k x;kA ;fn lekt esa tkx:drk ykbZ tk; rks fodkl

*-'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh] m0iz0

61

ds lkjs dk;ZØe lsa lEcfU/kr gksa] efgykvksa ds fo'ks"k izko/kku gksus ds dkj.k xkaoksa dks fodflr fd;k tkldrk gSA bl izdkj fodkl dk;ksZa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh o usrRo vkxs pydj fo/kkf;dk esa Hkhvkj{k.k dk jkLrk iz'kLr gksxkA5 iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk vkj{k.k ek= jktuSfrd usrRo dks lqfuf'prdjus ds fy;s ugha oju~ mlds fodkl lEcU/kh mn~ns';ksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy;s Hkh gSA ;s ernkrkds :Ik esa jktuhfrd nyksa ds lnL;ksa ds :i esa efgyk e.Myksa ds lnL; ds :i esa rFkk Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksads lkFk viuh lk>snkjh fuHkk jgh gS] fdUrq f'k{kk ls efgykvks esa vkRe fo'okl vius vf/kdkjksa ds ckjsesa tkx:drk rFkk vU;k; ls yM+us dh uSfrd 'kfDr iSnk gksrh gSA os vius izfr gks jgs lkekftd ,oavkfFkZd HksnHkko dks igpkudj mudk izfrdkj djus ;ksX; cu ldrh gSA f'k{kk vkSj tkx:drk ds c<+usij gh efgyk;sa lqfo/kkvksa dk ykHk mBk ldrh gSaA tc ge pkgrs gS fd efgyk;sa jk"Vªh; fodkl dh eq[;/kkjk esa Hkkxhnkj cus rks mudk f'kf{kr gksuk ,oa tkx:d gksuk vko';d gSaA6

vkt bl O;oLFkk dks iwjk ,d n'kd ls vf/kd le; chr pqdk gS vkSj leh{kk djus ls irkpyrk gS fd fLFkfr tl dh rl gSA vkt Hkh os iq#"kksa ds cy ij dqlhZ ij dkfct+ gksrh gSa vkSj mUghads fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ij pyus dks ck/; gksrh gSaA ml dBiqryhiu dk ,d dkj.k mudh vf'k{kk vkSjjktuhfrd fuf"Ø;rk gS ogha bldk nwljk dkj.k leLr xzkeh.k iq#"k ds vge dks pksV yxrh gSAblfy;s os dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; ysus ls igys fdlh iq#"k dh vksj ns[krh gSaA tgka rd vf'k{kk vkSj jktuSfrdfuf"Ø;rk dk loky gS tc vf'kf{kr gksrs gq;s Hkh iq#"k jktuSfrd O;oLFkk ds lapkyu esa iwjh rjgls lQy D;ksa ugha gks jgh gS\ igyk rks ;g gS fd fuokZfpr efgyk tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dks Lora=rkiwoZddke djus dk ekSdk ugha fn;k tk jgk] mu ij lekt ifjokj vkSj iq#"kksa dk f'kdatk dlk gqvk gSnwljk dkj.k ?kj vkSj pkgjnhokjh esa jgus okyh efgykvksa dks lRrk lq[k ckaVuk gh ugha pkgrs D;kasfdblls efgykvksa dk lkekftd o jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa egRo c<+ tkus dk Hk; mUgs lrkrk gSA

,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj] vf/kdkj efgyk tuizfrfuf/k;ksa dks rks vius jktuSfrd vf/kdkj dkirk gh ugh gSA mUgs ugha irk fd lRrk esa jgrs gq;s D;k&D;k dj ldrh gS\ dSls tulsok ds dk;Z dksvUtke ns ldrh gSaA fo/kkf;dk esa efgyk vkj{k.k fo/ks;d is'k djrs le; gesa ;g Hkh lkspuk gksxk fdgels Hkwy dgka gqbZ\ xyrh fdldh gS\ vkSj ;g xyrh dSls lq/kkjh tk ldrh gS\ bl nqHkkZX;iw.kZ fLFkfrdk cl ,d dkj.k le> esa vkrk gS& f'k{kk vkSj jktuhfrd tkx:drk dh dehA lRrk esas Hkkxhnkjh dsfy;s vko';drk gSA jktuhfrd lksp dks iSnk fd;k tkuk tks jktuSfrd tkx:drk ls lEHko gSA

loZizFke rks vko';drk gS fd efgykvksa dks tkx:d fd;k tk;] mUgsa ekufld nklrk lsmckjk tk;A :f<+oknh laLdkjksa ls eqä fd;k tk;s] lkFk gh iq#"k ekufldrk esa Hkh ifjorZu dhvko';drk gSA efgykvksa dks viuh vktknh ds iz;kl Lo;a Hkh djus gksxsa] fdUrq fcuk f'k{kk ds ;glEHko ugh gSA f'kf{kr efgyk gh 73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds fo"k; esa le> ldrh gS o mUgsa vey esayk ldrh gSA iq#"k ds gkFkksa dh dBiqryh cuus ls Lo;a dks cpk ldrh gSaA

lu~ 1959 esa tc iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ Fkh rHkh ls ;g vuqHko fd;k tk jgk Fkkfd ns'k dk lexz fodkl efgyvksa dks vuns[kk djds ugha fd;k tk ldrk fdUrq ml le; xzkeksa dhjktuhfrd n'kk dqN bl izdkj dh Fkh fd dqN fo'ks"k oxksaZ ds gkFkksa esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk fleV djjg xbZA ;g fo'ks"k oxZ fiNM+h tkfr ds O;fDr;ksa rFkk efgykvksa ds usrRo esa fdlh Hkh n'kk esa dk;Z djusdks rS;kj ugha FkkA bldk eq[; dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fdlh efgyk ds xzke iapk;r dh iz/kku cuus dh fLFkfresa leLr xzkeh.k iq#"k ds vge~ dks pksV yxrh FkhA blds vfrfjDr Hkh ,slh vusd dfBukb;k¡ efgykvksads lkeus mifLFkr Fkh tks fd mUgs xzke iapk;r ds lkFk tksMus esa ck/kd Fkh] tSls& efgykvksa dk vui<+gksuk] efgykvksa esa tkx:drk dk vHkko] muesa ?kjsyw ftEesnkfj;ksa ds fuoZgu dh izkFkfedrk dk gksuk]efgykvksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh vH;Lrrk dk vHkko] efgykvksa ds }kjk egRodka{kkvksa ds neu dh izofÙk vkSjiq#"k oxZ }kjk efgykvksa ds usrRo ds fy, ekufld :i rS;kj u gksukA

iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk


vc iz'u mBrk gS fd fQj iapk;rh jktuhfr efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dh vko';drk D;ksa vkSj;fn mudh Hkkxhnkjh vko';d gS rks mUgsa mudk ;g vf/kdkj fdl izdkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA bllUnHkZ esa ;gk¡ ;g mYys[k djuk vko';d u gksxk fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh O;oLFkk dk vk/kkj eq[;r%efgyk;sa gh gksrh gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh leL;kvksa dks mu efgykvksa ls csgrj Hkyk dkSu tku ldrkgS ftlus xzkeh.k ifjos'k dh dfBukb;ksa dks Lo;a ns[kk ,oe~ Hkksxk gksA ;|fi vf/kdka'k xzkeh.kefgykvksa dks dkuwuh nkoisap dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh gS] ysfdu os tkurh gSa fd lhfer lk/kuksa esavko';drkvksa dks fdl izdkj iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk nSfud thou esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa lsfdl izdkj fuiVk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq Hkkjr esa tc xzke iapk;rh jkt dk izkjEHk gqvk rks mldsinkf/kdkjh O;fDr cu cSBs ftudk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh leL;kvksa ls 'kk;n gh dHkh lk{kkRdkj gqvk gksvkSj ftUgs bu leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh Fkh mUgsa Hkh vius O;fDrxr fgrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj dk;Z fd;sAQyr% izkjfEHkd iapk;rh jkt ds lHkh dk;ZØe fu"Qy gksrs pys x;sA vr% iapk;rh jkt ds fujUrjvlQyrk ,oa iq#"k lekt dh ml fujadq'k nkosnkjh dks fu;af=r djus ds mn~ns'; ls dsUnzh; ljdkjus iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh ,d frgkbZ Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, lafo/kku la'kks/ku fo/ks;dikl fd;k rkfd iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dks leqfpr izfrfuf/kRo fey lds rFkk mudhlPph Hkkxhnkjh ls xzke Lojkt dk liuk lkdkj gks ldsA

lafo/kku ds 73 osa ,oa 74 oas la'kks/ku ds ek/;e ls iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,d frgkbZvkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ds ifj.kkLo:i] bl le; yxHkx 10 yk[k ls vf/kd fL=;ksa f=&Lrjh; <k¡ps esav/;{k vkSj lnL; ds inksa ij dk;Zjr gSaA ;g ,d cM+h la[;k gS vkSj fuf'pr gh blls vHkh rd Bgjhxzkeh.k O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu nf"Vxkspj gksus yxk gSA efgykvksa dk jktuhfrd l'kfDrdj.k u dsoyefgykvksa ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gS vfirq ;g mudh lfn;ksa ls nckbZ xbZ jpukRed {kerk dksHkh lekt ds lEeq[k mtkxj djrk gSA7

;|fi Hkkjrh; efgyk fujUrj viuh fo;t;k=k ij c<+rh tk jgh gSA tgk¡ vU; ns'kksa esaefgykvksa dks feys vf/kdkj ,d jktuSfrd la?k"kZ dk Qy gSA og LorU= Hkkjr esa tUe ysrs ghefgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa dks lkoZHkkSfed erkf/kdkj iznku fd;kA8 Hkkjrh; efgyk dks tkx:drk vkSjlUrqfyr gksdj jk"Vªh; fodkl dh /kkjk esa viuh lfØ; Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkuh gksxh rHkh 21oha 'krkCnhdk Hkkjr ,d ubZ O;oLFkk ds lkFk ,d fodklksUeq[kh lekt gksxk vkSj fo'o leqnk;k esa viuh ,dvfLerk dk;e j[ksxkA ;g fcYdqy lgh gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa efgyk rFkk iq#"kksa dks lekuvf/kdkj fn;s x;s ysfdu efgyk;sa vius vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx /kjkry ij ugha dj ik jgk gS rks bldkdkj.k muesa jktuSfrd lkekftd psruk dh deh gksuk Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ %1- oweu bu bf.M;k] , LVsfVLVhdYl izksQkby 1997( fMikVZes.V vkWQ oweu ,.M pkbYM Msoyies.V]

fefuLVªh vkWQ º;weu fjlkslZ Msoyies.V vkWQ bf.M;k] i`0 213] 2232- nSfud HkkLdj ¼lekpkj i=½] 24 tqykbZ ,oa 7 vDVwcj 19973- ek;k ¼lekpkj if=dk½] 15 twu 1997] i0 82&834- oweu bu bf.M;k] ogha] i`0 222&2255- vxzoky] ,e-,y- ,oa eksgu e;ad- ekpZ 2005( iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk] dq:{ks=] i0 086- izrkey nsoiqjk- ekpZ 2005( efgyk l'kfädj.k] dq:{ks=] i0 227- eghiky] 2008( iapk;rhjkt% pqukSfr;ksa ,oa lEHkkouk;sa] us'kuy cqd VªLV] ubZ fnYyh] i0 798- f=ikBh] mek vkSj feJk] Å"kk] 2009( iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk] vtqZu ifCyflax gkml]

ubZ fnYyh] i`- 116&117

*****

63

fgUnh ds lEo/kZu esa vo/kh dk LFkkuMkW0 laxhrk*

vo/kh vkfndky ls fgUnh dh miHkk"kk ds :i esa izfr"Bk izkIr djrh pyh vk jgh gSA bldsvkfn ltZd eqYyk nkmn] ckck iq#"kksRre nkl] efydeqgEen tk;lh rFkk egkdfo xksLokehrqylhnkl th us vius lkfgR;&l`tu dk ek/;e vo/kh dks pquk gSA fdlh Hkh lkfgR; ds lEo/kZuesa mldh cksfy;ksa dk izeq[k ;ksxnku jgrk gSA bu cksfy;ksa esa vo/kh lcls le) vkSj foLr`r {ks= esacksyh tkus okyh cksyh gSA bl vo/kh esa gekjs jk"Vªh; thou dh lexzrk izfrfofEcr gksrh gSA ,d rjQ;gk¡ xksLokeh rqylhnkl ds jkepfjrekul esa ukukiqjk.kfuxekxe dk lkj rRo feyrk gS rks nwljhrjQ tk;lh ds lgt;ku ukxiaFkh ;ksx rU=] dq.Mfyuh tkxj.k vkfn ds lHkh rRo izkIr gksrs gSaAbl izdkj vo/kh ds ;s fo}ku vkSj mudk lkfgR;&l`tu fgUnh lkfgR; dh vewY; fuf/k gSA

ftl Hkkjrh; lkfgR; vkSj lH;rk dk vkfoHkkZo oSfnd dky esa gqvk vkSj le;≤ ijftldk ekaxfyd fodkl fujUrj gksrk jgk] og viuh iw.kZrk ij dgha nf"Vxkspj gksrk gS rks xksLokehrqylhnkl ds jkepfjrekul esaaA ;g vo/kh dk xzUFk fo'o lkfgR; dk loksZPp xzUFk gSA ;g lEiw.kZ Hkkjrds fy, xoZ dh ckr gSA eqYyk nkmn dr pUnk;u vo/kh dk izFke xzUFk ekuk tkrk gSA dqN fo}ku dqrqcuvkSj ea>u ls vo/kh dk vkjEHk ekurs gSa] fdUrq vo/kh dk iw.kZ HkO; Lo:i mudh dfr;ksa esa ugha feyrkAvo/kh dk okLrfod Lo:i eqYyk nkmn ds pUnk;u ls feyrk gSA ;|fi ;g jkepfjrekul ls nks lkSo"kZ iwoZ dh dfr ekuh tkrh gS] rFkkfi ijEijk ds vuqdwy gSA ml le; vo/kh esa lajpuk dh tks ijEijkpy iM+h og vkt rd fujUrj pyh vk jgh gSA ;g vkxs rd c<+rh tk;sxhA

izkphu dky esa vo/kh dk {ks= vf/kd O;kid FkkA okjk.klh esa nkeksnj 'kekZ uke ds ,d fo}kuus ckjgoha 'krkCnh esa ,d O;kdj.k xzUFk dh jpuk dh FkhA bl xzUFk esa vo/kh fØ;kinksa dk iz;ksxvf/kd feyrk gSA blls Li"V gksrk gS fd izkphudky esa okjk.klh esa vo/kh dk izpkj&izlkj FkkApkSngoha 'krkCnh esa T;ksfrf'k[kk Bkdqj uked fo}ku dh fy[kh ,d iqLrd feyrh gS ftls yksx eSfFkyhdh d`fr ekurs vkSj Lohdkj djrs gSaA bl iqLrd ds fØ;kin Hkh vo/kh ls izHkkfor gSA mlds dqNokD; ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA ;Fkk& ^dkensm ds uxj ,slu uxj] tequk ds rjax ,slu Hkqtk] dny t[khjh,slu ykspu---** bl iz[k.M esa iz;qDr ,slu@vblu] oblu 'kCn vo/kh dk viuk iz;ksx gSA

vo/kh us dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa rd ns'k dks ,drk ds lw= esa ck¡/kus dk dke fd;k tks vkt [kM+h cksyhdj jgh gSA l=goha 'krkCnh rd mRrj izns'k ds eqlyekuksa esa izeq[k dkO;&Hkk"kk ds :i esa vo/kh dk ghiz;ksx pyk vk jgk FkkA mnkgj.k ds :i esa mRrj izns'k ds lwQh lUrksa }kjk jpss dkO;&xzUFk ns[ks tk ldrsgSaA dqrqcu] ea>u] eqYyk nkmn] tk;lh rFkk vU; vusd lkfgR;dkjksa ds lkfgR; dk tks Lo:i ns[kusdks feyrk gS og vkapfyd gSA vo/kh dk {ks= O;kid gS mlds dbZ :i ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;Fkk& iwohZvo/kh] cSlokM+h vo/kh] if'peh vo/kh vkfn izfl) gSaA buesa lw{e vUrj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;gk¡ ij^dksl&dksl ij ikuh cnys] pkj dksl ij ckuh* dgkor pfjrkFkZ gksrh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

vo/kh yksd thou dh Hkk"kk gSA bldk tqM+ko eq[;r;k mn~Hkodky ls vkt rd tu lkekU;ls cuk jgkA vo/kh lkeUrh O;oLFkk ls u rks dHkh tqM+h vkSj u jkx&}s"k] Hkksx vkSj Jaxkj dh gh psjh cuhAblds lkfgR;dkjksa us lnk gh lkekftd lq/kkj vkSj uo tkxj.k dk eU= blh vo/kh ds ek/;e ls Qw¡dkAvo/kh us ns'k vkSj lekt dks u;s O;kid lUnHkksZa ls tksM+kA tgk¡ [kM+h cksyh vUrjkZ"Vªh; psruk ls vksr&izksrgksdj fo'oLrj dh fons'kh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh lEokfgdk curh gS ogha vo/kh xk¡o dh ftUnxh ls tqM+h jgus

*HkjFkqvk] gfV;ok] nksLriqj] lqYrkuiqj] m0iz0


esa viuh izfr"Bk le>rh gSA vo/kh dk dk;Z vkSj LoHkko [kM+h cksyh ls fHkUu gSA vLrq bldsdky&foHkktu esa [kM+h cksyh dk dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gksxkA fgUnh ds lEo/kZu esa vo/kh ds ;ksxnku dksO;k[;kf;r djus ds fy, mldk dky foHkktu vkSj dky&[k.Mksa dh miyfC/k;k¡ fuEu gS&

izFke mRFkku dky 1886 ls 1916 rd ekuk tkrk gSA bl vk/kqfudrk ds izFke nkSj esalkfgR; ds egkjFkh ,oa izeq[k dfo HkkjrsUnq gfj'pUnz] izrkiukjk;.k feJ] lq/kkdj f}osnh] Jh/kj ikBd]jkepfj= mik/;k;] cnzhukjk;.k pkS/kjh] izsepUn] f'kolEifr f}osnh] txnEck izlkn fgrS"kh] egkohjizlkn f}osnh] Bkdqj gjiky flag FksA bl le; [kM+h cksyh vius ukt&u[kjs c?kkjrh] lqjk& lqUnfj;ksads bnZ&fxnZ pDdj dkVrh vkSj e/kqekyfr;ksa dh ifjdYiukvksa esa [kksbZ gqbZ Fkh] ijUrq ;g vo/kh'kCn&'kfDr ds lgkjs ns'kHkfDriw.kZ jpukvksa ls ns'kokfl;ksa dks muds drZO;ksa dk cks/k djk jgh FkhA Hkkjrdh nqnZ'kk dk /;ku vo/kh ds vfrfjDr vkSj fdlh dks ugha FkkA

f}rh; mRFkku dky 1917 ls 1947 rd ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dky LorU=rk vkUnksyu dkdky ekuk tkrk gSA bl dky esa vo/kh dfork iwjh rUe;rk vkSj fu"Bk ds lkFk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu esarUe; gks x;h FkhA dfo fu'Ny Hkko ls dHkh izdfr ds euksje n';ksa esa [kks;k gqvk mlds HkO; ,oafnO; Lo:iksa esa rUe; fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj dHkh lekt ds fØ;kdykiksa ls mf}Xu gksdj gkFk esa [kM+x/kkj.k dj leL;kvksa ds lek/kku [kkstus ds fy,] gj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy, rYyhu fn[kkbZnsr gSA bl dky esa ia0 cyHknz izlkn nhf{kr i<+hl*] }kfjdkizlkn feJ] oa'kh/kj 'kqDy] xq#izlkn flag^exs'k*] jebZ dkdk] dq¡oj cgknqj yky] jkes'oj JhokLro] ckcwyky ^djhy*] vo/k fcgkjh f=ikBh]o`tuUnu ik.Ms;] dsnkjukFk f=osnh uohu* bR;kfn egkdfo;ksa us vius lkfgR;&lk/kuk ls vo/kh dhirkdk dks Å¡ph fd;kA ;|fi [kM+h cksyh vius ukt&u[kjs esa pwj Fkh] og Nk;kokn ds izse dkO; dheLrh esa >we jgh Fkh rFkkfi vo/kh vius gko&Hkko esa rUe; gksdj ns'k o lekt ds izfr dqN lkspusvkSj djus esa yxh FkhA vaxzstksa] tehankjksa vkSj iVokfj;ksa ds ukrs nhu&ghu xzkeh.kksa dk thou tgj cux;k FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa vo/kh dkO;&ltu tkx:d ,oa lrdZ fpUru dk fo"k; cuk jgkA

r`rh; mRFkku dky 1947 ls 1977 rd dks Lora=ksÙkj dky ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA;g 1947 ls 1977 rd ekuk tkrk gSA LorU=rk ik tkus ds i'pkr~ ge vxys [k.M dk n'kZu djrsgSaA bl le; vo/kh dfo;ksa us fodkl xhrksa dk izpqjrk ls l`tu fd;k] blls tuekul iw.kZr;kvkUnksfyr gks x;kA vo/kh dfork us lekt esa ifjO;kIr vU/kfo'okl] NqvkNwr] ngst] e¡gxkbZ]tkfrokn] tek[kksjh] vf'k{kk] ukjh&'kks"k.k rFkk vU; vusd izdkj ds uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gzkl] la;qDrifjokjksa dk fo?kVu] eqdnesackth vkfn ls tuekul dks tkxj.k dk lUns'k nsdj txk;k vkSj lpsrfd;kA bl dky ds dfo;ksa esa oa'kh/kj 'kqDy] pUnzHkw"k.k f=osnh ^jebZ dkdk*] fo'oukFk ikBd]y{eh'kadj fu'kad*] nsoh'kadj f}osnh cjkrh*] vksadkjukFk mik/;k; fnokdj* vkfn gSaA yksdthou lstqM+s bu dfo;ksa dh nqfu;k fofp= gSA ;gk¡ ij lkou jksrk gS] pS= g¡lrk gSA vtksfj;k dh my>ufugkjus esa dfo lQy gSA fdju dfy;ksa ds vk¡lw iksNrh gSA ;gk¡ pdksj vaxkj pqurk gS vkSj Hkzej flrkjctkrk gSA bl nqfu;k esa uhe dk isM+ vapy okr ls Je&'kks"k.k djrk fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

prqFkZ mRFkku dky 1978 ls orZeku dky rd ekuk tkrk gSA bls ledkyhu vo/kh dforkdh laKk ls Hkh vfHkfgr djrs gSaA bl dky esa gj izdkj ls vo/kh dks le) djus ds fØ;kdyki fd;stk jgs gSaA ;g ;qx vo/kh Hkk"kk vkSj lkfgR; ds iw.kZ fodkl ds fy, mRÑ"V ;qx ekuk tk ldrk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- ckgjh] gjnso- 1992( fgUnh Hkk"kk] vfHkO;fDr izdk'ku] fnYyh

2- ukxsUnz ¼lEik0½- 2012( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] e;wj izdk'ku] fnYyh3- dkfy;k] jfoUnz ¼lEik0½- 2012( Hkk"kk dh vfLerk vkSj fgUnh dk oSf'od lUnHkZ] fgUnh vuqHkkx] Hkkjr

ljdkj] fnYyh

4- 'kqDy] vkpk;Z jkepUnz- 2010( fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] izdk'ku laLFkku] fnYyh

5- feJ] vkpk;Z fo'oukFk izlkn- 2000( fgUnh lkfgR; dk vrhr] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh

*****

65

izFke Lora=; lej esa e.Myk ds xkSM+ jktk 'kadj'kkgvkSj j?kqukFk 'kkg

vrqy xqIrk*

lu~ 1857 dh ØkfUr Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt ds bfrgkl dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk FkhA1 bl o"kZ fons'khxqykeh ls tdM+k gqvk Hkkjrh; tuekul ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, dfVc) gks mBkA2 bl ØkfUr dhTokyk us vaxzsth gqdwer dks Hkhrj ls fgykdj j[k fn;kA ØkfUr dh rhozrk ftruh uxjksa esa Fkh mllsnqxquh ouizkarksa esa FkhA tgk¡ ouokfl;ksa us gfFk;kj mBkdj izR;{k yM+kbZ;k¡ Hkh yM+ha vkSj ØkfUrdkfj;ksadks iukg nsdj ¼vIikth] Hkksalys] rkR;kVksis½ ijks{k la?k"kZ Hkh vkjaHk fd;kA ØkfUr dh vkx dks cq>kusds fy, vaxzsth neupØ Hkh vHkwriwoZ rjhds ls c<+kA mUgksaus ouokfl;ksa dks nfer djus ds mn~ns'; lsvyx&vyx oxksZa esa ck¡V dj pksj&yqVsjk taxyh] ccZj rd ?kksf"kr djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA ;gk¡mYys[kuh; gS fd ledkyhu ys[kksa vkSj iqLrdksa ds vHkko esa ;g egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk vkt Hkh ,slh =qfViw.kZlwpukvksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gS tks eq[;r% ml le; ds vaxzst ys[kdksa ,oa vaxzst vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ys[kksa ijvk/kkfjr gSA ftudh fu;qfDr 1857 ds le; fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij FkhA bu ys[kdksa }kjk 1857 ds lUnHkZesa vusd fojks/kkHkklh fopkj izLrqr dj ewy ls HkVdkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/ki= *izFkeLora=; lej esa e.Myk ds xkSaM jktk 'kadj'kkg vkSj j?kqukFk'kkg* esa ,sfrgkfld v/;;u i)fr dkiz;ksx dj izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d L=ksrksa dh enn ls xkSaM+ jktk ds ;ksxnku dks js[kkafdr dj tuekuldks oLrqfLFkfr ls voxr djkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sxkA

10 ebZ 1857 dks fnYyh ls 36 ehy nwj esjB esa xnj 'kq: gqvkA ckn esa ;g fonzksg mRrj esaiatkc] nf{k.k esa ueZnk] if'pe esa jktiwrkuk vkSj iwoZ esa fcgkj rd c<+rk x;kA esjB esa fu;qDr rhuHkkjrh; jsthesUVksa us vius vQljksa dks xksyh ls mM+k fn;kA dkjkxkg dks rksM+ dj vius lkfFk;ksa dkseqDr djk;k vkSj fnYyh dh vksj jokuk gq,A ekxZ esa vU; O;fDr] flikgh] ukxfjd Hkh muds lkFk gksfy,A vxys fnu lqcg fnYyh esa igq¡puk ogk¡ ds flikfg;ksa ds fy, ,d ladsr FkkA bu flikfg;ksa us'kgj ij dCtk dj fy;k vkSj cw<+s cgknqj 'kkg tQj dks Hkkjr dk lezkV ?kksf"kr fd;kA bl izdkjflikfg;ksa us xnj dks ,d ØkfUrdkjh ;q) esa cny fn;kA blds ckn lkjs Hkkjrh; ljnkjksa vkSjtehankjksa us fonzksg esa fgLlk ys fy;k vkSj eqxy lezkV ckgnqj 'kkg tQj ds izfr viuh oQknkjh dh?kks"k.kk dj nhA tQj Hkkjrh; ,drk ds izrhd cu x;sA3

fnYyh esjB {ks= ds vkIykfor gksus ds dsoy ,d ekg ds Hkhrj gh ukxiqj vkSj lkxj ueZnk{ks= foIyo dh mRrky rjaxksa ls vkyksfM+r gksus yxkA4 bl {ks= ds flikgh vkSj muds vQlj] tehankj]dqN jktk rFkk tutkrh; bl ns'kO;kih foIyo esa dwn iM+sA fonzksg ds izpkj ek/;e dk izrhd deyvkSj pikrh FkkA5

tcyiqj bl le; lkxj&ueZnk VSjhVjht dk gh vax FkkA bl {ks= dk izeq[k jktuSfrdvf/kdkjh estj vlZdkbu FkkA o"kZ ds vkjaHk esa gh estj vlZdkbu us ik;k fd fofHkUu dkj.kksa ls mn~HkwrHkhrj gh Hkhrj lqyxus okyk vlarks"k 'kkUr Hkh ugha gqvk fd lu~ 1857 esa nwljk foLQksV gqvk] ftlusml ncs gq, vlarks"k dks iqu% izTtofyr dj fn;kA pw¡fd ;gk¡ bl le; ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dks fyfic)

*vfrfFk fo}ku] bfrgkl] 'kkldh; N=lky egkfo|ky;] fiNksj] f'koiqjh] e0iz0


djus dk iz;kl LFkkuh; Lrj ij ugha fd;k x;kA blfy, ge ;gk¡ v/;;u gsrq ewyr% vaxzst vkykvf/kdkfj;ksa ds i= O;ogkj] lkIrkfgd fjiksVZ ,oa xtsfV;j esa iznRr tkudkjh ij gh vkfJr gSaA fQjHkh bl lanHkZ esa fofHkUu Hkk"kk xzaFkksa] yksd lkfgR; esa ekStwn dFkkudksa] tutkfr;ksa ds rF;ksa dks Li"Vdjus gsrq iz;qDr fd;k tk;sxkA fnYyh o esjB dh ?kVukvksa dh [kcj tc tcyiqj igq¡ph rks ogk¡ 19]20 ,oa 22 ebZ dks vR;f/kd rukoiw.kZ ekgkSy fufeZr gks x;kA tqykbZ esa ;wjksfi;u xksyanktksa lfgr,d eksckby ;wfuV ds vkxeu dk tcyqij dh dqN lSfud VqdfM+;ksa }kjk fojks/k fd;k x;kA6 buvlarq"V flikfg;ksa dks izkphu x<+k e.Myk ds xkSaM jktoa'k ds izfrfuf/k jktk 'kadj'kkg ds :i esamRlkgo)Zd usrk fey x;kA bl le; jktk 'kadj'kkg isa'kuj Fkk] mlds ikl rhu xk¡o tkxhj dsFksA og tcyiqj ds fudV iqjok jgrk FkkA buds edku ds ikl 52 uacj dh ns'kh iYVu dh cSjdsaFkhaA 'kadj'kkg vkSj muds iq= j?kqukFk 'kkg ds eu esa vius [kks;s gq, lEeku ,oa jkT; dks okfil ikusdh izcy vkdka{kk Fkh vkSj mUgsa 'kh?kz gh 1857 dh ØkfUr ds :i esa ;g volj izkIr gqvkA xkSaM jktoa'kls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k 'kadj 'kkg dks fo'ks"k vknj o lEeku izkIr FkkA blfy, mls ØkfUr dkusrRo djus esa lQyrk feyhA tSflagnso] Hkhdeflag] nsohflag] txrflag] ehj xksfl;k] f'koukFkmejkoflag vkfn yksxksa us fonzksg dk usrRo fd;kA bu lHkh us feydj Nkouh dks ywV ysosa vkSj fQj[ktkuk dks Hkkjr vkSj 'kgj dks rkjkt djsaA7 bl izdkj bu yksxksa dh fonzksg ds fy, dkQh rS;kjhFkhA buds xk¡o ds ikl igkM+h taxyksa esa <sj lkjh cUnwdsa vkSj ryokjsa tek Fkha rFkk djhc lkS nkS lkSvkneh Hkh muds ikl Fksa A8 52oha iYVu ds 8&10 lSfudksa us ;wjksfi;uksa dks ekj Mkyus dk "kM+;a= jpkAmldh Hkud lSfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks yxh rks mUgsa 4 flrEcj dks idM+ fy;k x;k vkSj rksi ls mM+kfn;k x;kA9 52oha iYVu ds dSIVu eksDlksu dks flrEcj ekg ds vkjaHk esa gh vius jsthesUV ds if.MrksavkSj flikfg;ksa ls tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ fd xM+cM+h gksus dh vk'kadk gS] dqN flikgh tcyiqj ds ikljg jgs isa'kuj 'kadj'kkg ds lkFk ;wjksfi;uksa ij vkØe.k dj mudh gR;k djus dk "kM+;a= jp jgs gSaAesDlksu us bl "kM+;a= ds ckjs esa vflLVsaV dfe'uj yS- ckYMfcu dks bldh lwpuk HksthA mlus bldhtk¡p dh fdarq tkudkjh xyr ik;h x;hA10 ;g lEiw.kZ okfd;k eqgjZe ds fnu gksuk r; FkkA ijarq 'kadj'kkg ds iqjkus ukSdj fxj/kkjh nkl11 tSls t;pUnksa us vaxzstksa dks 'kadj'kkg ds fo#) HkM+dkrs gq,laHkor% "kM+;a= dh tkudkjh nhA tcfd fMIVh dfe'uj DykdZ fy[krk gS fd ^nks dkj.kksa ls ,slk ughagqvkA ,d] mUgsa ;g iw.kZ :i ls Kkr ugha Fkk fd fdrus flikgh mudk lkFk nsaxs vkSj nwljk] fonzksfg;ksaesa nksa tehankjksa us mudk lkFk nsus ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA12

'kadj'kkg Hkkjr esa vaxzstksa dh lekfIr dh ân; ls dkeuk djrs FksA bldh iqf"V ?kVuk ds,d vU; izR;{kn'khZ pkYlZ cky ds fuEufyf[kr o.kZu ls gks tk,xh& pkYlZ cky fy[krk gS ^^eSavHkh&vHkh fonzksgh jktk vkSj muds iq= dks rksi ls mM+k;s tkus dk n'; ns[kdj okil ykSVk gw¡A13 jktk'kadj'kkg dh fueZe gR;k us turk rFkk mlds vuq;k;h lSfudksa dks LrC/k dj fn;kA bu lSfudksa dseu&efLr"d esa ftl mRrstuk ds mRiUu gksus dh laHkkouk Fkh mls 'kkar djus ds fy, duZy tsehluds lkFk dqN yksx rRdky ykbuksa dh vksj x;s vkSj mUgksaus lSfudksa dks crk;k fd dSfn;ksa dks dsoyjktnzksg dk naM fn;k x;k gSA mUgksaus tokuksa ds O;ogkj ls ;g le>k fd mUgksaus mudh leLrvk'kadk;sa nwj dj nh gSa fdarq mlh jkr dks yxHkx ukS cts leLr 52oha jsthesaV mB [kM+h gqbZ vkSj viusgfFk;kj rFkk xksyk ck:n ysdj pqipki viuh Nkouh ls ckgj fudydj uxj ds ckgj ds pDdjnkjekxZ ls ikVu dh vksj c<+ xbZ] tgk¡ eSd xzsxj dh v/khu ,d lSfud VqdM+h rSukr Fkh rFkk ;g lSfudVqdM+h muds lkFk fey xbZ vkSj mlus eSd xzsxj dks vius lkFk ys fy;kA ikVu ls flikgh us duZytSehlu dks ,d i= fy[kk Fkk ftlesa mUgksaus fnYyh izLFkku djus ds vius vfHkizk; dh ?kks"k.kk dhvkSj tcyiqj esa NwV x;s nl flikfg;ksa ds lkSais tkus ds cnys eSd xzsxj dks fjgk djus dk izLrko j[kkAestj vlZdkbu us fczfV'k vf/kdkjh dks NksM+us ds fy, 8000 #i;s nsus pkgs] fdarq fonzksfg;ksa us bl

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izLrko dks Bqdjk fn;k vkSj mUgksaus vius dSnh dks rc rd vius ikl j[kk tc rd fd mu ij vkØe.kugha fd;k x;k vkSj vkØe.k ds ckn mls xksyh ls mM+k fn;kA mlds ckn os dVaxh dh vksj c<+s] tgk¡,d vU; lSfud VqdM+h Fkh ftls mUgksaus vius lkFk ys fy;k vkSj fejtkiqj ekxZ ij 30 ehy nwjLyheukckn dh vksj c<+sA bl jsthesUV dk ,d vU; nLrk Lyheukckn esa Hkh FkkA 52oha jsthesaV dsfonzksg dk lekpkj bUgsa izkIr gks x;k vkSj ;s lSfud VqdfM+;k¡ Hkh vius vQljksa ds fo#) mB [kM+hgqbZa rFkk tcyiqj esa vkus okys vius lkfFk;ksa ls feyus ds fy, py nhaA 52oha iYVu dh fonzksgh lSfudVqdfM+;ksa dk O;ogkj 'kkyhurk vkSj lEekuiw.kZ Hkkouk ls vksrizksr FkkA ml le; Hkh tc muus viusvaxzst vQljksa dh voKk dh os fgalk vFkok lkewfgd gR;k ds dR;ksa ls fojr jgs] ijarq muus cgqrn`<+rk vkSj 'kkafr ls mu vQljksa dks pys tkus ds fy, dg fn;kA Lyheukckn ds nLrs ds lkFk nksvQlj ysfVusaV ckVZu vkSj dkdcuZ FksA tc mudh v/khuLFk VqdfM+;ksa us 'kklu ds fo#) fonzksg djusdk fu'p; dj fy;k rks muus bu vQljksa ls vyx gksus ij [ksn izdV fd;k rFkk mlds lkFk vHknzO;ogkj ugha fd;kA dqN yksxksa us vius vQljksa ls gkFk feyk, vkSj osru ck¡Vus okys goynkj us buvQljksa esa ls ,d dk vof'k"V osru mls ns fn;k vkSj os 'kh?kzrk ls ukxksn dh vksj dwp dj x;sA osnksuksa vQlj lqjf{kr :i ls tcyiqj igq¡p x;s vkSj flikfg;ksa us ,d xkM+h djds mu vQljksa dklkeku muds ihNs tcyiqj Hkst fn;kA**14 xkSaM 'kkld ds rksi ls mM+k; tkus dh ?kVuk ls tcyiqjesa fonzksg vkSj HkM+d mBk rFkk mldh vkx lewps egkdkS'ky esa QSy xbZA 'kadj'kkg vkSj j?kqukFk'kkgnksuksa gh xkSaM+ jktkvksa us izFke Lora=rk laxzke esa viuk cfynku nsdj Hkkjrh; tuekul dh fparu/kkjk dks cny Mkyk vkSj ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, Hkkoh la?k"kksZa esa os ,d izsj.kkLin ,oa vuqdj.kh;mnkgj.k cu x;s A Hkkjr ds bl izFke Lora=rk laxzke us Hkkjrh; turk dh fparu/kkjk dks cny MkykvkSj ns'k dh vktknh ds fy, Hkkoh la?k"kksZa esa ;g ,d izsj.kkLin ,oa vuqdj.kh; mnkgj.k cukA

lUnHkZ %1- lqUnjyky] ^Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt* f}rh; [k.M i0 8042- etwenkj] vkj- ds- flik; E;wfVuh ,.M fjokWYV vkWQ 1857 i`0 215&2183- fofiu pUnz] v[kys'k f=ikBh ,oa Ms& Lora=rk laxzke i0 434- feJ] Mh-ih- e/;izns'k Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl Lojkt laLFkk lapkyuky; Hkksiky 2002] i0 715- lqUnjyky] Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt] f}rh; [k.M i0 8256- 'kqDy vfHkuanu xzUFk] bfrgkl [k.M] i"B Ø- 132] e- iz- fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu dk;kZy;&ukxiqj] 19557- feJ] }kfjdkizlkn] e/;izns'k esa Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] i0 858- Jh fxjtk'kadj vxzoky] eSusftax VªLVh] xkSaMh ifCyd VªLV e.Myk ls fnukad dks lk{kkRdkj ds nkSjku

izkIr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij9- e- iz- vfHkys[kkxkj dsl Qkby Øekad 19@1857] i0 244&4610- jk"Vªh; vfHkys[kkxkj] QkWjsu fMikVZesaV] ikWyhfVdy] lIyhesUVªh izkslhfMaXl 30-10-1859] i0 35211- MkW- feJ] lqjs'k] JhokLro] Hkxokunkl] e/;izns'k ds j.kck¡dqjs] Lojkt laLFkku lapkyuky; laLd`fr

foHkkx&Hkksiky 2007] i0 21112- vxzoky] jkeHkjksls] xkSaM tkfr dk lkekftd v/;;u] xkSaMh ifCyd VªLV e.Myk] laor 2062] i0 47213- lDlsuk] lq/khj] e/;izns'k esa vktknh dh yM+kbZ vkSj vkfnoklh] e- iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh&Hkksiky]

2007] i0 114] pkYlZ cky] n fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;u E;wfVuh] ftYn nks] i0 145&4614- feJ] Mh-ih- e/;izns'k Lok/khurk vkUnksyu dk bfrgkl] Lojkt laLFkk lapkyuky; Hkksiky 2002] i0

87 ,oa lDlsuk] lq/khj] e/;izns'k esa vktknh dh yM+kbZ vkSj vkfnoklh] e- iz- fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh&Hkksiky]2007] i0 115

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izFke Lora=; lej esa e.Myk ds xkSM+ jktk 'kadj'kkg vkSj j?kqukFk 'kkg


yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o`)MkW- iq:"kksÙke yky fot;*

yksdra= dsoy ,d jktuhfrd 'kklu O;oLFkk gh ugha oju~ thou;kiu dh ,d jhfr Hkh gSAyksdra= leku vfèkdkj rFkk leku Lora=rk ds fl)karksa ij vkèkkfjr 'kklu O;oLFkk gSA lkekftdO;oLFkk ds :i esa yksdra= ,slk fopkj gS tks Lora=krk] lekurk ,oa caèkqRo dh Hkkoukvksa ds vkèkkjij lekt dks xfBr djuk pkgrk gSA1

yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa izR;sd o`) dk okLrk lHkh izdkj ds ykssxksa ls iM+rk gSA bllkekftd thou esa vkRe lEeku dh Hkkouk izcy jgrh gSA mls vius lEeku ds izfr lc vksj ls ltxjguk iM+rk gSA o)koLFkk ds ckjs esa tks :<+ /kkj.kk;sa gksrh gSa] mudk Li"V izHkko o)koLFkk rFkko`)tuksa ds izfr lkekftd vfHkofÙk;ksa ij iM+rk gS rFkk pwafd vf/kdka'k :<+ /kkj.kk,¡ izfrdwy¼udkjkRed½ gksrh gSa] vr% blh izdkj lkekftd vfHko`fÙk;ka Hkh izfrdwy gh gksrh gSaA o)ksa ds izfrudkjkRed /kkj.kk;sa izk;% lHkh ns'kksa ,oa dky esa ,d leku gh ik;h tkrh gSa] fdUrq Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkhbruh vf/kd udkjkRed vfHkofÙk;k¡ vius cqtqxks± ds izfr ns[kh tkrh gSaA Hkkjr esa vHkh Hkh cM+s&cqtqxks±dk lEeku gksrk gS] Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o)tuksa dks vkt Hkh iwtuh; ,oalEekuuh; le>k tkrk gSA ifjokj ds izR;sd 'kqHkdk;ks± dk izkjEHk bUgha ds vk'khokZn ls gksrk gS] cqtqxks±ds izfr vknj dh Hkkouk ds ifj.kkeLo:i gh Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh la;qä ifjokj iz.kkyh dk izpyu gSAHkkjrh; lekt esa o`)ksa dh lsok djuk ije/keZ le>k tkrk gs rFkk thou ds vfUre le; rd cPpsvius ekrk&firk dh ns[kHkky djrs gSaA if'pehdj.k ,oa vkS|ksfxdj.k ds izHkko ls o)ksa dhlEekutud fLFkfr esa fxjkoV vk jgh gSA2

Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o)ksa dh bTtr loksZifj gSA cq<+kik fdlh lekt fo'ks"kdh ?kVuk u gksdj ,d lkoZHkkSfed ?kVuk gSA ;g lekt fo'ks"k dh fuf/k ugha gSA bldk vfLrRo izR;sdlekt esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA tsjUVksykftLV~l* yksxksa dk ,slk fopkj gS fd O;fDr viuh voLFkk ds dkj.ko) ugha gksrkA iztkfrokn vFkok ;kSuokn dh rjg ;g ,d lewg ds lnL;ksa ds foijhr Hksnewyd Js.khgSA lk/kkj.kr;k lEiw.kZ thou ds vk/ks Hkkx ds ckn cq<+kis ds y{k.k izrhr gksus yxrs gSaA fofHkUu lewgds lnL;ksa ds fy;s cq<+kik* dk iFkd~&iFkd~ vFkZ gSA jktuhfrK ukSdj'kkg] dkuwu vf/koDrk] fpfdRld,oa iwathifr vkfn ds fy, cq<+kik vf/kd /kulap; ;k 'kfDr of) dk |ksrd gSA e/;e oxZ ds yksxksa dsfy, lk/kkj.kr;k cq<+kik vfuok;Z lsok&fuofÙk rFkk Hkfo"; fuf/k ;k isa'ku ij vkfJr gksuk gSA xjhc ,oadk;Zjr oxZ ds yksxkas ds fy, cq<+kik iw.kZ :i ls vkfJr gksus ,oa fu/kZurk ds ifj.kke Lo:i nhu&ghun'kk dk ifjpk;d gSA iq#"kksa ,oa fL=;ksa ds fy, ^cq<+kik* dk fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ gSA ml lekt esa bldkvFkZ vkSj fHkUu gks tkrk gS tgk¡ lQyrk ,oa 'kfDr dks ;qok 'kfDr ls izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrkgSA o)koLFkk esa O;fä dk ikfjokfjd thou ,dne cny tkrk gSA O;fä dke djus esa v#fp fn[kkrkgS D;ksafd cPps cM+s gks tkrs gSa] mudh i<+kbZ izk;% iwjh gks tkrh gS o fookg gks tkus ls os viuk ?kj vyxclk ysrs gSaA Qyr% ifjokj ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k dh ftEesnkjh o muds izfr drZO; /khjs&/khjs ?kVrs tkrs gSaAifjokj ds vkdkj esa ifjorZu rFkk vk; esa deh gksus ds dkj.k jgu&lgu esa ifjorZu Li"Vr% fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA cw<+s O;fä dks izk;% vius jgu&lgu esa ekSfyd ifjorZu djus iM+rs gSaA3

*iksLV MkWDVksjy Qsyks] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh] m0iz0

69

yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o)koLFkk dks [kkyh ?kksalyk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS tcifjokj ds cPps o;Ld gksdj f'k{kk iwjh djds vius O;olk; rFkk fookg gks tkus ds dkj.k ?kj ls vyxviuh xgLFkh cuk ysrs gSa o ekrk&firk vdsys ?kj esa jg tkrs gSa vr% ,sls ifjokj dh rqyuk [kkyh ?kksalysls dh xbZ gSA fpfM+;k cPps dks tUe nsus ls iwoZ ,d&,d frudk bdB~Bk djds vius cPpksa ds fy, ?kksalykcukrh gS o tUe ds ckn mudk Hkj.k&iks"k.k djrh gSA tc mu cPpksa dh vk¡[ksa [kqy tkrh gSa o mudsia[k fudy tkrs gSa rks ,d fnu os ml ?kksalys ls mM+ tkrs gSa fpfM+;k dk ?kksalyk [kkyh gks tkrk gS fcYdqyoSls gh ifjokj esa tUes cPps cM+s gksdj tc ifjokj dks NksM+dj vU;= pys tkrs gSa rks ifjokj dh fLFkfr^[kkyh ?kksalyk* dh gks tkrh gSA vk;q of) ds lkFk iq#"k viuh iRuh ij vkfJr gksrk tkrk gS ;g izfØ;kvke gksrs gq, Hkh L=h bls izlUurkiwoZd djrh gSA thou ds vfUre fnuksa esa os ifr dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld]lkaosfxd o lkekftd lgk;rk iznku djrh gSA ijUrq ftu ifjokjksa esa iRuh dh eR;q igys gks tkrh gS]ogk¡ o)ksa ds fy;s thou ;kiu djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA o)koLFkk esa vdsysiu ds dkj.k lkekftd#fp;ksa esa deh] lkekftd lEidZ esa deh vkrh gSA de vk; o vkenuh o) dks vius larku ds ikljgus ds fy, ck/; djrh gSA vr% budk thou ijkJ;h gksus ds lkFk d"Vizn gks tkrk gSA ,sls le;esa o)ksa dks yksdrkaf=d 'kklu O;oLFkk ls vusd vis{kk,¡ jgrh gSaA

yksdrkaf=d 'kklu O;oLFkk esa o) lekt dks lqj{kk] laj{k.k] ,oa lqfo/kkvksa dks iznku fd;k x;kgSA vkfFkZd lqj{kk ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ljdkj laxfBr {ks= esa lsokfuofÙk ykHk iznku djrh gS rFkk vlaxfBr{ks= vkSj xzkeh.k bykdksa esa o)ksa dks o)koLFkk isa'ku vkfn dk ykHk nsrh gSA ljdkj }kjk o)kvksa ds fy,vusd ea=ky;ksa }kjk lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh x;h gSaA ljdkj o)ksa ds lqj{kk ,oa lgk;rk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA;g ea=ky; o)ksa vFkkZr~ ofj"B ukxfjdksa ¼flfu;j flfVtUl½ ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ea=ky; gSA bl ea=ky;}kjk o)ksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; uhfr cukbZ gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd o) jk"Vªh; fpUru dk fo"k; gSa vkSj ogfcuk vlqjf{kr] misf{kr ugha jg ldrsA jk"Vªh; uhfr dk mís'; lekt esa muds LFkku dks lqn<+ djuk gS rFkko) yksxksa ds thou ds vfUre pj.k ds mís'; xkSjo vkSj 'kkfUr ds lkFk thus esa lgk;rk djuk gSA jk"Vªh;uhfr o) yksxksa dks vkfFkZd lqj{kk] LokLF;] iks"k.k] vkokl] f'k{kk] lwpukvksa dh vko';drk] lgh dU'kslu]NwVsa vkfn iznku djuk gS rFkk muds thou vkSj lEifÙk dks cpkus ds fy, mUgsa dkuwuh vf/kdkj iznku djukgSA o) yksxksa dh jk"Vªh; uhfr mu yksxksa dks ofj"B ukxfjd djkj djrh gS] ftUgksaus 60 o"kZ dh vk;q izkIrdj yh gSA ofj"B ukxfjdksa dh ;g vk;q lhek dsUnz ,oa jkT; nksuksa }kjk ekU; gSA

vkt ds yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa vko';drk gS ,d ,slh LoLFk O;oLFkk dh] tkslekurk ij vk/kkfjr gks] tgk¡ ekuo }kjk ekuo dk 'kks"k.k u gks] o`)ksa dk lEeku gks] L=h ,oa iq#"k,d nwljs dks lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[ksaA lekt dk dksbZ Hkh oxZ fdlh Hkh oxZ ds izfr iwokZxzg ls xzflru gks rkfd fdlh ds Hkh O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ck/kk u iM+ ldsA

lUnHkZ %1- flag] lw;ZHkku ¼2014½] Hkkjr esa yksdra=] ifjizs{;] 3 ¼9½] flrEcj] i- 4-2- MsfoM] vydk ¼2008½ % thou pØ ,oa o`)koLFkk] f'kok izdk'ku] bUnkSj-3- ;wukbVsM us'ku cqysfVu vkWu ,sftax] ua0 1] 2] 1989-4- ,YMj Ms Lis'ky lsohfu;j] 1990] ,st ds;j bf.M;k] U;w fnYyh-

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yksdrkaf=d 'kklu ,oa lekt esa o`)


ubZ dfork ,d lksp % jkefoykl 'kekZf'kokth*

;|fi lektoknh yksdrkaf=d lektoknh O;oLFkk ls lEc) fgUnh lkfgR; ftldk izkjEHkxkW/khoknh dkO; fpUru ls gqvk vkSj og Hkkjr dh vktknh ds ckn lafo/kkuoknh yksdra=okn ds ckniuirk gqvk vktknh ds 66 o"kksZ ckn vc rsth idM+ jgk gSaA vkt dk dkO; vkSj jpukRed x|lkfgR; nksuksa lafo/kkuoknh Hkkjrh; yksdrakf+=d lekt O;oLFkk ds ldkjkRed rFkk fu"ks/kkRed ewY;ksads lkFk ftl rsth ls QSy jgk gS] yxrk gS tYnh gh] lkfgR; lk/kuk ,oa fpUru ds vax cu tk;sxsaAekDlZoknh dkO; vkUnksyu Hkkjrh; vktknh ds vkUnksyu ds le; lu~ 1935 esa baXys.M ds izoklhHkkjrh;ksa us yUnu esa **baf.M;k izksxzsflo jkbVlZ ,lksfl;s'ku** dh LFkkiuk dh Fkh vkSj mlds iwoZ lu~1934 esa :l esa eSfDle xksdhZ ds usr`Ro esa lksfo;r ys[kd la?k dk izFke ckj xBu gqvk FkkA yanuesa LFkkfir izxfr'khy la?k us Hkkjrh; izxfr'khy ys[kd la?k ds dk;kZUo;u dk nkf;Ro eqYdjktvkuUn dks lsØsVjh rFkk lTtkn tghj dks v/;{k in nsdj mUgsa lkSikA**1 bl le; rd fgUnh lkfgR;ds vUrxZr dfork] dgkuh] miU;kl vkfn ds {ks=ksa esa ekuorkokn dk Loj izeq[k gks x;k Fkk vkSj mlhle; lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ,oa mxzrk ds lUnHkZ esa ys[ku es mRiUu gks jgs FksA fo'oEHkjukFk dkSf'kd]f'koiwtu lgk;] Hkxorh izlkn oktis;h] tSusUnz dqekj] tSls miU;kldkj Hkkjrh; thou esa mRiUu gksjgh lkekftd uohurk dks viuk jpukRed fo"k; cuk jgs FksA bl dky esa izsepUnz tSls egkudFkkdkj ;g nkok dj jgs Fks fd& **fdlh fdlku dk pfj+= gks ;k ns'kHkDr dk ;k fdlh cM+s vknehdk ij mldk vk/kkj ;FkkFkZ gksxkA**2 ;gh ;FkkFkZoknh fpUru dgkuh lkfgR; esa Hkh mHkj dj lkeusvk;kA lkekftd O;oLFkk esa gksus okys O;kid ewY;oknh ifjorZuksa dk tks izHkko bl dky [k.M esacqf)okfn;ksa ij iM+k& ltZukRed lkfgR; mlls dSls iFkd gks ldrk FkkA ,d vksj ekDlZoknhfopkj/kkjk ds u;s lw=] nwljh vksj if'peh iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds ewY;okn] rhljh vksj Hkkjrh; vktknhds vkUnksyu ds xkW/khoknh lUnHkZ lu~ 1942 rd Nk pqds Fks vkSj gekjk lexz fgUnh lkfgR; dk ifjn';blls iFkd dSls gks ldrk FkkA iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dk u;k ;wjksih; fpUru] blh ifjn`'; esa Hkkjrh;lkfgR; fo'ks"k :Ik ls fgUnh dks izHkkfor djds gekjs eap ij yxHkx vkt Hkh viuk vfLrRo iwjh lkeFkZds lkFk cuk;s gq, gSaA

Hkkjr dh vktknh dh iwoZorhZ i"BHkwfe es bl dkO;/kkjk ¼ubZ dfork½ dk tUe ;|fi gks pqdkFkk fdUrq fgUnh ds v/kqukru lUnHkZ 60 ds n'kd ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSaA bls lkfgR; rFkk mlds fl)kUr dksyksdra=oknh fopkj/kkjk ls tksM+dj ns[kk tk ldrk gSa vkSj Hkkjr dk orZeku lektoknh lafo/kku bldsfy, vk/kkj gSaA bl yksdrkaf=d lektoknh lafo/kku ls vkt ds ;qx esa iuis fu"ks/kkRed ewY;ksa dkslkfgfR;d ys[ku ds fy, izkFkfed vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA Jhyky 'kqDy dk ^jkx n[kkjh^ MkW0 foHkwfrUkkjk;.k jk; dr rcknyk^ vkfn&vkfn dfr;ksa dks lk{; ds :i es j[kk tk ldrk gSaaA ?kwl[kksjh] fons'khcSadksa esa fNikdj Hkkjrh; iwWth dk lap;u] nkSyr 'kks"k.k] 'kfDr izn'kZu] /kuizn'kZu] voS/k rjhdksa lsO;fDrxr fgrksa ds fy, lRrk dk iz;ksx vkfn&vkfn fdrus yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ds fu"ks/kkRed ewY;lekt esa O;kIr gS vkSj muds fo:) ys[ku rFkk vUuk gtkjs tSls lektlsfo;ksa ds vkUnksyu vkfn dsizdj.k lkeus vkrs gSaA fgUnh lkfgR; dh iwjh :>ku vc bu orZeku yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ls tqM+s lanHkksZals lEc) gS vkSj blfy, vkt dh rhljh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ lkfgfR;d /kkjk ^mRrj oSpkfjdh^ gSaA

*'kks/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] m0iz0

71

Hkkjr esa yksdrkaf=d lektoknh dkO; /kkjk dh 'kq:vkr lafo/kku cuus ds iwoZ gh gks pqdhFkhA bl lektoknh fopkj/kkjk dk y{; 'kkfUriw.kZ lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx FkkA ;g izxfroknh lkekftdekun.Mksa ls blfy, fHkUu gSa fd mldk earO; mPpre y{;ksa dh izxfr ds fy, fdlh izdkj dsoS/k&voS/k] vfglad lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vkt fgUnh lkfgR; ds izpyu esa fLFkrbl izdkj dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dh i"BHkwfe esa MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ ds ûbZ dfork^ ds lEcU/k esa ns[kktk ldrk gSaA

MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ fgUnh dh iz;ksxoknh rFkk ubZ dfork /kkjk dks ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa lkE;oknhfopkj/kkjk ds QSyko dh izfrfØ;k ls mRiUu iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dh nsu crkrs gSaA muds vuqlkjiw¡thoknh O;oLFkk esa ?kfVr uothou ls tqM+s vkn'kZ HkkSfrd laLdfr ds 'kh"kZ :i gSa] tks O;fDrokfnrkrFkk vkRelRrk ds pjeksRd"kZ ds ekud gSaA bl lRrk dk mn~Hko jkefoykl 'kekZ vfLrRooknhfopkj/kkjk ls ekurs gSaA ik'pkR; iw¡thoknh jk"Vªksa ds fopkjd& MsuekdZ ds fddsZxknZ] teZu nk'kZfuddkyZ ;kLilZ] ekfVZu gkbZMsxj ,oa lk=Z vkfn gSA vkSj ;g fopkj/kkjk ;wjksih; iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds fpUrurFkk lkfgR; l`tu ij 19 lnh ls iwjh rjg gkoh gks jgh gSaA vfLrRooknh lUnHkZ esa ;fn fopkj djsrks muds fpUru dk lcls egRoiw.kZ rF; êSa** vkSj esjs }kjk Hkksxk tkrk gqvk lkef;d ;FkkFkZ dk {k.kgSaA êSa** blfy, egRoiw.kZ gS fd eSa ls brj lEiw.kZ l`"Vh blh eSa ls gh lEc) lkisf{kd le> gSa vkSjmu lcdsa ^êSa** dk gh vuqHko gh loZFkk vius lUnHkZ esa loZFkk izkekf.kd rFkk LokuqHko dk vkfReddsUnz gSA eSa gwW vkSj esjs }kjk Hkksxk gqvk lokZf/kd izekf.kd ;FkkFkZ vkSj esjs }kjk Hkksxk tkrk gqvk vuqHkolR; gh lR; gSA bl lUnHkZ esa jkefoykl 'kekZ dk ;g dFku **oLrq lRrk dks gjkdj vkRelRrk dsopZLo dh LFkkiuk gh vfLrRookn gS**3 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA bl izdkj txnh'k xqIr fy[krs gSa&^Ô;fDroknh lRrk esa lEc) vfLRkRokn xgu O;fDrokn] fo[k.Muokn] lsDl rFkk oS;fDrd jksekfu;r]HkkokUos'kh :iokn] Hkksxokn] fu"ks/koknh lanHkksZ dh Lohdfr] iru] ijkt;] vkReihfM+r pSrU;] vkRe?kkrls tqM+k vlw> vU/kdkj] fn'kkgkjh thou vge~ dh loksZPprk] vkRedsUnzh;rk vkfn&vkfn fdrus lUnHkZtks O;fDrokn] vgeokn] vkRedsUnzhr Hkksxokn vkfn ls lEcU/k gSaA**4 ubZ dfork dh ;g lEiw.kZi"BHkwfe fuf'pr :i ls ;wjksih; iw¡thoknh lkekftd lajpuk ds lkis{k esa cu pqdh Fkh vkSj ekud dfods :Ik esa Vh0 ,l0 bfYk;V dh LFkkiuk,¡ ge lcdks vkdf"kZr dj jgh FkhA fujkyk th dqdqjeqRrkesa fy[krs gSa& ^dgha ls bZV dgha ls jksM+k Vh0 ,l0 bfy;V us ns tksM+kA^

Yksfdu ;gh ij vKs; dh fopkj/kkjk vfLrRookn ds chp ls iuirh gq;h Vh0 ,l0 bfy;Vdh vxzUosf'krk ls tqM+dj py fudyhA fgUnh jpukRed rFkk vkykspukRed lkfgR; nksuksa bldsfofo/k ifjos'kksa ls lEiDr gSaA 1954 esa izdkf'kr ubZ dfork^ vkSj mlds ,d n'kd i'pkr~ jkefoykl'kekZ us bl izdj.k dh mn~Hkkouk,W lekt ds lkeus j[kuh 'kq: dj nh FkhA jkefoykl 'kekZ us ;gLohdkj fd;k gS fd **vB~Bkjgoha&mUuhloha 'krh es Ýkal] vesfjdk] fczVsu esa lkE;oknh O;oLFkk rFkkfpUru ds fo:) tks vfLrRookn er [kM+k gqvk mldh viuh vgUrktU; oS;fDrdrk ,oa lkekftdladh.kZrkvksa ls izfrc) iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh NViVkgV ls O;kdqy lekt tks lkfgR; ysdj lkeusvk;k] mls Hkkjr ds dfri; cqf)thfo;ksa us lk=Z ds vfLrRookn dks rc viukuk 'kq: fd;k tc ogiwathoknh Lo;a mls NksM+ pqds Fks**A5 fgUnh ds vfLrRookn ls lEc) dfo;ksa eas MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZus eqfDrcks/k] JhdkUr oekZ] fxjtkdqekj ekFkqj] jktdey pkS/kjh] fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] Hkkjr Hkw"k.kvxzoky] y{ehdkUr oekZ] txnh'k xqIr vkfn dfo;ksa ds fofo/k m)j.kksa }kjk muds vkRela=kl rdlM+ka/k dk ckj&ckj mYys[k djrs gq, vius er dh iqf"V dh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa os vfLrRooknhmiU;kldkj jksdkarS dk lUnHkZ nsrs gq, dgrs gS fd ^fgUnh ds vf/kdka'k ubZ dfork fy[kus okyksa dkgky jksdkUrS tSlk gSa vc] mcdkbZ] vdsykiu] cqjs&cqjs lius] =kl] vkRegR;k dh pkg] HkhM+ esavtuchiu dk ,glkl gksus dh leL;k ls ijs'kkuh vkfn yPNu buesa gh feyrs gSA**6

jke Lo:i prqosZnh] txnh'k xqIr] Jh fot; nsoukjk;.k lkgh ûbZ dfork** ds lEiknd jgsgSa vkSj mUgksaus ^ûbZ dfork % [k.M 2** esa blds jpuk in dk ifjp; nsrs gq, blds lEcU/k esa dgk

ubZ dfork ,d lksp % jkefoykl 'kekZ


gS& ûbZ dfork ds chl dfo;ksa dk fo'ks"k lO;k[;k gS ,oa ifjp; j[kk gSA**7 bl izdkj bl ifjp;rFkk O;k[;k esa buds ys[kdksa us buesa vfLrRookfn;ksa tSlh dq.Bk gh lkeus j[kh gSA ;s iz'u mBkrs gSafd ubZ dfork ds os dkSu ls rRo gSa tks mls uohurk dh Js.kh esa j[krs gSa\ os dfo;ksa dh d`fr;ksa lsgh bl uohurk dk mRrj [kkstrs gSaA mRrj gS ôsnukra=** dh vfHkO;fDr] ;g osnukra= D;k gS\ mRrj&vfLFkiatj esa [kM+s [kaMgj] fgpdh Hkkjrh gok] e`R;q dks pckrh gok] iyk;u] ijkt;] iLrh] vukLFkk]vkRegR;k] ,fyeksfu;e ds O;fDr dh gjdrsa vkfn&vkfnA fgUnh dh izfl) vk/kqfud dfork us viuhvk/kqfudrk dk nkok ^lhax vkSj uk[kwu** 'kh"kZd dfork }kjk dh gS bldk lUnHkZ gS & ^,d vkSj dfork**lhax vkSj uk[kwu** ds lkFk dh gS vkSj Incidentally cgqr ilUn vk x;h gS] lkFk esa ns jgk gwwWA**8

bl izdkj ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd losZ'ojn;ky dh dfork dh O;k[;k djrs gq, vKs;mudh îksLVj rFkk vkneh** dfork ij fVIi.kh nsrs gq, dgrs gSa & ^losZ'oj th dk l`tu ,d leFkZO;fDr dk NwVs vkdkjksa dk fonzksg gS] tks nh[krk gS] lrgh gS] ,d feF;k Fkk ,d v;FkkFkZ ugha gS] Lo;afeF;k Hkh v;FkkFkZ ugha gS] fQj Hkh vkdkjksa dh f>Yyh esa tks vfHkizk; QwV jgk gS] mls gesa eqDr djukgSA**9 vKs; dh ;g fVIi.kh Hkh jkefoykl 'kekZ dh ekU;rkvksa dk gh leFkZu djrh gS vUr esa bldfork dk fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gq, viuh fu"d"kZc) fVIi.kh bl izdkj nsrs gSa & ^;gh vkdkjksa dh f>Yyhdk lUnHkZ gh ubZ dfork dks thoUrrk iznku djrk gS tks okLro esa lEiw.kZ thou Hkh /keuh dk LiUnugSA10 blh izdkj dh O;k[;k dqWaoj ukjk;.k bR;kfn ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh djrs gSaA

:l ds lkE;oknh QSyko ds dkj.k ;wjksih; iw¡thoknh ns'kksa eas tks dq.Bk] fujk'kk] ijkt;ghurk dk cks/k tSls lUnHkZ izdk'k esa vk;s] muds dkj.k O;fDrokn oSKkfud lUnHkksZa ls tksM+dj thoudh ubZ O;k[;k,aW rukoiw.kZ O;oLFkk,a vkfn fdruh izo`fRr;kWa fodflr gq;hA buds ewy esa MkW0jkefoykl 'kekZ us vfLrRooknh fpUru izfØ;k dh ifj.kfr;ksa dks ns[kus dh ps"Vk dh gS vkSj muds bllksp esa okLrfodrk ds lUnHkZ esa orZeku gSA /khjs&/khjs ;wjksih; thou esa ;g dqgklk Hkjk dqafBrO;fDrokn tc dqN :i cnyk rks ml le; Hkkjrh; ltZd vkSj fpUrd mldh vksj vkdf"kZr gq,AubZ dfork ds fpUrd ltZdksa ,oa vkykspdksa esa y{ehdkUr oekZ & ^ûbZ dfork ds izfreku**] ^û;sizfreku% iqjkus fud"k** vKs; dh Hkwfedkvksa rFkk fVIif.k;ksa] Mk0 j?kqoa'k ,oa jkeLo:i prqosZnh dhvkykspukRed d`fr;ksa esa lgt gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA u;s dh izfr"Bk orZeku Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=dO;oLFkk esa foxfyr ;wjksih; iwWathoknh fpUru dk lUnHkZ dSls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;g ,d vk'p;Zdk fo"k; gS& D;ksafd Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dk uoewY;okn mlds fu"ks/kkRed i{k gekjs fy,fo'ks"k vkxzg ds iz'u gSA

lUnHkZ %1- voLFkh + js[kk( izxfrokn vkSj lekUrj lkfgR;] i0 72- eqa'kh izsepUnz( dqN fopkj] i0 1043- 'kekZ +MkW0 jkefoykl( vfLrRookn vkSj ubZ dfork] i0 2] 1314- xqIr +MkW0 txnh'k( ubZ dfork] i"B 875- 'kekZ +MkW0 jkefoykl( vfLrRookn vkSj ubZ dfork] i0 1156- ogh] i0 1157- ubZ dfork% [k.M&2] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkcknA8- ubZ dfork% [k.M&2] i`0 93 o 1359- ogh] i0 27710- ogh] i0 278

*****

73

'kSf{kd funsZ'ku % ,d vfuok;Z vko';drkjke izdk'k JhokLro*

foKku] rduhdh] rFkk lapkj lk/kuksa dh of) ds dkj.k iwjh nqfu;k fleV dj ,d oSf'odxzke esa cny xbZ gSA ,slh fo"ke ,oa Hkzeiw.kZ mgkiksg dh fLFkfr ls fuiVus esa funsZ'ku lsokvksa dk fo'ks"kegRo gSA tks fo|kFkhZ dks mfpr ekxZn'kZu dj ldsA thou ds blh O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k dks lkeusj[kkdj funsZ'ku vkUnksyu dk fodkl gqvk] ftlds tUenkrk vesfjdk ds izfl) fopkjd ÝSad ikjlUldgs tkrs gSa ftUgksaus lu 1901 bZ0 esa cksLVu uxj esa ,d O;kolkf;d ije'kZ dsUnz LFkkfir fd;kA

funsZ'ku euq"; dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk tksM+us dh ,oa ijLij fuHkZjrk dh ,d etcwr /kqjh gSaAcfYd ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tc ls ekuo us tUe fy;k rc funsZ'ku dh vko';drk og vuqHkodjrk jgk gSaA oSfnd dkyhu f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa xq:dqy ls f'k{kk iwjh dk ysus ds i'pkr vk;ksftrlekorZu laLdkj esa dj.kh; ,oa vdj.kh; dk;ksa dk cgqr Li"V mnkgj.k rSfrjh; mifu"kn esa feyrkgSaA Jhen~Hkxor xhrk esa mfYyf[kr d".k vtqZu laokn funsZ'ku dk vuqie mnkgj.k gSaAfons'kksa esa funsZ'ku dk fodkl %

vesfjdk esa funsZ'ku dk vkjEHk cksLVu ls gqvkA O;kolkf;d {ks= esa funsZ'ku dks ,d Lo:iiznku djus ds fy, QSad ikjlUl }kjk 1905 esa cszM foulZ bULVhV~;wV dh LFkkiu Hkh dh xbZA mUgksuscksLVu 'kgj esa O;kolkf;d dsUnz dh LFkkiuk djds bls vkSj vkSipkfjd dysoj fn;kA ikjlUl }kjkLFkkfir O;wjks ckn esa gkoMZ fo'ofo|ky; dk O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku dsUnz cu x;kA

;wjksi es O;olkf;d funsZ'ku ds fy, jk"Vªh; dsUnzksa dk ,d vUrjk"Vªh; latky bl lsok dsizlkj gsrq LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA bu ns'kksa }kjk b.VjusV lsokvksa dk iz;ksx lwpukvksa ds vknku iznkuds fy, O;kid Lrj ij fd;k tk jgk gSA Lisu iqrZxky MsuekdZ fQuyS.M] osfYt;e] ÝkUl] bVyh]Lyksokd x.kjkT; ,ao ukosZ vkfn ns'k bls {ks= es viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku funsZ'ku es fo'ks"kKksa dksO;olk; ,ao ijke"kZ lsok,sa miyC/k djkds dj jgs gSA bl izdkj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,ao vU; bPNqd O;fDr;ksads fy, funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ lsok ds egRo dks oSf'od Lrj ij fpfUgr djds blds fodkl ds fy,;FkklEHko iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSAHkkjr esa funsZ'ku dk fodkl %

Hkkjr es funsZ'ku dh O;oLFkk oSfnd dky ls gh fofHkUUk n`"VkUrksa es feyrh gSA dkykUrj es;g egkHkkjr vkSj jkepfjr ekul vkfn xzUFkksa esa dbZ LFkkuksa ij Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjr esa vkSipkfjd :i ls funsZ'ku dks izLrkfor djus dk dk;Z Jh ds-th- lS;nsu ,oa Jhlksguyky us fd;kA bu nksuksa egkuqHkkoksa ds izLrko dks xfr th-,l-cksl dh v/;{krk esa lu 1915esa dydRrk esa O;kogkfjd euksfoKku dh ,d 'kk[kk [kksyus ls feyhA bl izdkj dh 'kk[kk,a ckn esaeqEcbZ esa Hkh [kksyh xbZA fdUrq /kukHkko ds dkj.k budk dk;ZHkkj eqEcbZ esa ikjlh iapk;r dks ns fn;kx;kA bl iapk;r }kjk dSfj;j ekLVlZ dks izf'kf{kr djus dk dk;Z fd;k x;kA blds vfrfjDr ,p-ih-esgrk us Hkh eqEcbZ esa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku dsUnz dh izxfr esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:iogk¡ ij ,d funsZ'ku C;wjks ,oa funsZ'ku ds ,d la?k dh LFkkiuk gks ldhA bl C;wjks ds }kjk 'kSf{kd,oa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k if=dk dk Hkh izdk'ku fd;k x;kA

*foKku v/;kid] ds0 oh0 b.Bj dkyst] ekVhZuxat] vktex<+] m0iz0


lu~ 1947 esa tc Hkkjr LorU= gqvk rks rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr ,oa mUur ns'k dh ladYiuk nksuksadkj.kksa ls funsZ'ku dks egRoiw.kZ ekurs gq, ljdkj us dsUnzh; 'kSf{kd ,oa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku C;wjks**dh LFkkiuk dh ftlds ek/;e ls lEiw.kZ ns'k esa funsZ'ku lEcU/kh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus dk iz;klfd;k x;kA bl fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ dne vkpk;Z ujsUnz nso dh v/;{krk esa mRrj izns'k ¼bykgkckn½esa lu 1947 esa ,d euksoSKkfud funsZ'ku C;wjks dh LFkkiuk djds mBk;k x;kA ckn esa ljdkj us vU;LFkkuksa tSls&y[kuÅ] okjk.klh] dkuiqj] cjsyh esa Hkh blds dsUnz [kksysA lkFk gh Hkkjr ljdkj usfo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku ds lkFk&lkFk 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku ds egRo dks Lohdkj djrs gq,fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa 13 fo|kFkhZ lq>ko C;wjks dh LFkkiuk dh ftudk dk;Z mu fo|kfFk;ksa dkslgk;rk izkIr djkuk Fkk tks vius Hkfo"; ds fo"k; esa lykg pkgrs FksA fo|kFkhZ lq>ko C;wjks dhLFkkiuk }kjk ljdkj dh fpUrk mPp f'k{kk rFkk ek/;fed f'k{kk izkIr dj jgs fo|kfFk;ksa ds Hkfo";dks ysdj n"VO; gqbZA lu 1957 esa jkstxkj ,oa izf'k{k.k funs'kky; }kjk bl izdkj ds C;wjks dh LFkkiukls lEcfU/kr ,d ;kstuk rS;kj dh ftlls funsZ'ku lsokvksa ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkiu lsokvksa (Placement-

serice) dk Hkh izko/kku FkkA bl le; rd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 72 fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa jkstxkj lwpuk ,oafunsZ'ku C;wjks dk;Zjr FksA blh le; esa eqnkfy;j deh'ku 1952&53 us Hkh lq>ko fn;k fd 'kSf{kdfunsZ'ku ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tk; rFkk lEiw.kZ f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa izf'kf{kr funsZ'ku vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oadSfj;j ekLVlZ dh fUk;qfDr dh tk;A lkFk gh vk;ksx us dsUnz dks leLr jkT;ksa esa ,sls izf'k{k.k dsUnz[kksyus dk lq>ko fn;kA bl vk;ksx us funsZ'ku {ks= esa vuqla/kku dk;ksZa dks izksRlkfgr djus dk Hkhlq>ko fn;kA bUgh lq>koksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, dsUnh; f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk lu1954 es dsUnzh; f'k{kkrFkk O;kolkf;d C;wjks dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ftlus funsZ'ku ds {ks= esa egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; fy;sA blh Øeesa mM+hlk ¼1955½] jktLFkku ¼1955½] e/;izns'k ¼1955½] vklke] vkU/kzizns'k] eSlwj rFkk dsjy jkT;ksa¼1957½ esa funsZ'ku C;wjks dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA lu 1961&62 esa y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kdijke'kZnkrkvksa ls lEcfU/kr ;kstuk dk izkjEHk fd;k x;kA ftlds vUrxZr v/;kid }kjk Nk=ksa dksijke"kZ vkfn dh lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh FkhA

orZeku esa Hkkjr esa dqN ljdkjh ,oa xSj ljdkjh laLFkk,a ;Fkk dsUnzh; 'kSf{kd ,oaO;kolkf;d funsZ'ku C;wjks] vf[ky Hkkjrh; 'kSf{kd ,oa O;kolkf;d funsZ'ku la?k NCERT, SCERT,

iquokZl ,oa fu;kstu funs'kky; vkfn bl fn'kk esa dk;Z dj jgh gSaA esjk ;g Hkh fopkj gS fd izR;sdftys esa LFkkfir jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa esa funsZ'ku ,oa ijke"kZ lsok,a vfuok;Z :i ls vo'; miyC/kdjk;h tk;A ftlls ;qokvksa dks jkstxkj ds lkFk&lkFk vko';d ekxZn'kZu Hkh fey ldsA

lUnHkZ %1- lkjLor] MkW0 ekyrh- 2008( f'k{kk euksfoKku dh :ijs[kk] vkyksd izdk'ku] y[kuÅ2- xqIrk] MkW0 egkohj izlkn ,oa xqIrk] eerk- 2007( 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku ,oa ijke'kZ] ,p0ih0 HkkxZo cqd gkml]

vkxjk3- ljhu] 'kf'kdyk- ljhu] vatyh- 2013( 'kSf{kd funsZ'ku] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk4- lDlsuk] MkW jk/kkjkuh- 2008( uokpkjh f'k{k.k i)fr;k¡] jktLFkku fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh] t;iqj5- ekyoh;] jktho- 2008( 'kSf{kd rduhdh ,oa --------------- ] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn

*****

75

foosdh jk; vkSj nfyr foe'kZMkW0 lUnhi feJ*

nfyr dks O;kid vFkZ vkSj lUnHkksZa ls tksM+us okys jpukdkjksa ds Øe esa MkW- foosdh jk; dhfopkj/kkjk vkSj mudk iz;kl LrqR; gS vkSj og vius <ax dk vyx iz;kl gS] fpUru gSA mudh mllksp esa ØkfUr] tks'k] izfrfgalk] bZ";kZ vkSj Øks/k dh fpaxkjh ugha gS] u gh blds ek/;e ls yksdfiz;rkikus dh yydA ljyrk] lgtrk] lknxh vkSj 'khryrk ds v{k; L=ksr dk Ik;kZ; cuk] mudk fu'NyO;fDrRo ftl <ax ls bl leL;k dks lqy>k jgk gS] mlds ewy esa] mudk xk¡/khoknh fpUru fufgr gSAmRrj izns'k vkSj fcgkj ds xk¡oksa esa xjhc fdlkuksa] etnwjksa] nfyrksa dh tks dfBukbZ] ihM+k vkSj leL;kgS mldks bruh xgjkbZ ls vkRelkr~ djus okys] mldh Nkuchu djus okys lkfgR;dkj izsepUn ds cknfu%lUnsg Jh foosdh jk; gSaA Jh jk; dh nf"V esa L=h] cPpk] cw<+k] toku fdlh Hkh tkfr] oxZ] o.kZ ;kuLy dk O;fDr gks ;fn og 'kksf"kr gS rks og nfyr gSA

fo'o dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk xokg gS fd tc&tc ;q) vksj naxksa dk mUekn HkM+drk gS]rc&rc lokZf/kd dgj fL=;ksa ij cjlrk gS] lokZf/kd neu fL=;ksa dk gksrk gSA MkW- vEcsMdj usHkkjrh; xk¡oksa dks fgUnw&O;oLFkk dk dkj[kkuk dgk gSA mlesa Lora=rk] lerk vkSj cU/kqRo ds fy, dksbZLFkku ugha gSA ;s xk¡o nfyrksa ds fy, lk{kkr~ ujd gSaA Jh jk; iw.kZr% xzke&ys[kd gSaA 19 uoEcj 1924esa xk¡o&HkjkSyh] ftyk&cfy;k esa tUesa Jh jk; dk thou foifÙk;ksa vkSj la?k"kksZa dk bfrgkl gSA 1924ls ysdj 1963 rd dk le; HkjkSyh] lksuokjh vkSj [kjM+hg tSls /kqj xk¡o esa fcrkus ds i'pkr~ lu~ 1964ls ,d xk¡ouqek NksVs 'kgj xkthiqj dks mUgksaus viuh deZLFkyh cuk;kA xkthiqj vkus ds i'pkr~ Hkhxk¡o muls ugha NwVkA mudk ,d iSj xkthiqj esa rFkk nwljk xk¡o esa gh jgkA 1942 esa ^Hkkjr NksM+ksa*vkUnksyu ds lfØ; dk;ZdrkZ Jh jk; dks ml le; Hkwfexr gksuk iM+k FkkA os egkRek xk¡/kh dsdk;ZØeksa dks dk;kZfUor djrs FksA dkaxszl desVh ds tks vkns'k vkrs mudk ikyu djrs FksA ml le;xk¡oksa esa bl vkUnksyu dks lfØ; djus esa mudh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk FkhA Jh jk; dk lk{kkRdkj*1 ysrsgq, MkW- lR;dke us bl rF; dk foLrkj ls mYys[k fd;k gSA

vk/kqfudrk ls mÙkj vk/kqfudrk dh vksj vxzlj bl ;qx lfU/k esa Jh jk; ldkjkRed ewY;ksals tqM+s lexz thou ds jpukdkj gSaA

Jh jk; us vc rd yxHkx 120 dgkfu;k¡ fy[kh gSa] tks lkr dgkuh&laxzgksa esa izdkf'kr gSaAthou&ifjf/k ¼1952½] u;h dks;y ¼1975½] xw¡xk tgkt ¼1977½] csVs dh fcØh ¼1977½] dkykrhr¼1982½] fp=dwV ds ?kkV ij ¼1988½] ldZl ¼2005½A izLrqr laxzg esa Jh jk; dh mu dgkfu;ksa dkladyu gS] tks nfyr foe'kZ ls lEc) gSaA

^Tkhou&ifjf/k* dh Hkwfedk esa Jh jk; us fy[kk gS] ^^dgkfu;ksa esa eSus xjhcksa dh odkyr dhgSA Hkkstu Bhd&Bhd feyus ds Ik'pkr~ vkSj vko';d HkksX;&lkefxz;ksa ds chp ekuoiu ds izLQqfVrgksus i'pkr~ tks izse uke dh oLrq iSnk gksrh gS] og gekjs xjhcksa ds ikl ugha gS] D;ksafd muds ;gk¡mDr lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gSA muds ikl tks gS] eSaus mls gh ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA**2

ladyu dh igyh dgkuh ^vfrfFk* xzke&eu dh ljyrk] lgtrk] HkkX;oknh] fu;roknhikjEifjd eukso`fRr ,oa czkã.k vfrfFk ds }kjk mlds 'kks"k.k dh dgkuh gSA yksdukFk* dh fujhgrk

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] fgUnh foHkkx] efM+;kgw¡ ih0th0 dkyst] efM+;kgw¡] tkSuiqj] m0iz0


ikBdksa ds eu dks dpksVrh gSA ^ek¡x ugha ldk lksuk* dgkuh esa ^lksuk Mkse* ds pfj= dkeuksoSKkfud i{k ;FkkFkZ ds vuq:Ik gSA dgkuh ds vUr esa] og vfUre {k.k esa grcqf) lksuk if.Mrthls tSls&rSls bruk gh dg ik;k] nks lkS :i;k! nks lkS :i;k iwjkA**3 nfyr viuh vkSdkr dh lhekds ckgj D;k cksyrk\ mldh nfyr psruk cksy gh ugha ikrh! Jh jk; us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa nfyrgksus ds dkj.kksa esa ys[kdh; fpUru dk ;g :i dgkuh ds ek/;e ls izdV gqvk gSA [ksrksa esa ftrusikS/ks ugha] cfgugkjksa ds ?kj cPpksa dh dPph [kM+h Qlysa gSaA >ksiM+h dh iSnkokj us [ksr dh iSnkokjdks ihNs <dsy fn;k gSA vU/kdkj f?kj vk;kA nwj vU/kdkj dh ijr esa Mwcdj og [kkst jgk Fkk]dqN nkus ds ekus\ ijr&ijr c<+rh x;hA vU/kdkj ?kuk gks x;kA4 ;gk¡ vkcknh dh ck<+ gh xjhcksadk nyu djus okyh cu x;h gSA

Jh jk; dh dgkfu;k¡ gekjs thou dk lp gSaA Jh jk; us ogh fy[kk ftlds os lk{kh gSa] osxk¡o ds gSa ^^xk¡o mudk dkjd gSA dÙkkZ&deZ vkSj dj.k lfgr vkBksa dkjdA**5

;g dguk lksygksa vkus lp gS fd izsepUnz ds ckn xk¡o dks Jh jk; us gh lexz :i ls izLrqrfd;k gSA uekfe xzkee~* bl ckr dk izek.k gSA MkW- lR;kdke us lgh dgk gS] ^foosdh jk; gh bl;FkkFkZ dks idM+ ldrs gSa fd tgk¡ lM+d ugha] ogk¡ fodkl ughaA ;g nnZ mlh ds ân; ls QwVldrk gS] ftlus bls Hkksxk gks] ft;k gksA foosdh jk; vdsys ,sls dFkkdkj gSa tks xzkeh.kksa ds chpjgdj mudk nq%[k&nnZ ck¡V jgs gSaA**6 Jh jk; dh Hkk"kk Hkh fo"k; ds vuq:i ,oa xgjh ltZukRed'kfDr ls lEiUu gSA

lUnHkZ %1- MkW- lR;dke( ekVh dh egd] i0 20&212- thou ifjf/k( Hkwfedk ls3- fp=dwV ds ?kkV ij] i0 1004- ogh] i0 655- MkW- vfuy dqekj vkatus;] v)Z'krh&ltu ;k=k] i0 66- MkW- lR;dke] ekVh dh egd] i0 ySi ls

*****

77

e/;izns'k esa iapk;rh jktlarks"k dqekj lksuh*

izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa f}rh;d L=ksrksa ds vk/kkj ij e/;izns'k esa iapk;rh jkt dks Li"V djusdk iz;kl fd;k x; gSA

^^lafo/kku ds 73osa la'kks/ku ds vuqlkj 29 fnlEcj 1993 dks ê/;izns'k fo/kkulHkk esa e/;izns'k iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e 1993^ izLrqr fd;k x;k rFkk 30 fnlEcj 1993 dks fo/kkulHkk }kjk blsikfjr dj fn;k x;kA**1 blds i'pkr 19 tuojh 1994 dks iapk;rksa rFkk uxj ikfydkvksa ds pqukolEiUu djokus ds fy;s e/;izns'k jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx* dk xBu fd;k x;kA 25 tuojh 1994 dksê/;izns'k ia;kprh jkt vf/kfu;e* laLFkkfir fd;k x;kA

^^blds i'pkr ^jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx* }kjk 15 vizSy 1994 dks iapk;rksa ds pquko lEcU/khvf/klwpuk tkjh dj nh xbZ] ftlds vuqlkj rhu fdLrksa esa pqukoh dk;Zokgh lEiUu dh xbZA ns'k esaubZ laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr f=Lrjh; iapk;rksa vkSj uxj ikfydkvksa dk pquko djokus okyke/;izns'k igyk jkT; gSA**2

^ê/;izns'k esa f=Lrjh; iapk;rksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA iapk;rksa ds rhu Lrj gSa&xzke iapk;r]tuin iapk;r vkSj ftyk iapk;rA izns'k esa xzke iapk;rksa dh dqy la[;k 21993 gSA**3 buesa ljiapds in vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vU; fiNM+s oxksZa ds fy;s vkjf{kr gSaA bu lHkh oxksZa esaefgykvksa ds fy;s in vkjf{kr gSaA

izns'k es tuin iapk;rsa 313 gS ftuesa v/;{k ds in vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutfr rFkkfiNMs oxZ ds fy, vkfj{kr gSA lHkh oxksZ esa efgykvks ds fy, Hkh in vkjf{kr gSaA ftyk iapk;rkas dhdqy la[;k 45 gSA

iap] ljiap] tuin lnL; rFkk ftyk tuin lnL; ds pquko izR;{k fuokZpu ds vk/kkj ijgksrs gS tcfd xzke iapk;r ds mi ljiap ,oa tuin rFkk ftyk iapk;r ds v/;{k vkSj mik/;{k dkpquko fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa ls fd;k tkrk gSA

izR;sd iapk;r dk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gSA iapk;r ds fo?kfVr gksus ij 'ks"k dk;Zdky ds fy,ubZ iapk;r dk xBu vko';d gSA 1994 esa egkRek xka/kh ds tUe fnol 2 vDVwcj ls uohu iapk;rjkt O;oLFkk lEiw.kZ izns'k esa ykxw dj nh xbZ gSA iapk;r jkt dh [kkfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,e/; izns'k ljdkj us 26 tuojh 2001 ls xzke Lojkt dh ubZ O;oLFkk ykxw dh gS ftlesa xzkeiapk;r dh xzke lHkk dks izfrfuf/k bdkbZ ekuk x;k gSA4

e/; izns'k jkt O;oLFkk vf/kfu;e ds vUrxZr izFke iapk;r pquko ls Li"V gqvk gS fd blesadqy 30922 xzke iapk;rsa gSa ftlesa ljiap ds 4530 in vuqlwfpr tkfr gSaA 9050 in vuqlwfprtutkfr gSa ,oa 5389 in fiNMs oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA lHkh oxksZ esa dqy 10451 ljiap in efgykvksads fy, vkjf{kr gSaA5

dqy 4]43]429 iapksa esa ls 64]99 in vuqlwfpr tkfr gS] 1]32]638 in vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa75]410 in fiNMs oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA izR;sd oxZ ds ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksads fy, 1]58]181 in vkjf{kr gSaaA6

*'kks/k Nk=] thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e/; izns'k


459 tuin iapk;rsa gSa ftuesa v/;{k ds 64 in vuqlwfpr tkfr] 147 in vuqlwfpr tutkfrrFkk 76 in fiNM+s oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gSA lHkh oxkZssa esa dqy 162 in efgykvkas ds fy, vkjf{kr gSAdqy 9097 tuin lnL;ksa esa ls 1345 in vuqlwfpr tkfr 2780 vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk 1541 infiNM+s oxZ ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA izR;sd oxZ ds fy, dqy 3109 in efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr gSaA

orZeku es e/; izns'k ds vanj dqy 48 ftyk iapk;rsa gSa ftuesa ls v/;{k ds 7 in vuqlwfprtkfr ds 13 vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds 11 in fiNM+s oxZ ds fy, ,oa lHkh oxksZa esa ls dqy 15 in efgykvksads fy, vkjf{kr gSaA7

e/; izns'k ljdkj iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks lQy cukus ds fy, fujarj iz;kljr gSA vDVwcj1995 esa ljdkj us fodkl[k.M dk;kZy;ksa dk tuin iapk;rksa es foy; fd;kA ftlesa fodkl[k.MLrj ij fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu dh nksgjh O;oLFkk lekIr dj LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk LFkkuh;laLFkkvksa ls gy djus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ftlds lkFk gh iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks izHkkoh cukus dsfy, iapk;rksa dh foRrh; lalk/kuksa esa of) dh tk jgh gS ,oa 139 ubZ rglhy dh vkSj LFkkiuk dkfu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSSA ns'k dk gzn; LFky vkSj orZeku esa 5 jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dks Nwus okys e/; izns'kes 51 ftys gSA

vr% la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd e/;izns'k esa iapk;rh jkt us vge Hkwfedk dk fuokZgufd;k gS] tks Hkkjr ds yksdra= dks etcwr djrk gSA

lanHkZ %1- MkW- QfM+;k] ch-,y- 2012( ^^lkekU; izfr;ksfxrk lkfgR; lhjht&lkekU; v/;;u ¼Hkkjrh; jkT;

O;oLFkk½] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kal] gkWLihVy jksM] vkxjk] i0 1462- MkW- QfM+;k] ch-,y- 2012( ^^lkekU; izfr;ksfxrk lkfgR; lhjht&lkekU; v/;;u ¼Hkkjrh; jkT;

O;oLFkk½] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds'kal] gkWLihVy jksM] vkxjk] i0 1473- oekZ + vatyh] 2009( ^^Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt**] izFke laLdj.k] vksesxk ifCyds'kal] 4378@4 ch] th&4]

ts-,e-Mh- gkÅl] xyh eqjkjhyky] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] i0 564- oekZ + vatyh] 2009( ^^Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt**] izFke laLdj.k ] vksesxk ifCyds'kal] 4378@4 ch] th&4]

ts-,e-Mh- gkÅl] xyh eqjkjhyky] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] i0 565- e/;izns'k lans'k] Hkksiky ¼e-iz-½] 1996] i0 25&266- oekZ + vatyh] 2009( ^^Hkkjr esa iapk;rh jkt**] izFke laLdj.k ] vksesxk ifCyds'kal] 4378@4 ch] th&4]

ts-,e-Mh- gkÅl] xyh eqjkjhyky] valkjh jksM] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh&110002] i0 277- ftyk lkaf[;dh iqfLrdk] f'koiqjh] e/;izns'k] o"kZ 2001] i0 11&15

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79

efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa lgHkkfxrk¼e0iz0 ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½

Jherh Hkkouk Bkdqj*

Hkkjrh; lekt esa izkphu ls gh efgykvksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gS D;ksafd efgyk;sa lektds yxHkx vk/ks Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA gekjk vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; lekt vkt Hkh jktuhfr esaefgykvksa ds fy;s lekt leku izfrfu/kRo ds fl)kar dks viukus ls Mjrk gS ftl dkj.k ls efgykvksadh jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh vis{kkvksa ds vuq:Ik c<+ ugh ik jgh gSA

jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djus dk iz'u vkt vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dk gSAvU; leL;kvksa dks NksM+dj efgykvksa ds jktuhfrdj.k ,oa jktuhfrd lRrk dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k ds dsUnzesa igqapkus tSls vge iz'uksa ij laiw.kZ fo'o esa cgl fNM+h gqbZ gSA fo'o dh vk/kh tula[;k efgykvksadh gksus ds ckotwn Hkh fuokZfpr inksa ij mudh la[;k yxHkx ux.; gSA ;fn fodflr ns'kksa ds efgykvf/kdkj ds la?k"kZ ds bfrgkl ij n`f"Vikr djsa rks ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd fo'o ds vf/kdka'k ns'kks esaefgyk oxZ dks ernku tSls jktuhfrd vf/kdkj ds fy;s la?k"kZ djuk iM+k gSA baXyS.M tSls fodflrns'k esa 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa fof/k 'kklu ds iz.ksrk jk"Vª esa efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj ds fy;s la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA1918 esa vkaf'kd :Ik ls ysfdu 1928 esa iw.kZ :Ik ls erkf/kdkj izkIr gks ldkA 1893 esa U;wthyS.Mesa] 1948 esa Qzkal esa] 1908 esa vkLVªsfy;k o dukMk esa] 1944 esa vesfjdk esa] 1971 esa fLotjyS.M esaefgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;kA

Lora= Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj Lor% gh fcuk la?k"kZ ds izkIr gks x;k D;ksafd Hkkjrh;lafo/kku esa lekurk ds vf/kdkj dks ekSfyd vf/kdkj ds :Ik esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr dslaoS/kkfud bfrgkl esa lu 1926 bl nf"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS fd bl o"kZ fL=;ksa esa igyh ckj fo/kkue.Myksaesa izos'k fd;kA 1927 esa MkW- eqFkqy{eh jsM~Mh igyh efgyk Fkh tks enzkl fo/kkueaMy dh lHkkln cuhA1940 rd dsUnzh; vkSj jkT; fo/kkue.Mkyksa esa 80 efgyk lnL;ksa us LFkku xzg.k dj fy;k FkkA

Lora=rk ds Ik'pkr 1 uoEcj 1956 dks Hkkjr ds lafo/kku ds vuqlkj e/;izns'k esa Hkh lalnh;iz.kkyh dks viuk;kA e/;izns'k vius uke ds vuq:Ik gh ns'k ds e/; esa fLFkr gksus ds dkj.k blsfgUnqLrku dk *ân; jkT;* dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ dh lkekftd fopkj/kkjk esa ukfj;ksa dks iq:"kksa ds le{kvf/kdkj iznku djus dh ckr Lohdkj ugh gSA

e/;izns'k dh jktuhfr esa efgykvksa us le;≤ ij viuh l'kDr Hkkxhnkjh dh gSA e/;izns'kdh jktuhfr esa efgykvksa us 15oha 'krkCnh ls lRrk dh ckxMksj laHkkydj lkgl dk ifjp; fn;k gSApansy jktdqekjh *jkuh nqxkZorh* us ifr dh eR;q ds ckn xkasMokuk jkT; dk 'kklu laHkkyk] mUgksuscqanys[k.M jkT; ij 1548 ls 1564 rd 'kklu fd;kA 18oha 'krkCnh esa ekyok dh jktekrk **vfgY;kckbZ** Hkh vius lq'kklu ds fy;s izfl) gSA jk;x<+ dh jkuh * voafrckbZ* us izFke Lok/khurk laxzke esa Hkkxfy;kA 1857 dh yM+kbZ esa >kalh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ 'kghn gqbZA e/;izkUr esa 1946 esa cuh igyh fo/kkulHkkesa egku lR;kxzgh lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku y[kuknkSu ls lnL; cuhA Lora=rk laxzke dh egku uS=hlqHknzkdqekjh pkSgku us if=dk **deZohj** vkSj viuh dfork,W **ohjksa dk dSlk gks clar** vkSj **>kalh dhjkuh** dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls e/;izns'k dh jktuhfr esa izsj.kk nsdj viuh l'kDr Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA

ljk;ikyh jkt?kjkus dh cgq vkfnoklh usrk *Jherh mfeZyk flag* dks dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh igyhefgyk izns'k gksus dk xkSjo izkIr gSA e/;izns'k dh jktuhfr esa fo/kkulHkk esa Jherh tequknsoh igyhefgyk usrk izfri{k ds :Ik esa jgdj jktuhfr dks ubZ fn'kk iznku dhA lqJh mek Hkkjrh *Hkkjrh; turk

*lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr foKku] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] jsgVh] e0iz0


ikVhZ* efgyk eksPkkZ dh jk"Vªh; v/;{k jgh Hkksiky ls lkaln pquh xbZ vkSj e/;izns'k dh jktuhfr dk og,sfrgkfld fnu 08 fnlEcj 2003 jgk tc igyh efgyk eq[;ea=h ds :Ik esa lq Jh mek Hkkjrh us inHkkjxzg.k fd;kA Hkksiky dh gh utek gsirqYyk th us dbZ o"kksZ rd jkT;lHkk ds milHkkifr in dks lq'kksfHkrfd;kA lksgkxiqj ls 'kcue ekSlh us funZyh; fo/kk;d cudj Hkkjr esa bfrgkj jp fn;kA

blds vykok ,slh cgqr lh efgyk;sa gS ftUgksus lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfr {ks= esaviuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k tSls vk'kk xksiky e-iz- dkMj dh igyh efgyk vkbZ-ih-,l- gksus dkxkSjo izkIr fd;kA

e/;izns'k LFkkiuk ds Ik'pkr ds 50 o"kkZ esa fo/kkulHkk esa efgykvksa dk izfrfu/kRo cgqr dejgk gSA lafo/kku }kjk lekurk dk ntkZ fn;s tkus ds ckn Hkh fo/kkulHkkvksa esa iq:"kksa dk cgqY; gS]vR;ar de la[;k esa tks efgyk;sa ?kj dh pkjnhokjh dks yka?k dj fo/kkulHkkvksa rd igqaph gS os lHkh;k rks fdlh jktoa'k ls lacf/kr jgh ;k mPp laiUu oxZ ls lacaf/kr jgh gSA vke L=h ds fy;sfo/kkulHkk dh lnL;rk lius ds leku gh gSA e/;izns'k ds izFke fo/kkulHkk pquko ls ysdj vc rdds pquko esa efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij Li"V gks tkrk gS fd usrRo ds fodklds fy;s efgykvksa dks fu.kZ;kRed Hkwfedk nsus dh igy vHkh ugh gqbZ gSA

vkadM+s crkrs gS fd vkt e-iz- esa igys ds eqdkcys jktuhfr esa dkQh la[;k esa efgyk,a vkjgh gS vksj lQy Hkh gks jgh gSA tgka 2008 esa dqy 25 efgyk fo/kk;d Fkh ogh 2013 ds pquko dsckn ;g la[;k c<+dj 30 gks xbZ gS ftesa Hkktik dh 22] dkaxzsl dh 6 vkSj clik dh 2 efgykfo/kk;d cuh gSA 2013 ds fo/kkulHkk pqukoksa esa Hkktik us dqy 28 efgykvksa dks fVdV fn;k] ftuesa22 thrh gS] dkaxzsl us 21 efgykvksa dks fVdV fn;k ftuesa ls 6 us thr gkfly dh gSA pquko esa ernkuds fygkt ls ns[kk tk; rks efgyk ernkrkvksa dh la[;k esa yxkrkj o`f) gqbZ gSA 14oha fo/kkulHkkpquko esa 70-11 izfr'kr efgykvksa us vius erkf/kdkj iz;ksx fd;kA

e/;izns'k dh xzkeh.k ,oa 'kgjh LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa esa lafo/kku ds 73osa vkSj 74 osa la'kks/ku esalHkh oxZ dh efgykvksa ds fy;s ,d frgkbZ in vkjf{kr Fks ysfdu 2009&10 esa bu laLFkkvksa ds fuokZpuesa ;g vkj{k.k 33 izfr'kr ls c<+dj 50 izfr'kr rd dj fn;k x;kA bl izdkj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa esaefgykvksa dks jktuhfr esa vkus dk vPNk volj feyk gSA

jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj jktuhfrd nkf;Roksa ds fuoZgu djus esa mudh Hkwfedkdks ljdkj] jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj vU; laxBuksa }kjk c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg;s lkFk gh jktuhfrd nyksaij bl ckr ds fy;s tksj nsuk pkfg;s fd os pquko esa efgykvksa dks vf/kd ls vf/kd mEehnokj cuk;svkSj jktuhfrd dk;Zdkjh inksa ij Hkh mudh fu;qfDr djsaA blls efgyk,a jktuhfrd :Ik ls etcwrcusaxh lkFk gh jktuhfr dk izf'k{k.k izkIr dj ldsaxhA

;gk¡ efgykvksa ds fy;s lcls cM+h :dkoV mudh jktuhfrd lksp] jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk]vkSj tkx:drk dh deh dk gksukA vke efgyk ds ikl vius ?kj o ifjokj dh ftEesnkjh iwjh djusds ckn bruk oDr ugh jgrk fd os jktuhfr esa vk;sA fQj Hkh efgykvksa us viuh {kerk ds vuq:Ikviuk LFkku cukus esa lQyrk izkIr dh gSA

vr% la{ksi esa vxj efgyk,¡ jktuhfr esa vf/kd la[;k esa vk,xh rks ns'k fodkl ds uohu y{;dks izkIr dj ldsxkA

lUnHkZ %1- LofIuy] lkjLor] 2009( *Hkkjrh; jktuhfr vkSj efgyk;sa] uhfr lkfgR; laLFkk*] fnYyh&izFkDdj.k] i0 612- JhokLro] MkW- jf'e] 2009( e-iz- ,oa jktuhfr] dkWyst cqd fMiks] fr;ksfr;k cktkj] t;iqj3- voLFkh] ,- 1950( yksdy lsYQ xoZesaV bu e-iz-] n osLVuZ cqd fMiks] ukxiqj4- lDlsuk] ds- ,l- 1909( owesUl ikWfyfVdy ikfVZflis'ku bu bf.M;k*] lcykbt izdk'kd] t;iqj5- ehjk nslkbZ o m"kk <Ddj] 2009( *Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk;sa*] us'kuy cqd VªLV vkWQ bf.M;k] fnYyh

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81

ledkyhu dfork % ,d uohu fo'ys"k.kMkW0 lqeu flag*

lekdkyhu dfork u;h dfork ;qx dh HkkWfr Lohd`r ,d egRoiw.kZ dkO;kUnksyu gSA bldkO;/kkjk dk fodkl vusd :iksa esa gks jgk gSA ledkyhu dfork ls lEc) vusd iz'u vkt Hkhfoe'kZ ds ;ksX; gSaA ledkyhu dfork ls vfHkizk; lhek] lfEefyr dfo] laLFkkid] izoRkZd dfofof'k"Vrk,¡] dF; ,oa f'kYi ds /kjkry ij dkSu lh ,slh fof'k"Vrk,¡ gS] ftlds dkj.k lkBksÙkjdfork dks ledkyhu dfork dgk tkus yxkA u;h dfork dk vxyk pj.k vFkok i`Fkd pj.k fdl:i essa ekuk tk,A bl izdkj ds vusd iz'u mifLFkr gksuk LokHkkfod gSA blds ewy esa lcls cM+kdkj.k gS fd orZeku ;qx dh fdlh dkO;k/kkjk] dkO; vkUnksyu ds laca/k ds vfUre :i ls dqN Hkhugha dgk tk ldrkA

ledkyhu dfork dks ,d vkUnksyu ds :i esa ykus rFkk dfork dh lgh lkFkZd igpkudjokus esa u;s dfo;ksa esa /kwfey dk uke vusd n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gSaA Mk0 fo'oEHkj ukFk mik/;k; usledkyhu dfork dks vius le; ds eq[; vUrfojkss/kksa rFkk )U)ksa dh dfork Lohdkjrs gq, viuk erizLrqr fd;k gS&

^^ledkyhu dfork esa tks gks jgk gSA ledkyhu dk lh/kk [kqyklk gSA bls i<+dj orZekudky dk cks/k gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd mlesa thrs] la?k"kZ djrs] yM+rs] ckS[kykrs rM+irs] xjtrs rFkk Bksdj[kkdj lksprs okLrfod vkneh dk ifjn'; gSA vkt dh dfork esa dky vius xR;kRed :i esa Bgjsgq, {k.k ;k {k.kka'k ds :i esa ugha] ;g ^dky{k.k* dh dfork ugha] dkyizokg ds vk?kkr vkSj foLQksVdh dfork gSaA

Mk0 mik/;k; dh Hkk¡fr Mk0 enku] Mk0 ukeoj] Mk0 esa?kk] Mk0 cPpu flag] Mk0 jkefoykl'kekZ rFkk Mk0 jkeLo:i prqosZnh us ledkyhu dfork dk lkSUn;kZRed foospu fo'ys"k.k vius&viusizfrekuksa fl)kUrksa ,oa nf"V;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gSA ledkyhu dfork ds dF; ij budh nf"Vdgha&dgha ek= fl)kUrksa dk ojnku izrhr gksrh gSA

oLrqr% ledkyhu dfork tks vHkh izfØ;k esa gS] fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk ns ikuk lEHko gh ugha gSij bl dfork dk vk/kkj ;FkkFkZ gS] thou dh folaxfr;ksa dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA lkfgR;esa lkSUn;Z dks egRrk nh tkus yxh gSA likVc;kuh esa thou ds okLrfodrk dks izLrqr djuk ledkyhudfork dk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ledkyhu dfork dks u;k /kjkry fey jgk gS] psrukf'kYi esa uohurk gSA blh vk/kkj ij ge /kwfey dks ledkyhu dfo;ksa esa 'kCnksa dk tknwxj dfo ekursgSa] tcfd eqfDrcks/k vkSj jktdey pkS/kjh bl dkO;/kkjk ds iwoZorhZ l'kDr dfo gSaA /kwfey bu nksuksadfo;ksa ls izHkkfor jgs gSaA ijorhZ ledkyhu dfork izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k izHkko Lohdkjrs gq, Hkhbl dkO;/kkjk dks le`) cuk jgs gSaA ekuo ewY;ksa ds vk/kkj ij blds dqN dfo fo'ks"k mYys[k gSa]ftudk mYys[k geus ;FkkLFkku fd;k gSA

ledkyhu dfork esa euq"; dh izfrek fLFkj] tM+] fuf"Ø; vkSj nk'kZfud ugha gSA mlesa fpf=rvkneh dh 'kDy gS ftls vki igpku ldrs gSa] tku Hkh ldrs gSaA tcfd u;h dfork ds {k.kokfn;ksadks tc dkS/krs {k.kka'kksa esa fueXu] ekuo izfrek dks vki iwjh rjg tku ldrsA2

*,lks0izks0] fgUnh foHkkx] efM+;kgw¡ ih0th0 dkyst] efM+;kgw¡] tkSuiqj] m0iz0


gekjk ledkyhu ifjos'k rjg&rjg dh folaxfr;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA O;fDr viuh Hkrhjh vkSjckgjh VwVu dh ihM+k dks pqipki lgus dks foo'k gSA MkW0 blkd v'd dh ifDr;k¡ nsf[k,&

;g psgjs dh ped ân; vuqokn ugha gksrk lp dk lpls vc laokn ugha gksrk lp dk lp ls vc laokn ughackgj uQk&equkQk&oSHko Hkhrj rks cl ?kkVk gSA3

ledkyhu dfo [kqydj jktuhfrd ewY; ghurk dh vfHkO;fDr djus esa fgpdrs ughaArRdkyhu lkekftd O;oLFkk ds izfr vkØks'k dk Loj ledkyhu dforkvksa esa eq[kfjr gqvk gSA mudsHkk"kk iz;ksx Hkh fojks/k dks tkfgj djrs gSaA ;FkkFkZ dk izR;{k lk{kkRdkj ledkyhu dfork dh fo'ks"krkgSA dfo oSpkfjd /kjkry ij iw.kZr% tkx:d gS] fopkjksa dk la?k"kZ vkSj NUn dfork dks fopkj dforkcuk nh gS] uo mifuos'koknh cktkjh laLdfr ds izHkko dks ledkyhu dfo;sa us rn~uqdwy Hkk"kk iz;ksxls vf/kd jkspd cuk fn;kA

;g dfork lgtrk dh fn'kk lwpd gS ledkyhu dfo ;FkkFkZ ds vf/kd fudV gks** os dforkdks dsoy vkuUn vFkok euksjatu dh oLrq ugha ekurs oju dfork muds fy, izfrc)rk dk vk/kkj gSA4

bl n`f"V ls ledkyhu dfo] O;fDr] lekt vkSj orZeku ifjos'k ls iw.kZ:is.k lac) jgrk gSavr ledkyhu cks/k dh igpku dky[k.M vkSj ifjos'k ds vk/kkj ij ugha dh tkrh gS ledkyhudfork y|qrk] eksgHkax] la=kl vkfn cks/kkRed fLFkfr;ksa ls vf/kd dfork dh dkO;kRed izfrc)rkvkSj vfHk:fp dks js[kkafdr djrh gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd tks dqN ?kfVr gS mlls dfo vius dks iw.kZ:is.klEc) ekurk gSA vkt dfork laokn dh 'kSyh vkSj VdjkgV dh fLFkfr esa ikBdh; laosnuk dks fo'ks"kegRo iznku djrk gSA7

ledkyhu dfork ledkyhurk %ledkyhurk dk Lo:i ns'kdky dh fof/kr esa fofHkUu izdkj dk gks ldrk gSA ledkyhu

dfo tgk¡ ewY;&ppkZ dks egRo nsrk gS ogha ewY;ghurk dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA ledkyhu dfoorZeku ifjos'k ds lkFkZd cnyko ij cy nsrk gSA blfy, ledkyhu dfo vk/kqfudrk cks/k ls izHkkforgksrs gq, Hkh fdlh ,d [kkl fdLe ds fopkjksa ls izHkkfor ugha jgk gSA vr% dky ds izokg esa euq";dh okLrfod fLFkfr dk vadu djuk gh ledkyhurk gSA

ledkyhu dfork esa ekuo tkfr dh lgh tM+ksa dks igpkuus dh vn~Hkqr {kerk gSA ubZ dforkdh if'p;ksUeq[kh n`f"V ledkyhu dfork rd vkrs&vkrs yqIr gksrh gSA ledkyhu dfork esabfrgkl&cks/k] lewph ekuoh;rk dh igpku laLdfr&nf"V vkfn izeq[k gSA ledkyhu dfork esa ges'kk,d izfrlaLdfr dh ÅtkZ l`tu'khyrk dks izsfjr djrh jgrh gSA ledkyhu dfork esa l`tu vkSjfuekZ.k dk izlax lkekU;r% cjkcj Gsa ^viuh /kjrh ls nwj] vius ifjos'k ls dVdj] ledkyhu dforkviuh vuqHkwfr dk fodkl ugha dj ldrhA uo mifuos'koknh laLdfr dh th.kZrkvksa ds fo:) dforkdks viuk la?k"kZ rst djuk gSA mlesa fn'kk&funsZ'k dk ladsr xfBr Hkh gS vkSj le; dh ek¡x dhjpuk'khyrk gSA5

lUnHkZ %1- jktiky] gqdqepUnz( ledkyhu cks/k vkSj /kqfey dk dkO; ls m)r] i0 3&42- ogh] i0 27&293- oh.kk] twu 2000] vad 6] i0 7 m)r ledkyhu dfork4- gqdqepUnz] jktiky( ledkyhu dfork ds rhu iM+ko] i0 245- jksfgrk'o( ledkyhu dfork vkSj lkSUn;Z cks/k] i0 17

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83

Lora=;ksRrj Hkkjr esa xzke psruk¼vkapfyd miU;klksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa½

MkW- vatw flgkjs*

Lokra=;ksrj fgUnh miU;kl esa xzkeh.k psruk dk lek;kstu vkapfyd miU;kl ds varxZrgqvk gSA vkapfyd miU;kl dh vk/kkjHkwfe **vapy** fo'ks"k ekuk tkrk gSA vapy 'kCn dk lh/kk] ljl,oa Li"V vFkZ gksrk gS] **tuin** vFkok HkkSxksfyd {ks= fo'ks"kA ml vapy fo'ks"k dh jhfr ijEijkvkpkj] O;ogkj] thou iz.kkyh] viuh ekU;rk,¡ gksrh gSaA ftuds }kjk og {ks= xfreku jgrk gSAHkkjrh; lkfgR; esa vkapfyd miU;klksa dh ,d le`) ijEijk ns[kus esa vkrh gSA fgUnh lkfgR; esa**vkapfyd miU;kl** 'kCn dk lcls igys **eSyk vkapy** dh Hkwfedk esa js.kq us iz;ksx fd;k FkkA dF;esa {ks=h;rk dks ns[krs gq, mu lHkh jpukvkas dks Hkh vkapfyd miU;kl dgk tkus yxk] tks fdlhizns"k ;k vapy fo'ks"k ds fp=.k ls lacaf/kr jgrh gSA1

ukxktqZu ds miU;klksa esa xzkeh.k thou ds fp=ksa dks ns[krs gq, dqN fo)ku ekurs gS fdvkapfydrk dh fof/kor 'kq:vkr mUgha ds **cypuek** ls gqbZ gSA vkSj bl dkj.k mUgsa fgUnh dsvkapfyd miU;kl dk mUuk;d dgk tk ldrk gSA2

vkapfydrk dh 'kq:okr Q.kh'oj ukFk js.kq ds izfl) miU;kl eSyk vkapy ls gh ekuh tkrhgSA bl miU;kl dh Hkwfedk esa js.kq us Lo;a fy[kk Hkh gS fd ;g gS eSyk vkapy] ,d vkapfydmiU;klA dFkkud gSa iwf.kZ;k fcgkj jkT; dk ,d ftyk gS---eSaus blds ,d fgLls ds ,d gh xkaodks fiNMs xkaoksa dks izrhd ekudj bl miU;kl dFkk dk {ks= cuk;k gSA3 js.kq ds nwljs vkapfydmiU;kl *ijrh ifjdFkk* ds lanHkZ esa jktukFk 'kekZ fy[krs gSa fd ijrh ijhdFkk esa ys[kd us eSykvkapy okyh tu psruk dks u, ik= fn, gSa blesa iwf.kZ;k ftys ds ijkuiqj uked xzke dks dFkkfo"k; cuk;k x;k gSaA blesa tehnkj izFkk dk var] u;k canksoLr] Hkwfenku] xzkeh.k usrkvksa dk mn;]mudh csbZekuh] LokFkZijk;.krk] jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa ds la?k"kZ vkfn ds fp=.k djus ds lkFk&lkFktu thou ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks dykRed :Ik ls mHkkjk x;k gSA4

Ukxhuk tSu ds vuqlkj **jk"Vªh;rk ds ftl rh{.k LokFkZ ls vkapfydrk dk tUe gksrk gSAmldk dqN :Ik n'kZu f'koiwtu lgk; ds **nsgkrh nqfu;k fujkyk ds fcYyslqj cdfjgk** vkSj**dqYyhHkkV** jkeo`{k csuhiqjh }kjk jfpr **ekVh dh ewjrs** tSlh d`fr;ksa esa feyrk gS fdUrq bu ys[kdksads lkFk jk"Vªh;rk ds mnkj n`f"Vdks.k dk vkn'kZ lnk fpidk jgk] ifj.kker% {ks=c) vkapfydrkdk fodkl u gks ldkA5

bl fo'ys"k.k ls ;g Hkh ifj.kke fudyrk gS fd vkapfydrk lkekftd mRFkku ds edlndks ysdj pyus okyh ,d Økafrdkjh fopkj /kkjk FkhA fgUnh esa vkapfyd miU;klksa dh ijEijk dkQhle`) jgh gSA ;FkkFkZoknh fp=.k dks c<+kok fn;s tkus ls vkapfydrk dks cy feykA fgUnh esa cgqrls miU;klksa esa xzkeksa ds thou dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gSA vkapfyd miU;kl izknsf'kd thou dslkaLd`frd i{k vkSj tuthou dh leL;kvksa dks fn[kkus ds fy, fy[ks x;sA yksd thou ls tqM+svkSj fiNM+s bykdksa dh leL;kvksa dks ns'k Hkj esa mBkus ds fy, ukxktqZu us **cypuek** o:.k ds

*vfrfFk fo}ku] fgUnh foHkkx] 'kkldh; N=lky egkfo|ky;] fiNksj] f'koiqjh] m0iz0


csVs jfrukFk dh pkph] f'koizlkn :nz us cgrh xaxk] jktsUnz voLFkh us axy ds Qwy] mn; 'kadj HkV~Vus lkxj ygjs vkSj euq"; ,oa yksd ijyksd rFkk eugj pkSgku us fglk lkaojh vkfn miU;klksa dhjpuk dh gSA okLro esa bu miU;klksa us vkapfydrk dk fp=.k cgqr jkspd gS vkSj mudh dFkkikBdksa dks ojol gh viuh vksj vkdf"kZr dj ysrh gSA vkapfyd miU;kl /kkjk vifjfpr vkapfyd{ks=ksa dks vkSj vf/kd xgjkbZ ls tkuus&le>us ds fy, izsj.kk L=ksr dk dke djrh gSA

MkW- y{ehukjk;.k yky dk miU;kl *o;k¡ dk ?kksalyk vkSj lkai* nsgkrh lekt dhleL;kvksa dks izLrqr djus okyk ,d vkapfyd miU;kl gSA bl miU;kl esa xzkeh.k jgu&lgu dhvksj cjol gh /;ku dsfUnzr gks tkrk gSA blesa xzkeh.k thou dks izxfr'khy djus vkSj oSKkfudpsruk ls tksM+us ds fy, xzkeh.k lH;rk ds mRFkku ij cy fn;k x;k gSA6

;knosUnz 'kekZ **pUnz**ds miU;kl fn;k tyk fn;k cq>k** esa jktLFkkuh ifjos'k dks lkdkjdjus ds lkFk ogk¡ ds lkearh rkSj&rjhdksa okys tkxhjnkjksa dk ;FkkFkZ ijd fp= izLrqr fd;k x;kgSA blesa jktLFkkuh yksd laLd`fr ds fofHkUu vaxksa tSls yksdxhr] ijEijk,¡ bR;kfn dk jkspd vkSjLokHkkfod vadu feyrk gSA

blh izdkj vU; miU;kldkjksa us fgUnh dh vkapfyd dFkk ijEijk dks dkQh le`) fd;kgSA jkenj'k feJ us **ikuh ds izkphj** esa xksj[kiqj ftys ds rkIrh vkSj xksjh uked ufn;ksa] ls f?kjsgq, ,d {ks= fo'ks"k dh leL;kvksa] ck<+kas vkSj Hk;kog fouk'k] vkfFkZd nhurk] vf'k{kk rFkk lkaLd`frdn'kk dk fp= mdsjk gSA bu lHkh miU;klksa esa LFkkuh; cksfy;ksa ds iz;ksx }kjk u;k jax Hkjus dhdksf'k"k dh x;h gSA fgeka'kq JhokLro us **yksgs ds ia[k** esa Hkk"kk 'kSyh ds ek/;e ls vkapfydrk dklekos'k gqvk gSA blesa nfyr tkfr ds thou vkSj ijEijkvksa dks vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSA JhokLrods ,d vkSj miU;kl *unh fQj og pyh* dks Hkh vkapfyd miU;klksa esa fxuk tkrk gSA xk¡oksa dsl'kDr fp=.k vkSj LFkkuh; Hkk"kk ls lth ;g d`fr L=h ik= ds 'kks"k.k vkSj la?k"kZ dh dFkk gSA

'kSys"k efV;kuh us fpV~BhlSu** vkSj **gkSy<kj** tSls vkapfyd miU;klksa dh jpuk dh dqekaÅds ioZrh; ifjos'k ds lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd thou dks rks **gSynkj** uked miU;kl esa ltho cukfn;k gSA 'kSys"k us dqekamuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx u djds Hkh ml Hkk"kk ds okD; foU;kl vkSj eqgkojksads tfj;s vkapyh; okrkoj.k dks ltho dj fn;k gSaA iatkch ifjos'k ds dFkk f'kYih cyoar flagus Hkh **jkr** pksj vkSj pkan ¼1949½ **dkys dksl**vkSj **jkrhikj** tSls lQy miU;klkas dh jpuk dhgSA cyoar flag ds miU;klksa esa vfoHkkftr iatkc ds jkoh vkSj fpuko tSlh ufn;ksa ds e/;orhZ izns'kds vnE; ftthfo"kk vkSj lkgl ls ifjiw.kZ] ikS:"k vkSj ijkØe dks gh thou dk ,d ek= vk/kkjekuus okys] fdUrq furkar ljy&ân; vkSj fu"diV nksvkc&okfl;ksa dh xkFkk dgh xbZ gSA7

vr% Ikzxfr'khyrk ds rRoksa dk fp=.k vkapfyd miU;klksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa egRo dks foLrkjnsrk gSA okLro esa vkapfyd miU;kl gekjs Hkkjrh; ifjos'k vkSj lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds fy, ,dt:jh nLrkost gSA

lUnHkZ %1- MkW0 e`R;qat; mik/;k;( fgUnh ds vkapfyd miU;kl] i`0 122- egsUnz prqosZnh( fgUnh miU;kl ,d losZ{k.k] i`0 2083- Q.kh'oj ukFk js.kw( eSyk vkapy] Hkwfedk] i`0 54- jktukFk 'kekZ( lkfgfR;d fuca/k vkapfyd miU;kl] i`0 8435- MkW0 uxhuk tSu( vkapfydrk vkSj fgUnh miU;kl] i`0 1236- MkW0 eD[ku yky 'kekZ( fgUnh miU;kl fl)kar vkSj leh{kk] i`0 3677- jktukFk 'kekZ( lkfgfRd fuca/k vkapfyd miU;kl] i`0 821

*****

85

Lokeh foosdkuUn ds dkO; esa Lokra= izse vkSjoSpkfjd ØkfUr ds cht

';kew JhokLro*

Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼12 tuojh 1863&4 tqykbZ 1902½ us if'pe ns'kksa ds izokl esa Hkkjr ds[kks;s gq, vkRe lEeku xkSjo vkSj /;s; dks iqu% izfrf"Br dj fn;kA jk"Vªh; psruk dks iqu% izfrf"Brdj ;qokvksa dks f'k{kk] vkfFkZd] lkekftd lejlrk] vk/;kfRed lsok ds {ks= ds lkFk&lkFk ekr`Hkwfedks Lora=rk gsrw la?k"kZ djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA muds d`R;ksa ds fy, _f.k Hkkjrh dh larkuksa uslEiw.kZ Hkkjr o"kZ esa Lokeh dh 150oh t;arh o"kZ Hkj vk;ksftr djus dk ladYi fy;kA

1901 esa gsepUnz ?kks"k us Lokeh th ls /keZ dh f'k{kk pkghA Lokeh th us dgk xqyke dkdksbZ /keZ ugha gksrk tkvks igys viuh ekr`Hkwfe dks Lora= djkvksA ogh ?kks"k ckn esa iz[kj Øakfrdkjhds :Ik esa tkus x;sA lqHkk"kpUnz cksl us Hkh Lokeh th dh izsj.kk ls vktknh ds fy, vnE; lkglhiz;kl fd;kA1 Hkkjr esa Lokeh th dh lk?kZ 'krh lekjksg ds :Ik esa o"kZHkj vk;ksftr dj jgk gSAmudh n`f"V Hkkjr dks fo'o esa lEekuiw.kZ fLFkfr Lora=rk ds lkFk izfrf"Br djkuk FkhA bl lUnHkZesa muds dkO; esa jk"Vªh; Lora=rk dk fpUru dk i{k Hkh izcy :Ik ls /ofur gksrk gSA

foosdkuUn dk dkO; i{k esa Lokra"; izse vHkh rd vke tu ls vNwrk gh jgk gSA tcfdokLrfod fLFkfr ;g gS fd mUgksus viuh Hkkoukvkssa dks ftl lkSUn;Z vkSj vkosx ds lkFk LoNUn:i esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k gS rks og mudk dkO; gh gSA mudk dakO; mudh HkkokRed v/khjrk O;Drdjrk gSA bl i{k esa mudh Lora=rk ds fy, rM+Ik vkSj iqdkj vkSj ijk/khurk dh tdM+u ls eqfDrdh vkdak{kk Li"V n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA Lokeh th Hkkjr okfl;ksa dks ,dtqV djuk pkgrs Fks] muesaLora=rk ds Hkkoksa dks tkx`r djuk pkgrs FksA2 bl lUnHkZ esa Þ~Vw nh vosds.M bafM;kÞ uked dforkesa og Hkko O;Dr djrs gSaA

tkxks fQj ,d ckjA;g rks dsoy funzk Fkh] e`R;q ugha Fkh]uothou ikus ds fy,]dey u;uksa ds fojke ds fy,mUeqDr lk{kkRdkj ds fy,A,d ckj fQj tkxksAvkdqy fo'o rqEgs fugkj jgk gSA3

Lokeh th egku jk"Vª HkDr FksA og fgUnw Fks ijUrq mudh n`f"V oSf'od FkhA og jk"Vªh;rkLora=rk ds fy, dfVc) iz;kljr~ FksA mUgksus lU;klh dk xhr uked 'kh"kZd dfork ls Hkkjrh;tu ekul dh ekr`Hkwfe dh Lora=rk ds fy; vR;ar ekfeZd vkOgku fd;k gSA

viuh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+ MkyA mu csfM+;ksa dks]ftUgksus rq>s ck¡¡a/k dj Mky j[kk gSAos nhfIreku lksus dh gks] dkyh fuEu dksfV /kkrq dh]

*'kks/k Nk=] bfrgkl foHkkx] thokth fo'ofo|ky;] Xokfy;j] e0iz0


izse ?k`.kk 'kqHk v'kqHk& }s?krk ds lHkh tatkyksa dksrksM MkysArw le>ys fd nkl&nkl gS] mls izse iwoZd iqpdkjk tk,]vFkok dksMksa ls ihVk tk, og Lora= ugha gSA]D;ksafd csfM;k¡ lksus dh D;ksa u gks]ck¡/kus ds fy, de etcwr ugha gksrh]blfy, gs ohj lU;klh] mUgs mrkj Qsad vkSj cksyALora= fdls dgrs gSa& og tku ugha ikrkLok/khu lkS[; thou dk mldh uk le> esa vkrkR;kxksa lU;klh] R;kxks rqe }an Hkko dks lRojrksMks Ja[kyk dks rksMks] xkvks ;g Kku fujarj4]

Lokeh th ekr`Hkwfe dks lkezkT;okfn;ksa ls eqDr rks djkuk pkgrs FksA bl gsrw mUgs le>Fkh Hkkjr dh lUrfr dks deZ dh egRrk] muds vUrZeu esa] psruk esa cks/k djkuh gh iMsxhA deZ lsgh euq"; esa 'kfDr dk lapkj gksrk gS& u fd dkYifud txr ds fopj.k ls

TkkxksA mBks liuks esa er [kks, jgks;g liuksa dh /kjrh gS] tgk¡ deZ]fopkjksa dh lw=ghu ekyk,¡ xwaFkrk gSA;fn lius gh ns[kuk pkgks rks]'kkLor izse vkSj fu"dke lsokvksa ds gh lius ns[kksA5

jk"Vªh; thou dks lqpk: ,oa tu ekul dks LokoyEoh cukus esa Lokeh th us ckjEckj deZdh egRrk dk vkOgku fd;k gS bl lUnHkZ esa lgL=nhiks|ku] U;w;kdZ esa tqykbZ 1865 bZ- esa jfpr^lU;klh dk xhr* uked dfork bl lanHkZ esa muds Hkkoksa dks O;Dr djrh gSA

vius vius deksZa dk Qy&Hkksx txr esa fuf'prdgrs gSa lc] Þdkj.k ij gS lHkh dk;Z voykforß]Qy v'kqHk] v'kqHk deksZa ds] 'kqHk dkeksZ a ds gSa 'kqHkQyfdldh lkeF;Z cny nsa] ;g fu;e vVy vkSj vfopy\6

lUnHkZ %1- Lokeh czãLFkkuUn] ßgs Hkkjr! mBks! tkxks!Þ jked`".k eB ukxiqj] 2004] i`0 1] 182- mijksDr] i`0 1] 183- dEiyhV oDlZ vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn] oksY;qe 4] i`0 3894- dEiyhV oDlZ vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn] oksY;qe 4] i`0 394] Vh lhjht vkWfM;ks dEiuh }kjk 6%50

fefuV dk vkWfM;ks ohfM;ks5- Lokeh O;kse:ikuUn dforkoyh] i`0 356- mijksDr] i`0 35] dEiyhV oDlZ vkWQ Lokeh foosdkuUn] oksY;qe 4] i`0 394

*****

87

fczfV'k vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko¼20oha lnh ds izFke nks n'kdksa ds i=&if=dkvksa ds fo'ks"k lUnHkZ esa½

MkW0 lqjthr flag HknkSfj;k*

izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa fczfV'k vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkko dk ewY;kadu20oha lnh ds izFke nks n'kdksa ds i=&if=dkvksa esa izdkf'kr lk{;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS] tks rRdkyhulekt dks Li"V djrk gS vkSj ,d ubZ le> nsrk gSA

fczfV'k vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij izHkkoksa ds vfrfjDr bl dky dhi=&if=dkvksa esa caaxky foHkktu rFkk blds fojks/k esa gq, Lons'kh vkanksyuksa dh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDrrRdkyhu i=&if=dkvksa esa gqbZA1 mnkgj.kkFkZ dtZukuk uked dfork iafDr;k¡ bl izdkj gSa&

^^fdlus caxHkwfe dks nks VqdM+s djds fn[kyk;k( fdlus csjgeh ls HkkbZ&HkkbZ dks fcNM+k;k\cksys dtZu ^bldk drkZ gw¡] eSa gh vdsyk] gkFk gSa esjs yksgs ds fny gS iRFkj dk <sykAA**

Lons'kh rFkk cfg"dkj vkanksyu dks lQy cukus gsrq rRdkyhu i=&if=dk,¡ Lons'kh oLrqvksads iz;ksx vkSj fons'kh oLrqvksa ds cfg"dkj dk;ZØe ds leFkZu esa vusd ys[k rFkk dfork,¡ izdkf'krgksrh FkhaA blh izdkj ljLorh esa fL=;ksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, fy[kk&

^^gs Hkkfefu;ksa] dqydkfefu;ksa] ;s pwfM+;k gSa ijnsf'k;ksa dhAdyad Hkjh iguks bUgs tks] NksM+ks tjk rks eu esa ytkvksaA**

Lons'kh vkanksyu ds izpkj&izlkj ls lEiw.kZ ns'k esa tkx:drk QSyhA ftlds QyLo:i yksxksaus Lons'kh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx izkjaHk fd;kA blls Lons'kh m|ksx /ka/kks dks fodflr gksus dk volj feykALons'kh vkanksyu ls Lons'kh m|ksx ds fodkl dk fooj.k rRdkyhu i=&if=dkvksa esa feyrk gSA;Fkk&okf.kfT;d fo"k;d lc ckrksa dh [kcj j[kus ds fy, xoesZUV us ,d foHkkx cuk j[kk gSA ,Q-uks;y isVu mlds Mk;jsDVj gSaA mUgksaus 1905&06 vkSj 1906&07 ds O;kikj ys[ks dh lekykspuk,¡fy[kha] tks ^bf.M;u VªsM tuZy** uked ljdkjh v[kckj esa NihA ftlds i<+us ls tku iM+rk gS fdns'k dh phtksa dks ysus dh rjQ yksxksa dk /;ku vc dqN&dqN tkus yxkA

lwrh oL=ks|ksx ds dkj[kkuksa esa of) dks ljLorh us mYysf[kr djrs gq, crk;k fd fdl izdkj5 o"kksZa esa dkj[kuksa dh la[;k 197 ls 263 gks xbZ vFkkZr 34 izfr'kr dh o`f) gqbZA2

bl dky esa mnkjokfn;kas vkSj mxzokfn;ksa dh rjg ,d vU; fopkj/kkjk Økafrdkfj;ksa dh HkhFkhA tks fgalkRed dk;Zokfg;ksa ds ek/;e ls vkSj vaxzsth 'kklu dks lekIr djuk pkgrs FksA blfopkj/kkjk dks caxky foHkktu ls vkSj vf/kd gok feyhA bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor yksxksa us Økafrdkjhfopkjksa ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, vusd i= if=dkvksa dk izdk'ku fd;kA ;s i= tgk¡ ,d vksjØkafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk dk leFkZu djrs Fks rks nwljh vksj ,sls mRrstd ys[k izdkf'kr djrs Fks ftulslkekU;tu Hkh m}sfyr gks tk,¡A ,sls lekpkj i=ksa dk thou cM+k vYi gksrk Fkk D;ksafd bu ij ljdkjdh iSuh n`f"V gksrh FkhA fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djus okyksa ds fy, dM+s n.M fn, tkrs FksA ysfdu ;si= fQj Hkh izdkf'kr gksrs FksA mnkgj.kkFkZ& 1907 esa izdkf'kr ^^LojkT;** uked i= ns'kHkfDr dhdlkSVh dk i= Fkk ftlds lEiknd gksus dk vFkZ gh Fkk dkys ikuh dh ltk HkqxrukA ^Lojkt** dslEiknd in ij fu;qfDr gsrq ;s foKfIr izdkf'kr gksrh Fkh&^pkfg, LojkT; ds fy, lEikndA osrunks lw[kh jksfV;k¡] ,d fxykl BaMk ikuh vkSj gj lEikndh; ds fy, nl lky tsyA*

Økafrdkjh fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor i=&if=dkvksa dk vR;ar xksiuh; :Ik ls gksrk Fkk dqN ns'kds ckgj ls eqfnzr gks dj ns'k esa xqIr :Ik esa vkrh Fkha D;ksafd bu ij dM+k izfrcU/k gksrk FkkA ^xnj**

*lgk;d izk/;kid] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] 'kkl0 egkfo|ky;] ckykth] fegksuk ¼fHk.M½] e0iz0


Økfrdkjh fopkjksa dks iq"V djus okyk i= Fkk] ;g N% Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esa ¼fgUnh] mnwZ] iatkch] xqtjkrh]caxyk vkSj ik'rksa½ Nirk FkkA tks fons'kksa esa Nirk Fkk vkSj xqIr :Ik ls Hkkjr vkrk FkkA bl ij vaxzsth'kklu us izfrca/k yxk j[kk Fkk D;ksafd ;g Li"V :i ls vaxzstksa ds fo:) gfFk;kj mBkus dk ukjkyxkrk FkkA ;Fkk&^vko';drk gS ohj flikfg;ksa dhA osru % eR;qA iq:Ldkj % ng'krA isU'ku %Lora=rkA ;q)LFky % HkkjrA

bu Økafrdkjh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor i=ksa esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dh of) djus okys ys[k] lEikndh;,oa vihysa izdkf'kr gksrh Fkh ;Fkk& 6 tuojh 1914 esa ^xnj** esa ykyk gjn;ky us vius lEikndh;esa fy[kk& ^Økafr ds lkfFk;ksa rS;kj gks tkvksA ns'k vkSj fons'k esa vius izpkj dks laxfBr djksA lsokvkSj cfynku ds u, ozr yksA eqëhHkj vaxzstksa us tksj tcjnLrh ls gesa xqyke cuk j[kk gSA gesa dqpynsuk pkgrs gaSA fgUnqLrku ds ukStoku L=h&iq:"kksa dks bldk mRrj nsuk pkfg,A*

^^deZ;ksxh** mxz jk"Vªoknh fopkjksa dks iq"V djus okyk i= Fkk bl i= esa Økafrdkjh psruk dksizksRlkgu djus okys ys[k izdkf'kr gksrs Fks mnkgj.kkFkZ& ^vks jk"Vªokfn;ksa ! dk;jksa ls dksbZ vk'kk u djksA¼mnkjoknh½ lkfFk;ksa dk f'kdkj djrs xhnM+ dHkh Hkh 'ksjksa dk lkFk ugha ns ldrs] ;|fi os 'ksjksa dh vis{kkf'kdkj ejus ij ekal vf/kd [kk ldrs gSaA vks ohjksa ! vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gks vkSj vius dÙkZO; dk ikyu djksA*

bl dky ds i=dkj ys[kdksa us tu lkekU; dks izksRlkfgr rks fd;k gh lkFk gh LojkT; dhizkfIr ds lk/kuksa ij Hkh cy fn;kA mUgksusa turk esa LokFkZ R;kx m|ksx ,oa deZ'khyrk rFkk n<+ fu'p;dh Hkkoukvksa dks mRrsftr fd;kA bl dky dh i= if=dkvksa esa fujarj ,sls ys[k izdkf'kr gksrs Fksftuesa fons'kh jktuhfr dk xgu fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ;Fkk& ^^ljLorh**3 esa ^^vaxzsth iztk dkijkØe** ^e;kZnk** esa lkses'oj nRr 'kqDy dk ^nf{k.k vÝhdk vkSj ogk¡ dh 'kklu O;oLFkk** ^bUnq**4 esacky eqdqUn xqIr dk ^vesfjdk dk iztkra=** ^ljLorh** esa ;wjksi ls lh[kus ;ksX; ckrsa & baXyS.M esa jkT;Økafr** ^^Ýkal esa jkT; Økafr** bR;kfnA bu ys[kksa esa vf/kdkjksa dh izkfIr ds fy, mu ns'kksa dh turkus tks la?k"kZ fd, Fks muds fo'ys"k.k ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh;ksa ds eu esa O;kIr va/kdkj dks nwj djus dkiz;kl fd;kA bu i=dkj ys[kdksa dk lnk ;gh iz;kl gksrk Fkk fd ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSjHkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u dj turk viuk vkRefujh{k.k Lo;a djs vkSj ;wjksih;ns'kksa ls izsj.kk izkIr dj vius vf/kdkjksa ds fy, vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo#) la?k"kZ dh vksj vxzljgksA5 ljLorh ds tqykbZ 1913 ds vad esa ek/kojko lizs us fy[kk& tc ls iwoZ vkSj if'pe dk la;ksxgqvk gS vkSj ge yksxksa dks if'peh ns'kksa dh ,sfrgkfld ckrsa ekywe gqbZ gSa] rc ls gekjs cgqrsjs Hkkb;ksads eu esa vius ns'k ds vH;qn; rFkk mUufr dh rhoz bPNk tkxr gqbZ gSaA bl bPNk dks dk;Z :i esaifjf.kr djus ds fy, U;k;fiz;rk vkSj LokFkZ R;kx dh vko';drk gSaA lkFk gh n<+rk dh Hkhvko';drk gSaA mi;ZqDr xq.kksa ds vHkko ls gekjs lc ;Ruksa dh ogh n'kk gksrh ns[k iM+rh gS] tks fdbl okD; esa lwfpr dh xbZ gS& ^mRikn;Urs foyh;Urs nfjnzk.kka euksjFkk%A blds vykok bl dky esa^^Lojkt dh ,drk**] ^Lojkt vkSj Hkkjr**] ^Lok/khurk vkSj ijk/khurk**] ^jk"Vªh; vkn'kZ** bR;kfn ys[kizdkf'kr gksrs Fks ftuesa Lojkt] Lok/khurk rFkk Lora=rk tSls fo"k;ksa ij xgu ppkZ dh tkrh FkhA

fu"d"kZ :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl dky dh i=&if=dk esa eq[;r% jk"Vªokn]lkekftd cqjkbZ ds izfr m}sx] fczfV'k 'kklu ds vUrxZr Hkkjr ds vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ij izdk'k Mkyk x;kAftlds QyLo:i Hkkjrh; turk jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu ds vkxkeh pj.k ds fy, vkSj vf/kd ifjiDo gqbZA

lUnHkZ %1- lq/kkdj ik.Ms; ¼laik0½] fgUnh lkfgR; dk ogr~ bfrgkl] fgUnh lkfgR; dk ifj"dkj] f}osnh dky ¼laor~

1950&75 fo0½ uoe~ Hkkx] okjk.klh] laor~ 2034 fo0] i`0 286&3792- oS|ukFk flag 'kekZ] Hkkjr dk okf.kT;] ljLorh] tuojh 1909] Hkkx 10] la[;k 1] i0 323- egkohj izlkn f}osnh] izkphu Hkkjr dh >yd] ljLorh] tuojh 1909] Hkkx 10] la[;k 3] i0 1234- f'konkl xqIrk] izkphu 'kklu i)fr vkSj jktk] bUnq] fnlEcj] 19145- lEiw.kkZuUn] lPps ,sfrgkfld Kku dh vko';drk] e;kZnk] vDVwcj] 1919

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89

iwoZe/;;qx esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk MkW0 eqds'k ekS;Z*

fdlh Hkh lekt dh mUufr rc rd iw.kZ ugha le>h tk ldrh tc rd mlesa fL=;ksa dks mPpLFkku u feysA fL=;ksa dh n'kk esa ;qx ds vuq#i ifjorZu gksrk jgk gSA mudh fLFkfr esa iwoZe/; ;qxrd vusd mrkj&p<+ko vkrs jgs ,oa muds vf/kdkjksa esa ifjo)Zu Hkh gksrs jgsA tgk¡ iwoZ ;qx esa mudhn'kk mUur vkSj ifj"dr Fkh] ogha ijorhZ dky esa mudh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu izkjEHk gks x;k tks voufrds #i esa ckn esa le;ksa rd pyrk jgkA fiNys le; dh rjg ml le; esa ^L=h 'kwæksa uk/kh;rke~*izpfyr u FkkA fL=;k¡ Hkh i<+rh FkhA izfl) dfo jkt'ks[kj dh pkSgkj iRuh voafr&laqnjh mRd"Vdof;=h vkSj Vhdkdkj FkhA1 js[kk] jksgk] ek/koh] vuqy{eh] 'kf'kizHkk tSlh dof;f=;k¡ viuh izfrHkkds fy, fo[;kr FkhA fL=;ksa dks xf.kr] laLd`r ,oa yfyr dykvksa dh fo"ks'k f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhAd'ehj dh lqxa/kk ,oa fnn~nk uked jkfu;k¡ vius iz'kklu vkSj jkT; dk;Z ds fy, fo[;kr FkhaA ysfdubl le; ukjh f'k{kk dk izlkj dsoy vfHktkr oxZ rd lhfer jg x;kA cgr~dFkkeatjh ,oadFkklfjRlkxj tSls dFkk lkfgR; esa L=h ds ijnk izFkk dk dgha Hkh Li"V ladsr ugha gS cfYd ukjhus ijns dk fojks/k fd;k gSA bl le; ijnk izFkk pkgs mPp leqnk; vkSj jktifjokj esa Hkys gh jghgks exj lk/kkj.k turk esa bldk iw.kZ izpyu ugha FkkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ijnk&izFkk dk izpyuckjgoha lnh ds ckn gh gqvk] tc ns'k o lekt fons'kh vkØedksa ls vkØkUr gksus yxk Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh;fL=;ksa ds fy, lqj{kk dk iz'u egRoiw.kZ gks x;kA euqLefr esa vkB izdkj ds czkã] nSo] vk;Z] iztkiR;]vklqj] xka/koZ] jk{kl vkSj iS'kkp fookgksa dk mYys[k gS] ftlesa ls vusd tSls fo".kq] 'ka[k vkSj ;kKoYD;Lefr;ksa esa igys pkj dks gh djus ;ksX; crk;k x;k gSA dqyhu ?kjksa esa cgq fookg dh izFkk fo|ekuFkhA jktk] ljnkj vkfn /kuk<~; yksx izk;% dbZ fookg djrs FksA ml le; cky fookg dh izFkk vkjEHkugha gqbZ FkhA gk¡] gekjs fufnZ"V dky ds vfUre le; esa cky&fookg dh izFkk vkjEHk vo'; gks x;hFkhA eqlyekuksa ds vkus ds ckn bl izFkk dk vf/kd izpkj gqvkA bl dky esa dqN Lefrdkj fo/kokds lrh gksus ds i{k esa Fks vkSj dqN blds fo#)A lqyseku us fy[kk gS fd fo/kok fL=;k¡ viuh bPNkls lrh gksrh FkhaA2 ,d f'kykys[k esa dypqfj jkt xkaxs;nso ds ejus ij mldh cgqr lh fL+=;ksa ds lrhgksus dk mYys[k gSA ysfdu ;g izFkk jktifjokj vkSj vfHktkr oxZ esa vf/kd FkhA vyc#uh fy[krkgSA ^fo/kok,a ;k rks rifLouh dk thou O;rhr djrh gS ;k vfXu esa ty tkrh gSA jktkvksa dh fL=;k¡];fn os o) u gks] lrh gks tkrh gSA**3 bl rjg ;s izFkk,a gksrs gq, Hkh fL=;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr cgqrmPp FkhA mudk iw.kZ vknj gksrk FkkA osnO;kl Lefr esa fy[kk gS ^vkpk;Z mik/;k; ls vkSj firk vkpk;Zls nl xquk lEekU; gS] ijUrq ekrk] firk ls gtkj xquh lEekuuh; gSA**

oL=ksa esa fL=;k¡ varjh; ¼lkM+h½ dk iz;ksx djrh Fkh tks vk/kh iguh vkSj vk/kh vks<+h tkrhFkhaA lhus dh dyk izkphu dky ls vc rd izpfyr FkhA fL=;k¡ ukprs le; yg¡xs tSlk tjh ds dkedk oL= igurh Fkha] ftls is'kl~4 dgk tkrk FkkA O;kikjh yksx #bZ ds pksaxs vkSj dqjrs igurs FksA nf{k.kds yksx nks /kksfr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs Fks&,d igurs Fks vkSj ,d vks<+rs FksA bu diM+ksa esa fofo/krk]lqUnjrk vkSj lQkbZ dh vksj fo"ks'k :i ls /;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA oL=ksa ds lkFk&lkFk 'kjhj dks ltkusds fy, xguksa dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA iq#"k o fL=;k¡ nksuksa xguksa ds 'kkSdhu FksA lksus&pk¡nh ds jRutfM+r

*vfrfFk izoäk] bfrgkl foHkkx] xouZesUV ih0th0 dkWyst] nfr;k] e/;izns'k


Hkqtcan lkns ;k edjkdfr lksus ds dq.My vkfn cgqr ls vkHkw"k.k igus tkrs FksA lEiUu L=h iq#"klqxaf/kr iq"iksa dh ekyk,a igurh FkhA pk.Mkyksa dh fL=;k¡ iSjksa esa jRutfM+r xgus igu ldrh FkhAlHkh viuh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds vuqlkj xgus igurk Fkk] fdlh dks dqN iguus dh eukgh ugha FkhA5

Hkkstu esa 'kqf) o lQkbZ o fo'ks"k /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA vy bn~fjlh fy[kk gS ^^vufgyokM+s ds yksxpkoy] eVj] mM+n] elwj] eNyh vkSj vU; i'kqvksa dks] tks Lo;a ej x;s gks] [kkrs gSa D;ksafd os dHkhi'kq&if{k;ksa dks ekjrs ughaA**6 e|iku dk izpkj Hkh izk;% ugha FkkA

bl rjg Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; HkkSfrd thou ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed thou dh rjQ Hkhc<+s gq, FksA iap egk;K xgLFkh ds fy, vko';d dÙkZO; Fks ysfdu ckS) ds dkj.k ;Kksa esa i'kq fgalkde gks pqdh Fkh ,oa izk;% cM+s&cM+s ;Kksa dk mYys[k Hkh ugha feyrk gSA bruh mUufr ds ckotwn yksxfHkUu&fHkUu tknw Vksuksa rFkk Hkwr izsr vkfn esa fo'okl djrs FksA oSls rks ;g izFkk vR;Ur izkphu dkyls lekt esa fo|eku Fkh ysfdu bl dky esa Hkh budk cgqr izpkj FkkA

dqy feykdj ns[ksa rks rhljh lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa rFkk lEiw.kZ pkSFkh lnh esa gq, dfy;qx dsladV us Hkkjrh; lekt dks lkearhdj.k ds ekxZ ij pyus dks ck/; fd;kA bl lkekftd O;oLFkkesa u;s <ax ds la?k"kZ vkSj varfoZjks/k iSnk gq,A tgk¡ izkphu dky esa d`"kdksa ds fojks/kksa vkSj tukØks'k dsHkktu jktk vkSj dHkh&dHkh iqjksfgr Fks] ogha vc lekt rFkk Hkwfe dh u;h O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr u;sizdkj ds la?k"kks± dk tUe gqvk] ftldk ewy dkj.k HkwLokfeRo dk iz'u FkkA bu lfn;ksa esa izkphuHkkjrh; thou mFky&iqFky vkSj #ikUrj.k dh voLFkk ls xqtj jgk FkkA lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] Hkk"kk]fyfi] /keZ rFkk ckSf)d thou esa vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gks jgs FksA

la{ksi esa dg ldrs gSa fd iwoZ e/;dky esa lekt esa cgqr ladh.kZrk vk x;h FkhA fgUnw lektesa fonsf'k;ksa ls viuh laLdfr dh j{kk djus ds fy, vius lkekftd fu;e iw.kZr;k vifjorZu'khy cukfn;sA ,d&,d o.kZ esa lSdM+ksa tkfr;k¡ cu x;hA bl tkfr izFkkvksa us fgUnw lekt ds VqdM+s&VqdM+s djfn;sA ,slk VqdM+s&VqdM+s esa caVk fgUnw lekt laxfBr rqdks± dk lkeuk dSls dj ldrk Fkk vkSj lektdh blh fo"kerk ds dkj.k Hkkjrh;ksa dh fonsf'k;ksa ds fo#) ijkt; gqbZA

lUnHkZ %1- diwZjheatjh] 1-112- fbfy;V vkSj Mklu] 1-113- vycs:uht bafM;k] ftYn 1] i0155-4- _Xosn 2@3@65- dkanEcjh esa pkaMky dU;k dk o.kZu-6- fp-fo- oS|] fgLVªh vkWQ fefM,oy bafM;k] ft-&2] i`0 192-

*****

91

vk/kqfudrk rFkk ;kSu&mUeqärk MkW0 jkeÑ".k ik.Ms;*

^vk/kqfudrk* lokZf/kd pfpZr] lokZf/kd Hkzkar vkSj vLi"V 'kCn gS ftlds fo"k; esa vafre vkSjlqfuf'pr :i ls dqN ugha dgk tk ldrkA ^vk/kqfudrk* dk iz;ksx cgqfo/k vkSj vFkZ cgqr yphykjgk gS] fdlh us bls ,d :i esa rks nwljs us loZFkk fHkUu vFkZ esa xzg.k fd;k gSA vk/kqfudrk dscgqvk;keh vFkZ vkSj lanHkksZa ds dkj.k lekt'kkL=h Hkh bldks ifjHkkf"kr djuk vR;Ur dfBu ekursgSaA muds vuqlkj fof/k'kkL=] laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj] nrj'kkgh] foKku ,oa rduhdh {ks= esa vk;sfofo/k ifjorZuksa }kjk mRiUu lekt dh ifjokj] tkfr] ukxfjd ,oa lkeqnkf;d O;oLFkk vkSjvf/kdkjh&ra= vkfn fofHkUu bdkb;ksa esa ?kfVr ifjorZuksa dks yfyr dj gh vk/kqfudrk dh izfØ;k dksBhd ls le>k tk ldrk gSA1 vk/kqfudrk ds cká vFkok LFkwy vFkZ dks gh xzg.k djus ds dkj.k dHkhmls ^if'pehdj.k* rks dHkh ^vkS|ksfxdhdj.k* vkSj dHkh ^ijEijk ds fojk/k* esa tUek ekuk x;kA

vkt Hkkjrh; thou&i)fr ij ftls ge if'peh izHkko ds :i esa vkdfyr djrs gSa] og gekjsÅij iM+k fczfV'k izHkko gh gSA ik'pkR; txr ls ls gekjk izFke laidZ iqrZxkfy;ksa ds ek/;e ls gqvk]fdUrq mudk lEidZ cgqr Åijh] ek= lrgh gh FkkA gekjh lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa ij mldk dksbZ izHkkougha iM+kA buds i'pkr~ Mp vkSj Ýkalhlh Hkkjr esa vk;sA budk eq[; iz;kstu viuk O;kikj gh FkkvkSj iqrZxkfy;ksa ds leku ;s Hkh Hkkjrh; lkekftd fLFkfr;ksa dks izHkkfor u dj ldsA ik'pkR; tkfr;ksaesa fczfV'k ;k vaxzst gh ,dek= ,slh tkfr Fkh] tks O;kikj ds fy, vkdj Hkh iwjh rjg ;gk¡ dh gqbZgh ugha] ;gk¡ ds thu&thou ij Nk x;hA ge ij vkt tks dqN Hkh ik'pkR; izHkko gS og vaxzstksa dkgh izHkko gSA vaxzstksa ds lEidZ esa vkus ds i'pkr~ gh Hkkjr ds vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k izkjEHk gqbZAblds i'pkr~ gekjh f'k{kk&i)fr] dkuwu] foKku ,oa rduhdh] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] xzkeksa dk uxjhdj.k]uxjksa dk egkuxjhdj.k] efgykvksa dk pkjnhokjh ls fudy dj ukSdjhis'kk gksuk vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa esavk/kqfudrk dk izlj.k gqvkA iqjkru Hkkjrh; thou&ewY; vkSj ik'pkR; thou&ewY; ,d&nwljs dslaidZ esa vkdj dgha la?k"kZ dh rks dgha iqulZtu dh izfØ;k esa vkus yxsA bldk izHkko gekjs Åijnks :iksa esa iM+k& izFke u;s thou&ewY;ksa dk Lohdkj vkSj nwljs lkaLd`frd vkSj lekt lq/kkj ds {ks=esa vusd lq/kkj vkUnksyuksa dk lw=ikrA 19oha lnh ds izkjEHk esa tUes bu lkaLd`frd vkSj lektlq/kkj vkUnksyuksa us Hkkjr ds vk/kqfudhdj.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuckgh gSA2 Hkkjrh; lekt esavk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k esa ftu rÙoksa dk lek;ksx jgk gS mUgsa lekt'kkfL=;ksa 3 us bl izdkj fufnZ"Vfd;k gS & 1- lkoZHkkSe dkuwuh <k¡ps dk fodkl] 2- f'k{kk dk izlkj] 3- uxjhdj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxdhdj.k]4- lapkj&lk/kuksa dk foLrkj] ,oa 5- jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl vkSj jktuhfrd psruk dkvH;qn;A bu lc us lcls T;knk gekjs ewY;ksa dks ifjofrZr fd;k gSA uohu uSfrdrk cks/k dk l`tugqvk gSA thou vkSj yksd ds i'pkr~ n.M fo/kku dk tks Hk; Fkk og lekIr gqvk gSA blfy, O;fädk dksbZ Hkh d`R; vkt iki&cks/k ugha txkrkA4 og tSfod /keZ ;k tSfod izo`fÙk ekudj fdlh Hkhizse vkSj okluk ds d`R; esa lafyIr gksrk gSA vk/kqfudrk ls tho'kkL= vkSj xHkZ&fujks/k ds lk/kuksa dh[kkst lEc) gS] ftlus ;kSu&mUeqärk dh /kkj.kk dks cy iznku fd;kA vkt otZuk ¼bu~fgfo'ku½ vkSjfu"ks/k ¼VScw½ dks udkjdj ,d ;kSu&mUeqärk dk vkUnksyu iz/kkurk ik jgk gSA

*vflLVsaV izksQslj] f'k{kk foHkkx] egkjktk cyoUr flag ih0th0 dkyst] xaxkiqj] okjk.klh] m0iz0


vkt gekjs lekt es vk/kqfudrk ds uke ij ;kSu mUeqärk ds ftl fodr Lo:i dks viuk;ktk jgk gS og gekjs lekt ds fy, vR;Ur gkfuizn ,oa ?kkrd gSA ;kSu lEcU/kh vKkurk ,oa c<+rsgq;s lSDl ds fodr Lo:i ds izpyu ds dkj.k lekt ds yksx bldk f'kdkj gks jgs gSa] ftlls muesafofHkUu ;kSu&fodfr;k¡ iui jgh gSa vkSj muesa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk gzkl gksrk tk jgk gSA

vk/kqfudrk fQYeksa ls tqM+dj vkSj Hkh rhoz izHkkodkjh gks x;h gS] ftlus ;kSu mUeqärk dksc<+kok fn;k gS vkSj ;kSu otZukvksa dks lhfer fd;k gSA fQYeksa us lalkj esa reke leL;k,¡ mRiUu dhgSaA ;Fkk& pksjh] MdSrh] fgalk] cykRdkj] efgykvksa ls NsM+&NkM+ bR;kfnA izpkj ek/;eksa ds fodklus v'yhy dk;ZØeksa dk izlkj vkSj bls vfXu dh Hkk¡fr c<+k jgs gSaa vk/kqfudrk ds dkj.k ik'pkR;vkpkj&O;ogkj ds va/kkuqdj.k ls] ;qod&;qofr;ksa esa tks QS'ku ijLrh v'kq) vkgkj&fogkj ds lsoudh izofÙk] dqlax] vHknzrk] pyfp= izse vkfn c<+ jgs gSaA mlls fnuksa fnu lekt dk iru gks jgk gSAorZeku esa ;qod] ;qofr;ksa ds O;ogkj esa tks vk'p;Ztud cnyko utj vk jgk gS og gS ;kSu ds izfrc<+rh fyIlkA ;kSu lEcU/kksa rFkk ;kSu lq[k ds izfr muds :>ku esa vk'p;Ztud of) gqbZ gSA

;kSu&fyIlk izk.khek= dh lgt] ljy rFkk uSlfxZd vfHkyk"kk gksrh gSA ;g ,d l`tukRedfØ;k gS] tks izdfr&iq#"k ds rknkRE; Hkko ls lQyhHkwr gksrh gSA izkf.kek= dh lEiw.kZ bPNkvksa lscyorh rFkk lokZf/kd vkuUn iznku djus okyh ;g Hkkokfrjsd voLFkk gksrh gSA

lekt esa vk/kqfudrk ds nkSj esa tks ;kSu mUeqärk lekt esa O;kIr gks jgh gS] fuLlansg bldkvatke nq%[kn gh gSA tkuoj vkSj balku dh lsDl Hkkouk esa ewyHkwr varj gS mlds lkFk tqM+us okyhHkkoukRedrkA vktdy ds dbZ ;qod ;qofr;ka bls egt 'kkjhfjd vko';drk Hkj ekudj pyus yxsgSA ;g balku dks tkuoj dh Js.kh esa ykus tSlk gh gSA dkSek;Z ds lkFk tqM+h ifo=rk dh Hkkouk mldklcls cM+k vkd"kZ.k FkkA bls egRoghu ekudj pyus ls lc dqN eSdsfudy* tSlk gh izrhr gksrk gSAvkt T;knkrj ;qokvksa ds lkeus ;kSu 'kqfprk dh ckr nfd;kuwlh utj vkrh gSA ;kSu dks ysdj vktdh ;qok ih<+h esa [kqykiu vk;k gS] ;g tx tkfgj gSA vk/kqfudrk vkSj ;kSu mUeqärk us dke* tks fdHkkjrh; laLdfr esa pkj iq#"kkFkks± esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gS] mlds :i] Lo:i vkSj egRo dks cny fn;kgSA vkt dke Hkksx dh oLrq gks x;k gSA dke ds lkFk lq[k dks tksM+k x;k Fkk fdUrq vkt O;fä dkeds lq[k dks ugha cfYd dke ds ets dks Hkksxuk pkgrk gSA dke ds ets ds bl n`f"Vdks.k us e;kZnkvkSj lhek dks rksM+dj j[k fn;k gSA blh dkj.k fnuksafnu ;kSu vijk/kksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSAorZeku le; esa ,slk yxus yxk gS fd mUeqärk dk ,d ,slk nkSj vk x;k gS tgk¡ lHkh izdkj dhotZuk;sa pjejk jgh gSaA tc ls ,d ;k nks cPpksa dh ekufldrk fodflr gqbZ gS] rc ls fLFkfr vf/kd [kjkc gqbZ gSA ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dks vPNs laLdkj nsus ds LFkku ij mUgsa miHkksx dh oLrq;safnykus esa T;knk #fp ysrs gSA vPNs diM+ksa ls ysdj dkj vkfn fnykus esa] vPNk [kklk iSlk [kpZ djusds fy;s nsus esa ekrk&firk dks dksbZ ijs'kkuh ugha gksrh gSA ;g O;ogkj lekt esa mí.Mrk vkSjmPN`a[kyu dh fLFkfr dks c<+kok ns jgk gSA

vk/kqfudrk ds dkj.k lekt tSls&tSls ;kSu O;ogkj dks ysdj n`f"Vdks.k cny jgk gS vkSjmUeqä ;kSu O;ogkj dh Hkkouk cyorh gksrh tk jgh gS] ;kSu vlarqf"V ds dkj.k ;kSu fodfr;ksa rsthls QSy jgh gSa] ftlls lekt izHkkfor gks jgk gSA

lUnHkZ %1- ;ksxsUnz flag% ekWMukZbts'ku vkWQ bf.M;u VªsMh'ku] Fkkel izsl bf.M;k fy-] ckEcs] 1973] i- 3-2- ogh] ;ksxsUnz flag- i- 93-3- ogh] ;ksxsUnz flag- i- 94-4- Fks;ksMj] ts- xkMZu% oSY;w ,.M n I;wpj] i`- 156-

*****

93

lEHkkO;rk dh ,d igy % rqylhnkl dk dkO; vk'kh"k dqekj ;kno*

xksLokeh rqylhnkl }kjk jfpr 20 NUnksa dh ,d NksVh lh dfr jkeyykugNw u dsoy miohrlaLdkj dh izfdz;k dks] vfirq laHkkO; dh ,d nqfu;k dks vius esa lesVs gq;h gSA rqylhnkl eaxykpj.kesa gh b'kkjk dj nsrs gSa fd bldks xkus ls ijein ;kuh eks{k dh izkfIr ds lkFk&lkFk djksM+ksa tUe dsiki nwj gks tkrs gSaA djksM+ksa tUe ds iki nwj gksrs gSa ;k ugha nwj gksrs gSa ;g vk/kqfud cqf)oknh euq";dks fopkj djus ds fy, NksM+k x;k fo"k; gS] fdUrq rqylhnkl dk Hkkookn fopkj djrk gh ugha Li"VLohdkj dj ysrk gS tks mudh futh laHkkO;rk gSA

HkfDr vkSj njckj dk ;g csesy lUrqyu dze'k% czg~e vkSj uj ds mij Fkksius dh iqjtksjdksf'k'k rqylhnkl ds ;gka fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

pwafd jke czg~e gSa blfy, mudk xhr xkus ls iki dVsxsa] flf) izkIr gksxh vkSj ije y{;dh izkfIr gksxh] fdUrq ogh jke tks n'kjFk ls mRiUu gksrs gSa mUgha n'kjFk dh D;k n'kk gS bl dfresa mls ns[kk tk ldrk gS% &

cfu cfu vkofr ukfj tkfu xg ek;u gksA1

fcgalfr vkm yksgkfjfu gkFk cjk;u gksAAvfgfjfu gkFk ngsfM+s lxqu ysb vkob gksAmujr tkscu nsf[k u`ifr eu Hkkob gksAA

tks jke e;kZnk ds iq:"kksRre gSa] tks ,d iRuh ozr /kkj.k djrs gSa ftuesa czg~e dh dYiukdh x;h mUgha jke ds firk n'kjFk tks ,d ls vf/kd ifRu;ka j[ks gSa] tks jktk Hkh gSa] mudh VdVdhngh ysdj vk jgh vfgfju ds mRrqax mjkstksa ij gSA 'kk;n ;g o.kZu jhfrdky esa gksrk rks ukuqdqjdjus dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha Fkh] fdUrq HkfDrdky esa og lc dqN gqvk tks jhfrdky dh i`"BHkwfecuhA pwafd vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy fo:)ksa dk lkeatL; cSBk pqds gSa] blfy, bls u;h izo`fRr dgukvrkfdZd gksxkA rFkkfi ;g dgus esa dksbZ xqjst ugha gksxk fd rqylh dh ;gh laHkkO;rk tks n'kjFkdh VdVdh esa fn[kk;h nsrh gS og e;kZnk iq:"kksRre esa ughaA firk&iq= nksuksa esa LoHkkoxr oSfHkU;gSA pwafd vfgfju n'kjFk dks eu gh eu vPNh yxus yxh blls ;g Li"V izrhr gksus yxk fd n'kjFkds eu esa dke dh mRifRr gks pqdh FkhA dke esa ,slk rYyhu jktk fu"dke iq= dks tUe ns ;gfof/k dh foMEcuk gh gksxhA ;g iw.kZr% lR; gS ;k vkaf'kd lR; gS fd tks e;kZnk iq:"kksRre jkeczg~e Fks os dkee; czg~e Fks ;k fu"dke czg~e FksA ;fn os dkee; czg~e gksrs rks ,d iRuh ozr /kkj.kD;ksa djrs ;k fQj njckjh laLd`fr esa izpfyr miohr laLdkj D;ksa lEiUu djrs] vkSj ;fn os fu"dkeczg~e Fks rks jktlh nqfu;knkjh esa D;ksa fyIr gq,A bl ekeys esa rqylhnkl fl)gLr FksA mUgksaus jkeds nksuksa :iksa dk ,slk la;fer] lqfu;ksftr vkSj lefUor :i izLrqr fd;k fd ,d ij nwljk u rksgkoh gks ldk vkSj u nck ldkA czg~e cukdj yksd esa izLrqr djus dh ;g uhfr rqylhnkl usjkekuUn ls lh[kk ;k ujg;kZuUn ls dqN ugha dgk tk ldrkA pwafd jke ls og lc dqN djokukFkk tks ,d jktk dj lds] tks ,d iq= dj lds] tks ,d HkkbZ dj lds tks ,d ifr dj lds bulcds lkFk&lkFk tks ,d oSjkxh ;k lU;klh Hkh dj ldsA

*'kks/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] m0iz0


,d ne lkekU; euq"; ds :i esa jke vkSj y{e.k ds lUnHkZ esa jkeyyk ugNw dk ,d o.kZun`"VO; gS% &

dkgs jkeftm lkWoj yfNeu xksj gksA dhngqWa jkkfu dkSflyfg ifjxk Hkksj gksAAjke vgfga n'kjFk dS yfNeu vku d gksA Hkjr l=qgu Hkkb rkS Jhj?kqukFk d gksAA2

dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ugNw ds volj ij xkao dh fL=;ka yksdO;ogkj esa izpfyrekaxfyd xhr ^xkyh** xk jgh gSaA ftlesa os jkepUnz th ds lkaoysiu vkSj y{e.k th ds xksjsiu ijNhaVkd'kh dj jgh gSaA fL=;ka etkfd;k O;ogkj esa dg jgh gSa fd jkepUnz th rks n'kjFk ds gSa vkSjy{e.k th vku ds vFkkZr~ nwljs dsA ;kuh fL=;ksa ds dFku dk lh/kk lEcU/k gS fd jke dk tUen'kjFk ds oh;kZ/kku ls gqvk gS] ftl ij mudk ¼jke dk½ vkuqokaf'kd y{k.k izHkkoh gS ftlds pyrsjke lkaoys gSaA fL=;ka vkxs dgrs gSa fd irk ugha y{e.k th ds xHkZLFk gksus ds le; budh ekrkJh jktk n'kjFk ds ikl u tkdj fdlh vkSj ds ikl rks ugha pyh x;hA ;gka rd fL=;ka izek.kns jgh gSa fd ;fn jke lkaoys gSa rks y{e.k D;ksa xksjs gks x, vFkkZr~ ;fn os n'kjFk ds oh;Z ls mRiUugq, gksrs rks os Hkh lkaoys gksrsA

mi;ZqDr m)j.k esa Hkh rqylhnkl dh ,d fof'k"V laHkkO;rk lkeus mHkjdj vkrh gSA ftldsek/;e ls rqylhnkl fu'p; djkuk pkg jgs gSa fd jke dk tUe Hkh lk/kkj.k euq"; dh rjg xHkkZ/kkudh izfdz;k ls gqvk gSA Hkys gh os ckn esa eqdj tk;sa vkSj ^^Hk, izdV d`ikyk] nhun;kyk dkSflY;kfgrdkjh** dgus yxsA

Hk, izdV d`ikyk dk jkx vyki dj os laHkkO;rk dks vkSj Hkh iq"V dj nsrs gSaA D;skafd ;gkaij ,d iq=oRlyk eka dk ekfeZd fp= [khap nsrs gSaA ;gka ij mudk ¼jke dk½ nsoRo Lo:i de ujRoLo:i vf/kd Li"V fn[kk;h nsrk gS] tc rqylhnkl dgyokrs gSa % &

dhtS fllqyhyk vfrfiz;lhyk ;g lq[k ije vuwikA3

blh iafDr ls dFkk vlaHkkO; ls laHkkO; dh vksj c<+rh gSA czg~e dk izd`"V Lo:i cky:iesa ifjofrZr gks tk,] blh dk iz;kl mudh ekrkJh dj jgh gSaA ekrk Jh dk dFku gS & gs rkr! ;g:i NksM+dj ¼czg~e ds bl Lo:i dks NksM+dj½ vR;Ur fiz; cky yhyk djks ¼ekuo :i esa vorfjrgks tkvks½ vFkkZr os czg~e ds ekuo :i esa vorfjr gksus dh izfØ;k esa vf/kd lq[k dk vuqHko dj jghgSaA eka dh bl bPNk dks tkudj czg~e ekuo gksus esa FkksM+k Hkh nsj ugha djrs blhfy, rqjUr czg~e ckyddk :i idM+dj cky lqyHk ps"Vkvksa ds dkj.k jksuk izkjEHk dj nsrk gSA ;g Hkh laHkkO;rk dh ,d igygSA xksLokeh rqylhnkl iqu% jprs gSa% &

lqfu fllq :nu ije fiz; ckuhA laHkze pfy vkbZ lc jkuhAA4

gjf"kr tgWa rgWa /kkbZ nklhA vkuUn exu ldy iqjcklhAAvFkkZr] cPps ds jksus dh cgqr gh I;kjh /ofu lqudj lc jkfu;ka mrkoyh gksdj nkSM+h pyh

vk;haA nkfl;ka gf"kZr gksdj tgkWa&rgkWa nkSM+hA lkjs iqjoklh vkuUn esa eLr gks x;sA mi;ZqDr pkSikbZls jkfu;ksa ds mrkoysiu dk tks o.kZu feyrk gS og czg~e fo"k;d foospu ugha og vlaHkkO; dhifjdYiuk ugha og flQZ laHkkO; nqfu;ka dh ekrlqyHk ps"Vk gSA blh ds vkxs fir lqyHk ps"Vk dk vaduHkh bl izdkj gS% &

n'kjFk iq= tUe lqfu dkukA ekugWaq czg~ekuUn lekukAA5

ije izse eu iqyd ljhjkA pkgr mBu djr efr /khjkAAvFkkZr~ jktk n'kjFk th iq= dk tUe dkuksa ls lqudj ekuksa czg~ekuUn esa lek x,A rqylhnkl

dh dYiuk lekgkj 'kfDr ls feydj nks vkuUnksa dks ¼iq= tUe vkSj czg~eKku½ ,d esa feyk fn;kAtcfd rqylhnkl Li"Vr;k tkurs gksxsa fd iq= tUe dh [kq'kh okRlY;tfur gS ¼tks dsoy [kq'kh gSvkuUn ugha½] fdUrq czg~ekuUn rks czg~eKku tfur vkuUn gSA nksuksa vkuUnksa esa ns[kk tk, rks ,d

95

eksgklfDr ls mRiUu vkuUn gS ¼okRlY;½ rks nwljk eksg fojfDr ls mRiUu vkuUn gS ¼czãkuUn½Arqylhnkl eksgklfDr dks eksg fojfDr ls tksM+dj tgka ,d vksj viuh jpuk'khyrk dk ifjp; nsrsgSa ogha nwljh vksj iq=ksRifRr ds vkuUn ij czg~e ds vkuUn dh izrhfr djokdj ykSfddrk dks n'kZuls tksM+us dk iz;kl djrs gSaA

JhjkepUnz th dks euq"; ds lEiw.kZ Hkkoksa ls ifjiw.kZ djus ds lkFk&lkFk rqylhnkl muesabZ'ojRo dh igpku djkrs gSaA ;gh jke gSa] rqylh dh utj esa ftUgsa izkIr djus ds fy, ^^dkes"kØks/ks"k jtksxq.kleqn~Hko%** dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k rifLo;ksa] ;ksfx;ksa dks djuk iM+rk Fkk] fdUrq ;gh jkegSa tks ekuolqyHk ps"Vk ds pyrs dke] dzks/k] eksgkfn esa jers gq, fn[kk;h nsrs gSaA

nsf[k lh; lksHkk lq/kq ikokA gn; ljkgr opuq u vkokA6

vFkkZr~] lhrk th dh 'kksHkk ns[kdj JhjkepUnz th dks cM+k lq[k feykA gn; esa os ¼jkepUnz th½mldh ¼lhrk ds lkSUn;Z dh½ ljkguk djrs gSa] fdUrq eq[k ls opu ugha fudyrsA mi;ZqDr o.kZu esa czg~eRodh xU/k de njckjh laLdfr dk izHkko vf/kd fn[kk;h nsrk gSA dke lq[k esa foyhu rRdkyhu njckjhlaLdfr esa 'kfDr] lkSUn;Z vkSj 'khy ls ;qDr rqylhnkl dh jpuk ds ;s ik= Hkh iw.kZ:i ls Hkys gh ughafdUrq vkaf'kd :i ls vo'; izHkkfor FksA bUgha rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd ujRo esaczg~eRo dh dYiuk dk vk/kkj jkedFkk esa laHkkO;rk dk vk/kkj izLrqr djrh gSA

tkudh th tks Hkwfetk gSa] ftUgsa fnO;ckyk dh laKk nh tkrh jgh gS mudh D;k xfr gS FkksM+kmls Hkh ns[kuk vrkfdZd ugha gksxk &

yrk vksV rc lf[kUg y[kk,A L;key xkSj fdlksj lqgk,AA7

vFkkZr rc lf[k;ksa us yrk dh vksV esa lqUnj ';ke vkSj xkSj dqekjksa dks fn[kyk;kA dgusdk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bl fnO;ckyk esa Hkh ogh ps"Vk,a gSa tks ,d fookgiwoZ dU;k esa vius Hkkoh ifrds izfr gksrh gSA rqylh ftl xkao dk o.kZu ml le; djrs gSa og xkao vkt Hkh fo|eku gSAxzkeh.kksa dk vkpkj&fopkj] lsok&lRdkj tks ml le; Fkk ogh vkt Hkh gSA blhfy, fo'oukFkf=ikBh dgrs gSa %

^^rqylh us xzke tuksa ds lRdkj vkSj O;ogkj dk tSlk o.kZu fd;k gS og vkt Hkh xkaoksa esans[kk tk ldrk gSA ,sls LokHkkfod vkSj ltho o.kZuksa ds dkj.k gh rqylh us nh?kZdky rd viuhdfork dks xzke tuksa ds fy, izhfrdj vkSj lUnHkZoku cuk j[kk gSA dksbZ xzke tu cjxn dh vPNhNkag ns[kdj mlds uhps uje ?kkl&ikr fcNk nsrk gS vksj dgrk gS & FkksM+h nsj cSBdj Fkdku nwj djyhft,A fQj pkgs tc pys tkb;sxk&pkgs vHkh pkgs lcsjsA**8

mi;ZqDr rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ :i esa dk tk ldrk gS fd rqylhnkl us yksd esa laHkogksus okyh lkjh ?kVukvksa dks vius dFkkud dk vk/kkj cuk;k gSA bUgha dFkkudksa ds vk/kkj ij ,dlaHkkO; nqfu;k ¼,slh nqfu;k tks lEHko gks lds½ dh dYiuk djrs gSaA

lUnHkZ %1- jkeyykugNw] izdk'kd jke ukjk;.k yky vkSj v:.k dqekj] i0 22- ogh] i0 5]3- jkepfjrekul ¼ckydk.M½] xhrkizsl] xksj[kiqj] i0 1544- ogh] i0 1565- ogh] i0 1566- ogh] i0 1837- ogh] i0 1858- f=ikBh] fo'oukFk( yksdoknh rqylhnkl] jk/kkd".k izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] i0 31

*****

lEHkkO;rk dh ,d igy % rqylhnkl dk dkO;


iwoZe/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu izks0 la/;k HkkxZo*

vrqy xqIrk**

iwoZ e/;dky ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu dh i"BHkwfe Li"V djuk dfBu gS fd Hkkjr esadc izkphu dky dk var vkSj e/;dky dk vkjEHk gqvkA izkphu dky dk bfrgkl eksVs rkSj ij 3500bZlk iwoZ ls 500 bZ0 rd gSA pkSFkh lnh ls lkroha lnh bZ0 ds chp Hkkjr dh jktO;oLFkk] vFkZO;oLFkkvkSj mlds lekt rFkk thou ds vU; {ks=ksa esa dqN cqfu;knh ifjorZu gq,] ysfdu bu ifjorZuksa esa vusdrRoksa esa lekurk iznf'kZr gksrh gSA lkroha lnh ds ckn ds dky esa reke lekurkvksa ds ckotwn vusdvarj Hkh gSaA

Hkkjr esa rqdZ eqlyekuksa ds 'kklu dh LFkkiuk dks lkekU;r% izkphu dky dk volku ekuktkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa jk[kynkl cuthZ] jes'kpUæ etwenkj] ds-,- uhyd.B 'kkL=h rFkk jek'kadjf=ikBh tSls fo}ku blds i{k esa gSA ysfdu ;g er iwjh rjg ls rkfdZd ugha izrhr gksrk gSA gesa irkyxkuk gS fd D;k dksbZ ,slk dky[k.M gS ftlesa cqfu;knh ifjorZu dh lHkh izfØ;kvksa dk laxzke gksrkgSA vUrr% ftl rRo us izkphu Hkkjrh; lekt dks e/;dkyhu lekt esa :ikUrfjr fd;k og Fkh Hkwfevuqnku dh izFkkA ;qx dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa us Hkwfenku dh izFkk dks izksRlkgu fn;k vkSj Hkwfenkuksa us lektds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA Hkwfe vuqnku dh izFkk lkearh vFkZO;oLFkk dkvk/kkj cuh vkSj blh us vUrr% izkphu Hkkjr dks e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk :i fn;kA

bl dky dh lkekftd fLFkfr ij izdk'k Mkyus ds fy, tks lkexzh miyC/k gS] og i;kZIrugha gSA fQj Hkh gesa fofHkUu xzUFkksa ls lgk;rk feyrh gSA lcls iwoZ phuh ;k=h g~osulkax vkSj bfRlaxds ;k=k o.kZuksa ds vfrfjDr vyelwnh vkSj vyc#uh ds xzaFk Hkh fo'ks"k egRo ds gSaA blds vfrfjDrdkO;] ukVd] iqjk.k] ;kKoYD;] gkjhr] fo".kq Lefr;ksa ,oa rkezi=ksa] f'kykys[kksa] flDdksa eqækvksa vkfnls Hkh rRdkyhu lkekftd lH;rk ds lEcU/k esa dkQh ckrsa ekywe gksrh gSA bl izkphu lkexzh dsvfrfjDr uohu ys[kdksa dh Hkh dbZ iqLrdksa ls lgk;rk feyrh gSA buesa ls jes'kpUæ nÙk dh ^, fgLVªhvkWQ flfoykbts'ku bu ,a';aV bf.M;k**] fp-fo- oS| dh ^fgLVªh vkWQ bf.M;k** ,oa xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUævks>k dh ^jktiwrkus dk bfrgkl*] ^ukxjh izpkfj.kh if=dk*] ^,fixzkfQdk baf.Mdk* vkfn if=dk,¡fo'ks"kr% mYys[kuh; gSaA

Hkkjro"kZ esa fHkUu&2 oa'k viuk jkT; QSyk jgs FksA nf{k.k esa lksyadh jktkvksa dk vf/kd izHkkoFkkA mÙkj esa g"kZ] iky] lsy vkfn oa'k Hkh mUufr dj jgs FksA eqlyeku Hkh fla/k esa vk pqds Fks vkSjX;kjgoha lnh esa eqlyekuksa dk izos'k Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k :i ls gks pqdk Fkk vkSj vusd izkarksa esa mudkvf/kdkj Hkh gks x;k FkkA bl rjg fHkUu&fHkUu jktoa'kksa ds fodkl vkSj gzkl vkfn vusd jktuhfrdifjorZuksa ds dkj.k Hkh bl dky dk egRo cgqr c<+ x;k gSA bu egRoiw.kZ jktuhfrd ,oa /kkfeZdifjorZuksa ds dkj.k rRdkyhu lkekftd fLFkfr esa Hkh fo'ks"k egRo ds ifjorZu gq,A

iqjk.kksa vkSj Le`fr;ksa ds vuqlkj /keZ ds pkj in gksrs gSa& d`r;qx&'kq) vkuUn ,oa mYykldk ;qx gSA1 fQj blesa dqN nks"k vk;s vkSj rc =srk dk izknqHkkZo gqvkA2 blesa /keZ us viuk ,d in

*foHkkxk/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx] th0,l0,e0,l0 ih0th0 dkyst] f'koiqjh] e0iz0**vfrfFk fo}ku] bfrgkl foHkkx] 'kkldh; N='kky egkfo|ky;] fiNksj] f'koiqjh] e0iz0

97

[kks fn;kA =srk ds mijkar }kij vk;kA3 bl ;qx esa /keZ dk ,d vkSj in pyk x;kA /keZ ds Øfedgzkl ds vfUre pj.k esa dfy;qx dk izos'k gksrk gSA vc /keZ dk ,d gh in 'ks"k jg tkrk gSA izk;%lHkh vkjfEHkd iqjk.kksa esa dfy;qx ds fo'kn~ o.kZu feyrs gSaA bu o.kZuksa dkdky fu/kkZj.k cgqr dfBugSA ;gk¡ jes'kpUæ gtkjk us dfy;qx dk tks yEck nkSj crk;k gS og ikftZVj dh d`fr MkbusLVhtvkWQ n dfy ,t*4 ls esy [kkrk gSA bl iqLrd esa egkHkkjr ls ysdj xqIr 'kklu ds izkjEHk rddk bfrgkl fn;k x;k gSA

dfy;qx dh dYiuk cgqr dqN Li"V gSA dfy dk vFkZ gS deZokn dh mis{kk rFkk mldh txgij xSj czkã.kh; fons'kh 'kkldksa dk cksyckykA gktjk us dfy ds o.kZuksa dks pkj dkyksa ls tksM+k gS]fdUrq ;gk¡ ge eq[;r% ml o.kZu ij fopkj djsaxs ftldk dky os rhljh vkSj pkSFkh lnh ekurs gSaA;gk¡ ge ok;q] czkãk.M] fo".kq iqjk.kksa ,oa egkHkkjr ds vkj.;d rFkk 'kkfUr ioks± ds o.kZuksa ij /;kunsaxs] D;ksafd ;s o.kZu izkjfEHkd iqjk.kksa ds o.kZuksa ls esy [kkrs gSa ,oa ;s mlh dky ds gS HkhA ekS;ksZÙkjjkT;ksa ds Øfed iru vkSj volku rFkk xqIr 'kklu dh iw.kZ izfr"Bk ds chp dk dky ¼rhljh&pkSFkhlnh½ jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk dk dky FkkA blesa lekt dk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls vfHkUu lEcU/kfn[kk;k x;k gSA ;g ckr dfy;qx ij fo'ks"k :i ls ykxw gksrh gSA blesa jktk dks dky dk dkj.kdgk x;k gSA5 o.kkZJe dh j{kk jktk dk nkf;Ro FkkA vr% jktO;oLFkk dh detksjh dk lektO;oLFkkesa izfrfcfEcr gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA blls Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd ?kksj dy;qx ds vkxeu ds lkFkcfLr;ksa ds foU;kl esa Hkkjh ifjorZu vk tkrk gSA vusd 'kgj ;k rks ohjku gks x;s ;k viuk egRo[kks fn;s6 ,sls esa ml lkekftd mFky&iqFky dh Hkwfedk ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk ftldkfp=.k dfy;qx ds o.kZu ds izlax esa gqvk gSA

rhljh&pkSFkh lnh ds vkjfEHkd xzUFkksa esa dfy dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj crk;h x;h gSAo.kZladj] 'kwæksa rFkk czkã.kksa ds chp cSj] oS';ksa }kjk dj nsus vkSj ;K djus ls budkj] dj Hkkj ls ihfM+riztk] ifjokj vkSj lEifÙk dh vlqj{kk rFkk EysPN jktkvksa dk izHkqRo vkfnA ;s lc feydj lkekftdvO;oLFkk dks vkSj Hkh c<+k jgs FksA djHkkj vkSj 'kwæ&czkã.k fojks/k ladV ds izeq[k dkj.k vkSj o.kZladjmldk ,d cM+k y{k.k FkkA vkj.;d ioZ ds vuqlkj ;qxkUr esa czkã.k] {kf=; vkSj oS';] lc ,d o.kZds gks tk;saxsA7 ;s rhuksa vkil esa feydj 'kwæ cu tk;saxsA mlh esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd vLi';tu {kf=;ksa vkSj oS'; ds deZ djus yxsaxsA dbZ vU; ikBksa esa Hkh o.kZladj dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA,d LFky ij dgk x;k gS fd oS'; yksx df"k rFkk O;kikj dk R;kx djds f'kfYi;ksa ds deZ lsthou&;kiu djrs gq, 'kwæksa dh ofÙk viuk ysaxsA ,d 'yksd ds vuqlkj dfy;qx esa jktU; oS';&ofÙkviukus rFkk /kkU; iSnk djds ,oa vU; mik;ksa ls thou&;kiu djus dks foo'k gks tk;saxs vkSj 'kk;nczkã.k Hkh blh fLFkfr dks izkIr gksaxsA

dfy;qx ds lanHkZ esa o.kZladj ds o.kZu dh eq[; fo'ks"krk czkã.k&'kwæ oSj gSA ftlesa 'kwæczkã.kkpkj dks viuk ysaxs vkSj czkã.k 'kwækpkj dksA8 ,d 'yksd ds vuqlkj 'kwæksa dks vknjiwoZd vk;Z*dgdj lEcksf/kr fd;k tk,xk vkSj czkã.kksa dks frjLdkjiwoZd Hkks* dgdjA9 blds vfrfjDr 'kwæksa dsri djus dh Hkh ppkZ feyrh gSA vr% Li"V gS fd 'kwæksa us jktuhfrd lÙkk izkIr dj czkã.kksa dh fLFkfrn;uh; cuk nhA bl izdkj dfy;qx ds lanHkZ esa nks izdkj ds ruko ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ,d vksj rksczkã.kksa rFkk {kf=;ksa dk oS';ksa ,oa vU; yksxksa ls ruko py jgk Fkk vkSj nwljh vksj czkã.k vkSj 'kwævkil esa Vdjk jgs FksA u;h ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa thou&;kiu ds fy, czkã.kksa ds 'kwæksa ij fuHkZj gksus ls;g Li"V gksrk gS fd u;s yksxksa dks vFkkZr~ fonsf'k;ksa vkSj ns'k dh tutkfr;ksa dks czkã.k O;oLFkk esa'kkfey fd;k x;kA fdlkuksa dh gSfl;r ikus okys 'kwæksa esa fo'ks"k #i ls tutkrh; {ks=ksa ds yksx 'kkfeyjgs gksaxsA nksuksa Åijh o.kks± ds 'kks"k.k ds fo#) oS';ksa o 'kwæksa dh izfrfØ;k ls O;kid mFky&iqFky dkladsr feyrk gS] ftldk eryc /keZ dk vLr djus okys dfy;qx dk izknqHkkZoA

iwoZe/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa ifjorZu


dfy;qx esa ^;ksx{kse* ¼lEifÙk dh lqj{kk½ dk fouk'k gks x;kA lqfo/kkHkksxh oxks± ds fy, ;gfo'ks"k fpark dk dkj.k jgk gksxkA lEifÙk dh vlqj{kk dk dkj.k vjktd* vkSj dfy* nksuksa dks crk;kx;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa euq"; u lEifÙk izkIr djus dh vk'kk dj ldrk gS vkSj u ifjokj clkus dhAdjks ds Hkkjh cks> ds dkj.k xgLFk vkSj fdlku foiUu gks tk;saxs vkSj muds lkeus pksjh djus ds vykokvkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha jg tk;sxkA gfjoa'k esa dgk x;k fd lM+dksa vkSj 'kgjksa ds chp iM+us okyh tehuÅlj gks tk;sxh vkSj dfy;qx esa lc O;kikjh cu tk;saxsA yksx fofHkUu izdkj ds f'kYiksa dks thfodkds lk/ku ds :i esa viuk;saxs vkSj vlR;] e|iku] lkfe'kkgkj rFkk ijL=hxeu ds izseh cu tk;saxsAlkekftd vO;oLFkk vkSj o.kZ la?k"kZ dh bl fLFkfr ds vusd dkj.k Fks fdUrq blesa djksa ds nqLlg Hkkjdh Hkwfedk dkQh egRoiw.kZ izrhr gksrh gSA gfjoa'k iqjk.k ds vuqlkj dfydky esa jktk j{kd ugha jgtk;saxs vkSj vusd izdkj ds dj vkSj eglwy yxkdj viuh iztk dh lEifÙk dk gj.k djsaxsA jktkvksa}kjk Hkkjh dj yxkus dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fons'kh oLrqvksa dh fo'ks"kr% Hkksx foykl lEcU/kh oLrqvksadh ykylk ds dkj.k jktkvksa dh vko';drk,¡ c<+rh x;hA dfy;qx dk ;g djk/kku /keZ'kkL=fofgrfl)kUrksa ds fo#) FkkA bl vkarfjd vO;oLFkk dk dkj.k dsoy fons'kh yksx gh ugha vfirq ikjEifjdljnkjksa] jktkvksa ,oa JheUr yksx Hkh FksA vf/kd dj Hkkj ls ihfM+r f'kfYi;ksa rFkk O;kikfj;ksa us fdlkuksavkSj d"kd etnwjksa ls feydj mFky&iqFky dh gkyr iSnk dj nhA bl rjg ;g rhoz lkekftd ladVdk dky FkkA

bl izdkj ds ladV ds fuokj.k ds fy, euqLefr rFkk 'kkafrioZ esa dBksj n.MkRed mik;ksa dhvuq'kalk dh x;h D;ksafd n.M yksxksa dks vius&vius o.kZxr drZO;ksa ij vk#<+ j[kus dk izHkkodkjhmik; gSA n.M ds lkFk&lkFk 'kke ¼fj;k;r½ dk Hkh lgkjk fy;k x;kA vf/kd dj mxkgh dsfojks/k ds QyLo:i jktfLod rFkk iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkwfenku ds tfj;s osru fn;k x;kA10

vc fodsUæhdj.k ;qx/keZ cu x;k ,oa jktk o iztk ds chp HkwLokeh oxZ dk mn~Hko gqvkA dfy;qxdk ;g xEHkhj lkekftd ladV mu {ks=ksa esa vf/kd QSyk tgk¡ czkã.k O;oLFkk dh jhfr uhfr dk izHkkode iM+kA Hkwfenku ds QyLo:i czkã.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk f'kfYi;ksa ,oa d"kdksa us O;kid ns'kkarj.k fd;kftlls jkT; LFkkfir djus dk u;k nkSj 'kq# gqvkA

lUnHkZ %1- 'kkafr ioZ] vkykspukRed laLdj.k] 70] 7&13-2- ogh] 14&15-3- ogh] 16&174- ,Q-bZ- ikftZVj] n iqjk.k VsDlV~l vkWQ n MkbusLVht vkWQ n dfy ,t] 1913] pkS[kEHkk laLdr lhjht]

1962-5- 'kkafr ioZ] 70-6 rqyuh; ^m|ksx ioZ*] 130-146- jke'kj.k 'kekZ] vcZu fMds bu bafM;k] fnYyh] 1987-7- vkj.;d ioZ] vkykspukRed laLdj.k] 188-14-8- ok;q iqjk.k] eulq[kjke eksj ¼la-½ dydÙkk] 1959 II] 57-469- vkj.;d ioZ] 186-3310- euqLefr VII] 118&19

*****

99

Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= esa iyk;u dh leL;k lqcks/k fxjh*

orZeku le; esa cnyrs lkekftd ifjos'k ds QyLo:Ik Ñf"k ds lUnHkZ esa jk"Vªh; uewuk losZlaXkBu ¼,u-,l-,l-vks-½ dh fjiksVZ crkrh gS Ñf"k u dsoy Hk;kog ladV ls xqtj jgh gS cfYd mldkrsth ls {kj.k Hkh gks jgk gSA 1996 esa gh fo'o cSad us Hkkjrh; Ñf"k ds iru dh fn'kk crk nh FkhArc fo'o cSad us vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd vxys chl o"kksZa esa ;kuh 2015 rd Hkkjr esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls'kgjh bykdksa esa iyk;u dk vkadM+k fczVsu] Ýkal vkSj teZuh dh lk>k vkcknh ds vkadM+s dh cjkcjhdj ysxkA bu rhuksa ns'kksa dh la;qä vkcknh 20 djksM+ gS vkSj fo'o cSad us vuqeku yxk;k Fkk fd 2015ds var rd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls iyk;u dk vkadM+k bl la[;k rd igq¡p ldrk gSA

;g Hk;kog fLFkfr dsoy blfy, mRiUu gqbZ gS D;ksafd Ñf"k Qk;ns dk O;olk; ugha jg x;hgSA ?kkVs dh [ksrh djrs&djrs fdlku Åc pqds gSa vkSj os u dsoy bls NksM+us ds fy, foo'k gS] cfYdjksth&jksVh dh ryk'k esa 'kgjh bykdksa dk :[k Hkh dj jgs gSaA 2008 dh viuh fo'o fodkl fjiksVZesa fo'o cSad us ;g bPNk izdV dh fd Hkkjr Hkwfe vf/kxzg.k ds lkFk&lkFk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds ;qokvksads dkS'ky fodkl ds fy, ns'kO;kih izf'k{k.k dsUnz cukus dh izfØ;k rst djs rkfd mUgsa vkS|ksfxdJfed ds :i esa rS;kj fd;k tk ldsaA vc fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k ls ckgj fudkyus dh izfØ;k dghvf/kd Li"V :i ls utj vk jgh gSA blds ladsr fiNys 17 o"kksZa esa rhu yk[k ls vf/kd fdlkuksa dhvkRegR;k rFkk 42% fdlkuksa }kjk fodYi miyC/k gksus dh fn'kk esa Ñf"k NksM+us ds bPNqd gksus tSlsrF;ksa ls Hkh feyrs gSA ;s rF; ftu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh nsu gSA muesa Ñf"k dks tkucq>dj lkoZtfud {ks=dh QafMax ls nwj j[kus ds iz;kl Hkh 'kkfey gSA gkykr fnu&izfrfnu [kjkc gksrs tk jgs gSA c<+rhdtZnkjh dks lekIr djus ds fy, dksbZ iz;kl uk gksuk rFkk djhc 58% fdlkuksa ds jkst gh Hkw[ks lksusds rF; Hkh ;g crkrs gSa fd fdlku iyk;u ds vykok vkSj dqN ugh dj ldrssA 2011 dh tux.kukcrkrh gS fd jkst 2400 ls vf/kd fdlku Ñf"k NksM+dj 'kgjksa dh vksj py iM+rs gSaA dqN Lora= vuqekurks gj o"kZ iyk;u djus okyksa yksxksa dh la[;k 50 yk[k ds vkl&ikl crkrs gSaA j?kqjke jktu us tcfjtoZ cSad ds xoZuj dk in laHkkyk Fkk rks mUgksaus Hkh dqN blh rjg dh Hkkouk O;Dr dh FkhA mUgksausus dgk Fkk fd Hkkjr esa vlyh izxfr rx gksxh tc ge yksxksa dks Ñf"k ls ckgj fudky dj 'kgjksa esaykus esa lQy gksxsaA og ,slk dgus okys vdsys vFkZ 'kkL=h ugha gSaA vf/kdka'k eq[;/kkjk ds vFkZ 'kkL=hHkh dbZ n'kdksa ls blh rjg ds fopkj O;ä djrs jgs gSaA ;gh bUgha fopkjksa dk urhtk gS fd ljdkjhuhfr;ksa esa Ñf"k dh vuns[kh dh tk ldrh gSA Ñf"k Hkkjr ds vkfFkZad jkMkj ls xk;c gh gks x;h gSAtc 70% fdlkuksa ikl ,d gsDVs;j ls de tehusa vkSj pkyhl izfr'kr ls vf/kd fdlku eujsxk tkcdkMZ /kkjd gSA losZa ds vuqlkj] ikap yksxksa dk ,d lkekU; ifjokj Qly ds mRiknu ls 3078 :i;sizfrekg dekrk gS vkSj 765 :i;s mls Ms;jh esa fey tkrs gSaA vxj blesa 2069 :i;s izzfrekg etnwjhvFkok lsyjh ds rFkk 514 :i;s xSj Ñf"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds tksM+ fn;s tk;s arks ,d ?kj dh dqy ekfldvk; 6426 :i;s gks tkrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa Qly mRiknu rFkk vU; lEcfU/kr dk;Z ls ,d ifjokjdks 3043 :i;s ekfld vk; izkIr gksrs gSaA bldk eryc gS fd ,d d`'kd ifjokj ds ?kj esa vkenuh

*lgk;d v/;kid] fdlku b.Vj dkyst] eqfgmn~nhuiqj] esjB] m0iz0


dk dsoy 60% fgLlk Ñf"k ls vkrk gSA ;fn gfjr ØkfUr ds 45 o"kZ ckn ,d fdlku ds ulhc esaek= bruk gh iSlk vkrk gS rks D;k jk"Vªh; 'keZ ugha gS\ D;k bldk ;g eryc ugha gS fd rduhdhfodkl ds uke ij vU/kk/kqU/k rjhds ls >ksdh xbZA xgu Ñf"k rduhdsa fdlkuksa ds thou esa [kq'kgkyhuk dke lkfcr gqbZ gS\ oSls rks ,u-,l-,l-vks- gesa ;g crkrk gS fd 15-61 djksM+ xzkeh.k ?kjksa esa 57%

?kj Ñf"k ls tqM+s gq, gSaaA bldk eryc gS fd bu ifjokjksa esa de ls de ,d lnL; ;k rks Ñf"k djjgk gS vFkok i'kqikyu ls tqM+k gqvk gSA ysfdu lPpkbZ D;k gSa\ lPpkbZ ;g gS fd [ksrksa lslEcfU/kr ;s ifjokj Hkh fujarj mis{kk rFkk laosnughurk ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSaA 11oha iapo"khZ; ;kstukds nkSjku Ñf"k ds fy, dqy ctV vkoaVu ,d yk[k djksM+ :i;s gSA 12oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ds rgrvxys 5 lkyksa esa ctV vkoaVu c<+dj Ms<+ yk[k djksM+ :i;s gks x;kA bl o"kZ ;kfu 2015&15 esa58% vkcknh dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkus okyh Ñf"k dks dsoy 24000 gtkj djksM+ feys nwljh vkSj blo'kZ m|ksx lsDVj dks 5-73 yk[k djksM+ :i;s dh dsoy dj NwV izkIr gqbZ vkSj ;g Hkh fofp= gS fdeujsxk rd dks Ñf"k dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ctVh; vkoaVu feyk tc Ñf"k dks tkucw>dj ljdkjhfQafMax ls nwj dj fn;k x;k gS blds xEHkhj fpUrktud urhts gkus gh FksA jkgr dh ,d ek= ckrfdlkuksa dks fn;k tkus okyk U;wure leFkZu ,e-,l-ih- gSA bles ;g Hkh xkSj djus yk;d gS fd fiNysrhu o"kksZa esa xsg¡w vkSj pkoy ds leFkZu ewY; esa izfro'kZ dsoy 50 :i;s fDoaVy dh o`f) gqbZ gSA ;gns'k esa bu phtksa dh c<+rh eagxkbZ ds vuq:i Hkh ugha gS fdlkuksa dks lgkjk nsus ds ctk; ,sls gj lEHkoiz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSaA ftlls ljdkjh [kjhn dh izfØ;k gh lekIr gks tk;A blds rgr ,e-,l-ih- dks [kRe djus ds lq>ko fn;s tk jgs gSaA bldk eryc gksxk fdlkuksa dks cktkj dh euekuh dsgokys dj nsukA ykxr vkSj ewY; vk;ksx [kqn gh ,e-,l-ih- dks lekIr djus dh ekax dj jgk gS rkfdcktkj gh ;g r; dj lds fd fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dh D;k dher feyuh pkfg,\ bl rjg dslq>ko nsrs gq, ;g ugha crk;k tk jgk gS fd ;g dsoy vkB izfr'kr fdlkuksa dks gh ,e-,l-ih- dkykHk gksrk gS vkSj gj fygkt ls 92% fdlku ml futh O;kikj ij fuHkZj cus jgrs gSa tks mudk 'kks"k.kdjrk jgk gSA iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks ,d lqfuf'pr ,e-,l-ih- gj o"kZ feyrk gS] tcfd fcgkj dsfdlku blls oafpr jgrs gSaA vxj ,e-,l-ih- lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS rks iatkc ds fdlku Hkh ckgjtSls gkykr ls xqtjus ds fy, foo'k gksxsaA [kk| ea=ky; us jkT; ljdkjksa dks ;g tks funsZ'k fn;kgS fd os dsUnz }kjk ?kksf"kr ,e-,l-ih- ds Åij fdlkuksa dks dksbZ cksul u nsa og blh fn'kk esa mBk;kx;k ,d dne gSaA

vkt Hkh gekjs ns'k dk cM+k fgLlk xkao esa jgrk gSA lk<+s N% yk[k xkaoksa esa ns"k dh 70%

vkcknh jgrh gS bl cM+h vkcknh ds os lHkh vf/kdkj mrus gh egRoiw.kZ vkSj t:jh gSa ftruh dh 'kgjhvkcknh ds cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ns'k esa tks Hkh vkfFkZd xfrfof/k;k¡ gS mudk ewy L=ksr xkao gh gSA orZekuvkfFkZd rU= dk 90% fgLlk xkaoksa ds lalkl/kuksa ij gh vk/kfjr gSA t; foMacuk dh gh gS fdlalk/kuksa ls lcy xkao Lora=rk ds ckn fiNM+rs gh pys x;sA ns'k esa 'kk;n gh ,sls xkao gksa tks vktvkfFkZd Lora=rk dk ne Hkj ldrs gSaA ,d le; xkaoksa esa lrr~ fodkl fn[kkrk FkkA lc dqN xkaoesa gh gksrk FkkA Je vkSj lalk/kuksa dk cM+k xgjk xBtksM+ Fkk] ysfdu ubZ rduhdsa xkaoksa esa iSB ughacuk ldhA vkt xkaoksa esa 'kgjh mRiknksa us iwjh txg cuk yh gSA

vly esa u;s foKku us xkaoksa ds Kku dks foLFkkfir fd;k gSA bldk mís'; gksuk pkfg, Fkkfd xkaoksa dh n{krk dks u, foKku ds lkFk tksM+dj etcwr djsa] ysfdu gqvk blds foijhrA ns'k esavkt xkao ek= mRiknd ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSaA nwljh vksj 'kgj xkaoksa esa mRikfnr oLrqvksa dk'kks/ku dj ykHk dek jgs gSaA [ksrh esa xsgw¡] /kku] eDdk o vU; Ñf"k mRiknksa dk U;wure~ leFkZu ewY;Hkh xjhc o e>ksys fdlkuksa dks ugha feyrk] D;ksafd nks&pkj cksjh vukt dks eaMh rd ys tkus dh mldh{kerk ugha gksrh gSA bldk ykHk fopkSfy, mBk ysrs gSaA 'kgjh m|ksx bUgh Ñf"k mRiknksa dk 'kks/ku dj

101

vkSj vf/kd ykHk mBkrs gSaA blls mRiknd vkSj miHkksäk nksuksa gh nq%[kh gSA ,d dks de nke feyrsgSa vkSj nwljs ds T;knk nke nsus iM+rs gSa vkSj ;g lc blfy, gh laHko gqvk gS] D;ksafd geus foKkudks xzkeksUeq[kh ugha cuk;kA ljdkj dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og vlekurk ls cps vkSj xzkeksUeq[kh fodkldks izkFkfedrk nsA gesa ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd fodkl ds igys gdnkj xkao gSa] tgk¡ ls ewy mRiknudh uhao iM+h gSA ysfdu vxj tYnh lc dqN ugha laHkyk rks ge cM+s ladV esa f?kj tk;saxsA xkaoksa dk'kgjksa dh rjQ :[k gekjs izkFkfed mRiknu ij cM+k vlj MkysxkA vc ;g t:jh gks x;k gS fdgekjh fodkl uhfr ,slh gks tks xkaoksa ls tqM+h gksA

lUnHkZ %1- ;kstuk ¼ekfld if=dk½( lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] ifV;kyk gkml] ubZ fnYyh2- dq:{ks=] ¼ekfld if=dk½ ^xzkeh.k fodkl ea=ky;*] ubZ fnYyh3- lekt dY;k.k if=dk] lekt ,oa dY;k.k ea=ky;] ubZ fnYyh4- vks>k vf'ouh dqekj ^Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy* ,d lexz izLrqrh5- xzke iapk;r] lanHkZ lkfgR;] iapk;rhjkt] m0iz0&2011

*****

Ñf"k ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= esa iyk;u dh leL;k


x.ks'k 'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj mudk *izrki^ iz'kkUr dqekj*

Lok/khurk vkUnksyu] tkrh; psruk ds fodkl rFkk jk"Vªh;&lkaLdfrd vkUnksyu esa x.ks'k'kadjfo|kFkhZ dk D;k egRo gS\ bldk vanktk MkW + jkefoykl 'kekZ dh bl fVIi.kh ls gksrk gS& Þx.ks'k'kadjfo|kFkhZ ds vlkef;d fu/ku ls] jk"Vªh;&jktuhfr ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd fodkldk ftruk uqdlku gqvk] mruk dkaxzsl ds fdlh nwljs usrk ds ejus ls ugha gqvkßA x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ]fgUnh {ks= esa Økafrdkjh i=dkfjrk ds tud gSa( os fgUnh {ks= ds igys fof/kor~ QqyVkbej i=dkj gSavkSj yksd&f'k{kd HkhA os ek[kuyky prqosZnh] izsepan] jk/kkeksgu xksdqy] lR;HkDr] jkeizlkn fofLaey]n'kjFk izlkn f}osnh] Hkjr flag lfgr u flQZ la;qDr izkar ds ys[kdksa dks cfYd lqbV iwoZ esa fcgkjds jkeo{k csuhiqjh rd ls izHkkfor jgs FksA 1857 dk Lok/khurk laxzke] HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds fcxM+s fnyi=dkj ckyd`".k HkV~V] izrkiukjk;.k feJ dk g¡leq[k x|] chloha 'krkCnh dk Lok/khurk vkUnksyu]Økafrdkjh laxBuksa dk jktuhfrd lHkkj] ykyk gjn;ky vkSj xnj ikVhZ dk egRo] xnj* dk izdk'ku]dkuiqj Økafrdkjh lkfgR; izpkj dk xqIrh iqLrdky;& ;s dfM+;k¡ vkil esa dSls tqM+ha gqbZ gSa&x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds lanHkZ esa bls lkQ ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

26 vDVwcj 1890 dks bykgkckn ds vrjlqb;k eqgYys esa iSnk gq, x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ 1907esa ,aVsaªl ikl dj dk;LFk ikB'kkyk dkWyst] bykgkckn esa i<+us igq¡ps ¼;g ogh dkWyst gS] tgk¡ *fgUnhiznhi^ ds lEiknd ckyd".k HkV~V rFkk ekMuZ fjO;w ds lEiknu jkekuUn pVthZ izk/;kid Fks½A viuhikfjokfjd my>uksa vkSj vkfFkZd dfBukb;ksa ls os i<+ rks ugha lds ysfdu ;gha mUgsa lqUnjyky dh^deZ;ksxh* dks i<+us dk pLdk yxkA ukSdjh dh ryk'k esa dkuiqj igq¡ps] FkksM+s fnu djsalh vkfQl esaukSdjh dh fQj i`Fohjkt gkbZLdwy esa v/;kidh dh ysfdu fgUnh i=dkfjrk dk ce&foLQksVd*deZ;ksxh^ i<+us ds dkj.k mUgsa 5 flrEcj 1910 dks v/;kidh ls R;kx&i= nsuk iM+kA ;gk¡ ls mudsQqyVkbej i=dkj cuus dh ;k=k 'kq: gqbZA vkthfodk dh ryk'k vkSj dkuiqj dh HkVdu esax.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ igq¡ps& *deZ;ksxh^ vkSj Lojkt dh cfyiaFkh i=dkfjrk ds jkLrsA eqa'kh n;kukjk;.kfuxe] ukjk;.k izlkn vjksM+k rFkk f'koukjk;.k feJ oS| ds laidZ&lkfu/; esa os i=dkfjrk dh rjQ>qds vkSj fryd dh jk"Vªh;&jktuhfr ls ifjfpr gq,A dkuiqj 'kgj rc la;qDr izkar esa Økafrdkjhxfrfof/k;ksa dk lfØ; dsUnz cu jgk FkkA MkW +jkefoykl 'kekZ us xnj dh ijEijk rFkk fgUnh izns'k esalektoknh psruk ds izlkj dk ewY;kadu djrs gq, bl izlax dks viuh egRoiw.kZ iqLrd ^Hkkjr esavaxzsth jkt vkSj ekDlZokn* esa foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gSA x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ us i=dkfjrk dh ;k=kizkjaHk dh ia + lqUnjyky ds lkgp;Z esa( *deZ;ksxh^ vkSj] *Lojkt^ ls i=dkj cuuk lh[kk ysfdu eqgjyxuk ckdh FkkA 2 uoEcj 1911 dks ljLorh esa lgk;d lEiknd ds :Ik esa mudh fu;qfDr] mudsi=dkj O;fDrRo dh fof/kor eqgj FkhA bl izdkj x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ dks i=dkfjrk {ks= esa izos'kdjkus rFkk LFkkfir djus ds fufeÙk cus vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnhA 25 :Ik;s ekfld osru ijfo|kFkhZ th ljLorh esa f}osnh th ds crkSj lgk;d fu;qDr gq,A lu~ 1911 ls fnlEcj 1912 dh

*'kks/k Nk=] fgUnh foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] Okkjk.klh] m0iz0

103

ljLorh esa izdkf'kr vkReksRlxZ ¼flrEcj 1911½ tSlh mudh fVIif.k;ksa o oSpkfjd ys[kksa ls mudhfopkj;k=k ds izkjafHkd nkSj dh rstfLork dk vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA mudh oSpkfjd rstfLork]yxu vkSj izfrHkk ij eqX/k vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh us fVIi.kh dh& ßmudh 'kkyhurk] lqturk]ifjJe'khyrk vkSj KkuktZu dh lfnPNk us eq>s eqX/k dj fn;kA m/kj os eq>s f'k{kd ;k xq: ekurs Fks]b/kj eSa Lo;a gh fdruh ckrksa esa mUgsa viuk xq: le>rk FkkÞA

ukjk;.k izlkn vjksM+k] f'koukjk;.k feJ oS| rFkk ;'kksnkuUnu 'kqDy ds lg;ksx ls îzrki*dh ;kstuk cuhA ek= ,d&lok eghus dh vYi&vi;kZIr rS;kjh esa izrki dk 'kqHkkjaHk gqvk vkSj 9uoEcj 1913 dks dkuiqj ls fgUnh lkIrkfgd *izrki^ izdkf'kr gqvkA izrki* v[kckj HkkjrsUnq ;qx dsizfl) ys[kd izrkiukjk;.k feJ dh Lefr esa 'kq: gqvk FkkA igys vad esa ukjk;.k izlkn vjksM+k dkys[k izrkiukjk;.k feJ ij rFkk lEiknd x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ dk ys[k egkjk.kk izrki ij izdkf'krgqvkA fgUnh Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh {ks= esa *izrki^] îzrki dh uhfr* igyh lEikndh; ls viuh Li"V uhfr vkSjØkafrdkjh oSpkfjd jktuhfr dh ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, vk;k ÞubZ vk'kkvksa dks /kkj.k djds vkSj viusmÌs';ksa ij iw.kZ fo'okl j[kdj *izrki^ deZ{ks= esa vkrk gSA + + + + + + + + + + jk"Vªh; ,drk] lkoZtfud f'k{kkdk izpkj] lq'kklu dh 'kq) uhfr dk jktdk;ksZa esa iz;ksx] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa vkSj vR;kpkjksa dkfuokj.k rFkk vkRe'kklu esa n`<+ fu"Bk gSA ge bUgha fl)kUrksa vkSj lk/kuksa dks viuh ys[kuh dk y{;cukosaxsA fdUrq] viuh tkrh; fucZyrkvksa vkSj lkekftd dqlaLdkjksa rFkk nks"kksa dks izdV djus esa gedHkh cukoVh tks'k ;k elgy oDr ls dke u ysaxs D;ksafd gekjk fo'okl gS fd feF;kfHkeku tkfr;ksads loZuk'k dk dkj.k gksrk gSA + + + + + + + ge vius ns'k vkSj lekt dh lsok ds ifo= dke dk Hkkj viusÅij ysrs gSaA ge vius Hkkb;ksa vkSj cguksa dks muds dÙkZZO; vkSj vf/kdkj le>kus dk ;Fkk'kfDr iz;RudjsaxsA + + + + + + + ge vius ns'kokfl;ksa dks mu lc vf/kdkjksa dk iwjk gdnkj le>rs gSaA ftudk gdnkjlalkj dk dksbZ ns'k gks ldrk gSA fdlh dh iz'kalk ;k viz'kalk] fdlh dh izlUurk ;k vizlUurk] fdlhdh ?kqM+dh ;k /kedh gesa vius lqekxZ ls fopfyr u dj ldsxh+ + + + + + + + lkEiznkf;d vkSj O;fDrxr>xM+ksa ls îzrki* lnk vyx jgus dh dksf'k'k djsxkA mldk tUe fdlh fo'ks"k lHkk] laLFkk] O;fDr;k er ds ikyu] iks"k.k] j{k.k ;k fojks/k ds fy, ugha gqvk gS] fdUrq mldk er Lora=~; fopkj vkSjmldk /keZ lR; gksxk + + + + + + + ge tkurs gSa fd gesa bl dke esa cM+h&cM+h dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djukiM+sxk vkSj blds fy, cM+s Hkkjh lkgl vkSj vkRecy dh vko';drk gSßA mUgksaus vkxs ;g Hkh dgkfd& ßysfdu ftl fnu gekjh vkRek bruh fucZy gks tk; fd vius I;kjs vkn'kZ ls fMx tkosa]tkucw>dj vlR; ds i{kikrh cuus dh cs'kjeh djsa vkSj mnkjrk] Lora=rk vkSj fu"i{krk dks NksM+ nsusdks Hkh:rk fn[kkosa] og fnu gekjs thou dk Hkh vUr gks tk;ÞA Hkkjrh; i=dkfjrk ds bfrgkl esa izrkidh og igyh lEikndh; ¼izrki dh uhfr( 9 uoEcj 1913½ ewY;ijd i=dkfjrk dh vuwBh Fkkrh gSAmldh ;g uhfr gh mldk lcls cM+k vijk/k ¼\½ Fkk ftldk ifj.kke 1917 ls 1930 ds chp dbZckj ryk'kh] tCrh vkSj tekur dh ltk,¡ Hkqxruh FkhaA

izrki dh dgkuh uotkxj.k dkyhu i=dkfjrk ds Økafrdkjh LoIu'khyrk dh dgkuh gS vkSjfczfV'k neu ds fojks/k esa uotkxj.k dh psruk ds la?k"kZ'khyrk dh Hkh dgkuh gSA ?kksj laxzke ¼16uoEcj 1913½] ,aXyks bafM;u i=ksa esa [kycyh ¼11 tuojh 1914½] ?kksj tkrh; vieku ¼26 tqykbZ1914½] dkSafly esa ;q) dh ppkZ ¼13 flrEcj 1914½] iatkc esa v'kkafr ¼2 twu 1915½] izsl ,DV ds fo:)vkUnksyu ¼19 twu 1915½] deh'ku dh djrwr ¼5 Qjojh 1917½] ykV lkgc dh ckrsa ¼12 Qjojh 1917½]neuuhfr dh ubZ ryokj ¼3 ekpZ 1919½ gekjs lkoZtfud thou dh nqnZ'kk ¼3 ekpZ 1919½ tSlhlEikndh; fVIif.k;ksa us ,d rjQ *izrki^ dks fczfV'k ljdkj dk ?kksj fojks/kh cuk fn;k rks nwljh rjQturk esa mls vikj yksdfiz; Hkh cuk;kA mldh yksdfiz;rk dk vkHkkl blls fd;k tk ldrk gS fd1919 rd izrki dh izlkj la[;k 9500 ds vkadM+s dks ikj dj jgh Fkh] tcfd ljLorh ¼ekfld 4000½]

x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj mudk *izrki^


fgUnh dsljh ¼lkIrkfgd 2000½] vH;qn; ¼lkIrkfgd 3000½] mRlkg ¼lkIrkfgd 2500½ rFkk Hkfo";¼lkIrkfgd 2000½ FkhA viuh rwQkuh ftanxh esa vusd eqf'dyksa dk lkeuk djus okys izrki vkSjx.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ] ukjk;.k izlkn vjksM+k rFkk dksjksus'ku izsl ds ekfyd ;'kksnkuUn 'kqDy ds lkS&lkS:Ik;s dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk ls 'kq: gqbZ Fkh] dgus dks fdjk;s dk edku] ysfdu dqlhZ&est rd [kjhnusdh xwatkb'k ugha] fygktk ys[k&lekpkj&lEikndh; ys[ku ls ysdj fMLiSp rd dk lkjk dke Q'kZdh pVkb;ksa ij! fQj Hkh BkV ;g fd 24 vizSy 1915 dks izrki dk;kZy; ij igyk Nkik] lkjk lkekutCr ysfdu 16 i`"B dk izrki 20 i"B] 24 i"B] 28] 32] 36 i`"Bksa dk flyflyk c<+krk jgk vkSj ewY;ogh& LFkkuh; uxj ds fy, 2 :Ik;s okf"kZd vkSj ckgj ds fy, <kbZ :Ik;sA bl rjg yEcs la?k"kZ dsckn izrki ds ikl viuk izsl gqvk vkSj izrki vius fut ds izsl ls Nius yxkA Bkdqj y{e.k flagpkSgku dk ukVd dqyhizFkk*] izrki izsl ls Nik vkSj *izrki^ ij fQj ladV& dqyhizFkk ukVd tCr vkSj^izrki* ij izsl ,DV ds rgr 30 vDVwcj 1916 dks ,d gtkj dh tekur&okjaVA fdlh&fdlh rjgtekur nkf[ky gqbZ] izrki dks fgnk;r feyh ysfdu ;g psruk u tekur okjaV esa :dus okyh Fkh]u fgnk;rksa lsA pEikju ds fujhg fdlkuksa ds tqYe rFkk vo/k ds rkYyqdsnkjksa }kjk fdlkuksa ds 'kks"k.kij izrki us rstrjkZj ys[k&jiVsa izdkf'kr dhA 22 vizSy 1918 ds vad esa izdkf'kr ukud flag dhdfork lkSnk&,&oru dks jktnzksgkRed crkdj ,d gtkj dh tekur tCr dh xbZ( izrki ds fy;s;g bruk cM+k vkfFkZd /kDdk Fkk fd ,d&Ms<+ ekg rd izdk'ku LFkfxr j[kuk iM+k fQj *izrkilgk;d Q.M^ cuk vkSj fQj 11 vizSy 1919 dks izrki dh lEikndh; *laxzke dk vkjaHk*A vkpk;Zegkohj izlkn f}osnh ds /;s; okD;& ftldks u fut xkSjo rFkk fut ns'k dk vfHkeku gS og uj ugha]uj&Ik'kq fujk gS vkSj erd leku gS ¼;g izrki dk eksVks Fkk½& dks /kkj.k djus okys x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZus 23 uoEcj 1920 dks izrki dk nSfud laLdj.k fudkykA izrki ds nSfud laLdj.k dk izdk'kufdlku vkUnksyu vkSj rkYyqdsnkjksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs fdlkuksa ij tqYe dk ?kks"k.kk i= FkkA

tuojh 1921 ds jk;cjsyh fdlku fonzksg rFkk eqa'khxat xksyhdk.M dh foLr`r fjiksVZ izrkius izdkf'kr dh lkFk gh dbZ lfp= vxzys[k HkhA 13 tuojh 1921 dk izrki& ^Mk;j'kkgh vkSjvksMk;j'kkgh*& 'kh"kZd dh xw¡t ds lkFk fudykA /;ku jgs x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj mudk izrki flQZfopkj&fopkj/kkjk dh] fczfV'k lkezkT;okn fojks/k dh yM+kbZ ugha yM+ jgs Fks] cfYd lkeUrokn tksukSdj'kkgh vkSj iqjksfgrokn dk la;qDr ljxuk Fkk] mlds f[kykQ Hkh O;kid tuykecanh dk vy[ktxk jgs FksA izrki fczfV'k lÙkk ds ccZjrk dk Hkh fojks/kh Fkk vkSj ns'kh jtokM+ksa ds dqd`R;ksa dk HkhAfdlku iz'u] tu 'kks"k.k rFkk fdlku vkUnksyu lEcU/kh viuh fVIif.k;ksa ds dkj.k ,d rjQ izrkidks ljdkj dk dksi >syuk iM+k rks nwljh rjQ jk;cjsyh ds rkYyqdsnkj ohjiky flag us 17 o 19tuojh 1921 ds izrki dks viekutud ekudj ekugkfu dk eqdnek pyk fn;k& ;gk¡ ls ekugkfuds eqdnesa vkSj tsy ;k=kvksa dk nkSj 'kq: gksrk gSA

jk;cjsyh gR;kdk.M ds eqdnes ds ckn 12 vxLr 1926 ls 17 uoEcj 1926 rd eSuiqjhekugkfu dsl izrki dks yM+uk iM+k FkkA ;g f'kdksgkckn ds Fkkusnkj dh fj'or[kksjh dh [kcjsa Nkiusds dkj.k cuk Fkk vkSj vfHk;qDr Fks& x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj lqjsUnz 'kekZA 17 uoEcj 1926 dks tcpkj lkS :Ik;s tqekZuk vkSj N% eghus dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ rks fo|kFkhZ th dh fVIi.kh Fkh& ßgekjs lkFkvU;k; gqvk gSA bl ekeys esa ge tqekZuk u nsdj tsy tkus dks rS;kj cSBs gSa] blfy;s fd nqfu;k vkidsbalkQ dk uewuk ns[k ldsÞA bl eqdnes esa vke turk us tqekZus dh jde vnk dh] bldh vihy ls'kudksVZ esa gqbZ fQj gkbZdksVZ dk njoktk [kV[kVk;k x;k vkSj gkbZdksVZ us fo|kFkhZ th dks funksZ"k djkjnsdj u flQZ ckbTtr cjh fd;k cfYd tqekZus dh jde okfil djus dk Hkh vkns'k fn;kA

x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ lhfer vFkksZa esa ys[kd&i=dkj ugha Fks] cfYd fgUnh izns'k esalkekftd&lkaLd`frd vkSj vkfFkZd iz'uksa dks jktuhfr ds lkFk tksM+us okys igys Økafrdkjh fopkjd

105

Hkh FksA Þjkeizlkn fcfLey] v'kQkd mYyk [kk¡] jks'ku flag] Hkxr flag] pUnz'ks[kj vktkn] fot; dqekjflUgk rFkk cVqds'oj nÙk ds fy, fo|kFkhZ th ekxZn'kZd] laj{kd vkSj j.kuhfrd lk>hnkj FksA os uflQZ 1925 ds dkuiqj dkaxzsl vf/kos'ku ds Lokxrk{;{k Fks] cfYd 1915&1930 ds chp dk fgUnh izns'kdk dksbZ jktuhfrd] l'kL= Økafrdkjh] lkaLd`frd vFkok lkfgfR;d v/;k; ,slk ugha gS] tks fcukx.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds lanHkZ ds iwjk gksrk gSA os fgUnh i=dkfjrk ds la?k"kZ'khy ;ks)k Fks] ;ks)k dhrjg ft;s vkSj yM+rs&yM+rs ejs HkhßA 23 ekpZ 1931 dks Hkxr flag] lq[knso] jktxq: dh Qk¡lh dh'kksdkdqyrk esa Mwcs fo|kFkhZ th dkuiqj esa fgUnw&eqfLye naxs dh Hk;adj yiVksa dks cq>kus esa fØ;k'khyjgsA x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ dh nsj jkr rd naxkxzLr bykdksa esa lfØ; jkgr vfHk;ku dk izHkko ;g gqvkfd naxs dh yiVsa de gksus yxh Fkha] ysfdu 25 ekpZ 1931 dks dkuiqj ds pkScs xksyk bykds esafgUnw&eqfLye ifjokjksa dks cpkus o lqjf{kr fudkyus dh dksf'k'k djrs gq, os naxkb;ksa ds gkFkksa 'kghngq,] mudh 'gknr Hkxr flag] lq[knso vkSj jktxq: dh Økafrdkjh ijEijk dh egRoiw.kZ dM+h gS( ;g'kgknr fczfV'k lkezkT; ds "kM~;a= dh ifj.kfr Hkh gSA fo|kFkhZ th izrki ds vafre vxzys[k *var dkizkjaHk^ esa ;g mEehn dj jgs Fks& ßfujk'k gksus dh vko';drk ugha gSA bl izdkj dh izR;sd ?kVukftldh Hk;adjrk ls ân; dk¡Ik mBs] ftldh dVqrk Hkkoh larfr ds fy, dystk Nsnus okyh dgh tklds] vk'kk vkSj 'kqHkz lans'k dh okfguh gSA ns'k esa ftl Lok/khurk dk tue gks jgk gS] ;g mlh dhizlo osnuk gSÞA x.ks'k'kadj fo+|kFkhZ ml Lok/khurk dks ns[k ugha lds ysfdu ml Lok/khurk dks oseqdEey ns[kuk pkgrs Fks( mudh 'kgknr ds oDr djkph esa dkaxzsl dk vf/kos'ku py jgk Fkk(dk;Zlfefr ds egRoiw.kZ lnL;ksa us mudh Økafrdkjh 'kgknr dks HkkoksPNokl ds lkFk ;kn fd;k]xk¡/kh th us ^;ax bafM;k* esa lEikndh; fVIi.kh fy[kh] tokgj yky usg: ds iz;kl ls mudh Lefrj{kkFkZ 14 egRoiw.kZ yksxksa dh ,d lfefr xfBr gqbZ ysfdu vkt 'kk;n 75&80 o"kZ ckn Hkh Bksl :Ikesa dksbZ dke tehu ij 'kk;n gh fn[kk gksA Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds 'kkunkj mHkkj] tuljksdj]tukUnksyu dk egRo vkSj orZeku ewY; fo?kVu dh ifj.kfr dks x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ ds ek/;e ls dfovkykspd lqjs'k lfyy ds lEiknu esa izdkf'kr x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ jpukoyh ls xqtjrs gq, ns[kk tkldrk gSA ;g jpukoyh fo|kFkhZ th ds jktuhfrd&lkaLdfrd vonku dh nkLrku gS vkSj fgUnh izns'kesa fo|kFkhZ th ds Økafrdkjh egRo dh |ksrd Hkh gSA

lUnHkZ %1 + x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ& jpukoyh( lqjs'k lfyy] vukfedk izdk'ku fnYyh & 2004( i"B&162 + egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fgUnh uotkxj.k MkW + jkefoykl 'kekZ jktdey izdk'ku] fnYyh&19133 + izrki( 13 flrEcj] 19134 + izrki( 9 uoEcj] 19135 + izrki( 17 uoEcj] 19266 + laosn( fnlEcj 2013( fnYyh

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x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ vkSj mudk *izrki^


iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.krglhynkj reksyh*

Hkkjr esa iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk dk vfLrRo Lok;Rr :i esa izkphu dky ls gh FkkA ml le;esa Hkh iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk gqvk djrh FkhA bfrgkl ds iUus iyVus ij irk pyrk gS fdiwoZ vk;Zu ;qx ¼bZ0iw0 3000 bZ0;w0 2000½ esa efgyk,a lekt esa viuk fof'k"V LFkku j[krh FkhA1

gM+Iik ,oa eksgutksnM+ksa ds dky esa Hkh efgykvksa dks lekt esa lEekutud ntkZ izkIr FkkAbfrgkldkjksa us efgykvksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr ds lEcU/k esa oSfnd ;qx dks buds fy, Lo.kZ;qx dh lKknh gSA fdUrq oSfnd ;qx ds ckn efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa o mudh fLFkfr esa {kj.k gksus yxkA ckS) o tSu/kekZsa ds Hkhrj fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dkQh Bhd Fkh] fdUrq fgUnw /keZ esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr dkQh lkspuh; gksxbZA yxHkx blh leku dkSfVY; us vFkZ'kkL= ,oa euq us euq Lefr dh jpuk dhA blh nkSjku fL=;ksa dscgqr lkjs vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh gksrh pyh x;hA efgyk,a nks;e ntsZ dh ukxfjd cu x;hA ckn esaeqxydky esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk vkSj lkspuh; gks x;h FkhA bl le; czkgE.kksa us fL=;ksa ds lEcU/k esa fu;edks vkSj vR;f/kd dBksj dj fn;k FkkA eqxydky ls ysdj fczfV'k 'kkludky esa Hkh fL=;ksa dh fLFkfresa yxkrkj fxjkoV ns[kk x;kA iqu% efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn gh lqn<+ gksuk izkjEHkgqbZA vktknh ds nkSjku efgykvksa us Hkh c<+&p<+ dj jk"Vªh; vkUnksyuksa esa Hkkx ysdj ds ns'k dks vktkndjkus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k FkkA blls fL=;ksa ds eukscy esa vkikj of) gqbZA ns'k o lekt esaefgykvksa dh O;kid Hkwfedk dks ns[krs gq, iqu% fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkj dks c<+k;s tkus ij tksj fn;k tkusdk nkSj 'kq: gqvk] tks ckn esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ds :i esa ge lcds lkeus gSA

ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh efgykvksa dks ns'k dh eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+us ds fy;s lafo/kku esa 73okalafo/kku la'kks/ku 1992 'kkfey fd;k x;kA blds vUrxZr iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgykvks dhHkkxhnkjh dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dk izkfo/kku fd;k x;kA ckn esa dbZ izkUrksaesa 50 izfr'kr efgyk vkj{k.k dk izkfo/kku Hkh fd;k x;k gSA

o"kZ 2006 esa 50 izfr'kr vkj{k.k nsus dk dkjoka fcgkj ls pydj jktLFkku] fgekapy izns'k]mRrjk[k.M esa Hkh igqWp pqdk gSA ,sls esa dsUnz dh vksj ls lHkh jkT;ksa esa 50 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkkfd;s tkus dh igy ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gks jgk gSA fuf'pr :i ls efgyk l'kDrhdj.k dh fn'kkesa iapk;r esa vewY; ;ksxnku fn;k x;k gSA2

73osa lafo/kku la'kks/ku ds ckn igyh ckj ns'k ds xzkeh.k bykds ls 10 yk[k ls Hkh vf/kdla[;k esa fL=;ksa dks iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls usr`Ro djus dk volj izkIr gks x;kA vktHkkjr ds iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk esa efgyk,a csgn vge Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSaA vius la?k"kZ vkSj etcwrbjkns ds cy ij os lRrk esa fgLlsnkjh Hkh ik jgh gSa vkSj Hkkxhnkjh HkhA3

xzkeh.k fodkl dks xfreku djus esa ;ksxnku efgykvksa dk Hkh gksrk gS] fcuk efgykvksa dkslkFk fy;s xzkeh.k Lrj ij dksbZ Hkh O;kid] LFkkbZ o ldkjkRed fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA fcukiapk;rh jkt esa efgyk vkj{k.k ds bl y{; dks gkfly ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

,slh ifjdYiuk dh x;h gS fd iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds ,d frgkbZ lnL; rFkk v/;{kefgyk,a gksuh pkfg;sA gekjs bfrgkl esa ,slk igyh ckj gqvk gS fd lkoZtfud thou esa efgykvksa dks

*'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr'kkL= foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ] m0iz0

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,sls egRoiw.kZ izos'k ds fy;s volj fn;k x;k gS rFkk iapk;rksa ds lHkh Lrjksa ij usr`Ro dh pqukSfr;ksadks Lohdkj djus ds fy;s cM+h la[;k esa og vkxs vk;h gSaA 6]55]629 efgyk,¡ xzke iapk;rksa] 37]523efgyk,a iapk;r lfefr;ksa rFkk 3]161 ftyk ifj"knksa esa vk;h gSaA4

iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k ds izkfo/kku ls fuEu fiNM+h tkfr oxZ ,oa efgyktuizfrfuf/k;ksa dh la[;k esa of) gqbZ gSA5

The representation of six million women in the P.R.Is., directly and indirectly hasgiven inputs to the process of social mobilization. The new leadership of the P.R.Is. hassubstituted the old rural leadership.6

iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr efgykvksa ds mRFkku ds fy;s Hkh fofHkUu dk;ZØe pyk;s tkjgs gSa blls efgykvksa dk jkstxkj Lrj] f'k{kk o lkekftd Lrjksa esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ o`f) gks jgh gSAefgykvksa ds dY;k.k ds fy;s vusdksa dk;ZØe dh ftEesnkjh iapk;rh jkt }kjk dsUnz o jkT; ljdkjksads lg;ksx ds ek/;e ls lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls xzkeh.k efgyk,a gj Lrj ij vius dks lrrtkx:d dj jgh gSa ,oa og vius dks xzke fodkl dh eq[; /kkjk ls tksM+us dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaAbl izdkj efgyk l'kDrhdj.k esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gks x;k gSA

iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa ds lkeus vusd lkekftd o vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ka gSaA efgykvksa ds lkeusiapk;r inkf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa iq:"k lg;ksfx;ksa dk vlg;ksxiw.kZ vkSj vlaosnu'khy joS;k rFkk ?kj o ckgjnksuksa txg ,d lkFk dke djus dk cks> Hkh pqukSrh cu x;k gSA ifjokj ;fn xjhc gS rks mlesa lclsT;knk uqdlku efgyk,a gh mBkrh gSaA bu oxksZa dh fcxM+rh lkekftd fLFkfr;ka ,oa tys ij uedfNM+dus dk dk;Z vf'k{kk ,oa ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr us fd;k gSA7

vr% efgykvksa dks dsoy vkj{k.k ns nsus ls gh mudh fLFkfr esa lEiw.kZ cnyko ugah gksus okykgSA blds fy;s efgyk f'k{kk dh fLFkfr] mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds lkFk&lkFk okrkoj.k o ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa Hkh ldkjkRed cnyko yk;s tkus dh vko';drk gSA dbZ txg iz/kku efgyk pquh tkrh gSa fdUrqblds ckotwn Hkh og efgyk iz/kku dsoy vaxwBk yxkus dk gh dk;Z djrh gSaA ckdh dk lkjk O;;ls lEcfU/kr dk;Z mlds ifr;ksa }kjk o ukrsnkjksa o fj'rsnkjksa }+kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA vr% bu lcrjhdksa ij jksd yxk;s tkus dh rRdky vko';drk gSA blds fy;s efgykvksa dks yxkrkj izf'kf{krfd;k tkuk pkfg;s ,oa iq:"koknh ekufldrk esa Hkh cnyko ykus dh t:jr gS rHkh iapk;rh jktO;oLFkk esa efgyk viuh Hkwfedk dkjxj <ax ls fuHkk ldsxh ,oa iapk;rh jkt ds ek/;e ls efgykdk lEiw.kZ fodkl lEHko gks ldsxkA

lUnHkZ %1- flag] fu'kkUr( iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk,a] i0 472- xzkE; lans'k] tuojh 2014] i0 1173- flag] fu'kkUr( iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk,a] i0 2244- jkBkSM+] e/kq( iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk fodkl] IokbUVj ifCy'klZ] t;iqj] i0 131

5- y{eh ukjk;.k ehuk] iapk;rh jkt rFkk tuizfrfuf/kRo n'kk ,oa fn'kk] fyVjsjh lfdZy] t;iqj] i0 237

6- Anupama Puri Mahajan , Empowerment of Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions. Anamika Publishers

and Distributor Pvt.Ltd. delhi

7- efgiky] iapk;rh jkt pqukSfr;ka ,oa laHkkouk,a] us'kuy cqd VªLV bf.M;k] fnYyh

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iapk;rh jkt ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k


Integrating Freedom and Capability : A Discourse onAmartya Sen's Development Theory

Dr. Vinita Pandey*Ms. R.S. Priyanka**

Abstract:Amartya Sen (1933- ) has presented Human Theory of Development. Sen's work has consistently

concerned itself with the idea of human freedom. His thought has been put together in the book 'Development asFreedom' (1999). Sen argues that the expansion of freedom is central to development - "both as the primary endand as the principal means". Sen conceptualizes development as freedom in this way because he wants the goalto be wider than, say, a numerical measure of GNP.

Human development, as an approach, for Sen is the basic development idea which facilitates advancingthe richness of human life, rather than the richness of the economy in which human beings live, which is only apart of it. This is the basic focus of the human development approach. It was pioneered by Mahbubul-Haq andthe first report came out in 1990.

The center of Sen's vision is what he calls a 'capability approach', where the basic concern of humandevelopment is 'our capability to lead the kind of lives we have reason to value', rather than the usualconcentration on rising GDP, technical progress, or industrialization.

The paper presents Sen's ideas of freedom and capability and their role in the process of humancentric development.

Introduction:The idea of development is a complex and with multifaceted indicators. Sen says

that it is not surprising that people think that the way development is defined could beimproved. Amartya Sen opines that when the subject began in the 1940s it was primarilydriven by the progress in economic growth theory that had occurred through the precedingperiod in the 1930s as well the 1940s. It was dominated by the basic vision that poor countriesare just low-income countries, and the focus was simply on transcending the problems ofunderdevelopment through economic growth, increasing GNP and so on. That proved to bea not very good way of thinking about development, which has to be concerned with advancinghuman well-being and human freedom. Income is one of the factors that contribute towelfare and freedom, but not the only factor. The process of economic growth is a ratherpoor basis according to Sen for judging the progress of a country; it is not, of course, irrelevantbut it is only one factor among many.Freedom and Development:

Development represents a wider set of freedoms than GNP.Sen while firmlyexpressing that freedom should be the primary element of development gives two reasonsfor the same: first, the only acceptable evaluation of human progress is primarily and ultimatelyenhancement of freedom; second, the achievement of development is dependent on thefree agency of people. Many people will agree with the first assertion, as long as the definitionof freedom is wide enough to include freedom from material or spiritual want, which it doesfor Sen. The second assertion is more controversial within mainstream economics and populardiscourse: the reason usually given by economists to cut back on public expenditures, includingeducation, housing, healthcare and social welfare, is that poor economies cannot afford

*Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad**Ph.D. Scholar, EFLU, Hyderabad

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such expenditures and that development (in terms of economic growth) must happen firstand only then can societies afford to look after the social welfare of their people.

Sen mentions five distinct freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, socialopportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security. Freedom, he says, is aprinciple determinant of individual initiative and social effectiveness; it is good primarilybecause it enhances the ability of individuals to help themselves, a property that Sen describesas the 'agency aspect' of the individual (Sen, 1999:19).

He thoroughly distinguishes human capability from human capital. Human capital isimportant, as it refers to the agency of people in augmenting production possibilities. Yethuman capability is more important because it refers to the substantive freedom of people tolead the lives they have reason to value and to enhance the real choices they have.

The Human Development Reports (HDRs), published annually for UNDP since1990, have used Amartya Sen's capability approach as a conceptual framework in theiranalyses of contemporary development challenges. Sen's theory of development as anexpansion of capabilities is the starting point for the human development approach. Theproposal that the purpose of development is to improve human lives by expanding the rangeof things that a person can be and do, such as to be healthy and well nourished, to beknowledgeable, and to participate in community life. From this viewpoint, development isabout removing the obstacles to what a person can do in life, obstacles such as illiteracy, illhealth, lack of access to resources, or lack of civil and political freedoms.

The human development approach contains two central arguments about peopleand development, and it is important to distinguish between them. They are what Sen callsthe "evaluative aspect'' and the ''agency aspect'' respectively (Sen 2004). The first is concernedwith evaluating improvements in human lives as an explicit development objective and usinghuman achievements as key indicators of progress. This contrasts with paradigms thatfocus on economic performance. The second is concerned with what human beings can doto achieve such improvements, particularly through policy and political changes. The humandevelopment approach is commonly associated with the evaluative aspect. The agencyaspect is less widely appreciated.

One of the most difficult tasks in applying the capabilities approach to developmentpolicy is deciding which capabilities are most important. The range of human capabilities isinfinite and the value that individuals assign to each one can vary from person to person.Even if some capabilities deserve greater public attention than others, the relative importanceof capabilities can vary with social context - from one community or country to another, andfrom one point of time to another. Thus ''the task of specification must relate to the underlyingmotivation of the exercise as well as dealing with the social values involved''(Sen 1989).

"Freedoms," he argues, "are not only the primary ends of development, they arealso among its principal means." Development should be seen as a process of expandingfreedoms. "If freedom is what development advances, then there is a major argument forconcentrating on that overarching objective, rather than on some particular means, or somechosen list of instruments". To achieve development, he argues, requires the removal ofpoverty, tyranny, lack of economic opportunities, social deprivation, neglect of public services,and the machinery of repression.

Sen presents a treatise that integrates ethics, values and economic theory. He believesthat the formation of values and the emergence and evolution of social ethics are also partof the process of development. He argues that a variety of social institutions including thoseinvolved in the operation of markets, administrations, legislatures, political parties, NGOs,the judiciary, the media and the 'community', all contribute to the process of development,and therefore an integrated analysis is needed of their respective roles.

Integrating Freedom and Capability : A Discourse on Amartya Sen's Development Theory


Capabilities Approach:Amartya Sen pioneered the capabilities approach (to explain development) and

philosopher Martha Nussbaum and a growing number of other scholars across the humanitiesand the social sciences have significantly developed it. The capability approach signifiesthat freedom to achieve well-being is a matter of what people are able to do and to be, andthus the kind of life they are effectively able to lead. The capability approach is generallyconceived as a flexible and multi-purpose framework, rather than a precise theory of well-being.

Sen strongly believes that the list of capabilities should be treated as somethingwhich is not final and fixed, but which is contextual and dependent on the nature of theexercise and also on the extent of our understanding, based on public discussion. The HumanDevelopment Index of the United Nations uses capabilities in a very minimal form but it hasits value still, in its particular context. The center of Sen's vision is what he calls a 'capabilityapproach', where the basic concern of human development is 'our capability to lead the kindof lives we have reason to value', rather than the usual concentration on rising GDP, technicalprogress, or industrialization (Sen, 1999:285). His approach 'inescapably focuses on theagency and judgment of individuals' (ibid: 288) including their capability, responsibility, andopportunity. Raising human capability is good because it improves: the choices, wellbeing,and freedom of people; their role in influencing social change; and their role in influencingeconomic production.

The Capability Approach focuses directly on the quality of life that individuals areactually able to achieve. This quality of life is analyzed in terms of the core concepts offunctionings' and 'capability'.

* Functionings are states of 'being and doing' such as being well-nourished, havingshelter. They should be distinguished from the commodities employed to achievethem (as 'bicycling' is distinguishable from 'possessing a bike').

* Capability refers to the set of valuable functioning that a person has effectiveaccess to. Thus, a person's capability represents the effective freedom of anindividual to choose between different functioning combinations - between differentkinds of life.The Capability Approach can be used to examine the underlying determinants of

the relationship between people and commodities, including the following (Sen 1999, 70-71):(1) Individual physiology, such as the variations associated with illnesses, disability,age, and gender. In order to achieve the same functioning, people may have particular needsfor non-standard commodities - such as prosthetics for a disability - or they may need moreof the standard commodities - such as additional food in the case of intestinal parasites.Some of these disadvantages, such as blindness, may not be fully 'correctable' even withtailored assistance.(2) Local environment diversities, such as climate, epidemiology, and pollution canimpose particular costs such as more or less expensive heating or clothing requirements.(3) Variations in social conditions, such as the provision of public services such aseducation and security, and the nature of community relationships, such as across class orethnic divisions.(4) Differences in relational perspectives - Conventions and customs determine thecommodity requirements of expected standards of behavior and consumption, so that relativeincome poverty in a rich community may translate into absolute poverty in the space ofcapability. For example, local requirements of 'the ability to appear in public without shame'in terms of acceptable clothing may vary widely.

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(5) Distribution within the family - Distributional rules within a family determining, forexample, the allocation of food and health-care between children and adults, males andfemales.(http://www.iep.utm.edu/sen)Conclusion:

Assessing capability is more demanding than other accounts of advantage since itnot only takes a much broader view of what well-being achievement consists in but alsotries to assess the freedom people actually have to choose high quality options. This is not apurely procedural matter of adding up the number of options available, since the option topurchase a tenth brand of washing powder has a rather different significance than theoption to vote in democratic elections. For example, Sen argues that the eradication ofmalaria from an area enhances the capability of individuals living there even though it doesn'tincrease the number of options those individuals have (since they don't have the 'option' tolive in a malarial area anymore). Because the value of a capability set represents a person'seffective freedom to live a valuable life in terms of the value of the functioning available tothat individual, when the available functioning are improved, so is the person's effectivefreedom.?

References :1. Haq, Mahbub1995, "Reflections on Human Development", New York: Oxford University Press2. http://www.iep.utm.edu/sen3. Sen, Amartya 1999, "Development as Freedom", Alfred A. Knopf, New York4. Sen, Amartya. 1989 Development as Capability Expansion, Number 19 Journal of Development

Planning 41-58.5. Sen, Amartya. 2004; UN Human Development Report 2004: Chapter 1 Cultural Liberty and Human

Development.UN Human Development Reports.United Nations Development Programme.(Availablefrom the UNDP website).

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Integrating Freedom and Capability : A Discourse on Amartya Sen's Development Theory


A Comparative Study of Suicidal Tendencies and MentalToughness of Higher Secondary Students

Bandana Mishra*Prof. P.C. Shukla**

Abstract:The present investigation was undertaken to compare the suicidal tendencies and mental toughness of highersecondary students of Jharkhand Academic Council (JAC) and Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).The study was carried out on a cohort of 600 higher secondary students from the schools located in Ranchidistrict (Jharkhand) in India. Suicide Risk Eleven Scale and Mental Toughness Questionnaire were administeredon the selected sample. The results revealed that CBSE students possessed higher suicidal tendencies incomparison of JAC students simultaneously female higher secondary students found to be less mentally toughand possess higher suicidal tendencies than male higher secondary students.

Key-words: Suicidal Tendencies, Mental toughnessIt is shocking to read in the news papers almost every day the rate at which students

in India are committing suicide. Teen age suicide has become a growing concern among thesocieties across the globe. In particular, it is really unfortunate that suicide by students inIndia has been rising tremendously. According to 2013 report (Suicides in India, 2013: AReport by The Registrar General of India), suicide is the second leading cause of deathamong youth ages15-24 years. 25942 males of this age group committed suicide while20693 female belonging to this age group killed themselves. This report presents a sadpicture of the young generation seeking solutions of their problems in the lap of death. Thephenomena that trigger these young brains to take such a big step have been recognized inthe form of failure in academics, curriculum load and career uncertainty1 relationship failure,child abuse, ragging, peer pressure, family disturbances (fast life, depression and loneliness)and last but not the least inability to cope with the life demands.

The concept of mental toughness was developed from sports psychology; where ithas been used to look at how to deal with challenges, stress, and pressure to help sportspersonto compete at their best. In the other words it is the ability to consistently sustain one's idealperformance state during adversities in the competition. Ups and downs in the performanceare directly traceable to psychological ups and downs. Qualitative studies regarding mentaltoughness have shown that the managers with higher hardiness scores are more likely todeal effectively with potentially stressful environments than those with lower levels (Hamilton& James 2004). A research would suggest that mental toughness is not a stable trait, likepersonality, but appears to develop over time2.

A study shows that mental toughness can be developed over time by the use ofstructured training programmes, and underlines the importance of such structured programmesand the use of applied psychological skills training3. In a case study it was found that mentaltoughness plays a decisive role in the performance. Likewise in the aspects of life mentaltoughness plays much significant role and when it comes to suicide, it can be of major concern.Need of the Study:

A thorough and in-depth review of studies on suicidal tendencies and suicide,particularly among students in teenage shows that different kinds of researches have beendone. Suicidal behavior in youngsters of secondary school age in form of one or more non-fatal suicidal attempts has received a great deal of attention recently which includes various*Junior Research Fellow, Faculty of Education, BHU, U.P.**Professor, Faculty of Education, BHU, U.P.

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studies4. The suicidal tendencies amongst the higher secondary students are a matter ofgreat concern due to tragic loss of prime years of life it entails. It is really unfortunate to seethe cascading effects of the pressure of society, parents and school on young minds. Therising suicide snuffs away ingenious, young minds who could have been great scientists,poets, artists or doctors. Thus it become inevitable to study the concerns which are relatedto their shattering in the stressful situations of life and the reasons behind that have beenrecognized as the poorer ability to cope with the life demands which leads them to the self-destruction. However in India there is a dearth of adequate empirical studies of suicidaltendencies with respect to their mental toughness especially of teen students, more so in thefield of education. A thorough knowledge of the suicidal tendencies among teen schoolstudents is a matter of great concern. Therefore, the need was felt by the researcher toinvestigate the present research problem in Indian context.Objectives:

1. To find out the difference in the mental toughness among higher secondary studentswith reference to their boards.

2. To find out the difference in the suicidal tendencies among higher secondary studentsin context to their boards.

3. To find out the difference in the mental toughness among higher secondary studentswith reference to their gender.

4. To find out the difference in the suicidal tendencies among higher secondary studentswith reference to their gender.

Hypotheses:Ho.1 There is no significant difference in the mental toughness among higher

secondary students with reference to their boards.Ho.2 There is no significant difference in the suicidal tendencies among higher

secondary students with reference to their boards.Ho.3 There is no significant difference in the mental toughness among higher

secondary students with reference to their gender.Ho.4There is no significant difference in the suicidal tendencies among higher

secondary students with reference to their gender.Methodology:Method: Descriptive survey method was followed in the undertaken study.Population: Higher secondary students of two educational boards such as C.B.S.E. andJ.A.C.Sample: The Ss of this study consisted of 600 students of higher secondary students (classXI and XII) of Ranchi district, selected through random cluster technique. The sample wasselected from four schools affiliated to CBSE and four schools affiliated to JAC, located inRanchi district of Jharkhand state.

Table1: Break up of SampleCategory Number of Higher Secondary Students TOTAL

JAC 255Board 600

CBSE 345

Male 371Gender 600

Female 229

Tools:Following standardized tools were used in the present investigation:

1. Suicide Risk Eleven Scale (S.R.E. Scale) constructed and standardized by Dr.S.K.Verma,Dr.Ashima Nehra Dr. Rajinder Kaur, Dr.Amita Puri and Dr. Karobi Das.

A Comparative Study of Suicidal Tendencies and Mental Toughness ...


2. Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Mansik Dridhta Prashnawali) was developed andstandardized by the researcher.

Analysis and Interpretation:Since obtained data were not found to be normally distributed, to analyze it Man-

Whitney U test was used which is non-parametric counterpart of t test. The analysis wasdone with the help of SPSS.16.0 version.Hypotheses wise details of analysis and interpretation are given below:

After the verification of Ho.1 which stated," There is no significant difference inthe mental toughness among higher secondary students with reference to their boards.", thefollowing result was obtained.

Table. 2 Comparison of Mean rank Scores for Mental Toughness of HigherSecondary Students with respect to their Boards

Variables Board N Mean Rank Sum Of Ranks Z Value

JAC 255 294.45 75084.50Mental Toughness .735

CBSE 345 304.97 105215.50The above table indicates that no significant difference was found in terms of mental

toughness of higher secondary students in respect to their boards. The respective Z valuewas below the critical value. Thus Ho.1 was accepted at 0.05 level of confidence. Afterobserving mean rank scores it can be said that higher secondary students of CBSE wereslightly above than those of JAC in concern of mental toughness but not significantly.

After the verification of Ho.2 which stated," There is no significant difference inthe suicidal tendencies among higher secondary students with reference to their boards."the following result was obtained.

Table. 3 Comparison of Mean rank Scores for Suicidal Tendencies of HigherSecondary Students with respect to their Boards

Variables Board N Mean Rank Sum Of Ranks Z ValueJAC 255 265.46 67693.00

Suicidal Tendencies 4.396*CBSE 345 326.40 112607.00

Significant at 0.05 levelHo.2 was rejected at 0.05 level of confidence. And a close inspection of the mean

ranks implies that higher secondary students of CBSE were found to have higher suicidaltendencies than those of JAC.

After the verification of Ho.3 which stated," There is no significant difference inthe mental toughness among higher secondary students with reference to their gender.", thefollowing result was obtained.

Table. 4 Comparison of Mean rank Scores for Mental Toughness of HigherSecondary Students with respect to their Gender

Variables Gender N Mean Rank Sum Of Ranks Z ValueMale 371 321.01 119093.50

Mental Toughness 3.689*Female 229 267.28 61206.50

Significant at 0.05 levelA thorough analysis of these above table reveals that male and female higher

secondary students were differed significantly in terms of mental toughness as thecorresponding Z value was above the critical value at 0.05 level hence Ho.3 was rejected.

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Mean rank scores show that male higher secondary students were more mentally toughthan female higher secondary students.

After the verification of Ho.4 which stated," There is no significant difference inthe suicidal tendencies among higher secondary students with reference to their gender.",the following result was obtained.

Table.5 displays the mean rank scores and corresponding Z value of suicidaltendencies of male and female higher secondary students.

Variable Gender N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Z ValueMale 371 289.59 107439.50

Suicidal Tendencies 2.026*Female 229 318.17 72860.50

Significant at 0.05 levelA thorough analysis of these above tables and reveals that male and female higher

secondary students were differed significantly in terms of suicidal tendencies as thecorresponding Z value was above the critical value at 0.05 level hence Ho.4 was rejected.And after observing mean ranks, it can be summed up that female higher secondary studentswere found to possess higher suicidal tendencies than male higher secondary students.Discussion and Conclusions:

The insignificance difference in concern of mental toughness was found betweenhigher secondary students of CBSE and JAC while in suicidal tendencies it was found thatstudents of CBSE have more suicidal tendencies than that of JAC students. The reasonbehind that may be the difference in the academic pressure and cut throat competition in theCBSE board schools which results in the fatal tendencies among these students. On theother hand, male higher secondary students were found to possess higher mental toughnessbut lower suicidal tendencies in comparison of female higher secondary students. Femalestudents found to be less mentally tough, the reason may be that they used to have lessexposure to the external world and conditioned to listen what they are told while they showedhigher suicidal tendencies the underlying cause may be their emotionality and sensitive nature.Educational Implications:

Present study suggests that institutions, counselors, vocational guidance specialistsand guardians have important role to play in developing and inculcating life skills amongstudents to prevent self-harm tendencies. Some techniques for coping with stress such assports, music, meditation, yoga etc. can be adopted in the schools. The special attention maybe given to girl students for inculcating life skills in in-campus as well out-campus life.

References:1. Shandilya,S. (2013). A Study of Suicidal Ideation among Higher Secondary Students in relation to

Curriculum Load and Career Uncertainty. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Varanasi, Banaras HinduUniversity.

2. Bull, S., Shambrook, C., James, W., & Brooks, J. (2005). Towards an Understanding of MentalToughness in Elite English Cricketers Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17 (3), 209-227 DOI:10.1080/10413200591010085

3. Eagleson, Adrian(2011): Mental Toughness - An Investigation into the Impact of a Mental ToughnessCoaching Program within a Call Centre(M.Sc. Dissertation) retrieved fromhttp://www.occupational-psychology.com/2011/04/msc-project-mental-toughness-coaching-program/

4. Sharma, R.; Grover, V.; Chaturvedi,S. (2008,Jan-March). Suicidal Behaviour amongst AdolescentStudents in New Delhi, Indian Journal of Psychiatry;50(1),30-33.

5. Suicides in India retrieved from http://www.ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/suicides-11.pdf

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A Comparative Study of Suicidal Tendencies and Mental Toughness ...


Religion in the Making of 1857 :A study of the Indigenous Discourse

Farha Khan*

Abstract:The great uprising of 1857 is an event which has attracted the attention of historians, members of the

civil society and administrative officials who hold diverse views ever since it has taken place. The literature onthe theme is daunting and large. Much has been written on the role of religion in the making of 1857 as well.However, importance of this enterprise is to examine the threat of conversion discussed in the indigenousdiscourse of 1857. It attempts to read one significant document that describes, the role played by the Christianevangelical endeavors, in rousing religious sentiments which consequently prompted the opposite side to givea call to save one's own religion, and thus, contributed in the making of 1857.

Keywords: Religion, missionaries, Christian government, conversion, revolt, 1857.Introduction: During 1800-57, a number of Protestant missionary societies established'mission stations' in India. While the Charter Renewal Act of 1813 gave a freedom to themissionaries of all denomination to come and 'spread the Gospel among the pagans'. TheCharter Act of 1833 favored missionary expansion by permitting settlement in the Company'sterritories without the formality of a residence license. It paved the way for carrying outtheir activities in addition to their preaching the word of Gospel and the Bible. Thesemissionaries were now gearing up for open religious debates under the full protection of thecolonial administrators. Every policy of the colonial government now seemed in the light ofthe activities of the various chaplains and missionaries in the major towns of the upperGangetic valley. Establishments of schools, hospitals, orphanages were seen as institutionsmeant for promoting the Christianity through the means of education, health and charities.There were some individual Christian preachers who were not supported directly by theevangelical societies but they had become evangelists on their own. Some of their publicationstoo were highly offensive, making derogatory remarks against the highly reverend personalitiesof the Islam, especially the Prophet. Traditionally the Hindu and the Muslims conductedtheir religious discourses at their private residences, temples or mosques, but the Christianmissionaries literally took the matter to the streets and denounced other religions in the mostviolent terms. Such an atmosphere created some sort of 'fear-psychosis' in the minds of thepeople. They considered that they and their progeny would be denied from practicing theirreligion and they will be forced to become the Christians.

These aspects have contributed much into the making of 1857. The issue of religionprovided an impetus to rise against the colonial government. Therefore, we find that anumber of proclamations, which were issued by the rebel leaders in the various centers ofuprising, urging for the ouster of the Christian rule from the Indian subcontinent.Threat of Conversion in the Indigenous Discourses: Many proclamations in the massivecollection of documents were gathered meticulously together by Sayyid Athar Abbas Rizviand M.L. Bhargava on behalf of the Uttar Pradesh Government. Recently, Iqbal Hussainhas made another important collection of the proclamations of 1857. The dread of conversionfigured prominently in number of pamphlets issued by the rebel leaders. They began withdescribing the atrocities done by the British. It postulated that the Christian missionaries

*Research Scholar, Department of History, Delhi University, Delhi

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tried to eradicate the established religion of Hinduism and Islam and now the Christiangovernment was hell bent on to destroy it.

One of the major Proclamation which raised the issue of alleged conversion to theChristianity as a major reason for the uprising was the Risala-i Fateh-Islam (Victory ofIslam). It is argued that it was composed under the supposed aegis of the famous theologianturned rebel leader, Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah of Lucknow. Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah wasone of the central figures in the popular uprising of 1857 in Awadh and Rohilkhand. Alongwith his tactical skills, the nobility of his character and his chivalry and humanism waspraised by British officers. Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri sketched his life and highlighted hisrole in the outbreak of 1857. Many historians have studied this short but heroic phase ofIndia's resistance against colonialism. R.C. Majumdar and V.D. Savarkar described him asa hero. S.N. Sen, Syed Moinul Haq, Abrar Husain Farooqi, Ghulam Rasul Mehr, and a hostof other writers have praised his leadership qualities. In this context a detailed examinationof the document is needed which did not receive attention of Indian historians. The endeavoris to have an idea about the nature and the quantum of the issue of religion and, moreover,Christian evangelicalism in the making of the rebel's world views of the uprising.The Risala-i Fateh-Islam: This pamphlet was translated by British officers as 'a cry forJehad in Oudh' (Futteh Islam/Fateh-i-Islam) and was used as evidence against the accusationof religious bigotry practiced by the Muslims. It was perceived by the British that call forwar waged against the Christians was pronounced as a holy one. In Subaltern historiographythis has been singled out as a representative document that expressed the extreme hatredthat Indians had towards the British. Usages of insulting language by the natives to describethe British, especially Queen Victoria, pointed towards growing animosity. It was condemnedfor its abusive expressions used for the whole chain of the British authority. Apart from thepurportedly 'fire and sword' nature of the pamphlet for which it has been rather harshlycriticized by modern writers, there is enough material through which the vision of peopleparticipating in a battle unto death can be deciphered. The pamphlet revealed what they feltabout the ongoing struggle and the strategies that had been worked out under thecircumstances. It also revealed that they were conscious of the death of English womenand children, something that was totally unacceptable under the tenets of any religion. Besidesmaking a strong plea for the Hindu-Muslim unity, it underlined aspects related to the finaloutcome of the battle.

Risala-i Fateh Islam was issued sometime between 5-17 July, after the Battle ofChinhat which took place on 30 June, 1857. Mualavi Ahmadullah Shah defeated the Britishthere and had emerged as the most powerful military commander at Lucknow. In thepreamble to the document, atrocities committed by the British were highlighted in greatdetail. Thus the Muslims as well as the Hindus were asked to unite and wage a 'Holy War'against the 'inhuman and ungodly Christians'. It also invoked the British attempts to deprivethe troops of their religion by 'applying impure substances' to the cartridges and pressingthose troops to use them. The preamble issued a warning to the people that in case theBritish succeed in re-establishing their authority, great misfortune would befall on the Hindus,the Muslims, sepoys, kings and wazirs. Hence, the call was to unite, fight and annihilate theBritish without delay.

The proclamation also included an Ishtihar (public appeal) which was supposed to becirculated among the natives. Such appeal was supposed to be popularized among the sepoysand the common man by the maulwis and pundits. They were supposed to be explained, inevery village and city, the misfortune which with the success of the English would entail on thepeople. One important thing that was highlighted by Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri was the

Religion in the Making of 1857; A study of the Indigenous Discourse


evolution of language in this writing. Instead of Queen Victoria it used 'Malka Biktoria' andinstead of using percentage it used the 'sense of proportion' which was thought that might bemore comprehendible to the audience of the pamphlet. It aggravated fear and suspicion amongthe natives by stating that Queen Victoria (here she was referred in the most abusive manner,'badbakht kutiya murdar' literally translated as the ill-fated, dead bitch) had in fact approvedthe proposal of the British officials from India to kill 15 percent of the learned men among theMuslims and the Hindus and also to kill 500,000 Hindu and Muslims sepoys and raiyat. Itargued that it was done so that the people of India would become the Christians.

It can be stipulated that such an appeal might have been made to sensationalize andgalvanize the people into action. Hence, marked an event that was organized against analien rule by disparate group of people with their distinctive grievances, where the feeling ofreligion superseded all other grudges and came as one of the major cause of the revolt.

References :1. For a detailed and upgraded information on the historiography of the event of 1857 in connection to

many diverse aspects see, Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, Rethinking 1857, Orient Longman, Delhi, 2007;Shireen Moosvi, Facets of the Great Revolt 1857, Tulika press, Delhi, 2008; Biswamoy Pati, The1857 Rebellion, OUP, New Delhi, 2007.

2. Arthur Mayhew, Christianity and Government of India, Faber & Gwyer Ltd., London, 1929, p.108.3. Arthur Mayhew in detail talks about the evangelical tendencies shared between the missionaries and

the government, Ibid.4. William Carey was known to be a part of the Serampore Baptist Society. In 1793 he entered India as

an Indigo planter and started his missionary work with an enthusiastic zeal years before the passageof the Charter Act of 1813. He translated the early Christian literature available, with the help oflocals, in various native languages. Arthur Mayhew, op.cit, pp. 61-72.

5. 'Address from the Missionaries to all persons professing the Mohummudan Religion.' It was published bythe Serampore Baptist Mission Press under the supervision of William Carey in 1807. Due to its highlyoffensive tone, which described the Prophet Muhammad as a tyrant and a lustful man, it was asked by theGovernor General, Lord Minto, to restrict its circulation, For., Sec, No. 1, 1 Sep 1807, NAI.

6. The aggressiveness of their task could be measured by the assertion that even a loyalist like Sir SyedAhmad Khan was forced to describe this change in much critical tone.

7. Apart from Sayyid Athar Abbas Rizvi and M. L. Bhargava ed., Freedom Struggle in Uttar Pradesh inV Vols., Publication Bureau, Information Department, Uttar Pradesh, 1958, (hereafter, FSUP), anumber of rebel proclamations from different source material is compiled by Iqbal Hussain ed.,Proclamations of the Rebels of 1857, Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi, 2007,(hereafter, Proclamations).

8. In records the term Proclamation and Pamphlet had been used interchangeably.9. The English translation of the Pamphlet is found in the FSUP, Vol. II, Awadh: 1857-59, pp. 150-62.10. His role in the risings in detail comprised in Mufti Intizam Ullah shahabi, Company aur Baghi Ulama,

pp. 15-45.11. Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri, 'Indigenous Discourse and Modern Historiography of 1857: The Case

Study of Maulavi Ahmadullah Shah' in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya ed., Rethinking 1857, p.239.12. Ibid.13. The insulting tone of language that was used for the British Queen Victoria affected the sensitivity of some

of the subaltern historiographers. See Rudrangshu Mukherjee, Awadh in Revolt, Delhi, 1984, p. 148;Gautam Bhadra, 'Four Rebels of 1857', in Subaltern Studies, Vol. IV, New Delhi: OUP, 1985, p. 271.

14. FSUI, Vol. II, Awadh: 1857-59, pp. 150-62.15. Ibid, p. 150.16. Ibid, pp. 160-61.17. This Istihar was first produced from the original document in Urdu by S.Z.H. Jafri, in 'Voices of the

Vanquished: The Indigenous Discourse in the Rebels World of 1857', pp. 69-82, collected in theSouvenir (Delhi in 1857: Studies, Images and Documents) of the 70th Session of the Indian HistoryCongress, held at Delhi, 15-17 May 2010, Department of History, University of Delhi,.

18. Ibid.19. Ibid, p. 74.

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Affirmative Action : A Conceptual AndAnalytical Perspective

Manjeet Singh*

Policies likeAffirmativeAction exist inAllAround the world. The basis of these policies may bedifferAccording to region. The mainAim of these policies to bring equalityAnd justice for those whoAredepressed or deprived because of past discrimination, persecution or exploitation by the ruling class ofAculture,And toAddress existing discrimination.

AffirmativeAction, positive discrimination, quotas, reservations, employment equity,workforce diversity though using different termsAnd developing within distinct nationalcontexts, such policiesAimAt increasingAccess to equity within higher educationAndemployment (Jain, Peter, SloaneAnd Horwitz, 2003). The mainAim of these policiesAndprograms is favouring members ofA disadvantaged group whoAre perceived to sufferfrom discrimination withinA culture. In the present paper we would examine the policiesofAffirmativeAction in the different countries of the World which provide equal opportunityin recruitment, promotion, training, educational institutionsAnd politics.

The term "affirmativeAction" was first used in the United States in ExecutiveOrder 10925And was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961. It was usedto promoteActions thatAchieve non-discrimination (Weisskopf, 2004). AffirmativeActionin employment refers toAll measuresAnd theirAccompanying procedures tentatively takenby employers to eliminate existing discrimination between menAnd women in employmentor promote equal employment. It isA way of enhancing minority representation withoutundermining merit or performance based systems.

AffirmativeAction is intended to promote the opportunities of defined minoritygroups withinA society to give them equalAccess to that of the privileged majoritypopulation. It is often instituted for governmentAnd educational settings to ensure thatcertain designated "minority groups" withinA societyAre included "inAll programs". Thestated justification forAffirmativeAction by its proponents is that it helps to compensatefor past discrimination, persecution or exploitation by the ruling class ofA culture,AndtoAddress existing discrimination.International Perspectives :

Different countries of the world haveAffirmativeAction laws on racial equality,caste equalityAnd gender equality. In some countriesAffirmativeAction is rendered illegalbecause it does not treatAll races equally. ThisApproach of equal treatment is sometimesdescribedAs being "color blind", in hopes that it is effectiveAgainst discrimination withoutengaging in reverse discrimination. In such countries, the focus tends to be on ensuringequal opportunityAnd, for example, targetedAdvertising campaigns to encourage ethnicminority candidates to join the police force. This is sometimes describedAs "positiveAction".

In SouthAfrica, there wasAnApartheid GovernmentAnd the state policy favouredwhite race people. There isAlso positive discrimination on the race basis within blackAndwhite (Nayyar, 2011). In Uganda theAffirmativeAction policy is based on Sex (gender) toprovideAnd increase their share in educationAnd decision making processes (Kasasira,2011). The 1963 Constitution of Kenya was inA wayAlive to the ideaofAffirmativeActionAs it made direct provisions for the protectionAnd inclusion of minoritycommunities in the governance system (www.constitutionnet.org).

*Research Scholar in Deptt. Of Sociology, M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana


In the Republic of ChinaAffirmativeAction policies called Youhuizhengce. Whenit began in 1949And becameAn explicit policy in the mid-1980s (JhouAnd Hill, 2009).AffirmativeAction came into effect in Korea in March 2006, on the ground of the EqualEmploymentAct (6th revision in 2005) (Jung, SungAnd Kim, 2012). The population ofMalaysia is 50 percent Malay, 24 percent ChineseAnd 7 percent Indian (Sowell, 2004).The BhumiputraPolicy of Malaysia isAn example. The situation of the Malays was similarto that of the Indian dalits (Fernandes, 2002).AffirmativeAction policies or preferentialpolicies came to Sri Lanka in the 1970s with the left of center United Front government,Andwere confined to universityAdmissions (Silva, 1997).AffirmativeAction in Philippines calledgender equity. Gender Equity refers to the policies, instruments, programs,services,AndActions thatAddress the disadvantaged position of women in society byproviding preferential treatmentAndAffirmativeAction (www.lawphil.net).

In the United States,AffirmativeAction beganAsA government remedy to the effectsof long standing discriminationAgainst people of colorAnd womens. TheAffirmativeActionpolicies in U.S. provide preferences to minoritiesAnd women in job hiring,Admission toinstitutions of higher education, theAwarding of government contracts,And other socialbenefits. The fundamental principles forAffirmativeActionAre race, disability, gender, ethnicorigin,AndAge.AffirmativeAction was initiated by theAdministration of President LyndonJohnson (1963-69) in order to improve opportunities forAfricanAmericans while civil rightslegislation was dismantling the legal basis for discrimination (Encyclopedia of Britannica).

India's equal-rightsAmendment providesAn explicit exception for policies designedto help disadvantaged segments of its populationAffirmativeAction or ''positivediscrimination''As it is often called there (Bajpai, 1997). Today, thereAre basically twokinds of preferential policies in India-policies for national minorities deemed lessfortunateAnd policies for various local groups in their respective states. The minoritypolicies were quite explicitly designed primarily to deal with the severe social disabilitiesAnddiscrimination faced by India's untouchables. Tribal groups outside the social mainstreamof the country wereAlso included,As in some waysAnalogous to untouchables. For otherswho might have similar disadvantages,An omnibus category of ''other backward classes''was included in the constitutional exemption from equal treatment provisions. This lastmentioned category providedAn opening through which numerous other groupscouldAcquire preferentialAccess to jobsAnd other benefits.

The untouchables (''scheduled castes'' or ''Dalits'') constituteAbout 16 percent ofthe country's total populationAnd members of ''backward tribes''Another 8 percent.However, these twoAre very poorAnd historically outcaste groupsAre greatly outnumberedby members of the ''other backward classes,'' who constitute 52 percent ofAll Indians.Clearly, these ''other backward classes''Are in practice not the incidentalAfter-thoughtthat they might have been in the minds of those who wrote India's constitutional exemptionfrom equal-treatment requirements (Sowell, 2004).Conclusion:

In the end we can say that dealing with diversityAnd difference, many countrieshave encouraged from the relatively passive idea of non-discrimination toA more pro-activeplan ofAffirmativeAction.AffirmativeAction measuresAsA strategy toAchieve equality hasbeenAdopted in several demographically diverse countries. For this purpose, we have placedthe emphasis onA number of countries of the global South, namely SouthAfrica, Nigeria,India, Malaysia, Brazil, Mexico, FijiAnd Israel. The choice of jurisdictions was informed bytwo considerations. The first relates to the shortage of studies onAffirmativeAction in thesejurisdictions. In the second place,AffirmativeAction in the countries under review coverArange of different beneficiary groups, namely women (SouthAfrica, Mexico, Nigeria, IndiaAnd

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Israel), disadvantaged groups based on race/colour (SouthAfricaAnd Brazil), disadvantagedminorities based on religionAnd nationality (Israel), disadvantaged classes or castes (India)Anddisadvantaged ethnic groups (Nigeria, MalaysiaAnd Fiji). This will enable the researchersto study the impact ofAffirmativeAction in very different contextsAnd to regulatetheAdvantagesAnd disadvantages of using gender, race, religion, nationality, caste (orclass)And ethnicityAs the basis of compensation measures.

Reference:1. Bajpai, Kanti (1997), ''Diversity, Democracy,And Devolution in India,'' in Michael E. BrownAnd

SumitGanguly (etd.), Government PoliciesAnd Ethnic Relations inAsiaAnd the Pacific, Cambridge,Massachusetts: MIT Press.

2. Bleich, Erik (2001), "The French Model: Color Blind Integration", in John David Skrentny (etd.),Color Lines:AffirmativeAction, Immigration,And Civil Rights Options forAmerica, University ofChicago Press.

3. Daskalovski, Zhidas (2010), "The Macedonian Integration Model: Minorities And AffirmativeAction Policies", in Maria Golubeva (etd.), Inclusion Unaffordable? The Uncertain Fate ofIntegration Policies in Europe, Center for Public Policy.

4. Encyclopedia of Britannica (Online), Retrieved on 29/10/2014 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7740/affirmative-action.

5. Jain, Harish C., Peter J. , Sloane,And Frank M. Horwitz (2003), EmploymentEquityAndAffirmativeAction:An International Comparison, M. E. Sharpe, New York.

6. Jhou, Minglang&Ann Maxwell Hill (etd.) (2009),AffirmativeAction in ChinaAnd the U.S.:ADialogue on InequalityAnd Minority Education, Palgrave Macmillan Press.

7 Jung, Jin Hwa, Hyo Yong SungAnd Hyun Sook Kim (2012), "AffirmativeAction in Korea: ItsImpact on Women's Employment, Corporate PerformanceAnd Economic Growth",

8. Nayyar, Deepak (2011), "DiscriminationAnd Justice: BeyondAffirmativeAction", EconomicAndPolitical Weekly-15 Oct., Vol. XLVI, No. 42.

9. Seierstad, CathrineAnd Tore Opsahl (2011). "For the few not the many? The effectsofAffirmativeAction on presence, prominence,And social capital of women directors in Norway".Scandinavian Journal of Management. vol. 27, issue 1.

10. Silva, K M de (1997), "AffirmativeAction Policies: The Sri Lankan Experience", Ethnic StudiesReport, Vol. XV, No. 2, July.

11. Weisskopf, T.E. (2004),AffirmativeAction in the United StatesAnd India:A comparative perspective,USAAnd Canada: Routledge.

12. Kasasira, Risdel (2011), retrieved on 07/10/2014 from http://www.ugpulse.com/people/has-gender-based-affirmative-action-achieved-its objectives/1271/ug.aspx .

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Affirmative Action : A Conceptual And Analytical Perspective


A Study of Balance of Payments in IndiaDr. Rajat Kumar Sant*

Abstract:Balance of Payment is one of the important topics in today's scenario; India is country which is

import based economy in respect of oil. Subsidy is also one of the main reasons which impacted on Balanceof Payments Situation in India. The main focus of this article is Current account Deficit, Current situation ofBOP in India and how to overcome this problem. The study of this paper based on secondary data which wasavailable in different books, websites, Journals and Newspapers and articles of scholars.

The Balance-of-Payments , is a systematic records of accounts of monetary transactions of acountry payments and receipts of the residents of the country in their transactions with residents of othercountries. In other words a Balance of Payments statement is essentially a double entry record of alleconomic transactions.

These transactions arise due to:* Transactions in goods (Visible)* Transactions in services (Invisible)* Transactions in capital like loans, deposits, investment etc.

These transactions are settled in foreign exchange, more generally in a hardcurrency like dollar.Components of Balance of Payments

Balance of payments is divided into two parts.* Current Account records the earning and expenditure of foreign exchange by a

country during a year. These earning arise due to transactions in goods, services,income (such as salaries and investment income) and unilateral transfers. In anation's balance of payments capital account in which a payments made by thecountry for purchasing foreign assets exceed payments made by the country forselling domestic assets. In international economics a capital account deficit isoften balanced by current account surplus.Balance of Payments on current account is divided in two parts: 1. Balance of

Trade (Export of goods and Imports of goods) 2. Balance on Invisibles ( Export of Invisiblesand Imports of invisibles)

* Capital Accounts consist of expenditure and income which is tracked by way offunds in the form of investments and loans flowing in and out of an EconomicTerritory of the Country. This account comprises foreign direct investments,portfolio investments, Changes in reserve, etc. The sum total of these two accountsis known as the Balance of Payments.

Components of BOP on Capital AccountCapital transactions principally take the following forms:

a. Foreign investmentb. Loansc. Deposits by NRIsCurrent Account Deficit (CAD) in India

A CAD can be financed by different sources- 1. A country may use a part of itsgold stocks and payments to foreigners. 2. A country may draw upon its reserves of

*Associate Professor in Economics, Deptt. of Commerce, MAC, University of Delhi, Delhi

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foreign currencies and foreign securities. 3. A country may borrow foreign exchangefrom different official and private sources. Ours CAD is negative as we are the netimporters from rest of the world. From 2004-05 our CAD is in deficit. A latest figure ofRBI shows that we were -4.6% of the GDP in 2012-13.Is CAD is bad thing? It should not be assumed from the above discussion that CAD isnecessarily a bad thing and that country should focus its attention on adopting policies toobtain balance or a current account surplus.CAD has its Positive aspect

* CAD reflects the positive development in the country when the country recoveringfrom recession.

* Host country enjoys attractive sources of foreign investment because of expectedhigh returns.

* Net capital inflows associated with a CAD tend to put pressure on home countryinterest rate, growth and employment.

Reasons:Return on Investment: Foreigners invest in India through FDI and FII . In the sameway Indian also does. These FII and FDI earn income in the form of Dividend andInterest income which is included in Current Account.

EXPORTS & IMPORTS : (US $ Million)(PROVISIONAL)

APRILEXPORTS(including re- exports)2013-14 24353.772014-15 25634.08%Growth2014-15/ 2013-14 5.26IMPORTS2013-14 42025.872014-15 35720.03%Growth 2014-15/ 2013-14 -15.00TRADE BALANCE2013-14 -17672.102014-15 -10085.95

Source: Ministry of Commerce & IndustryBalance of Payment in India

When India became Independent, it had sterling Balance of Rs 1733cr. This wasthe result of a sizeable surplus on BOT. During first plan the overall BOT was Rs. 541.9cr. India's BoP was under stress during 2011-12, as the trade and current account deficitwidened. Though capital inflows increased, it fell short of fully financing current accountdeficit, resulting in drawdown of foreign exchange reserves. The trade deficit increasedto US$ 189.8 billion in 2011-12 as compared to US$ 127.3 billion during 2010-11. Thisincrease of 49.1 % in trade deficit in 2011-12 was primarily on account of higherincrease in imports relative to exports. Net invisible balances showed significantimprovement, registering 40.7 per cent increase from US$ 79.3 billion in 2010-11 to US$111.6 billion during 2011-12. Net invisible balance as per cent of GDP improved to 6.0 percent in 2011-12 from 4.6 per cent in 2010-11. The current account deficit widened to US$78.2 billion as compared with US$ 48.1 billion in 2010-11. Net capital inflows werehigher at US$ 67.8 billion in 2011-12 as compared to US$ 63.7 billion in 2010-11, mainlydue to higher FDI inflows and NRI deposits. As the capital account surplus fell short of

A Study of Balance of Payments in India


financing current account deficit, there was a drawdown of reserves to the extent ofUS$ 12.8 billion during 2011-12 as against an accretion of US$ 13.1 billion in 2010-11.Oil Import

Oil is major commodity Imported by India and huge part of our BOP system. Weare basically depended on the Petroleum product for our energy needs. Table belowshows the progressive increase over the years. This surge has occurred due to depreciationof rupee against US dollars and high rate of crude oil.Net Import of Oil and Petroleum Products.Year Import Gross Export Net (In crores)2005 176521 39610 1369112011 667639 265042 4025972012* 853960 310535 543425*ProvisionalSource: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural ResourcesGold Import (In USD billion)Year Gold Import Total Import % of Total Import2000-01 50.5 4.2 8.22004-05 111.5 10.5 9.42009-10 288.4 28.8 10.02010-11 369.8 40.7 11.02011-12 489.3 56.5 11.5Source: Ministry of CommerceIndia's Current Account

The above Graph which was taken from tradingeconomics.com, shows the currentaccount deficit in the new millennium. In previous century till 1990 the CAD was hoveringaround -1 billion. From 1991 when we were having forex reserve just to pay for our 15days of import, we pledged the gold to several European country and borrow the foreignexchange. From 1991 to 2000 our CAD started depreciating at much rapid pace.

In new millennium from it started detoriating from 2004 and post Lehman Crisis(2008) the pace of negativity has become alarming. It has reached the record breaking 32billion in the year 2013. During that time our rupee has depreciated to much lower rate of68.88 per US dollar.Repercussions of CADRupee Depreciation: There is direct link between CAD and rupee rate as it add pressureon the domestic currency. Government has imposed import duty on Gold as our countrygold consumption is one of the highest in the world and does not contribute to furtherwealth generation. Gold has crossed 10% of import cost. RBI has put curb on rupeespeculation by limiting the overnight holding of open position of foreign currency. It hasalso put restriction on corporate speculation of rupee. On forward hedging of foreigncurrency upon cancelation bank will not pass the profit but will recover the loss fromcorporate client. Our country has entered for Sell Buy swap with Japan where we buyUSD from Japan in near Date and Sell USD at future date.Trap: to fund our import we need to have the foreign currency. But when there is CADwe need to depend from other sources. We will rely on SDR from IMF, or Capital inflowin form of Foreign Direct Investment. Many of the corporate who have taken 5 yearExternal Commercial Borrowing has to repay from 2011 onwards but due to rupeedepreciation it is costing more rupees to convert to USD for repayment which adds furtherpressure on rupee.

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Inflationary Pressure: Current account deficit will lead to depreciation of rupee. Wewill require more rupees to import the goods; which will ultimately lead to inflation andfurther more to worsening current account deficit.Recommendation to overcome the deficit

Solution lies on the basic problem. Government has to put emphasis on reducingthe import and promoting the export. Two major constituent of import is Crude oil andGold. For crude oil we have to think for renewable source of energy such as wind energyor Hydel power project. Some countries are also harnessing the Tidal energy for electricitygeneration. For Gold we are culturally inclined to hold the gold but alternate way can begenerated. For holding physical gold tax is to be imposed. Government has already imposed15% tax on gold. People should be encouraged to hold the gold in form of ETF which isexchange tradable.

Government should encourage the export and make our country as manufacturinghub. We may learn many things from our neighboring country China. They have adoptedthe policy in 1970-80, which is giving the fruit now; but now there is economic slowdownso this solution may not result in immediate solution but is to be considered as long termsolution.

Pegging of Indian Rupee. Rupee exchange rate can be fixed to a single currencyor a basket of currency to prevent it from further depreciation, as it was having in pre-liberalization era as rupee was moving in a ban; but this can be proved counterproductiveand may lead to intervention of our Central Bank (RBI).

Reduction of subsidy: With increasing CAD government must reduce itsexpenditure. Government has already taken decision regarding increase in Diesel pricesand LPG cylinder. Petroleum prices should be more or less linked to the market.

Use of technology: India should encourage for mixing of ethanol with normal fuelto reduce dependency on crude import. Subsidy should be given to electric vehicle toencourage its use as these items are costly to produce.Risk associated with current Structure:

If we go through the above table we may see that we are shifting to the unstablefunding of NRI and ECB. In this context we may assume that FDI is presumed to bestable funding due to inherent nature. ECB and NRI deposit may exit in sudden dwindlingof Indian Economy as well as unforeseen circumstances of the other Nation (not reliablesource of funding). In certain crisis this channel may dry up exposing to country's failureof meeting its commitment to other world, which may lead to think foreign lenders aboutour Country's repayment capacity and may see the capital flight.

References:1. Reserve Bank of India, report on currency and finance, 2002-03, 2010, 20112. Bimal Jalan, India's Economic Policy: preparing for the Twenty fifth Century3. Economic Survey, 2010-11, 2011-124. Sankar Achraya, BOP: Rupee Rises Dispute Higher Deficits, Business Standard April, 105. indiabudget.nic.in, www.finmin.com6. S.D.Tendulkar& T.A Bhavani, Understanding Reforms.7. RBI annual Report, 2009, 20108. tradingeconomics.com

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A Study of Balance of Payments in India


Effect of Mallakhamb Exercise on Peak Expiratory FlowRate of High School Students

Prof. Dr. Vishwajit Thakare*

ABSTRACT :The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Mallakhamb exercise on peak Expiratory flow

tate of high school students. For this study 40 subject were selected randomly from J.S.P.M.High School Itawaward pusad Dist.Yavatmal.(M.S.). The subject were categorize in to two equal groups, one experimental group(Group A n = 20) and one control group (Bn2=20). It was also ensured that all them were medically fit and wasinterested to do the Mallakhamb exercise to undergo the training for research project Group A receivedMallakhamb exercise while group B was treated as control. The design of the experiment has been planned inthree phases. All the subject of experimental group were exposed to a three month (12 week) training ofmallakhamb exercise one hour daily in the evening. The variable peak expiratory flow rate which is measuredby wrights peak flow meter. The training of mallakhamb reveled that there was significant improvement in peakexpiratory flow rate.

Keay words : Mallakhamb, Peak Expiratory flow Rate.Introduction :

Mallakhamb as the name suggests is a pole used by wrestler for practicing theirskills in the game KUSTI. But now a days the trend has changed and it has got a specialidentity. Mallakhamb needs concentration. Speed and flexibility. It is the only game whichplayed against gravity.

The drigin of this ancient Indian sports can be traced to earlier part of the 12thcentury. A mention of wrestlers exercising on wooden poles is found in the Manasholas,written by chalukya in 1153 A.D. It was revived late in the 19th century by BalambhattaDada Deodhar, physical instructor to Bojirao Peshwa II. He took great efforts to popularizethis sports. Resemblance of the shape of the incient and modern mallakahamb to the humanstructure can be easily seen. At first mallakhamb was always concerned with kush to learndifferent styles of kush .Now a says the game also includes Gymnastics. It is leaving ancientgrips. The present game includes supple body, alert muscles and mind, concentration andexpansion of the muscles, rhythem in breath, eyes wide open etc. Now a days at thecompetitive level the degree of difficulty is increasing day by day. The need of dafetyinstruments is felt.

There are three types of Mallakhamb which are played on competitive level thatare pole Mallakhamb or fix mallakhamb, Hanging mallakhamb and Rope mallakamb.Pole mallakhamb is a vertical pole fixed in the ground. Generally teak wood ar sesame iscommonly used because of its physical properties such as toughness and soft surface.Castrol oil is applied to it surface in order to reduce the friction and minimize the injuries.The pole used in competitions is straight standing 2.6 meters (8.5 ft.) in height with acircumference of 55 centimetres (22 inch) at the base. It gradually topers to a circumferenceof 35 centimeters c14 inch) at the top.

In the mallakhamb the body is turned, twished,stretched and balanced on themallakhamb keeps the spechators spellbound. Playing on the mallakhamb helps to developones speed, reflexes, concentration and co-ordination. Training of Mallakhamb helps in

*J.S.P.M. College of physical education pusad, Yavatmal, Maharastra

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practicing many others games which include wrestling,Judo, Gymnastics, Athletics, Horse.Riding, Tennis etc.Purpose of the Study

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of mallakhamb exercise onpeak Expiratory flow rate of high school students.Method and Material

For this study 40 make subject were selected randomly from J.S.P.M. High SchoolItawa ward pusad Dist-Yavatmal (M.S.). The subject age group was ranging from 13 to 15year. The subject were categorize in to two equal groups, one experimental group (Group An,=20) and one control group (Bn2=20) It was also ensured that all of them were medicallyfit and was interested to do the mallakhamb exercise to undergo the training for researchproject. Group A received Mallakhamb exercise while group was treated as control. Thedesign of the experiment has been planned in three in three phases. All the subject ofexperimental group were exposed to a three month (12 week) training of Mallakhamb exerciseone hour daily In the evening.

The phase-wise design of the experiment has been planned as follows.Phase - I PretestPhase- II Training or TreatmentPhase-III Post test

Pre-Test (Phase-I)All the subjects of experiment and control groups were exposed to peak Expiratory

flow rate test measure by wrights peak flow meter to record the pre test data.Treatment Stimuli (phase-II)

After the completion of pretest. All the subjects of experimental group were exposedto a three month (12 week) training of Mallakhamb exercise for one hour daily in the evening5.00 to 6.00 pm except Sunday and holidays.

Group A - Mallakhamb exerciseGroup B - ControlFor a total period 12 week the researcher himself teach daily mallakhamb exercise

and the practice of that exercise.Weekly Schedule of Mallakhamb exercise.

Effect of Mallakhamb Exercise on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate of High School Students


Post Test (Phase III)Lastly, when the Mallakhamb exercise schedule period of 12 week was

completed, the post test on peak Expiratory flow rate was assessed (like pre-test) for all thesubject of both the groups.Effect of Mallakhamb Exercise on peak Expiratory flow rate

Table -I Mean, Standard Deviotion and t value of variables.

Peak Expiratory flow rate of Mallakhamb Exercise group and control group are presentedin table 1. Were 441.2,484.3 ,401.3 and 402.0 ( where 1=pre test of mallakhamb exercise,2= post test of mallakhamb exercise.3= pre test of control group 4=post test of controlgroup.

From the above statistic significance the result renealed that* Control group did not show significant improvement (t=0.4),P>0.05) in peak expiratory

flow rate.* Eperimental group (Mallakhamb exercise) show significant improvement (t =6.54 P

<0..5) in peak expiratory flow rate.Hence Mallakhamb exercise show significant superiority over the control group in

improving peak expiratory flow rate.CONCLUSION :

This study on the basis of the results, warrants the following conclusion. 12week of Mallakhamb exercise schedule was found effective in improving peak expiratoryflow rate of high school student.

References :1. Bharashankar.J.R, Bharashankar R. N, Deshpande V.N, Kaare S.B. and Gosavi G.D (2003) Effect

of yoga on cordiovasular system in subjects above 40 years,Indian Journal physiology andpharmacology.47,2,pp 202-206.

2. Baljinder Singh Bals, Parminder Jeet kaur, Davinder Singh.Brasitia Journal of Biometricity,v-6 n1p,25-32,2012 (ISSN 1981-6324)

3. 'Dying 12th century sports gets a lifeline." The Telegraph (Berhampur India) 3 November 2011.4. Indian roots to gymnastics" NDTV-sports(Mumbai-India)6 December 2007.5. Sharif M. Mukhtar R.Gutti, Madanmohan and Marghon T,O.(1989)Peak Expiratory flow Rate in

Libyan Adaleacents, Indian Journal of physiology and pharmacology 33,4 pp223-227.6. Mallakhamb : Ancient Indian sports. MSN News (India) 5 December.7. Mujumdar. D.C.ed (1950) The Encyclopedia of Indian physical culture Baroda. Shree Ram Vijaya

Printing Press.8. Malik sk. Jindal sk,Jindal V. Bansal S. Peak Expiratory flow rate in healthy Indian J. chest Dis

1975,17:166.177.

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Institutions do a lot but Silently(An Ice Breaking pace of SHGs at Narsinghpur district of MP- A case study)

Smt. Kamini Singh*

The use of the term institution has a long history of usage in the social sciences,dating back at least to Giambattista Vico in his Scienza Nuova of 1725 .However, eventoday, there is no unanimity in the definition of this concept. According to Gehlen, we live ina world of secondary or quasi-institutions.Institution is widely used to describe:

* Social practices that are regularly and continuously repeated, are sanctioned andmaintained by social norms, and have a major significance in the social structure.

* Established patterns of behaviour - institutions are regarded as a higher-order, moregeneral unit that incorporates a plurality of roles

Five major complexes of institutions are conveniently identified.a) Economic institutions serve to produce and distribute goods and services.b) Political institutions regulate the use of, and access to, power.c) Stratification institutions determine the distribution of positions and resources.d) Kinship institutions deal with marriage, the family and the socialization of the young.e) Cultural institutions are concerned with religious, scientific and artistic activities.

In India Institutions are being facilitated to strengthening poor and poorest of thepoor(PoP) families through several schemes to increase the ownership of stakeholders anddetermine the accountability through peer pressure. It also the work on theory of networkingto optimize the uses of indigenous skill and resources. To develop long term sustainability ofthe rural development prgrammes and empowering the people in real terms, the departmentof Rural developments, for all its programme implements a strategy of building communitybased organizations and empowering them with skills ad project managements capabilities.The government institutions primarily play the role of process catalysts, enablers andchannelise the funds for development activities. The actual decisions related to identifyingthe needs of the poor, choosing the income generation activities, priority setting and evenchoosing the community takes the beneficiaries themselves based organizations. The NationalRural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) facilitated billions of Self Help Groups (SHG) and theirfederations at village level and cluster level.

SHG is a set of rural poor comprising 10 to 20 members more than 18 year old, whovolunteer to organize themselves into groups with an intention to find a solution to commonproblems such as livelihood generations, economic assets creation, watershed management,and quality of life issues like health, nutrition, education, social security, living conditions foreradication of poverty of the members, with a great degree of self sufficiency. It is thoughtthat there is tremendous potential with the poor to help themselves, and their potential canbe harnessed by organizing them.Positivism - 1551 SHGs facilitated in 249 villages among 18197 families and still 1365SHGs actively functioning and following the norms panch sutra e.g. regular meeting, saving,inter loaning, on time repayment and documentations .They have federated 225 Village

*Research Scholar , V. B. S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, U.P.


development committies(VDCs) .they have taken 2296 no. of loan amount Rs. 19.33 croreand on time repayment is 93.5%.SHG Bank Linkage - 887 SHGs are linked to the banks for credit. The bank credit leveragedby the SHGs is Rs. 9.22 Crs. i.e. an average of Rs. 103990 per SHG in a span of two year.Equity in Functionalism- The group members are free to join the group, can activelyparticipate in setting the norms for the group, having equal opportunity to share the groupdynamics, leadership, financial and social inclusion issues and can quit the group if shethinks so. The positive indices is that SHG saved Rs.2.31 crore as saving. And coverage ofSC/ST families in SHGs 70.34% while their proportion among surveyed families is 61.48%.Structuralism-1551 SHGs has been promoted with 225 Village Development Committees.The process for formation of cluster level federation of SHGs "Clustre Level federation(CLF)" has been initiated. Based on the demand of the community, the CLFs have beenpromoted in districts.Conflict management- The base of group formation is homogeneity among the membersin form of cast, creed, class and geographic inhabitation. The decision mechanism isunanimously within the group. So hardly conflict arises because norms are equally abided byevery member of group. In spite of any conflict take place group itself mitigate the conflictwithout external interference.Social constructionism - It is envisaged that with the speedy pace of the development, thewomen, PoP families and families from SC/ST lagged to walk abreast with. That's why fromthe initial facilitation SHPI prior to social inclusion forming the first SHG from SC/ST families.65% project Grant and 65.33% Micro finance from banks moblised to SC/ST families.S. No. Particulars Progress

Cumulativeup to

Dec.20151 2 31 No. of SHGs whose all office Bearers either

ST or SC or Both 6272 No. of SHGs Having ST President 6003 No. of VDCs in which ST women are in EC 1994 No. of VDCs where any of the office bearer is ST women 1195 No. of VDCs having ST President 103Gender Scenario - 100% Self Help Groups formed from women, and gender sensitizationorientation was prime focus of moblisation. There is a ribbon game, was main tools to sensitizewomen about their alienation from fundamental rights in the civil societies. The game makethem realize to be unite in homogenous group. The fourteenth issue of project magazine"EKMAT" depicting the women empowerment has been published. Members have startedusing sanitary napkin , focused on the baby child education, started to get construct toilets andstopped open defecation. In the village level women agitated against Nasha Bandi.Social Security- Under the Micro Pension scheme 1894 SHG members have securedtheir old age through the micro pension, in this way sanhita Organisation played in importantrole like linked them to govt. Supported scheme. All above mentioned members have receivedtheir Pension card as well as each one have deposited Rs. 1000/- initially in pension account.SRI/SWI-System of Rice Intensification (SRI) for rice cultivation was piloted for the firsttime in the year 2011-12 in districts with 86 farmers. In this year 2013-14, more than 282farmers are involved in rice cultivation. System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) has also beenundertaken with about 418 farmers in the district. The results are exemplary with productivityincrease of about 1.5 times as compared to traditional method. More than 9872 farmers of

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250 project villages in the districts are using certified seeds. Project has facilitated FarmerProducer Organisation. The organisation is working among SHGs member with agro inputssuch as improved seeds, fertiliser, innovative technology for vegetable cultivations etc.Environment- Environment sensitisation was one of the module for SHG trainings. Theyhave been sensitized about to discard the uses of hazardous chemicals. sanitation and health-In Narsinghpur districts 52 SHG members are involved in manufacturing of Sanitary Napkins.It was initially started manually but now in mechanical unit is sanctioned for development ofthis cluster. The SHG members have developed their own brand in the name of 'My Care'for sanitary napkins.Gram sabha the Platform of decentralise planning - In the project area women fromSHGs has enhanced their active participation to form the village plan, beneficiary selections,and evaluation of schemes through social audit.Summary - The SHG movements is emerging as main tool of women empowerment alongwith poverty alleviation. The results were found very amazing . Those women who neverbeen unveil now reaching before the Administration, Public representative and media, takingthe problems of village. On 8th march they celebrate women's day with sharing theirexperience which increase their confidence. On 5th june at Environment day all SHG memberget together at one place and visit in whole village in rally form and take oath to saveenvironment. They are fighting against the penury.Customs, habits, rituals- The customs, habits and rituals are being superseded by icebreaking footsteps of women moblised institutions. The SHG meeting has been the mainplatform for knowledge sharing, planning and decision making. The poor woman find herwords of choice to express herself which constitution of the country could not provide her atdoor steps. The effects and impacts are beyond the imagination. A woman of a familybecome the deciding agent in the male dominant family. The Impression of feudalism isdebilitating before the power of group.

References:1. Community Operational Manual(COM) prepared by DPIP for institution building.2. NRLM guidelines for development SHGs as institutions.3. Geoffrey M. Hodgson- what are institutions?( Journal of Economic Issuues Vol. XL No. 1 March

2006).4. Susan Harkness, Paul Gregg and Lindsey MacMillan-Poverty: The Role of Institution, Behaviours

and Culture.5. Kretzmann, J. and J. McKnight. 1993. Building Communities from the Inside Out-A Path Toward

Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets. Chicago, Ill: ACTA Publications.

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Institutions do a lot but Silently


Environmental Conservation And Consciousness In EarlyIndia : A Historical Survey

Dr. Mukesh Chandra Srivastava*

[This paper presents the environment conservation and consciousness in early India. They were

more consciousness about nature. The Various components of our ecosystems in their myriad transformations

from birth to death mirror the cosmic cycle of creation and destruction. In Prithivisukta of Atharveda is

unquestionably the oldest and most evocative environmental invocation. In our Vedic seer solemnly declares

and enduring filial allegiance of human kind to Mother Earth 'Mata Bhumish Putroham Prithvivyah' earth is

my mother, I am her son. Mother Earth is celebration for all her natural bounties and particularly for her gift

of herbs and vegetation. So it is our responsibility to save the nature]

Our Hindu Mythology the natural environment was the creation of Lord Bhamhathe supreme creator Lord Vishnu was preserver and Lord Shiva was Annihilater in Holytrinity in Hindu Pathon. The natural cycle of life and death never ended. Time also followthe cycle of birth and death. Each great civilization draw and new civilization flourished andthen decline. From the ashes of old civilization comes.

In our historical tradition the cosmic ages are divided in to Satyayuga, Tretayuga,Dwaperyuga and Kalyuga. In Satyayuga people were living with happiness accordancewith Dharma. They were nature lover. This age was assumed as age the age of joy andeuphoria there was no destruction between man and environment but in later the peoplesBrahmha becomes much greedy, they quarreled with each other. Stronger beats the weaker.Lord becomes very sad and he made the Ethics for the people. He also appointed the kingto fallow the ethics. The people accepted to fallow the Ethics made by Lord Brahmha.¹

The next comic age was Tretayuga. This era was divided in growing complexitiesin human society. Human greed develops with human felling like aggorance, desire anddeceit. Rama was bron in this age. It is assumed that Rama made his life's mission curtailthe degeneration and debauchery spreading through society as royalty he could have enjoyedmany worldly pleasures and superficial comforts but instead he choose the path ofrighteousness and virtue. His most memorable attempt was to vanquishing the Lanka kingRavana. This war was the evil defeats by the good. Rama conquered this war with the helpof other creature of God like monkey, Squirrels, bear, birds, etc. Actually, it was the victoryof nature .

National resources were considered precious in this era. For his personal amusementRavana created 'Ashok Vatika'.It was Natural park where animals were kept. Generallycommon people were not allowed to enter. It was like a modern zoos and sanctuaries.The battle between Rama and Ravana was in a sense of a war between the love of natureand love of ostentation like- birds, monkey, sequrrels etc. The buildings of bridge atRameshawarm show the buildings effort of Rama. Ravana was more advance than Rama;but it was the victory of nature loving..

In Dwaperyuga more scriptures were written. This age saw again the rise of illslike jealously, bigotry and prejudice. A moral value becomes diminished in this era andtensions between the states have been grown. The ruler stopped mingling with the commonman and started dressing in regal attire. The world was slowly veering towards great'scatastrophe just as it is today. It was at this juncture in history that earth prayed to Lord

* Asstt. Prof., Dept. of Ancient History, G.V.P.G. College, Risia, Bahraich, U.P.

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Vishnu to once again comes in rescue and redeem society. The lord Vishnu comes in dualavatars Lord Krishna and Balrama once again these occurred a clash between moral andmaterial power. Materialism is the main cause of the war. The greats war Mahabharatawas the war of two type of ideologies once who wanted to capture and control the earthand others control the earth with all resources one that sought to protect the earth formthis assault by reestablishing the rule of virtue and dharma. The Kauravas representedthe former and Pandavas the latter.

The Kauravas were more advanced in technology and skills limited wealth to fueland conflict. The panduvas relied on righteousness and devotion of God. They were led bycowherds Krishna and army rank were made up of formers, forest dwellers, shepherds,cowherds. The five Panduvas Yudhisthira- virtous, Bheema- power, Arjuna- valiant, Nakulaand sehdeva who loved the nature deeply ad distinguished all the voices of loving beings.

Mahatma Gandhi used to say, "There is enough for every man' need but not man'sgreed." Nature has created enough for our need but greed disturbed the nature. In chapterof 3 verse 2 of Gita, where Lord Krishna explains to Arjuna that God will shower Arjunawith wordly pleasures and luxuries if he is industrious. He gives the knowledge of Karma.2

Again the Dark Age Kalyuga comes is stage which is continuous today.The time period of Indus valley civilization for about 3000 B.C. It was first urbanized

culture in Indian history. The people of this era where too much conscious about nature. Thebuildings where made of brick [Pucca house]. It was made in such a manner to get moreoxygen; the people of this civilization where God fearing. In Mohanjodoro and Harrapan theworship of papal [ficus Religious], Acacia and Neem. There cause of tree worship was toget more oxygen. It is assumed to draw water on peepal [ ficus religious] people will getheaven. In this culture tree is assumed as a 'Ardhaman'. Macai treated as a 'Seetala Devi'.Overall the Harrappan civilization dcividede in to four castes Warriors, Gods, King andscholars. They gathered under the peepal tree to take decisions of public affairs. Thuschabutera was center of all social activities.

The Vedic age was the age of rural economy. The detailed description of this age inscripter's and mythological stories. Primarily, they were gatherer aqnd hunterer. It was firstcertain groups who were lived as artisans or asceticsialstic. Every person was in closecontact of nature.

However, with a graduals distance grew between man and environment. The Humanmind is inherently hedonistic and seeks greater happiness and pleasures. These desiresslowly results in man indiscriminately hunting animals, fishing in the rivers beyond the naturalregenerative capacities and also manufacture of different type of weapons. The ar-cheological support gives the information about the starting of environment started wideningas a result of growing complexities. It is difficult to understand how it happened, yet it isessential we do so this understanding guides our future policy decision.

Growing this social complexity and emergence of many occupations trade wasborn people start to accumulate resources in exchange for collected by others. After thisman stated less devotion with nature the people start towards the materialistic things andanimals. Cow was respected due to milk production. She becomes the mode of economy inthe society. People start to think and how to accumulate more land and more cows. InIndian tradition emergence of Gotra has been reflected in Indian society3. Even the Dhartitradition began during this period.4

In later Vedic age people becomes agriculturist. The external change also wroughtmany internal-changes in human nature. Nature was not feared any longer although it wasworshipped as a source of prosperity during, sowing reaping and harvesting season. Unlikeearlier times when men prayed to God for preservation and safety they now started prayingfor the accumulation of wealth. Rain and sunshine are necessary for grains. So they worshipedIndra [the deity of rain] and Varuna [the deity of air].

Environmental Conservation And Consciousness In Early India : A Historical Survey


More agriculture production established the markets. Trade becomes started. Theruling class and other powerful people started devoting much of their time to outer appearancesexpansive attire and fine loving. Than they and imeditation thus this new age is also learnedas 'Aryaera' after the nobleman. In this civilization 'Indra' was the main deity. He was theditty of war. The such prayer is as follows:-

"O Lord Indra! Unfettering and unafraid! We besee you to strike our enemies down!O might Lord empowers us to smite our enemies & gave as strength & uses our swords asyou do with your thunder and set the entise cosmos quivering! Let us divide their ranks asyou have divided the sky in to so many different parts!''5

These are many descriptions about of God. Varuna the deity of water and commanderin chief who was the responsible for raising the skies so high & creating the unbridgeabledistance between earth & heaven above. He was also one of power prevented the oceans,from spilling over & floating the earth , despite increasing quantities of water that wouldflow in to the oceans from all the rivers & streams. The Rig-Veda Varuna was the supremeGod who is responsible for charting out the earth future & steering it along the predetemmuntone of its versed that Varuna created the beauty of forests made the rocks strong so every& ustenance. Similarly the Aryan civilization also served (The deity of fire) the sum God &the Goddess of down & Disk the Vedas illuminates all! You let the spark that ignited the sumand set if on its journey though the sky! It is gave who gave light!6

"Oh Lord of fire! Protect us protector of mistake Bodies! Bless me with a Long life,O given of immortality bless me wroth inequality, And Rid mortal body of all defaceeis7 withtime the idea immerged that all Gods are a mere enboliment of one sinle supreme leaving.This is example by some verse such as following:-

"Fire is him, the sum also him.The wied is his, the also him.Light is him, the mind is also himWater is him, & the king is also embodiment of this.8

One call him Indra, Varuna, Agni but he also manifests himself as the sum, or YanaGod of death! The throat that sings the elodies is but one and the pulchritudinous melodiesare many9

By the end of Vedic Era, there was growing knowledge that the universe is oneimmense entity & that all the unknown forces in the universe are actually different ascentson the some comic force.

The Vedes are best source of knowledge of ancient civilization & they with entencesof how learned then in those line beloved their lives understanding the blood between nature7 man they (Vedas) represent the oldest, the most carefully natured, the most elaboratelysystematized & most lovingly preserved oral tradition in the annals of the world unique intheir perceptive of time & space, their evocative poetry is a joyous and spontaneous affirmationof life & nature. The Vedic Hymn of earth declares the enduring filial allegiance of humankindof mother Earth is celebrated for all has natural bounties as particularly for Endeavour andfulfillment of righteous aspiration A covenant is made trespass & shall never let her beoppressed. Once there the God comes to source of the earth. He had painstaking created inthe from of Lord Buddha. Lord Buddha spared the inersage of peace, non violence &theiversal brithemod and remained people of righteous path that they should follow to attainenlightenment Lord Mahavira also spread the same message & wrote in his book entitled'Aryo' that mountains, trees sock flowers rain, soil & man all made up of some constituents.The Buddist & Jan tradition established the principles of ecological heading for an imminateenvironment disaster or destruction, nor because of any physical symbiosis, synthesized in asystem awareness and moral responsibility.

The term Ahimsa is stated in negative (a=non himsa =violence) but it is rooted in ahost of positive aims and actions which have great relevance to contemporary environment

135

concerns. It is principle of compassion and responsibility, which should be practiced not onlytowards human beings but all animas and nature. The Jain scripture tells us - "The Arhats(venerable ones) of the past, present and future discourse, counsel, proclaim, propound andprescribe thus in unison: Do not injure, abuse or press, enslave, insult, torment,, torture andkill any creature or any living beings." Compassion and non-violence are the basic of ancientJain scriptures aphorism parasparopagraho jivinam (all life is bound together by the mutualsupport of independence ) Lord Mahavira proclaimed a profound ecological truth 'one whoneglect or disregards the existence of earth, air, fire, water and vegetation disregards hisown existence of with them.

The age of Mauryan it was the age of development of ideas of justice and lawdespite the Arthsastra's emphasis on material wealth & social relations it also unison thatthe five elements water, fire, earth, wind & sky are instate & a pervasive. Ashoka plantedthe tree towards the both side of the road it is the best example of environmental conservation.His attempt was perverse of environment.10

The Guptan emperor were also conscious about nature. Caldas the Darbari poetChandragupta II. He wrote 'Abhigyan Sakuntalam'. The sakuntal was the heroine of theepic. She loves nature and plucked not the flower even for her make up.11 It is best exampleof mains creativeness about environmental conservation nature has given all the necessarythings it is responsibility to not disturb the nature.

Conclusionly, we can see that Indian consciousness has always recognized the powerall supremacy of nature. While things have changed for worse one time and contemporarysociety is for removed from the environment, ancient India is splendid contrast. AncientIndian civilization respected nature. Today unfortunately society is neither nature loving andwe disturb the nature exporting only the natural thing our natural surroundings in order toincrease the wealth so, it need to think our part our ancestors were also more consciousabout nature. The righteous path for our among generation to Love nature and Love God.

References :1. fu;LrRoa uj.;k?kz +J.kq loZes'krkA ;Fkk jkT;a leqRiUUka vknkSdzr ;qxM~HkorA

uSo jkT;a u jktklhUu u nf.Mks u nf.MdkA /keS.kSo iztk lokZ jf{krLe ijjpejeAikL;ekuk LrFkkU;ks;a ujk ?keS.k HkkjrA nSU;a ijxqiktX;qLrr LrkU=ksgvfo'krAizfrifUrfo;ksxPp /keZLrsikeuhu'krA dkeks ukekijLre izR;i?kr] oSizHkksAA

2. deZ.;s okf/kdkjkLrs ek Qys'kq dnkpuAHkxorxhrk 3.2

3. Families adoptect symbol of particular animal identify themselves as one single entity to differentiatethemselves from other. This is precursor of modern 'surname' is still in practice today.

4. Each family choose one particular plant as a family symbol and adopted these tree a every importantoccasion. The family protected & nourished every such plant in their home or neighborhood. Thispractice to rurvine till today in many part of India.

5. Regveda chapter 10 verse 130-1356. Ibid7. Regveda - chapter 8 verse 58.28 Yugurveda 32. /9. Regveda chapter 1 verse 164. 4610. IInd Girnar Inscription-

'ewykfu p ;= r= ukfLr loZr gkjkfirkfu p jksikfirkfu pAiFkslaw dwik p [kkukfirk OkzNk p jksikfirk ifjHkksxk; p lqeuwlkauAA

11 u nUrs e.Mufi Hkorka Lusgsu ;k iYyojeAAbhigyansakuntalum

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Environmental Conservation And Consciousness In Early India : A Historical Survey


Parental Participation in EducationProf. V.S. Ghule*

Abstract :Parental involvement takes many forms including good parenting in the home, including the provision

of a secure and stable environment, intellectual stimulation, parent-child discussion, good models of constructivesocial and educational values and high aspirations relatingto personal fulfilment and good citizenship; contactwith schools to share information; participation in school events; participation in the work of the school; andparticipation in school governance. A programme of parental involvement development initiatives taking theform of multi dimensionalintervention programmes, targeted on selected post code areas and steered by adesign research process is implicated.

What is parental involvement?Parental involvement is defined in various ways in the literature. Epstein's (1990,

1995) typology of parental involvement includes six categories: basic parenting, facilitatinglearning at home, communicating with the school, volunteering at the school, participating inschool decision making, and collaborating with the community.

The relationships between at-home and in-school parental involvement,socioeconomic status (SES), and youth academic performance.

Why ParentsBecome Involved in their children's education?Many have suggested the preeminent significance of parent's education, income,

material status, and related indicators of family status in efforts to understand parent'involvement decisions.

We suggest that a personal sense of efficiency for helping children succeed inschool is a necessary condition for parent involvement, particularly if involvement activitiesare to be sustained through difficult time. If combined with the construction of the parentalrole as including the parental involvement, and if relatively strong, a parent's sense of efficiency

* Director of Physical Education, S.S.S.K.R. Innani Mahavidyalaya, Karanja (lad), Dist-Washim, Maharashtra

137

for helping children succeed in school may constitute a sufficient condition for active parentalinvolvement.How many parents get involved and What do they do?

The vast majority (92%) of parents surveyed in 2007 reported that they felt at least"fairly involved" in their children's school life. Around half felt very involved, which hasincreased from 2001, when 29% fled very involved.

Research suggested fathers are involved more involved than mother in specifictype of activities in their children's out of school learning: such as repairing, hobbies, IT,maths and physical play.Level of father's involvement in their children's education-

Studies suggest that father's involvement has increased since 1970s, particularlywith children under the age of 5. There is evidence, however, of great variation in level offather's involvement, so that even though levels have increased on average.

When surveyed in 2007, mothers are more likely than fathers to say that they felt'very involved' in their children education (53% compared to 45%).Why is parental involvement important?Improvements in cognitive and social development-early years education.

Parental involvement with children from an early age has been found to equate withbetter outcomes (particularly in terms of cognitive development). What parent do is moreimportant than who they are for children's early development-i.e. home learning activitiesundertaken by parents is more important for children's intellectual and social developmentthan parental occupation.

Parental involvement has a positive effect on children's achievement even whenthe influence of background factors such as social class and family size have been takeninto account.Parental behavior has a bigger effect than school quality on pupil's attainmentat key.However this research also found that a child ability on entry to school is the mostimportant factor in predicting key stage attainment across subject.Evidence suggest that forboys parental behavior and family relationship has a greater influence on attainment for allkey subject, whereas for girls parental education and social and economicbackground has agreater influence on attainment in English and maths at key stage.Impact of parental attitude and aspirations -

There is evidence that the attitude and aspiration of parents (and of childrenthemselves) predict children's education achievements. However this association betweenparental aspiration and a child's attainment is complex and affected by interrelationships.

International studies indicate that parental education influences expectations, in thathaving higher parental education is significantly related to having higher expectations ofchildren's achievement. However, it is also likely that parents with higher education havehigher attaining children for whom they have higher expectation.Impact

* 86% of the general public believes that support from parents is the most importantway to improve the schools.

* Lack of parental involvement is the biggest problem facing public schools.* Decades of research show that when parents are involved students have:* Higher grades, test scores, and graduation rates* Better school attendance* Increased motivation, better self-esteem* Lower rates of suspension* Decreased use of drugs and alcohol* Fewer instances of violent behavior

Parental Participation in Education


* Family participation in education was twice as predictive of students' academicsuccess as family socioeconomic status. Some of the more intensive programs hadeffects that were 10 times greater than other factors.

* The more intensely parents are involved, the more beneficial the achievement effects.* The more parents participate in schooling, in a sustained way, at every level -- in

advocacy, decision-making and oversight roles, as fund-raisers and boosters, asvolunteers and para-professionals, and as home teachers -- the better for studentachievement.

Type of InvolvementAlthough most parents do not know how to help their children with their education,

with guidance and support, they may become increasingly involved in home learning activitiesand find themselves with opportunities to teach, to be models for and to guide their children.When schools encourage children to practice reading at home with parents, the childrenmake significant gains in reading achievement compared to those who only practice atschool.Parents, who read to their children, have books available, take trips, guide TV watching,and provide stimulating experiences contribute to student achievement.

Establish a daily family routine.Examples: Providing time and a quiet place to study,assigning responsibility for household chores, being firm about bedtime and havingdinner together.

Monitor out-of-school activities.Examples: Setting limits on TV watching, checkingup on children when parents are not home, arranging for after-school activitiesand supervised care.

Model the value of learning, self-discipline, and hard work. Examples:Communicating through questioning and conversation, demonstrating thatachievement comes from working hard.

Express high but realistic expectations for achievement.Examples: Setting goalsand standards that are appropriate for children's age and maturity, recognizingand encouraging special talents, informing friends and family about successes.

Encourage children's development/ progress in school.Examples: Maintaining awarm and supportive home, showing interest in children's progress at school,helping with homework, discussing the value of a good education and possiblecareer options, staying in touch with teachers and school staff.

Encourage reading, writing, and discussions among family members.Examples:Reading, listening to children read and talking about what is being read.

Child/ Student outcomesSkill and knowledgePersonal sense of

Efficiency for doing wellIn school.

Tempering / mediating variables.Parent's use of Developmentally Appropriate Involvement strategies.Fit between parent's involvement action and schooling expectation.

Mechanism through whichParent's involvement influence child / student outcomes.

Parent's choice of involvement form.Specific domain of parent's skill and knowledge.

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Mix of demand on total time and energy form.Specific involvement and demand for involvement form.

Parent involvement decision(The parent positive decision to become involved)

Parent's construction of the parental role.Parent's sense of efficiency for helping children succeeds in school.

General opportunities and demands for parental involvement.Epstein's Framework of Six Types of Involvement

Parenting, Communicating, Volunteering, Learning At Home, Decision Making,Collaborating With Community Ect.Conclusion :

In identifying the main conclusions from this research review it is necessary for anumber of reasons to distinguish between research on spontaneously occurring parentalinvolvement in their children's education and research on attempts to intervene to enhancesuch involvement. Spontaneous activity and induced activity are very different phenomena.The former is entirely voluntary whilst the latter might not be, at least initially. Spontaneousactivity is quintessentially 'bottom up'; it is grass roots in origin, self motivated and selfsustained. Intervention programmes are, almost by definition, initiated by some non-parentalsource. They are, at least initially, 'top down'. They are played out characteristically to solvesome problem (in this case a perceived insufficiency of parental involvement).

References :1. Reynolds, et, al., (6)2. Clark (7:85-105)3. Cotton, K., Wikelund, K., Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, School Improvement Research

Series. In Parent Involvement in Education.4. Cotton, K., Wikelund, K., Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, School Improvement Research

Series. In Parent Involvement in Education.5. Epstein, 1995, p. 7036. Steinberg (8)7. 1997 Review of Educational Research, a journal of the American Educational Research Association8. Roberts, 1992. In Online Resources for Parent/Family Involvement. ERIC Digest by Ngeow, Karen

Yeok-Hwa, 1999.9. Tizard, J.; Schofield, W.N.; &Hewison, J. (1982). Collaboration Between Teachers and Parents in

Assisting Children's Reading.10. Sattes (5:2)11. Henderson (1:9)12. Dauber and Epstein (11:61)13. Leler, H. (1983) Parent Education and Involvement in Relation to the Schools and to Parents of

School-aged Children.14. Morton-Williams, R. "The Survey of Parental Attitude and Circumstances, 1964."15. Epstein, J.L. (1992) School and Family Partnerships.16. Epstein J.L. (1984, March). Single Parents and Schools: The effects of marital status Parent and

Teacher Evaluations

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Parental Participation in Education


Social Marketing Leads To Social ChangePawan Kumar Singh*

Abstract:Social marketing is not always the best mechanism for social change. The techniques of social

marketing have their benefits, but they also have their limitations, and as such, should be considered as part ofa broad range of tools for social change and government marketing.Whilst a large amount of social change canbe implemented through motivating the population to change specific attitudes, behaviours and beliefs, not allforms of social change can be achieved through voluntary mechanisms.This paper is focuses on social marketingeffectiveness and appropriate where the emphasis is on the individual, and as such, represents an approachgovernment may undertake to achieve specific behavioural outcomes.This section overviews the ways in whichsocial marketing interacts with other methods of social change such as education and law reform.Introduction:

Social marketing is a part of the overall field of strategic marketing management,and draws its underpinning philosophy and core theoretical frameworks from the marketingdiscipline. It aims for voluntary behaviour change based on providing a superior alternativeto a specific current behaviour.Social marketing does not coerce individuals into changingtheir behaviour.Instead, the new behaviour is 'sold' to target adopters as a preferable lifestylechoice.Change therefore is based on persuasion. As a result of being focused on individualvoluntary change, the practice of social marketing is client, rather than expert driven. It isthis emphasis on client driven solutions which is the key defining principle of social marketing.1

According to the Andreasen definition given above he aim of social marketing is " toimprove their personal welfare and that of their society". Social marketing sees the role ofthe individual contributing to social change in two ways. First social change is conceptualisedas the sum of individual change and second, each individual has an impact on those aroundthem, Therefore individual change impacts at a social and societal level by ensuring thatthese impacts are positive.Common Concepts - Education, Marketing and Law.The threekey domain areas of social change examined in this section are education refers to any typeof message which attempts to inform or a person to make a voluntary change based onpromoting the benefits of that change.Marketing refers to the attempts to manage behaviourthrough creating an environment which supports voluntary behaviour change by exchangingthe benefits of one behaviour for those of an alternative behaviour.

Whilst law is usually defined as coercive, it can be used for positively to reinforcebehaviour for example, where a law specifies a bonus for compliance for example subsidyor where the law is used to override opposing social pressures helmet wearing amongstteenage cyclists. Coercion, despite its apparent negative context, is in this sense, a neutralterm describing the non voluntary nature of the influence exerted by legislative intervention.Both education and marketing emphasise voluntary change, with education providing theknowledge required to undertake the change, and marketing providing knowledge alongwith appropriate incentives for change. Similarly, both marketing and law can provideenvironments that support change. They differ in how the individual may use the environmentie whether it is voluntary (marketing) or compulsory. Where an opportunity for change ispresented by law, it is usually a non-negotiable arrangement - whilst the laws that supportthe wearing of seatbelts nullify any social pressure against seat belt use, they also nullify any

*Assist. Prof. M.L.K. P.G. College, Balrampur, U.P.

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sense of voluntary compliance.As such, marketing's overlap between education and lawleads to it being part of a continuum of social change options.3

Objectives of the Study:As indicated by the above discussion, concerns have been raised about the

implementation, research, and evaluation of social marketing programs. The objective of thepresent research was to determine if the relevance of these issues is borne out in recentliterature. Much anecdotal evidence exists on these issues, but no one has performed acontent analysis to determine the extent to which these problems exist. In this paper, weattempt to remedy this omission and present the results of a content analysis of socialmarketing studies that have appeared in major marketing journals in recent years.Research Methodology:

Articles that have appeared in marketing journals since 1980 were included in theanalysis. In particular, articles that appeared in Journal of Consumer Research (1980-1991),Journal of Marketing Research (1980-1991), Journal of Marketing (1980-1991), Advancesin Consumer Research (1981-1991), and Journal of Public Policy and Marketing (1982-1991), were evaluated and selected on the basis of the article's title and abstract. Conceptualarticles and empirical articles designed to test only theoretical issues (e.g. studyingcategorization theory in the context of a health care issue) were excluded from our sample.Further, Fox and Kotler's (1980) interpretation of the scope of social marketing was used todetermine the nature of the issues to be included: "Social marketing should be distinguishedfrom 'societal marketing' on the one hand and 'nonprofit organization marketing' on theother" (p. 25).. Thus, articles pertaining to cause-related marketing and many nonprofitissues (e.g. political marketing) were excluded from our sample. Finally, since the numberof articles pertaining to energy conservation and environmental issues was proportionally somuch greater than other social issues, only 51.1% of the former articles were sampled forinclusion in analyses.Continuum of Change Approach:

Social change can be seen as the middle ground between the individual's self-fulfilment of change based on education through to their compliance, willing or otherwise,based on legal requirements and judicial penalties.Maibach (2003) outlined a broad matrixapproach to determining when social marketing was best suited to being involved in a socialchange campaign.The key application of social marketing is where the market is ambivalentregarding the social change message, and has yet to fully identify how the proposed behaviourscan actually be of benefit to their self interest.Socialarketing in this context is very heavilyfocused on demonstrating how the individual will gain from their voluntary compliance withthe behaviour.4

Problems, Barriers and Roles Approach:Individual barriers to action are the individual's willingness to accept the costs and

effort involved in changing their behaviour for example, time cost of preparing fresh foodversus purchasing take away.Community barriers which are the social norms pressuringagainst the behaviour for example social expectations that males are supposed to resolveconflict through aggression rather than negotiation.Structural barriers are laws which penalisethe positive behaviour for example, the Marriage Bars which prohibited the employment ofmarried women is a barrier to equitable employment practices.5

Opportunity: .Individual barriers to opportunities can include a lack of knowledge ofwhere to access resources for example not knowing where the free medical centre islocated.Community barriers to opportunity include distance and regional isolation for example,indigenous communities in the Torres Strait lack access to many opportunities present inlarger mainland communities.Structural barriers to opportunity include a lack of government

Social Marketing Leads To Social Change


services, centralised resources or a closure of regional outposts in favour of centralisedstructures.Ability: is the actual capacity of the individual to undertake the behaviour, and includes theirset of skills, education, mental and physical capacities, abilities to break habitual behavioursand willingness to counter the arguments and discouragement of their friends for example,whilst a person may wish change to a more healthy diet, they may lack the basic knowledgeof nutrition.This may be as high level as securing media support for a social change campaignfor example, Easter long weekend road safety campaigns, through to as low level as peerpressure being used in teenage intervention campaigns.6 This section examines areas ofsocial marketing theory and practice which are emerging outside of the mainstreamcommercial marketing field. For example, whilst commercial marketing struggles to makeprofitable use of internet based communities, and is progressively moving away from thetechnique, social marketing is able to use the online community framework to developsubsidised social support networks.7

Internet Marketing, Online Communities:The relatively widespread diffusion of the internet across Australian, and developed

societies, has led to a rise in the level of social marketing that is conducted in cyberspace.This area of social marketing predates many commercial ventures, with researchdemonstrating the successful use of online communities as a social change supportmechanisms in the 1990s, prior to the dot-com boom and bust.Online social marketing hasbeen used to provide levels of interactive information for a campaign, and to developcommunities structures where the individual seeking to engage in behaviour change hasaccess to the requisite knowledge to change, and can seek additional encouragement fromthose also undertaking a similar behavioural change.Where the target market has accessthe internet, and the type of behaviour change being proposed requires ongoing support forexample, quitting smoking, or where the individuals involved in changing behaviour encounternew or complex circumstances for example, support groups for parents with children sufferingchronic childhood illness, online groups allow access to the skills and experiences of otherpeople undertaking the same process.Behavioural Cessation Marketing

One of the dominant trends in contemporary social change campaigns has been theemphasis on change behaviour from levels of acceptable risk to complete cessation of therisk behaviour. Complete cessation is exemplified in the anti-smoking campaign "Everycigarette is doing damage" which puts the emphasis on any incidence of the behaviour beinga damaging event, to 'responsible' levels of the behaviour, such as occurs in the case ofgambling or drinking,.8

Finally, objectives for behavioural cessation campaigns need to be carefully framed.Success, in these campaigns, needs to be the full cessation of the target behaviour by anindividual adopter, rather than the complete cessation of the behaviour throughout society.Many campaigns of this style believe that one person behaving in a manner contrary to thecampaign (eg one drink driver) means that the campaign, and social marketing, has failed.9

Ethical issues in social marketingSocial marketing is an inherently biased process, and as such, proponents of social

marketing must recognise that they will always perceive their campaign as coming from anethical position. One of the consequences of Andreasen (1993) including the phrase "inorder to improve their personal welfare and that of their society" in the definition of socialmarketing is that each campaign starts from a presumption that it is acting in order toimprove society, through improving the lives of the targets of the campaign.Government

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based social marketing campaigns also start from the innate presumption that they areacting in the public interest - either from implementing existing policy, or through theimplementation of policy and campaigns from newly or recently elected parties.The keyconsideration in addressing the bias inherent in social marketing is to recognise that a socialmarketing campaign starts from a presumption of superiority over the target audience. Byimplementing a change campaign, the campaigner believes that the target audience is eitherengaged in an inappropriate behaviour, or not engaging in a 'superior' alternative lifestyle.Even where a campaign is run to support and encourage an existing behaviour, the assumptionis that in the absence of the campaign, the target market would not continue the 'superior' or'appropriate' behaviours.10

ConclusionIn today's non-profit market, most projects require a scientifically developed needs

assessment, a monitoring process throughout the project, and a formal evaluation uponconclusion. All are factors in a successful social marketing effort. Social marketing has asystematic structure that includes pretesting of the strategy (Andreasen, 1995). Extensionoften involves people in educational opportunities as part of a social change campaign. Thiswork can be effectively achieved through social marketing, which allows for improvedaudience identification, better product development, and targeted marketing for each outreacheffort. This framework for changing behavior holds great promise for extending Extension'soutreach on old and new issues.

References :1. Brinckerhoff, P. C. (2003). . San Mission-based marketing--Positioning your not-for-profit in an

increasingly competitive world . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2. Andreasen, A. (1995), Marketing Social Change: Changing Behavior to Promote Health, Social

Development and the Environment, San Francisco: Jossey Bass3. Andreasen, A (2001), Ethics in Social Marketing, Washington: Georgetown University Press.4. Andreasen, A. (2002) Marketing Social Marketing in the Social Change Marketplace, Journal of

Public Policy & Marketing, 21 (1), 3-14.5. Bandura, A. (1997), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: Freeman.6. Bickel, W. K. and Vuchinich, R. E. eds. (2000), Reframing Health Behavior Change with Behavioral

Economics. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.7. Donovan, R. & Henley, N. (2003). Social marketing: Principles and practice. East Hawthorn, VIC: IP

Communications.8. Fine, S. (1990), The Marketing of Ideas and Social Issues, New York: Praeger9. Kotler, P. & Zaltman,G. (1971), "Social marketing: An approach to planned social change", Journal

of Marketing, 35, 3-12.10. Kotler, P. & Roberto, E. (1989) Social Marketing: Strategies for Changing Public Behaviour, New

York: Free Press.

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Social Marketing Leads To Social Change


Challenges face by Women Entrepreneur in Uttar PradeshDr. Prithvi Nath Pathak*

Abstract:All the people who engage in economic activites are called entrepreneur.The present study focus on

the limitations and encouraging factors faced by Indian middle class women entrepreneur with special emphasizesgiven to Uttar Pradesh as there is number of small scale women entrepreneur in the state. At present, womenentrepreneur plays a dominanting role in the socio-economic growth and development of the country. In Indiacentral and state governments identified that women should be major participant in the economic developmentof the state of U.P. For sustainable economic growth of any country small measure by women entrepreneurialskill.Women has a major role so we can not neglect their contributions. Even after 67 years of independencewomen in India are deprived and they continue to struggle to get their entrepreneurial freedom. We can say thatIndia is still a male dominating society that is why the reason that women as an entrepreneurial resource havenot actually got desired place in India. Hence in the present scenario this study focuses on examining thedemographic profile of women entrepreneur in small scale sector in Uttar Pradesh ,India tries to analyze thevarious factors responsible for women entrepreneurship to initiate their own venture, probe into problems /constraints faced by these small scale women entrepreneur to set up their enterprise and some suggestion forthe framework how to promote women entrepreneurship in present scenario.Introduction:

In the 21st centuary women entrepreneur play's a key role in sustainable socio-economic development of the country. The reason why women play an important role isbecause of industrialization, urbanization and moreover they are getting social recognitionfrom the society and now women are becoming more literate and they want to earn theirown livelihood. We see there are significantly increase in the women owned business inalmost every country. In India women are only considered as a daughter, housewife,homemaker, and to look after the family but with the time passes they changing there selffrom housewife to a successful entrepreneur. Economic globalization has encouraged theexpansion of female business ownership the growing economic power and influence ofmore number of women led business are changing the shape of the entire global economy.Worldwide, the number of female business owners continues to Women entrepreneur inglobal economy increase steadily. Many authors have defined entrepreneurship in differentways.Hafizullah et al (2012) viewed entrepreneurship as bringing and implementing novelideas or modifying the old ones, to bring innovation into business that have the ability createvalue.Neelam (1992) found that women chose micro enterprises because they value thequality of their lives. It allows them to stay in control of both their business & their personallives to integrate their career roles & family. A study by Mallika Das (2001) concluded thatThe initial problems faced by the women seem similar to those faced by women in westerncountries. However, Indian woman entrepreneurs faced lower levels of work family conflictsand seem to differ in their reasons for starting and succeeding in business. While anotherstudy by Pooja Nayyar, Avinash Sharma, Jatinder Kishtwaria, Aruna Rana and Neena Vyasti(2007) suggested that Poor location of unit, tough competition from larger and establishedunits, and lack of transport facility, lack of rest and sleep and non-availability of raw materialwere the significant problems faced by entrepreneurs. The factors causable to these problemswere; difficulty in affording own vehicle, not being popular, heavy schedule of work andlong working hours. Dr. Sunil Deshpande and Ms. Sunita Sethi (2009) in their study concluded

*Assist. Prof. & H.O.D., Dept. of Commerce, M.L.K. P.G. College, Balrampur, U.P.

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that because of attitude change, diverted conservative mindset of society to modern one,daring and risk-taking abilities of women, support and cooperation by society members,changes and relaxations in government policies, granting various upliftment schemes towomen entrepreneurs.Rationale for the study:

With the time changing Indian women are keen to come outside the home for thebetter work life standard as the show more participation as women entrepreneur. This isactually happen because the unemployment at its peak.Government's central as well states tohave introduced the policy measure to promote the status and level of women entrepreneur inthe country. There has been increasing turned in number of women owned enterprise in India,but despite the government efforts, substantial growth could not be achieved this actuallyseem to be failure in promoting women entrepreneurship despite all the government efforts.Objectives:

To examine the demographic profile of women entrepreneur in small scale sectorof Lucknow city, Uttar Pradesh.

`To see what challenges/constraint faced by women entrepreneurs to startup theirown venture.

To suggest the framework for the development and promotion of womenentrepreneurship in current scenario.Research Methodology:

This study will be using descriptive design because it will be considered as the mostappropriate design in this study. Also qualitative design will be used in this study. Qualitativeresearch allows the researcher to familiarize him/herself with the problem or concept to bestudied, and perhaps generate descriptive data. Qualitative approach will also used in thisstudy because in this study qualitative approach is more proper than quantitative. In thisstudy the researchers will be selected some women entrepreneurs who are working inUttar Pradesh city. The sample size of this study will be 196 women who are entrepreneursespecially those who are working micro and macro businesses; in this case the researcherswill be select women who own small shops and also those who own supermarkets. Thereasons we will choose this is businesses their popularities and their easy way to reach andmeet our objectives of the study. Since the target population of this study is very little thereis no need to take sample so, the study conducted censes as whole population

Challenges of Women entrepreneurs: Indian woman today has not only embraced alife in the corporate world but has also begun to make her moves beyond a corporate careerand into Entrepreneurship. While a corporate career gives her the financial independenceand growth to substantiate her abilities, being an Entrepreneur takes her beyond that andinto a world where not only does she get an opportunity to carve a notch for herself but alsomake a difference. Over the years the number of women taking on entrepreneurialresponsibilities has picked up indicating a healthy trend however despite the number slowlygrowing it still has a long way to go before more and more Indian women can be convincedabout the potential that can exploited in having their own start up.

Traditional Mindsets: When a friend once announced that she would like to quit herjob and set up her own Art and Design business, instead of a pat on the back or a heartycongratulations, she got a raised brow and a question that broke her confidence " to do? "While a lot many women are breaking the shackles and moving out of their homes to work,setting up businesses is still perceived to be a Man's domain.

Aggression and Assertiveness:Most Indian women are known to be extremelyadaptive but the aggression and assertiveness that is required to get their need across has

Challenges face by Women Entrepreneur in Uttar Pradesh


not been a known characteristic in them. However this is once aspect that is changing withmore and more women from urban areas who are educated and have an exposure to societytaking the initiative to start their own business.

Networking: An important aspect of running your own business is the ability tosocialize within the Entrepreneurial network to build contacts and win customers but veryfew Indian women step out of their comfort zones to do so. If they do socialize, it is limitedto the work they need to get done and not to build relationships.

Prioritization expectations: Societal expectations that whatever a woman does, sheshould always prioritize her family over everything else can prove to be a big deterrent forthose running their own show. Most women bow down to the pressure instead of workingout a win-win situation. A successful woman entrepreneur once pointed out an easy solutionto this dilemma; she worked out a solution where she and her husband shouldered theirdomestic responsibilities equally thus giving her enough time to focus on her work.Understanding that men are also quite capable of handling family responsibilities and makingthat a reality can go a long way in resolving this obstacle.

Business mindedness: Unfortunately most women lack the shrewdness that is requiredwhile dealing with their stakeholders. Part of this also stems from the fact that most womendo not hold a long term view of their business and do not have a clear picture of how theywant their start up to grow. What also contributes to this absence of behaviour is the lack ofthe ability to say no. Sustainability: Probably the most important aspect of turning anEntrepreneur is being able to sustain your business. Most women are unable to carry throughtheir ideas because of the short term goals they set without thinking through the sustainabilityof their venture and also partly due to the priorities they are forced to change when it comesto family. This alone with the general perception makes VCs hesitate to fund their business.That most VCs are led by men add to the already existing problem.

Safety and Security: In today's times, probably this is the biggest obstacle for womenin India. The security blanket is at its thinnest thus making women hesitate to take on rolesthat demand long hours and interactions with a world of strangers. The rise of social crimeand the need for safety pushes everything down the priority list when there is a demand tospend late hours at getting work going. While urban women are taking the plunge aftermuch thought, the silver lining is when women from rural areas turn Entrepreneurs in theirown small ways with things such as opening a small grocery store or something as simple asrearing cows to sell dairy products. A small step in the rural world can be a huge motivationin the urban one. Despite these bottlenecks that most urban women face in India, there aremany who have risen above them and built successful businesses. Communicating with thefamily and thinking the business idea out with a long term sustainable plan can act as a keyto succeed. Most important of all, developing an attitude to persevere despite all odds goesa long way in being successful.Remedial Measures For Motivating Women Entrepreneurs :

The investigation of women's entrepreneurial motivation and success measures willprovide the needed insight into women's career development .Also consultant to womenwho consider entrepreneurship would better understand client's motivation and would bebetter able to help them informed career decision.

Teaching Them Benefits of Networking:-Women entrepreneur need to be taughtthe benefit of network for getting access to resources within the community or industry.Women in low-income countries have significantly smaller networks and less geographicalmobility than men. They must learn value of networking and should be motivated to joinmixed networks.Enhancing the role of Government:

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The government should try to enhance its role in financing projects. Recently "microcredit" is being employed to help women entrepreneurs.Mahila Samakhya has been asuccessful programme launched in 1986 by the ministry of HRD, Govt of India.

Removal of cultural barriers:-Efforts should be made to remove the cultural barriersand women should be motivated to avail the benefits of entrepreneurship. Information shouldbe provided to them freely so that they can take better decision .Also discriminating socialnorms should be removed which propagate negative attitude towards women.Conclusion:

For women, entrepreneurship is a journey out of poverty and towards equality.They have made considerable progress is country like India and have proved that they areno longer an 'abla'.They are participating and performing well in all spheres ofactivities.Effeort are on at the government and voluntary agencies level to tap hithertounrecognized and unaccounted for strength of women to integrate them in the process ofthe industrial development. With these efforts, many more women are poised to start theirown business: they may leave goods jobs to 'go alone' and b entrepreneurs or their own bossand achieve success. The country's first Prime Minister Mr. J.L Nehru in order to awakenthe people, it is the woman who has to be awakened .Once she is on the move, the household moves , the village moves, the country moves and thus we build the India of tomorrow."The need of the hour is to fully tap the potential of women in India for all round developmentof the country.

References :1. Khanka, S.S.Entrepreneurial Development, 2010 .Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.2. Datt, R and Sundharam, KPM India Economy S. Chand & Sons, New Delhi 2009.3. Khanka, S.S. Entrepreneurship in Small Scale Industries, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi,

1990.4. Tandon, B.C. Environment and Entrepreneurs Chugh Publications, Allahabad, 1975.5. Ganesh, S. (2003) Status of Women Entrepreneur in India, Kanishka Publications, New Delhi.6. Lalitha Rani D (1996) Women Entrepreneurs, New Delhi, APH Publishing Corporation.7. OECD (2002) Employment Outlook, Paris, France.8. Sasikumar, K (2000) Women Entrepreneurship, APH Publication.9. B.N.Neelima and T Shyam Swaroop (2000) "Training Women for Entrepreneurship" Social Welfare,

Vol. 4.10. Madhu Rathore & Dr Suman Singh (2008), "Women Enterprise: A Step towards Success", Kurkshetra,

Vol.56 No.3.11. Valsamma Antony (2007) , "Women Entrepreneurs on the Upbeat -A Study" , Southern Economist,

Vol 45,No.2112. W.Kalyani & K Chandrasekhar (2002), "Association between Socio-economic Demographic Profile

and Involment of Women Entrepreneurs in their Enterprise Management," The journal ofEntrepreneurship, Vol.11, No.2.

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Challenges face by Women Entrepreneur in Uttar Pradesh


IPO Action in Indian Prospect: At a GlanceMr. Anil Kumar Pal*

Mr. Rahul Kumar Mishra**

Abstract :An issuing firm has many advantages of raising equity through an IPO which are not available if it

raises equity through the private sources. The firm can raise a larger amount of equity, get listed on the stockexchange(s) which makes shares more liquid through trading in the secondary capital Market, and listed stockcan be used for merger and acquisition deals. These advantages of IPO make it more attractive in comparisonto other sources in capital Market. In the last five years most of the IPOs are priced through book-buildingprocess. The present study focus on the performance of book-built IPOs in India listed in NSE during the period2008-2012.

Key Words: Capital Market, NSE, IPOs, Underpricing,Introduction:

An issuing firm has many advantages of raising equity through an IPO which arenot available if it raises equity through the private sources. The firm can raise a largeramount of equity, get listed on the stock exchange(s) which makes shares more liquid throughtrading in the secondary capital Market, and listed stock can be used for merger and acquisitiondeals. These advantages of IPO make it more attractive in comparison to other sources incapital Market.

Compared to other investment options, investor believe that they have fair chanceof making positive returns by investing in IPOs and they also feel that most of the companiescoming to primary Market fixes a reasonable price band. It is generally observed that IPOsare oversubscribed by 3 to 4 times, sometimes more than 10-15 times. It really shows theinvestors prefer to invest their money in IPOs but at the same time, it has been seen thatissue price of the IPOs are not sustainable after the listing, it is in fact a serious problem forinvestors. In India IPOs are priced as per SEBI guidelines 2000.Review of Literature :

Throughout the world number of researches have been undertaken to analyze theperformance of IPO's. Reilly and Hatfield (1969), Ibbotson (1975), Reilly (1977), Aggarwaland Rivoli (1989), Ritter (1991), Loughran and Ritter (1995), Ritter and Welch (2002),Ljungqvist and Wilhelm (2003) all document under pricing in the U.S. Jog and Riding (1987)report the same for the Canadian Market; Ljungqvist (1997) for the German Market; Gongand Sekhar (2001) for the Australian Market also report underpricing. Wong and Chiang(1986) for the Singapore Market; Chenetal (2004) for the Chinese Market and Yong and Isa(2003) provide evidence on under pricing of IPOs in the Asian Markets.Objectives of the study:The study is designed to achieve the following objectives.

1. To measure the performance of IPOs in India.2. To analyze the performance of the IPOs Year-wise.3. To find out the sectors which rewarded and the sectors which punished the investors?

**Research Scholar, Department of Commerce, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, U.P.**Assistant Professor Raj School Of Management Sciences, Siswa Bavatpur Varanasi, U.P.

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Sample and data Collection:The selection of sample purely based on availability of data. The sample in this

study includes all the new equity issues offered through book building route on the NationalStock Exchange (NSE). NSE was selected for the purpose of this study because it is thelargest exchange in the country in terms of trading volumes. The entire list of public offersmade through NSE are available on their web site , however we have excluded all the offerfor sale issues, follow on public offers and Issues which has been delisted and were left witha sample of 127 IPOs . Besides this, data has also been collected from official website ofSEBI, Economic Times, Financial Express, The Stock Exchange Review and OfficialDirectory of National Stock Exchange. The final sample fulfill following criteria:

1. The firm is listed on the NSE.2. The instrument of issue is equity share.3. Issue is offered through book building route.

Information regarding issue date, issue price, listing date, listing price, Closing valueof Nifty on offer day and listing day are available on the official website of NSE.Methodology:

For the purpose of analyzing the listing performance of IPOs, we have computedthe following measures.Raw Return (RR) - Raw return or Initial return of IPOs has been calculated by using thetraditional method. It is the difference between closing price of IPO on the first trading dayand offer price divide by offer price. If the Raw return on the listing day is positive, itsmeans an IPO investor can gain from his investment or issue is underpriced and vice-versa.RR=(CP - OP) / OP×100 Where,

R= Raw ReturnCP= Closing Price on listing dayOP= Issue Price

Market Adjusted Excess Return (MAER):As we know perfect Market is a myth and the raw returns would be appropriate in a perfectMarket condition, where there is no time gap between the offer closing day and first day oftrading but there is a lag between offer day and listing day, the price observed in the Marketon the listing day may be different from the offer price as a result of the overall Marketmovements, to correct it Market adjusted return has been calculated for the same period.

Market Adjusted Excess Return (MAER) = Raw Return- Market ReturnMR=( MV-MO) / MO ×100Where,MR= Market ReturnMV= Closing Value of Nifty on Listing DayMO= Closing Value of Nifty on offering Day

Annualizing Factor (AF)As we know time lag for listing vary from company to company , so in order to

normalize it annualized return has been calculated by multiplying raw return and MAERwith annualizing factor. Annualizing factor has been computed as under: 365 AF = ---------------------------------------------- After Market trading Lead time

IPO Action in Indian Prospect: At a Glance


STATISTICAL TOOLS USED IN THE STUDY:DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS:

For summarizing the data we have calculated of Average Raw Return, MarketAdjusted return, Annualized Raw Return and Annualized Market adjusted Return of all theIPOs selected in the sample.ONE-SAMPLE T TEST

The statistical significance of the average return is determined by using the usual t-statistic, with n-1 degrees of freedom which is computed for each period as:

t(AR)=ARt/(SE(ARt))Where SE (ARt) is the standard error of the average return in period t and t(ARt)

is the t-statistic for the null hypothesis that the average return in any given period is zero.Analysis and Discussion:

Table-I shows the overall performance of the all the IPOs included in the sample onthe listing date. The average raw return given by IPOs during the sample period was 5.45percent and average MAER came to be 25.38 which are statistically significant at 5%and1% level. The IPOs showed that the maximum and minimum values of raw return 97.96Percent and (-) 68.72 percent respectively.

Raw Returns was found to be positive in the case of 56.69 percent companies and42.52 percent of the companies showed negative returns, while .79 per cent companieswere fairly priced (zero returns). The listing delay time was adjusted which gave annualizedaverage raw return and annualized Market adjusted excess return (MAER) at 144.65 percent and 622.23 per cent respectively which were found to be significantly different fromzero at 5 and 1 percent level.

The highest raw return and MAER were registered in the year 2010 and 2009which were found to be 10.01 percent and 7.13 per cent respectively. The raw returns fromissues offered in 2008, 2011 and 2012 were significantly lower than the overall returns. The

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performance of the issues opened in 2009 and 2010 was better than as compared to theoverall. The above analysis shows that IPOs have given excellent returns during the years2009 and 2010 which were considered to be good years as was the case with the Indianstock Market. For the year 2008 and 2011, the returns on listing date were 1.19% and (-).85% which is lower in the sample period. The above table also shows that the returns ofyear 2009 and 2010 were statistically significant different from zero level.Conclusion:

The present study is based on the analysis of 127 companies which raised capitalthrough equity and listed in NSE from March 2008 to April 2012. The study is based on thesecondary data only. The performance of IPOs has been measured in terms of initial returnson the first day of trading and Four measures i.e. Raw returns (RRs), Market AdjustedExcess Returns (MAERs), Annualized Raw Returns (ARRs), and Annualized MarketAdjusted Excess Returns (AMAERs) have been taken to examine the performance ofIndian IPOs. One sample t-test has been used to check the statistical significant of theresults. Overall performance of the IPOs on the basis of Average return and MAER was5.45% and 25.38% which was statistically significant at 5% and 1% level. Performance ofIPOs varied on the basis of Year-wise analysis and during the years 2009 and 2010 IPOsoffered maximum return which was considered to be good years as was the case with theIndian stock Market. Sector-wise analysis shows Consumer Staples sector offered Maximumraw return (18.74 %) to the IPOs investors and Energy and Financial sector which wereworst performer observed (-) .6.70 % and (-) 1.88% negative return respectively.

References:1. Alvarez Susana, Gonzalez Victor M., (2010), "Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings

(IPOs) In the Spanish Capital Market"2. Aggrawal, R and P. Rivoli, (2012), Fads, in the Initial Public Offering Market? Financial Management.3. Allen, F and Faulhaber, G R,(1989), Signaling by Under-pricing in the IPO Market, Journal of

Financial Economics.4. Barry, C B and Jennings, R H, (1993), The Opening Price Performance of Initial Public Offerings Of

Common Stock, Financial Management.5. Blum, James D. (1973), "An Analysis of the Price Behavior of Initial Common Stock Offerings", the

Journal of Finance.6. Chemmuanur, Thomas J., (MAER 1993) , " The Pricing of Initial Public Offerings: A dynamic model

with Information Production", The Journal of Finance.8. Janakiramanan, S. (2011), "Under-Pricing and Long-Run Performance of Initial Public Offerings in

Indian Stock Market" Research Work NSE India website.Websites:www.economicstimes.comwww.sebi.gov.in

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IPO Action in Indian Prospect: At a Glance


Decent Work : Concept, Models and DimensionsDr. Arun Kumar Singh*

IntroductionThe Concept of decent work was introduction by the ILO (InternationalLabour

Organization) Director-General Juan Somavia in his first report to the International LabourConference in June 1999 in the following as, The primary goal of the ILO today is topromote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work, in conditionof freedom, equality, security and human dignity (ILO 1999 : 3, cited in Ghai 2005). Decentwork sums up the aspirations of people in their working lives. It involves opportunities forwork that is productive and delivers a fair income ; security in the workplace and socialprotection for families; better prospects for personal development and social integration;freedom for people to express their concerns, organize and participate in the decisions thataffect their lives; and equality of opportunity and treatment for all women and men. Thepromotion of decent work for all is the overarching objective of the ILO (Chawala 2005).That is reason for decent work being at the heart of global, national and local strategies foreconomic and social progress. Today, it is central to the efforts to reduce poverty, and ameans for achieving equitable, inclusive and sustainable development. In each of theseareas, people throughout the world face deficits, gaps and exclusions in the form ofunemployment and underemployment; poor quality and unproductive jobs ; unsafe work andinsecure income; rights which are denied; gender inequality; exploitation of migrant workers;lack of representation and voice; and inadequate protection and solidarity in the face ofdisease, disability and old age. The promotion of decent work is a shared responsibility ofILO's constituents and the Office (ILO 2005a).The decent work deficit is more pronouncedfor the workers in the informal economy in comparison to workers with secure and permanentjobs in the formal economy. However the sad truth is that the years the bulk of newemployment in recent years particularly in developing and transition countries has been inthe informal economy.The Concept of Decent work

After its inception and introduction in 1999 the concept of decent work has beendominant in the programmes and policies of the Organization. As the primary goal of theILO today in to promote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productivework in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity the overarching objectiveof the Organization has been re-phrased as, the promotion of opportunities for women andmen to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security, andhuman dignity. Decent work is the con verging focus of the four strategic objectives, namelywork and employment, rights at work, social protection and social protection and socialdialogue. It is an organizing concept for the ILO in order to provide in overall framework foraction in economic and social development (ILO 2005a). It is not only an important objectivein its own right but also makes an important contribution to sustainable development (Ankeret al. 2003). The nation of decent work in simple words is when one asks people what theyfeel is important, what they aspire to, they talk about employment and security for themselvesand their families, the ability to provide their children with education and opportunities in life,

*Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, M .G. Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi, U.P.

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health and other care when needed, a voice in their community and their working environmentand their rights at work and person is an agricultural labourer in Bihar or a high-tech workerin Silicon Valley, but there is a common underlying idea that people have aspirations whichcut across and bring together these different domains. So, decent work is not merely confinedto wage employment in large firms; it embraces the wide range of activities in the informaleconomy thus reflecting on the broader notion of participation in the community and theeconomy (Rodgers 2001; Ghai 2003; Reddy 2005). According to some authors it reflectsboth continuity and innovation in the organization's thinking on work-related issues.

Some authors are of the view that decent work is a new and welcome way ofachieving the ILO's historic task, for it has shifted the focus to outcomes : What kind ofwork people are doing, the remuneration and security aspects of this work and the rightsthese workers enjoy at the workplace (Fields 2003).Paradigm of Decent work

The decent work paradigm is in principle applicable to all workers all over the world.The objectives of decent work are valid across the full spectrum of institutional anddevelopmental diversity. All those who work desire freedom of association and opposediscrimination, forced labour and child labour, in hazardous and harmful situations. They desireto participate with the help of social dialogue in decision-making affecting their work and lives,both at the level of the enterprise and the nation and at regional and global levels. In allsocieties people desire work in conditions of dignity and safety and with adequate remuneration.Finally, a degree or two of social and economic security in work and life is a universal aspiration.(Ghai, 2005). The objectives of decent work are of universal aspiration but the institutional andpolicy framework for achieving these objectives must necessarily depend on each country'shistory and tradition, the level and distribution of resources, the economic and social structure,the stage of development and various other specific circumstances. Although each countryneeds to formulate its own decent work policies in the light of these specifications, it becomesuseful for the purposes of discussion to group countries under few categories whose membersshare some distinctive socio-economic characteristics. One such classification divides countriesinto three groups or decent work models.Models of Decent Work

There are three models of decent work : classical, transition and developmental.

Dimensions of Decent WorkThe notion of decent work emphasizes four dimensions: work and employment,

rights at work, social protection and social dialogue. It constitutes an effort to view thedifferent dimensions of work within a single framework (Rodgers 2001; Ghai 2002; Fields2003; Jose 2003; Ghai 2005).

Decent Work : Concept, Models and Dimensions


Work and EmploymentThe first dimension concerns work and employment itself as it forms a vital component

of decent work. In the decent work paradigm, employment covers in its ambit not just wagejobs but work of all kinds. self-employment, wage employment and home-based work. Itrefers to full-time, part-time and casual work and to work done by women, men and children.Almost everyone works in one way or the other, although much of this work may not beadequately recognized or rewarded. Thus, there are underlying questions of both quality andquantity. However, to attain decent work, certain conditions need to be satisfied at the verybeginning. There should be adequate employment opportunities for all those who want towork (according to ILO estimates there are some 205 million people in the world today whois unemployed). It also results in harmonious working relations, political stability and thestrengthening of democracy (Rodgers 2001; Ghai 2005).Rights at Work

Although active labourmarket policies play an important role in the reduction ofunemployment, poverty and inequality it does not follow that this would by itself producedecent work, they must be accompanied by the promotion of rights at work. This dimensionconstitutes the ethical and legal framework for all other dimensions of decent work.Social Protection

The main purpose of social protection is to provide security against a variety ofcontingencies and vulnerabilities. These include ill-health, maternity needs, accidents,unemployment, destitution, extreme economic fluctuations, natural disasters and civil conflicts.A sound social protection strategy should address the needs of vulnerable groups such asorphaned or abandoned children, single mothers, female-headed households, widows, elderlyin need and the physically challenged. Thus the main of social protection policies is to reducesuffering, anxiety, insecurityand material deprivation. As the items and levels of socialprotection provided to the population will naturally depend upon their past traditions, stagesof development, and resource mobilization (Ghai 2005).

In the past two or three decades there has been a reduction in the share of GDPdevoted to social protection expenditure in many developed countries. There has been atrend toward increased private financing of social security items such as pension and healthcare. This can be seen as an impact of the neo-liberal policies. Similar trends have beenseen in many developing countries.Social Dialogue

In the context of decent work, social dialogue refers to various types of informationexchange and negotiation between representatives of governments, employers and workerson issues of common interest. It is a means (just like the above mentioned dimensions) topromote opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditionsof freedom, equality, security and human dignity. As an instrument of good governance,social dialogue can contribute both to improving economic performance and competitivenessand to making society more stable and more equitable. (Kuruvilla 2006). The ways in whichpeople's voices can be heard are a crucial aspect of decent work. Te dimensions of socialdialogue can be a very vital tool in a representative and participative democracy as it providesvoice and interests, Articulate their views, engage in discussion with other actors, and carryforward negotiations and collective bargaining to bring about a change in their working andliving conditions. The basic requirements for social dialogue to flourish are freedom,representation, healthy tripartitism, and effective participation (Rodgers 2001; Ghai 2005).Conclusive Remarks

The applicability of decent work in different development situations can be viewedfrom these points. Decent work has a floor but no ceiling. The global community has

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recognized the ILO's core labour standards as the floor of the global economy (Rodgers2001; Jose 2003). Above the floor, what comes to be seen as decent embodies universalrights and principles, but reflects the values and principles of each society. However theirbeing beneficial for the agricultural labourers in low-income countries has often been hotlybeen debated by economists who argued that people living in poverty just need income andemployment; basic rights were not relevant. However a point to be noted is that poverty isnot only a question of income, but also of rights and capabilities. Like in India, agriculturallabourers are vulnerable to exploitation like bonded labour; their rights to organisation arewidely contested; and women and girls are subject to widespread discrimination. It is truethat where these denials of basic rights can be overcome living conditions are steadilyimproved. Now what else would come in the floor? Another important value is universality- meaning that decent work should be for each and everyone.

These workers are largely unorganised and thus cannot easily demand their interestsand raise their voices. These conditions identify priorities for policy, in terms of ensuring basicsecurity and eliminating major risks. The content of decent work agenda would vary acrosseconomic and developmental situations. As in each society targets and benchmarks would bedifferent however the overall paradigm and its underlying principles would be similar .

References :1. Anker, R.: Chernyshev, L. : Egger. P.: Mehran. F. & Ritter, J.A. (2003). Measuring decent work with

statistical indicators. International Labour Review, 142 (2) 147-177.2. Chawla, H. (2005), Introductory paper, Circulated at the National Stakeholders Workshop on Decent

Work in the Construction Industry organized by the ILO and the ADB from the 10th to 11th March,2005 at the IHC, Lodi Road, Delhi.

3. Fields G.S. (2003), Decent Work and development policies, International Labour Review, 142 (2)239-262.

4. GhaiD. (2002), Decent Work Concepts.models and indicators Geneva : International Institute ofLabour Studies (DP/139).

5. GhaiD. (2003), Decent Work : Concepts, models and indicators. International Labour Review, 142(2)113-145.

6. GhaiD. (2005), Decent Work :Universality and Diversity, Geneva : International Institute of LabourStudies ; (DP/159)

7. Godfrey, M. (2003) Employment dimensions of decent work : Trade-offs and complementarities.Geneva : International Institute of Labour Studies : (DP/148)

8. Hepple B. (2003), Rights at work. Geneva International Institute of LabourStudies : (DP/147).9. ILO (1999). Report of the Director-General : Decent Work Geneva :International Labour Office:

(International Labour Conference 87th Session10. ILO (2001a) Poverty reduction and decent work in a globalizing world Geneva : International Labour

Office (GB280/WP/SDG/1, 280th Session)11. ILO (2005a) Decent work : The heart of social progress Retrieved April 5th 2005,12. Jose, A.V. (2003) An ILO approach to establishing a social floor of the global economy Geneva:

International Institute of Labour Studies13. Kuruvilla S. (2006), Social dialogue for decent work. Geneva : International Institute of Labour

Studies Retrived October 17th 2007.14. Reddy D.N. (2005).Challanges of decent work in the globalizing world. The Indian Journal of Labour

Economics, 48(1) 3-17.15. Rodgers G. (2001), Decent work as a development objective. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics

44(1), 14-26

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Decent Work : Concept, Models and Dimensions

156 Research Discourse, Vol. IV, No. IV, October-December 2014Book Review

Title of the Book : Rethinking Urban Development : Exploring Cosmopolitanism andRegionalism in Post-Industrial Cities

Author : Dr. Vinita PandeyPublisher : Rawat Publications, JaipurYear : 2014ISBN : 978-81-316-0653-7Number of Pages : 272Price : Rs. 895/-

In the last half-century the whole world has witnessed an unprecedented urbanization,especially the third world countries. As a developing third world nation India today has a greatamount of its population living in cities with a constant migration between rural and urban set ups. Inpast twenty-five years the process of urbanization in India has gone through numerous changes invarious terms. In this era of urbanization one cannot think and analyze the rapid urbanization withoutdwelling into the discourse of cosmopolitanism and regionalism. Rethinking Urban Development -Exploring Cosmopolitanism and Regionalism in Post Industrial Cities is one such work, whichdiscusses the connection and impact of cosmopolitanism and regionalism on urbanization in specificwith Hyderabad city. In this book the author does a perfect job of balancing the depicting how bothcosmopolitanism and regionalism are simultaneous process and how they are interconnected. Theimportance of this work is not just because it was about one of the rapidly growing city in India, butbecause its on a city like Hyderabad which has gone through fare amount of tensions of regionalismin past one decade as part of the separate Telangana movement. The research, which resulted in thisbook, has been done during the peak time of Telangana movement, which further makes it morevaluable and interesting. Though the study is in specific with Hyderabad it also brings out lot ofinteresting general aspects related to cosmopolitanism and urbanization. Focusing on both thepositive and negative aspects of regionalism the author brings a totality to her work.

The book is presented with six chapters set in such an order of continuity making thejourney of reader stimulating and pleasing. The first chapter outlines the basics of cosmopolitanismand regionalism with both the historical, contemporary and global sociological perspectives, whichintroduces the concept even to a first time reader with a lot of ease. It also throws light on theirconnection with subjects such as geography, economy, culture, language, caste, religion and so on.It also introduces the reader to the historical political context of regionalism across the regions ofTelangana, Madras province and Andhra. This chapter also makes the reader understand the agendaand purpose of the study that has been done. Unlike the first chapter the second one would interesteven a layperson that is not into academics. As much as striking the title "Hyderabad and its Tehzeeb"sounds the content and the narration is equally absorbing and captivating. Following the story kindof narration about Hyderabad provides the reader with the precise details of the study with theanalyzed data. The third chapter projects specifically on the emergence of Hyderabad as a cosmopolitancity and the findings of the study about the various components related to it. Fourth and Fifthchapters are in general about the cosmopolitanism and regionalism in relation with urban developmentand then provides the specific information regarding Hyderabad about the same and facts that havecome out as part of the this research. The author does a beautiful summarization of the wholeconcept and the research in the sixth chapter. The detailed bibliography tells one the immense effortand care put up by the author for this work. Over all this books provides a unique understanding ofboth the concept and operation of cosmopolitanism which itself is a new area of study. This lucid andcomprehensive study would be immensely helpful to the scholars working in the fields of Urbanization,cosmopolitanism, post-industrial cities and regionalism. Along with scholars this can also be equallyinteresting for people who want to know and understand the city of Nawabs, The Hyderabad.

Review By :Mr. Navdeep

Short Term Research Fellow,Anveshi Research Centre for Women's Studies, Hyderabad.

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Regd. No. 21747 ISSN 2277-2014

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