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University of Pune Refresher program
SE Electrical
Subject: Power Systems IUnits- I & II
By
Prof. O. S. PawaskarPVGs COET, Pune
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Contents
Introduction, Teaching Scheme, Marking Schemeetc. SyllabusObjectives & Outcomes of studying specificunitsTeaching PlanTeaching MethodologyBooks to be referredSample Questions
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Teaching Scheme Lectures: 4 Hrs / week Theory Paper: 50 Marks Online exam I:Unit I & II : 25 marks Online exam II : Unit III & IV: 25 marks
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Unit I Structure of Electrical Power Systems
Marking SchemeTheory examination 6 Marks
Online examination 13 Marks
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Syllabus: Unit IStructure of Electrical Power Systems:
A) Structure of Electrical Power System , Load curve, loadduration curve, different factors associated with generatingstations such as load factor, demand factor, diversity factor,
plant capacity factor, annual plant use factor, concept of baseload and peak load stations, interconnected grid system. Fittingof available generating stations into the area of load durationcurve, choice of size and number of generator units.
B) Tariff : Introduction of Tariff, Tariff setting principles, desirablecharacteristics of Tariff, residential, commercial, Flat rate, two
part, three part, Time of Day tariff for H.T. & L.T. industrialconsumers along with current electricity charges, Introductionto Availability Based Tariff (ABT), Interruptible tariff,Incentives and penalties.
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Objectives To prepare students to create strong foundation
for core area of power system
To develop multidisciplinary approach, teamwork spirit, decision making ability
To provide students with an academicenvironment, guidelines & professional currierin core industries.
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Outcomes Student will be able to demonstrate knowledge of basic power system.
Student will be able to decide capacity of plant, load availability & selection of
power plant.
Student will be able to understand various types of tariffs
Student will be able to find various equipments used in power stations
(insulators, busbars etc) Student will be able to develop confidence for self education & ability for life
long learning.
Student will be able to demonstrate effectively in verbal, written & design
form.
Student will be able to participate & succeed in core company interview,
competitive exams like GATE.
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Teaching PlanLecture No Topics to be covered
1 Introduction to power System, Structure of Electrical Power System
2 Different factors associated with generating stations such as: Load factor,Demand factor, Diversity factor, Plant capacity factor, Annual plant use factor Concept of base load and peak load stations, Load curve, load duration curve
3 Problems on above topic
4 Interconnected grid systemFitting of available generating stations into the area load duration curveChoice of size and number of generator units.Introduction of Tariff
5 Objectives of TariffTariff setting principlesDesirable characteristics of Tariff
6 Residential, commercial, Flat rate, two part, three part tariffCurrent electricity charges for residential & commercial consumers
7 Time of Day tariff for H.T. & L.T. industrial consumers along with currentelectricity chargesIncentives and penaltiesIntroduction to Availability Based Tariff (ABT) &Interruptible tariff
8 Problems on tariff Refresher Course - Power Syestms I 8
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Power Systems
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GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION
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Introduction What is Power systems 3 Parts Generation, Transmission, Distribution Single Line Diagram of Power system starting
from generation, primary transmission, secondary
transmission, primary distribution & secondarydistribution Generation
Voltage level Types Few Locations of generating stations in
Maharashtra
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Transmission
Voltage levels Ways of transmission Overhead/Underground Why to transmit power at higher voltages
What is primary & secondary transmission
Distribution Voltage levels Different types of consumers
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* Majority of part from Generation has already
covered in PGT Subject
* Students are going to cover Distribution part in
detail in EIMT subject at TE level
* Hence Majority of syllabus of PS -I covers
Transmission Part of Power systems
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Different factors associated with generatingstations *Load, Maximum demand, Connected load * Demand factor
*Average load Daily, Monthly, Yearly *Load factor Daily, Monthly, Yearly Diversity factor
Plant capacity factor, *Reserve capacityPlant use factor
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For Example
Load Factor Ratio of average load to maximumdemand during a given period is known as loadfactor.
Load Factor = Average Load / MDValue is always less than 1Significance - It helps to determine cost per unit
generationHigher the load factor, lesser will be the cost per
unit generation
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Plant capacity factor = Actual energy produced/Max. energy that could have been produced
OR Plant capacity factor = Average Demand x Time
period / Plant capacity x TOR
Plant capacity factor = MD x LF / Installed capacity
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Load Curve
Types Daily, Monthly, Yearly
Typical nature of load curve Representation of Maximum Demand/PeakLoad in load curve
Information obtained from load curve Use of load curves
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Load Duration Curve How to plot it from load curve
Difference between Load curve & LoadDuration Curve Information obtained from load duration curve
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Base Load & Peak load power stations
What is base load What is peak load What are base load power stations What are peak load power stations Features of base load & peak load stations
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Interconnected grid system Importance of interconnection
What is Interconnected grid system Advantages
Fitting of available generating stations into the
area load duration curve Choice of size and number of generator units
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Numerical based on calculations of load factor,Diversity factor, Plant capacity factor, plantuse factor, MD etc
Numerical based on load curves
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Tariff
Introduction Definition Objectives of Tariff
Tariff Setting Principles Desirable characteristics of tariff Different consumer categories
Types of Tariffs Different tariff structure for different
consumer categories
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Objectives of Tariff
Tariff setting Principles Historical Cost Principle Estimated Cost Principle Marginal Cost Principle Multi Year Tariff (MYT) principle
Desirable characteristics of Tariff
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Different Consumer Categories
Domestic Commercial
Industrial HT & LT Agricultural Municipal
Water works etc
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Types of Tariffs
Flat rate Two part Three Part Time of Day (ToD)/ Time of Use (ToU) Tariff for HT
& LT consumers Availability Based Tariff (ABT) Interruptible Tariff
Current Electricity charges for various consumers
Incentives & Penalties associated with some of abovetariffs & their relation with power factor, connectedload, MD, Load factor etc
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Books to be referred A Text book of Power system Engineering by
Soni, Gupta, Bhatnagar , Dhanpat Rai Publication Transmission & Distribution by J. B. Gupta Power systems Analysis & Design by B.R. Gupta Know Your Power citizens Primer Prayas
Energy group www.mercindia.com www.mahadiscom.in
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http://www.mercindia.com/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mahadiscom.in/http://www.mercindia.com/http://www.mercindia.com/http://www.mercindia.com/http://www.mercindia.com/http://www.mercindia.com/ -
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Q2. A generating station has MD of 500 MW, theannual load factor is 50% and capacity factoris 40%. The total energy generated per annumwill be
A) 2.19 x 10 6 MWhB) 1.19 x 10 3 MWhC) 1.19 x 10 3 WhD) 2.19 x 10 6 kWh
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Q3. With increase in diversity factor, cost ofgeneration ______
A) IncreasesB) DecreasesC) Remains constant
D) None of above
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Q4. Generating plant under peak load conditionhave
A) Low load factorB) Capacity to work continuouslyC) High utilization factor
D) All of above
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Q5. The Principle used for setting tariff which is based on cost of supplying additional units ofelectricity, cost of new generation is known as
A) Historical Cost PrincipleB) Estimated Cost PrincipleC) Marginal Cost principleD) None of above
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Q6. An industrial consumer has an annual energyconsumption of 201500 kWh at load factor of0.35. The tariff is Rs. 4000 + Rs. 1200/kW ofMD + Rs. 2.20/kWh. His annual bill will be
A) Rs. 443300B) Rs. 447300C) Rs. 526164D) Data is insufficient
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THANK YOU
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Unit II - Major Electrical equipments inPower Stations & Overhead line
insulators Marking scheme
Theory examination 6 Marks Online examination 12 Marks
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Syllabus: Unit II A) Major Electrical equipments in Power Stations:
Descriptive treatment of ratings of various equipmentsused in power station, Special features, field of use ofequipments like alternators, transformers, bus-bars,exciters and excitation systems, voltage regulators,switches, isolators, reactors, carrier currentequipments (P.L.C.C.), Control panels, metering andother control room equipments in generating stations.
B) Overhead line insulators: Types of insulators &their applications, pin type, suspension type, strain
type insulators, Silicon Rubber insulators, postinsulators, bushings, voltage distribution along stringof suspension insulators, string efficiency, equalizationof potential across each unit.
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T hi Pl
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Teaching PlanLecture
No Topics to be covered
1 Major Electrical equipments in Power Stations: Descriptive treatment ofratings of various equipments used in power station, Special features, field ofuse of equipments like alternators, transformers
2 Bus-bars, exciters and excitation systems3 Voltage regulators, Switches, Isolators, Reactors
Carrier current equipments (P.L.C.C.), Control panels, Metering and other
control room equipments4 Overhead line insulators : Types of insulators & their applications
Pin type, Suspension type , Post insulators, Shackle insulators, BushingsStrain type insulators, Silicon Rubber insulators
5 Voltage distribution along string of suspension insulatorsDerivation of String efficiency
6 Equalization of potential across each unit/Methods of improving string efficiency Problems on string efficiency
7 Problems on string efficiency
8 Revision & MCQ Test on Unit I & II
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Major Electrical equipments in Power Stations
Descriptive treatment of ratings of variousequipments used in power station
Special features field of use of equipments
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Alternators
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Alternators Exciters & Excitation system Power Transformers
Bus Bars Voltage Regulators Isolators, Switches Lighting Arresters Circuit Breakers & Relays Reactors PLCC equipments
Metering equipments CTs & PTs, Energy Meter Control room equipments Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Frequency meter, PF meter etc
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Alternators
Brief explanation about definition, use Types such as Steam generators, Hydro
generators Specifications/ Ratings given for alternator
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Exciters & Excitation system
Need of Excitation in brief Types of Excitation systems
DC excitation system AC excitation system Static excitation system
Explanation along with circuit diagram, working,advantages, disadvantages
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Power Transformers
Use Difference between Power & Distribution
transformers Cooling methods Specifications of power transformers such as
KVA rating, Rated voltage (HV/LV),Frequency, Connection type (Y/ ), coolingsystem etc
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Bus Bars, Isolators & Switches
Use Types
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Voltage regulators
Automatic Voltage regulator Duties
Qualities / characteristics Principle of operation
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Reactors
Current Limiting Reactors & not Reactorswhich are used in Nuclear power plants Use in brief
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Instrument Transformers
How to identify CT & PT Specifications of CT & PT Standard available ratings for CTs & PTs Use
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Protective Equipments Relays &Circuit Breakers
Use Types Function Specifications operation in brief
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Power Line Carrier Communication: PLCC
Circuit Diagram Operation Use Advantages
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Control Panel & other equipments
Various meters on control panel Other equipments in power station such as
battery room, earthing & earth mats,Lightening arrestors etc.
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Overhead Line Insulators Types
Pin typeSuspension type
Strain type Shackle InsulatorsSilicon Rubber Insulators
Post Insulators BushingsTheir Applications, working, voltage levels,
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Books to be referred
A Text book of Power system Engineering bySoni, Gupta, Bhatnagar, Dhanpat RaiPublication
Transmission & Distribution by J. B. Gupta Power systems Analysis & Design by B.R.
Gupta
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Sample Questions for Online ExamQ1. Isolators are normally operated atA) Full load current conditionB) No load current condition
C) No current conditionD) Fault current condition
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Q2. The amount of excitation provided depends
uponA) Supply voltageB) FrequencyC) Load currentD) None of above
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Q3. Insulators used at voltage level of 132 kV
areA) Pin InsulatorsB) String Insulators
C) Post InsulatorsD) Pin & Shackle Insulators
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Q4. The string efficiency of a string ofsuspension insulators is dependent on
A) Size of insulatorsB) Number of discs in the stringC) Size of tower
D) None of above
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Thank You