REG562 - Lecture 3_Transportation Systems in Buildings

7/30/2019 REG562 - Lecture 3_Transportation Systems in Buildings

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TRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS

Present by

Dr. Faizal Baharum


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MOVEMENT SYSTEMS Forms of mechanical transportation may be

found within, around and in general

association with modern buildings anddevelopments

Lifts

Escalators Travolators or moving pavements


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LIFTS


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IntroductionA lift or an elevator is a transport device

used to move goods or people vertically

Considered a requirement in all buildings overthree storeys

Minimum standard of service one lift for

every four storeys with a maximum distanceof 45 m to the lift lobby

Floor space estimates and car capacity can bebased on an area of 0.2 m2 per person


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Various speeds of lifts


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Location of lift Positioning of lift should be at locations which

provide easy means of access for all building

users central entrance lobby of offices,hotels, apartments, etc.

Grouping of lifts is essential for user

convenience


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Possibilities of liftgroupingarrangements

1

2

3


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The former World Trade Center's twin

towers used skylobbies, located on the44th and 78th floors of each tower.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/World_Trade_Center_Building_Design_with_Floor_and_Elevator_Arrangment.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/World_Trade_Center_Building_Design_with_Floor_and_Elevator_Arrangment.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/World_Trade_Center_Building_Design_with_Floor_and_Elevator_Arrangment.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/World_Trade_Center_Building_Design_with_Floor_and_Elevator_Arrangment.svg


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Lift performance Lift performance depends on

Acceleration

Retardation

Car speed

Speed of door operation, and

Stability of speed and performance withvariations of car load


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The assessment of population may be foundby allowing between one person per 9.5 m2

of floor area to 11.25 m2 of floor area. For unified starting and finishing times - 17%

of population per 5 minutes may be used.

For staggered starting and finishing times -12% of the population may be used.


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The number of lifts will have an effect on thequality of service.

Four 18-person lifts provide the same capacity asthree 24-person lifts but the waiting time will beabout twice as long with the three-car group.


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The quality of service may be found from theinterval of the group.

23 to 35 seconds excellent

35 to 45 seconds - acceptable for offices

60 seconds acceptable for hotels

90 seconds acceptable for flats


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Further criteria for the comfort andconvenience of lift users:

Directional indication of location of the lift lobbyfor people unfamiliar with the building.

Call buttons at landings and in the car positionedfor ease of use with unambiguous definition for

up and down directions. Call buttons to be at a level appropriate for use

by people with disabilities and small children.


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Call display/car location display at landings to befavourably positioned for a group of people towatch the position of all cars and for them tomove efficiently to the first car arriving.

Call lights and indicators with an audible facilityto show which car is first available and in whichdirection it is traveling.

Lobby space of sufficient area to avoid congestionby lift users and general pedestrian traffic in thevicinity.


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A method for estimating and comparingefficiency and effectiveness of lift installation

is by calculating the round trip time (RTT):An average period of time for one lift car to

circulate, incorporating statistical data for timelost due to stops

It is measured from the time the lift doors beginto open at the main terminal to the time theyreopen when the car complete its cycle


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Example

A building having five floors at 3 m floor to floor

spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons and 2 ms-1speed of travel


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n

SSSSS

11

1. Probable number of stops (S1):

where, S= maximum number of stops

n= number of people or car capacity

,3.34

1444

6

1

S i.e. 3 stops


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VSVLSTu 21

2. Upward journey time (Tu):

where, L= lift travel, 4 x 3 = 12 m

V= car speed, 2 ms

-1

sxx

Tu 5.16]22[24

123


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VVLTd 2

3. Downward journey time (Td):

sx 10]22[212

sxnTp 12622

4. Passenger transfer time (Tp). Allow 2 3 s per person

to transfer, depending on the depth of car. At 2 s:


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sV

WST

d

o 2.195.0

2.1)13(212

1

opdu TTTTRTT

5. Door opening time (To). Assume door speed (Vd) = 0.5ms-1 and door width (W) = 1.2 m:

6. Round trip time (RTT):

s7.572.1912105.16


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Estimation of the interval and quality of service

Example

An office block with 20 storeys above ground floor havinga group of four lifts with unified starting and stoppingtimes is to have a floor area above the ground floor of8000 m2 and floor height of 3 m. Each car of the lifts has

a capacity of 20 persons and a speed of 2.5ms-1

. Theclear door width is to be 1.1 m and the doors are to openat a speed of 0.4 ms-1. Estimate the interval and quality ofservice that is to be provided.


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personpersonmm 124

100/11%1780002

2

1. Peak demand for a 5-minute period:

2. Car travel = 20 x 3 m = 60 m


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n

SSSSS

11

3. Probable number of stops (S1):

where, S= maximum number of stops n= number of people or car capacity

(usually approximately 80% of capacity)

1120

1202020

16

1

S


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VVS

LSTu 21

1

4. Upward journey time (Tu):

where, L= lift travel, 20 x 3 = 60 m V= car speed, 2.5 ms-1

sTu 79]5.22[5.211

6011


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VVLTd 2

5. Downward journey time (Td):

s29]5.22[

5.2

60


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sV

WST

d

o66

4.0

1.1)111(212 1

6. Door operating time (To).

Door speed (Vd) = 0.4 ms-1

Door width (W) = 1.1 m:


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opdu TTTT

7. The average time taken for each person to get intoand out of a lift car may be taken as 2 seconds.

Passenger transfer time (Tp) = 2n= 2 x 16 = 32 s

8. Round trip time (RTT)

s20632662979


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minutes5perpersons93

206

8.020460mins5

9. Capacity of group

s5.514

20610. Interval for the group

The capacity of the group of lifts and the interval for thegroup are satisfactory (Note: Car less than 12 capacity arenot satisfactory)


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Electric/roped lifts

In these elevators, the car is raised andlowered by traction steel ropes ratherthan pushed from below

Components:

1 - Control system

2 - Electric motor

3 - Sheave

4 - Counterweight

5 - Guide rails
http://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator3.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator3.htm


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Motor

Located in lift motor room

On anti-vibrations

mountings


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Lift motor onmotor room-lesslift


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Highly efficient permanent magnet (PM)motors for high-speed and super high-speed elevators(Mitsubishi)

Motor room


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Roping

High tensile steel ropes driven throughtraction sheaves attached to the motor shaft,

a system of pulleys and a counterweightAvailable in various combinations to suit

different occupancy requirements


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Single wrap 1 : 1

The simplest but will beprone to slipage if subjectedto heavy loads


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Single wrap 2 : 1

Improvement of single wrap1 : 1

Number of pulleys and thewrapping ratios increased to

improve resistance to slipage


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Single wrap 3 : 1

More pulleys used


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Effect of wrap ratio on car speed

as the ratio increases, the car speed decreases


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Alternative roping arrangements to maintain highspeeds and sufficient traction

Double wrap Underslung


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In very tall buildings theeffect of bounce and spring

from the rope load can bebalanced and compensatedwith ropes suspended belowcar and counterweight

Compensating ropes


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Emergency braking

While moving the car is

retained upright andcarried smoothly byguides and channeleach side

Car guide (plan view)


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In the unlikely event of rope failure, an overspeed governingmechanism will effect an immediate brake

Safety gear - alternatives


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The emergency brakes areactivated by a continuous ropepassing over a pulley in the pit and

an overspeed governor pulley inthe motor room.

The governor locks in response toflyweight inertia from the

centrifugal force generated byexcess speed, thus jerking the ropein process.

The position ofthe governor

rope andpulleys, relativeto car travel


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Active Roller Guide(Mitsubishi) This greatly reduces

lateral vibration of high-speed elevator.

An accelerometer detectscar vibration duringoperation and actuatorscancel the vibration with

optimally controlledelectromagnetic force.

The result is much betterride comfort than with aconventional roller guide.


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Lift doors

Required in two components:

Fitted to the lift car

Fitted to the landing Landing doors must be incombustible, preferably of

sheet steel construction over a light steel frameworkof about 30 mm overall thickness

They usually slide sideways (although verticalmovement is used for some industrial applications)


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Door-openersystem
http://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/elevator8.htm


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Various functionsof lift doors


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Passenger andservice lift doors

Vertical lift doors


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Multi-Beam Door Sensor(Mitsubishi)

Prevents passengers from being caught

by the doors, using multiple infraredlight beams mounted along the entirelength of car door edge. Doors reverseand open if beams are blocked duringdoor closing


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Constructional dimensions

Lifts manufactured to individual dimensionalspecification are possible but very expensive

BS 5655 provides standard dimensions whichhave been coordinated with manufacturingprocess and building applications to suit all

but extreme clients or obscure buildingrequirements


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Normally located abovethe well, containing:

winding gear traction sheave

control panel

overspeed governor,

and other components

Machine/Motor room

Section through lift motor room


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Noise from motors and winding gear must be contained withadequate insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery

An overhead universal beam for raising and lowering

equipment and parts during maintenance is essential Adequate daylighting and supplementary artificial light

Fan assisted ventilation to remove excess heat from electricplant

A locked door (key with security staff) provides the onlyaccess to the machine room, except for a trap-door over thelanding area this is specifically for raising and loweringitems of machinery


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Pit

Located below the lowest landing level,containing buffers

For slower lifts spring-type buffers

For higher-speed lifts oil loaded buffers

Depth of pit varies from 1.4 to 2.8 m,

depending on lift specification


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Brake

The traction sheave drive shaft is fitted with anelectromechanical brake

When the lift is moving, the electrically operatedbrakes are lifted clear of the brake drum, but as theelectricity switches off to disengage the motor,spring retainers activate the brake

In addition to the overspeed governor, this providesanother safety feature which would activate if theelectricity supply failed


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Shaft

A lift shaft should incorporate the followingfeatures: Water tightness

Means of drainage

Plumb, vertical sides

Smooth painted finish

Ventilation void for emission of smoke

Permanent inspection lights

Have no other services except those necessary foroperation of lift


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Lift controls

Possibilities of control arrangements:

Operator

Automatic Down collective

Directional collective

Group collective Programmed control


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Operator In prestige buildings and hotels for the benefit of special guests.

Automatic Response to one call from either lift car or landing. No further calls

are accepted until the car is at rest.

Only suited to light occupancy and low-rise buildings up to five floors.

Down collective A call button is located at each landing entrance and a set of buttons

in the car corresponds to each floor. Landing calls are stored and answered in sequence as the lift car

descends.

In upward direction, passengers are distributed in floor sequence byselection within the car.


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Directional (up and down) collective

Two call buttons are provided at each intermediate landing,one for up and the other one for down.

The lowest and the highest landings only require one button. Afull set of destination buttons are provided in the car.

Landing callers simply press the direction button and the call isstored

On a downward journey, the lift stops at all floors wheredownward callers are waiting or where passengers want to goout.

Likewise upward, operating in sequence in response to storedcalls.


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Group collective

Applied where groups or banks of lifts occur in largebuildings, using an interconnected collective storedcontrol system

This permits the closest lift traveling in the desireddirection to respond, rather than passengers waiting forone specific lift or having to press every lifts button.


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Programmed control

This is an improvement of the group collective system,incorporating time-controlled functions, where demand isknown to be particularly high on some floors at certaintimes.

The lift cars can be programmed to be available at theground floor during arrival times and at upper floors

during departure times.

This lends itself to routines found in office blocks, whereregular hours are worked.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Elevator_buttons.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PICT.jpg


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Elevatorbuttons
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Elevator_buttons.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PICT.jpg


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Hydraulic lifts

Hydraulic lift/elevatorsystems lift a car using ahydraulic ram, a fluid-

driven piston mountedinside a cylinder

For low-rise buildings

Hydraulic liftcomponents


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Oil hydraulic lift - application

Oil hydraulic lift -principles


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SINGLE SIDE OR JIGGERACTING

DOUBLE SIDEACTING

Oil hydraulic lift - variations


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Holeless Hydraulic (Otis)

The Holeless Hydraulic system eliminates theneed for either a well hole or buried piping.The best application for the Holeless product

is most any 2-story building with less than 14(4.3 m) of travel from one floor to the other.

Its above-ground Holeless configurationresponds effectively to the risk of soil andgroundwater contamination, and greatlyreduces environmental concerns. Thispackage-type unit is most practical for those2-story buildings where handicap access isrequired.


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Advantages of hydraulic lifts:

Capacity for very heavy loads

Accuracy in floor levelling Smooth ride characteristics

Low-level plant room

No structural loads from winding gear Pump room can be located up to 10 m from the

shaft


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Fire-fighting lifts

For rapid emergency access

The original concept was a variation within

conventional passenger lift, which containeda priority break-glass key switch

This was normally at the ground floor, and

when activated it brought the lift to that floorimmediately


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Independent fire-fightinglifts are required in offices,shops and other

commercial premisesexceeding 18 m in height

Typical fire-fighting accommodationin a shaft located no more than 60m from any part of that floor level


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Panoramic lift

applications


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Paternoster

Apaternoster or paternoster liftis an elevator which consists of achain of open compartments (each

usually designed for two persons)that move slowly in a loop up anddown inside a building withoutstopping

Passengers who are agile enoughcan step on or off at any floor theylike

The speed is limited to no more

than 0.4 ms-1

for safety reason


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Not suitable in publicbuildings and otherlocations where the

elderly and infirm arelikely to gain access

Most suited to singleoccupancy buildingssuch as offices, where

familiarity with thesystem and a highdegree of staff mobilityis a feature

Paternosterlift


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Paternoster lifts


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Stair lift

A means of vertical transport in homes for the elderly anddisabled, hospitals and conventional homes containingphysically infirm people

Developed for simple application to domestic chairs The chair moves up an inclined rail parallel with the stair

gradient at about 0.15 ms-1 powered by 230 V AC electricmotor

The rail is a standard steel joist bracketed to the wall andsupported by the stair

Transformed 24 V DC controls provide push-buttondirectional and stop facilities


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Stair lift approximate dimensions


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Other types of lifts

Double-deck elevators They are elevators designed such that

two elevator cars are attached one on

top of the other. This allowspassengers on two consecutive floorsto be able to use the elevatorsimultaneously, significantly increasingthe passenger capacity of an elevator

shaft. Such a scheme can proveefficient in buildings where the volumeof traffic would normally have a singleelevator stopping at every floor.

Example: Lifts at Menara Telekom,Taipei 101

Taipei 101
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Taipei_101_tower.jpg


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Freight elevator

An elevator designed tocarry goods, rather

than passengers


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Car elevator

An elevator designed to carry cars (e.g. for parking)


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Dumbwaiter

A small box elevator designed for thecarriage of lightweight freight is called a

dumb waiter (or dumbwaiter)

Service lift/Dumbwaiter


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Platform lift

For disable
http://www.wheelchair-ramps.co.uk/ktp-a5000.jpg


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ESCALATORS


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An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transportingpeople, consisting of a staircase whose steps move up ordown on tracks that keep the surfaces of the individual steps

horizontal Where large numbers of people are anticipated, such as

airports and railway terminals, department stores andshopping malls, several escalators will be required and can

be grouped in a number of ways to suit the buildingfunctions

The angle of inclination is normally 30o, but may increase to35o if the vertical rise does not exceed 6 m and the speed is

limited to 0.5 ms

-1


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Escalatorarrangements


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Escalators components


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Step Speed

Escalator speeds vary fromabout 90 feet per minute to

180 feet per minute (27 to55 meters per minute)

An escalator moving 145feet (44 m) per minute cancarry more than 10,000people an hour -- manymore people than astandard elevator

The individual steps from an escalator


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Long escalator in Washington MetroWestminster escalator


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Spiral escalator

Conventionalescalator


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Escalator capacity

The following formula can be used to ascertain capacity andcompare efficiencies and suitability of escalators at buildingdesign stage:

L

xVxPxN

cos3600

Where, N= number of persons moved per hour P= number of persons per step V= escalator speed (ms-1) L= length of step (m) = angle of incline


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The void containing escalators could encourage fireto spread rapidly through building. Therefore thefollowing precautions could be considered:

Sprinklers, installed to provide a continuous curtain ofwater down the escalator void

Fire curtains or shutter mechanism released by fusible linkor smoke relay to seal the top of the escalator shaft

Compartmentalisation or separation of escalators into awell or fire-protected enclosure

Spread of fire


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TRAVELATORS


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Amoving walkway, moving sidewalk, or travelator is aslow conveyor belt that transports people horizontally up tothe practical limitations of about 300 m.

They work in a similar manner to an escalator. In bothcases, riders can walk or stand. The walkways are oftensupplied in pairs, one for each direction.

They are particularly useful in large railways and airports

terminals, as well shopping complexes, and may be inclinedup to about 15o where level differentials occurs.


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Parisian high speed walkway

Inclined

travelator


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REFERENCES

Greeno, R.(1997). Building Services, Technology and Design.Essex: Longman.

Hall, F. & Greeno, R. (2005). Building Services Handbook.

Oxford: Elsevier. http://science.howstuffworks.com

http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.mitsubishi-

elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.html

http://www.imem.com/en/s2/2a3.htm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/http://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.htmlhttp://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.htmlhttp://www.imem.com/en/s2/2a3.htmhttp://www.imem.com/en/s2/2a3.htmhttp://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.htmlhttp://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.htmlhttp://www.mitsubishi-elevator.com/products/elevators/gpm_iii/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/http://science.howstuffworks.com/

REG562 - Lecture 3_Transportation Systems in Buildings

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