INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANIZATION

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SUMMARY

ITTO PRE-PROJECT PROPOSAL

FORMULATION OF A PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF NEPAL'S TROPICAL FOREST RESOURCES THROUGH COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT

PPD 10/97 Rev.2 (F, I)

REFORESTATION AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

GOVERNMENT OF NEPAL

ENGLISH

Nepal was known as an exporter of tropical timber up to 1 950s, but now this scenario has changed and the country has become a net importer of the timber due to lack of scientific management of the tropical forests of the country.

At present His Majesty's Government of Nepal (HMGIN) policy is to develop the country as an exporter of tropical timber mainly of Sal (ShoTea Tohusta) and its associates as well as to meet the basic domestic needs of the forest produce. The Forest Department (FD) needs support/assistance from other agencies to meet the national requirements.

The main objective of the pre-project will be to design management alternatives for the rehabilitation of degraded and over exploited forests of Sal and to promote forest stewardship and sustainable production of tropical timber in the country. The pre-project also proposes to develop a mutually beneficial management strategy for community plantation on common lands of rural areas in the tropical zone in order to minimize the pressure on the existing forests.

EXECUTING AGENCY

DURATION

APPROXIMATE STARTING DATE

BUDGET AND PROPOSED SOURCES OF FINANCE

INSTITUTE OF FORESTRY, HETAUDA, (IOFIH) TRIBHUV AN UNIVERSITY, NEPAL

2.5 MONTHS

UPON APPROVAL

Contribution Local Currency Source inUS$ Equivalent

ITTO 50,000 Gov't of Nepal In kind IOFIH, TU In kind

TOTAL 50,000

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Part I - CONTEXT

A. Relevance to ITTO

1. Compliance with ITTO Objectives:

The proposed project will be to promote tropical forest development and reassert with a view to enhance timber and other produce to meet the subsistence needs of the people and to conserve the forests with people's participation.

2. Compliance with ITTO Criteria:

The proposed project will mainly develop research based models for reforestation of depleted sites, rehabilitation of degraded forests and for forest management, besides it will also address the current research problems of tropical forests in Nepal and through that develop the skill of the faculty at IOF Hetauda.

3. Relationship to ITTO action plan and priorities:

The proposed project will be consistent with objectives (c), (f) and (h) of Article 1 of the ITTA 1983. It is also in accordance with items (b), (c) and (d) of Article 23.5 and items (a), (d) and (e) of Article 23.6. Furthermore it is consistent with the various strategies of the ITTO Action Plan.

B. Relevance to National Policies:

1. Relationship to sectoral policies affecting tropical timber:

The tropical forests in Nepal constitute only around 33 % of the total forest land, but they supply 90% of the constructional timber and over 70% of the firewood. They are found in over two-thirds districts of the country, including all districts of the Terai and Siwaliks and in some districts of the mid hills. To address sustainable development of the forestry sector, the Government of Nepal brought in a Master Plan in 1989. Long-term and short-term objectives were formulated in an attempt to meet the basic requirement of forest produce and to reverse the process of forest degradation, by taking up environmentally sound forest management. Under the forest policy 1989, formulated as a part of the Master Plan initiative, the following objectives have been set forth:

Long-term objectives:

· to meet the basic requirement of forest produce through an effective interaction . between forestry and farming practices,

· to conserve ecosystem and genetic resources, · to protect the forest land against degradation, desertification and other effects of

ecological imbalance, · to contribute to the growth of local and national economy by developing

sustainable forest management and forest based industries, as well as creating opportunities for income generation and employment.

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To meet the above objectives various programs were formulated. However, the Master Plan has only been partially implemented due to various constraints. The Forest Act of 1992 is a milestone in Nepal forestry legislation. According to the Act, forests of the country have been divided into the two major classes: Government forest, and Private forest.

The Government forest has been further sub-divided into five categories: Community forest: The forest managed by the Forest Users Group (FUGs). Leasehold forest: The forest to be leased to private institutions, communities, groups

or industries for management and utilization. Government· managed forest: Low land forest (Tropical) retained for management by

the government to meet the national needs. Protected forest: Forest land managed for conservation of flora and fauna, and Religious forest: The forest land managed for religious purposes with prohibition of

commercial use.

However recently the lowland forest. have been construed to mean as production forest.

2. Relationship to sub-sectoral aims and programs:

Almost half of the Tropical forests are in the state of physical and biological deterioration caused by over-exploitation, encroachment, squatting and illegal felling mainly due to lack of scientific management. Continued increase in demand for the resources due to alarming growth rate of population (over 2 % per year for the country as a whole and still higher in Terai region) has created a situation where full scale sustained management of these resources is imperative, if the country is to reverse the present trend and attain an environmentally sound lowland ecosystem which can provide sufficient goods and services to meet the basic needs of the people on a local, regional, and national level as well as provide some financial support to the HMG/N. The task of reversing this negative trend through scientific management of the resource lies within the program of IOF and MFSC. The IOF along with Department of Forest has the responsibility of producing capable manpower and conducting forestry research.

The main objectives of Institute of Forestry are:

to provide relevant education and training for proper management, conservation and utilization of natural resources of the country in order to meet the demand for high quality manpower in forestry and environmental sectors, to conduct applied research to support in fulfilling the increasing demand for forest produce on national basis without compromising environmental conservation, to conduct workshops, seminars, and information campaign to make rural people aware about the importance of forest and environment, to assist the government and concerned agencies in forestry and environmental policy formulation by providing relevant information.

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3. Institutional and legal framework:

Nepal Institute of Forestry was established in 1948 by the HMG/N, under the Department of Forest to train the forestry man power. In 1972 the Institute was incorporated under the Tribhuvan University of Nepal. The IOF has responsibility to provide skilled manpower (technicians, professionals and researchers) required by the MFSC and for other agencies. The IOF has also been working closely with the MFSC to conduct research on problem of forestry sector. Until 1957 the Forest Management in Nepal was synonymous with management of tropical forest. The IOF/H has institutional knowledge, strength, and feel for the tropical ecosystems of Nepal. The tropical forest being a vital resource, an insight into its restoration, development and management through research and education can be achieved in this project.

PART 11 : THE PROJECT

1. Origin: The tropical forests of Nepal are under sever threat for nearly past 50 years

and half of them have been lost permanently. And of the remaining, more than 50% are in degTaded state, therefore it is a crying need to restore and manage them. Through the proposed project the IOF /H can provide the models and the trained man power to address the above issues. '

2. Project Objectives:

The objective is to formulate a Project proposal for sustainable development and management of tropical forests of Nepal, by developing adequate skills for applied research and by strengthening institutional capability to impart knowledge, training and sharing information on reforestation, conservation and forest management with community participation.

3. Project Justification

3.1 Problem to be addressed:

The natural vegetation of the Terai has changed considerably over the last 50 years. Although there were some ancient settlements, the Terai was only sparsely inhabited by gTOUpS who had developed some immunity to the prevalent Malaria. Eradication of Malaria in 1950s along with a new dimension in the national policy­Policy of clearing forest land for agriculture development - opened the flood gate of mass migTation in the region. In 1960s large scale migTation from upland to lowland (Terai) became a common feature. Those hill migTants who could not settle legally. opted for wide spread squatting, encroachment and illicit clearing of forests in the Terai. This trend is still continuing. Around 68% of the Eastern Terai forest were cleared during 1928-74 with 1.54% deforestation rate per year (FRSO). Remote sensing Center of Nepal detected the deforestation rate to be about 2.2% per annum during 1955-1981. According to Master Plan for the Forestry Sector (MPFS 1989) the deforestation rate was 3.9% per annum during 1978-86. The recent available data shows that the average rate of deforestation is 1.3% per annum (FSD/FRSC,1993).The Global synthesis for forest resources of the last two decades has been showing more than one percent loss of forest cover in Nepal per year (FAO 1995 ). Encroachment and over exploitation (fodder and litter collection, indiscriminate

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burning, uncontrolled grazing and timber theft) are the principal agents in the degradation of forests in the Nepal Terai (Goldstein et al. 1983 and Ghimire 1990). Some consequences of encroachment and over-exploitation are as follows:

A: Decrease in . site productivity: The Bhabar zone covers about 400,000 ha or 15% of the Nepal Terai land. Bhabar soils support most of the remaining Terai Sal forest. Bhabar soils could suffer from severe erosion if the vegetation is cleared. A native grass, Imperata cylindrica. invades rapidly once the overstorey has been removed (Hawkins 1986).The ability of forests to recover from disturbance is hindered by invasion of Imperata grass. Villagers usually burn forest land prior to the onset of monsoon to enhance growth of forage. Repeated lower intensity, burning combined with uncontrolled grazing and collection of forest litter reduce successful regeneration of tree and shrub species.

B: Decrease in biodiversity: . The remaining Terai Sal forests of the Central Terai are important habitat for Rhinos, Elephants, Royal Bengal tiger and other mammals. In respect to forest land outside the National Parks, there is little information available on their importance as habitat refuge for other unique or endangered fauna or flora.

c: Loss of valuable national and local forest resources: Terai Sal forest are Nepal primary source of timber, fuelwood and fodder. However, these are not the only forest resources that rural Nepalese harvest from the forest. Litter for livestock bedding and compost. medicinal herbs, fruits, tubers, bark. roots, flowers. resins. leaves etc. are a few of the many products harvested from the forest (Sharma 1986, Uprety 1986). Wood accounts for about 87% of the national energy supply (Sharma 1986). With, 6,000,000 tons of fuelwood extracted annually. Terai forests are getting denuded. The growing stock has got reduced by 35% between 1969 to 1990. Growth rater, in unmanaged natural forests in the Terai are estimated at less than 2-4 m '/ha/yr (Wunder 1987, Rai 1997).Forest resources in Nepal meet 40 to 60% of the fodder need of the livestock. There is no longer a balance between the demand and supply of fodder as the aggregate livestock population is increasing while forest biomass production is declining (Uprety 1986).

Because of the effects of deforestation/forest degradation and the increasing difficulty of fuelwood supply considerable emphasis was placed during 1964-1980 on forest research. A large number of trial plots were established countrywide. but majority of them have been discontinued. A programme of forest research is going on since 1976, however. least attention has been paid to the research on Tropical forest. It is a well known fact that the FD has been singularly unsuccessful to manage Terai forest on sustainable basis. The national resource has been continuously depleting. The proper management of lowland forests can provide a large annual revenue as well as considerable employment in forest based initiatives. The mechanism for such a development will be determined by the proposed .project.

3.2 Characteristics of the Region where the project will be located:

Nepal Terai is a narrow plain extending from east to west and bordered by Churia hill~ (Siwal~k range) to the northo and IndJa in the south. It is located between 26 15'-29 10'N latitude and 80 00' - 88 15' E longitude. The Terai has been divided into sub-zones: Siwaliks, the Bhabar Terai and the Terai proper (plain).

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Administratively the area is divided into 20 districts. The Bhabar Terai occurs on the Southern edge of Siwaliks where gently sloping, deep alluvial gravel from the erosion of the hills over-lie the Gangetic plain deposits (Stainton 1972). During the dry season, streams from the hills pass under ground in the bouldery river beds to re­emerge in the Terai proper. These rivers cause erosion at very high rate during the monsoon.

The total area of the Terai belt is 34019 sq.km. Out of which around 40% is covered by forests. The forests on the plains, the potential production forests, cover only an area of 546000 ha. which is about 16% of the total area. In the region there are five conservation areas with restricted forest produce use and they cover 304000 ha. of land.

The soils of Terai can be divided into two distinct groups, the fertile clay loaml and the Bhabar soils. The clay loams are found south of the remaining Sal forest and agriculture is the predominant land use. The Bhabar. soil is a complex of drought prone alluvial sediment of sand and gravel which over lay the clay loams. The average depth ranges from 22-50 m. depending upon the site (How ell 1987).

The climate of the region is subtropical with summer monsoon and fith seven months dry period from fovember to May. The temperature is maximum 45 C in summer and minimum 2 C in the winter. The average annual precipitation is 2000 mm; around 95% of this occurs during June to September.

The Terai proper was formerly covered with tropical high forest and had only sparse population. The area was swampy and malarious. It has now largely been cleared of natural vegetation and is under cultivation. The average altitude of the Terai is 100 m as!.

The vegetation in the region is deciduous and semi-deciduous. Major forest types of the region are Sal (Shorea robusta) , Terai Hardwood forests and Dalbergia sissoo / Acacia catechu (DS/ AC) forests. The total area of the later two forest types is as small as compared to the total area of Sal forest. Sal forests occupy the flat plains areas between river and stream channels and the slope of Siwalik hills at heights up to 1500 m. The main associates of Sal are Terminalia tomentosa. Adina cordiJ'olia. Lagerstroemia parviflora. Anogeissus Iatifolia and Mallotus phiIippinensis.

The composition of the tropical forests appears to be changing as evidenced by the regeneration that has been coming up in these forests. There appears to be more element of species that need drier conditions . This process could in future reduce the proportion of Sal which at present is around 43%{ Rai 1997).

Why the specific project location has been chosen? Because:

. according to the recent Government policy (Forest Act 1992) only the Terai forest has been allocated as potential productive forest,

. tropical Terai forest can be easily cleared and regrowth suppressed with repeated burning or other exploitative activities. The major concern of the Institute of Forestry, Hetauda (IOF/H) is to stop loss of bio-diversity to conserve genetic resources, to rehabilitate degraded forest lands and to develop the resource on sustainable basis for tropical timber production,

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. the lack of scientific forest management system in the region 1;las become the main cause of forest degradation and deforestation of the Tropical forests,

. the resource which contributes 90% of the timber requirement of the country has potential to contribute significantly in national economy provided it can be managed properly.

3.3 Other relevant aspects of the pre-project situation:

The Terai has over 300,000 ha of 'high forest', out of which about 100,000 ha are badly degraded. Most degraded forest land is located near settlement, along transportation corridors or it borders agricultural lands. These degraded forests are characterized by a thin overstorey canopy with little or no regeneration, severe erosion and low organic matter content. Further more, these areas continue to be under Forest Departments' controls with little emphasis being placed on management, either for forest products or other uses (Wunder 1987). Much of this degraded forest land is suitable for implementation of sustainable land use practices, like re­establishment of remnant vegetation or reforestation with involvement of local villagers (Jackson 1987).

As the reforestation efforts in the region during the past were not supported b~ the local villagers it lead to the failure of forestry development activities. Although examples of successful involvement of local people in the management of forest land iI the hills of Nepal are well-known (Gilmour 1988), there are few examples of successfu: community participation in managing forest lands in the Terai (Sharma 1986). It is generally agreed that greater participation of the people is necessary at all stages in forest management decision making (Fisher 1987, Wunder 1987, Barraclough and Ghimir€ 1990). The involvement and input of local people is critical to the long-term sustainability of any development activity.

Faced with the continuing degradation and potential loss of an important resource base and critical habitat for a diverse and unique flora and fauna, development of sustainable management alternatives for remaining Terai Sal forests is crucial (Bhattarai et al. 1985, Sharma 1986, Wunder 1987, Barraclough and Ghimire 1990). These alternatives should support and sustain, local subsistence agro­ecosystems in addition to providing forest resources for distant urban economics.

3.4 Intended situation after Project completion

After the completion of the project there will be:

suitable management alternative to rehabilitate degraded forest areas of the region. economic opportunities and village level programme to arrest further deterioration of the resource. appropriate scientific management system developed to increase the production of tropical timber, strengthening of local institutions for long term sustainability, technical cooperation among countries with similar problems, availability of biophysical and socio-economic data of the region to promote management activities, guidelines for sustainable development and management of the resource, research facilities for tropical forest management in the region

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3.5 Target Beneficiaries:

The main beneficiaries of the project will be HMG/N, MFSC, and IOF/TU. However, at regional level the entire population of the region will be directly benefitted froIl) the project in terms of improving their quality of life as well as fulfilling the basic need for forest produce'.

3.6 Project strategy

3.6.1 Reasons for Selection:

The rationale for proposing the project is that the tropical forests of Nepal in their present status are a wasting asset at sub- optimal production level and they are caught up in the viscious cycle of low productivity and perpetual degradation. The project results will provide sound management systems including those on community lands, besides the project could considerably enhance the research skills of the IOF/H faculty.

3.6.2 Lessons drawn from past eValuation:

The major programmes on forestry research in the past were by HMG/N and other aid agencies. After 1970s many NGOs and GOs have also been involved in forestry research giving major emphasis on community forestry. The IOF has been involved in various forestry related research since 1965. During 1980s the research at IOF mainly concentrated on Farm Forestry, Agro-forestry and Community Forestry in hills funded by various donor agencies. Most of these efforts did not address the issues that are being contemplated to be researched and taken up under this proposal. The main emphasis in Nepal since 1957 has been on the hill forests and as a result very little research has been done on tropical forests (Bajracharya, 1986 ). The research on forest management as such has been lacking in Nepal.

3.6.3 Technical and scientific aspects:

The price of timber has been rising steeply, at a compounded annual rate of over 15% per year (HMG/N, FMC). This has led to considerable awareness among the people on the economic value of trees. The WEB/UNDP Community Forestry Programme under which block and strip plantations were taken up in the tropical belt has generated considerable awareness and people are showing keen interest to participate in forest regeneration and management.

The models of Community Forestry in the hills and in the plains will be different due to various constraints. The operational part of the country policy is at a variance in the hills and in the plains. In the hills the government forests are being handed over to the user groups while in the plains this is yet to take a concrete shape. The tropical forests being a lot more valuable resource it is likely that only forest produce sharing may take place in them. Models for such management approach would get evolved under the project.

There has been meagre silvicultural and related input in form of research on the tropical forests. Technology for restorative and management processes are yet to be developed. The present approach will address these aspects.

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3.6.4 Economic aspects:

The project is mainly intended to provide technical models and methods for revegetating the barren lands, and restoring the degraded lands through research and also develop suitable research and technical manpower. In this way the outcomes will be to meet the needs of the people and to reduce their dependence on forests. The IOF/H will be able to produce well qualified scientific manpower within the country, in a cost effective manner. There will be considerable economic benefits in this process.

More than 60% of the agricultural production of the country takes place in the tropical zone which is only 30% of total land area of the country and supports almost half of the population (46.6%) . Proper management of forest will be beneficial for down stream agricultural production.

3.6.5 Environmental aspects:

The project will provide processes which will lead to the improvement of the environment and there will not be any negative impacts on the environment, whatsoever.

3.6.6 Social aspects:

The proposed project will have participatory approach towards resource management and all the models will be developed accordingly. Involvement of the people and the NGOs will be a necessary facet of the process, from the stage of conceptualization to execution and management.

3.6.7 Managerial aspect:

The first institute on forestry education in Nepal was set up at Hetauda in 1967 and it continues to serve the country since then. The other component as IOF Pokhara came into existence in 1983. Since inception its focus has been research and training on community forestry (the activities which are mainly concentrated in the temperate zone). The IOF Hetauda is situated in the tropical zone. The main aim of the proposed project is to develop IOF/H as a Centre of Excellence in applied research, training and teaching ,particularly in tropical forest management, which, although, lacking is a prime need of the country.

The present capabilities of Institute of Forestry, Hetauda can be assessed with the fact that the Institute hasj

about 100 hac. of natural Sal forest for practical purpose of students. well developed Infra-structure constituting. two main building for educational purposes, one big Museum Complex without exhibits. four hostels and sufficient number of Quarters for faculty and staffs. one nursery and one arboratum to conduct the research activities. twentyfour faculty members constituting four departments (Forest Management & Community Forestry. Silviculture & Forest Biology, Watershed Management & Environmental Science and Basic Science & Humanities) and sufficient number of staffs to achieve the defined objectives of IOF/H, two main educational programme with research activities (e.g. LSc. and B.Sc. Forestry),

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. four lab (Biology, Survey, Physics and Chemistry) for practical purposes but inadeguatly eguiped,

• three computer and two photocopier for office, faculty and students use, two bus and two jeep to conduct the field trips during the course.

3.7 Reasons for ITTO support

3.7.1 ITTO aspects:

The ITTO priority has been to support research and development in tropical timber production on sustainable basis. The IOF /H has the main goal to promote research and impart training, particularly in tropicai forestry and in development of rural common lands. Therefore the institution needs the IT TO grant fund for preparing a project proposal to fulfill the above needs.

3.7.2 Relationship to on going ITTO project at IOF Pokhara:

. The present ITTOProject at IOF Pokhara is on Man Power development in Community Forestry. The project is being implemented through Visiting Scholar program with focus on up grading the teaching and research skills of the IOF faculty and ,to the extent possible, to contribute to student development through team teaching ,study material and seminar. The Visiting Scholar on tropical forest

,.Y"" management has initiated two short term research studies one on Biodiversity conservation, dependence of the people and conservation of tropical forests and the other on Ecology of Shorea robusta. The findings of these studies will be used in the proposed project.

3.8 Risk:

There is no risk involved in implementing the final project as it will address a crying need of the country.

4. Outputs:

The out put of the pre project activity will be preparation of the Project Proposal on "Formulation of a Project Proposal for Sustainable Management and Rehabilitation of Nepal's Tropical Forest Resources through Community Participation and Manpower Development" at IOF Hetauda.

5. Activities and inputs

1.1

1.2 1.3

1.4

Activities Reconnaissance survey of the region

Baseline data will be collected Based upon existing bio-physical and socio-economic data the main cause of the tropical forest degradation will be analyzed One the basis of above information a Project will be formulated

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Inputs IOF!H. MFSC/HMG and one expert from ITTO fOl 2.5 months.

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6. Work Plan

WORK PLAN output/activities Responsible Output 1. Research propo ... Activities:

Schedule in Months 123

1.1 to 1.4 IOF/H, ITTO Japan, MFSC

7. Budget:

International consultant 2.5 months International travel on round trip Daily Subsistence allowance Local travel Mise. costs ITTO Monitoring and evaluation ITTO Adm. and program support cost (5.5%) Total ITTO contribution

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US$ 25000.00 US$ 8,000.00 US$ 8,000.00 US$ 2,000.00 US$ 2,390.00 US$ 2,000.00

U S$ 2,610.00 US$ 50,000.00

.REFERENCE:

Eajracharya M.K. (1986) Forestry in Nepal. Mimeo pp126. Earraclough. S. and K. Ghimire, 1990. The social dynamics of deforestation in

developing countries: Principal issues and research priorities. United national Research Institute for Social Development. Discussion paper 16. November, 1990.

Fisher. B., 1987. Social Sciences editorial. Banko Janakari. 1(3):1-3. FAO (1995) Global Synthesis of the forest resources .FAO, Rome. FRSO!FRSC!FORESC : Formerly Forest Research and Survey Office, now it is called at

Forest Research and Survey Center, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation Nepal published various reports.

Gilmour. D.A .• 1988. Not seeding the trees for the forest: A re-appraisal of the deforestation crisis in two districts of Nepal. Mountain Research and Development. 8(4): 343-350.

Goldstein. M.C., J.L. Ross and S. Schuler, 1983. From a mountain-rural to a plains­urban society: Implication of the 1981 Nepalese census. Mountain Research and Development. 3(1):61-64.

HMG/N : His Majesty's Government of Nepal published various reports. Hawkins. T .• 1986. Adabhar trial site: Research results (1980-1986). U.K./Nepal

Forest Research project. Forest Survey and Research Office. Mimeo. Howell. J.H .• 1987. Soil survey of an agToforestry plantation area of the Terai

Community Forestry Project in Bara district. Forestry Research and Information Office: Kathmandu. Interim Report. 12p.

Jackson, J.K., 1987. Manual of Afforestation in Nepal. Nepal-UK Forestry Research Project.

Master Plan for the Forestry Sector (1989). HMG/N Forest Department ,Kathmandu. Rai S.N ( in press) Forest cover monitoring through Remote Sensing in Nepal and

India. Rai S.N ( in press) Tropical Forest Management in Nepal. Sharma. R.K., 1986. Non formal forest. development cooperatives: A case study of

Bhokraha village, Nepal. Research Paper Series, No.6. Shrestha, P. 1989. Ethno -botanical observation of Helambu and adjoining area.

Banko Janakari. 2(2): 121-126. Uprety, L.P., 1986. Fodder situation: An ecological-anthropological study of

Machhegaon, Nepal. Research Paper Series, No.5. WlUlder. W.G., 1987. Interim ProgTess Report: Terai Forestry Project. Technical

Assistance to the Terai Forestry Project, HMG/N Forest Department ,Kathmandu.

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Terms of Reference for ( ITTO consultant)

The main job of the consultant will be:

· to formulate a Project proposal as per the ITTO guidelines for sustainable development and management of tropical forests of Nepal, by developing adequate skills for applied research and by strengthening institutional capability to impart knowledge and training on reforestation, conservation and management with community participation.

to assess and analyze why some previous forestry projects in the Terai region of Nepal had met with failure,

· to recommend practicable and feasible field models for community forestry generally in the region specially on village common land.

• to assess the need for the Institute of Forestry, Hetauda for faculty development.

· to identify the ways of coordinating tropical forest research in the region in order to optimize the resources and the benefits.

· to assess the need of short-term training on Hetauda Campus particularly on Tropical Forest Management,

Counterparts for International Consultant

The Institute will provide three faculty; Mr. M.S. Hague, Md. Yusuf Ansari and A.K. Mallik as Counterparts for International Consultant during the period.

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f

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Light green: Conservation area boundary Red: Road Black: District boundary

Forest Research and. Survey Centre - FINNIDA

Kanchanpur and . Kailali

Approximate Scale 1: 530 000 ~

~

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Light green: Conservation area boundary Red: Road

. Black: District boundary

Forest Research and Survey Centre - FINNIDA

Bardiya and Banke

Approximate Scale I : 530 000 .~

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Red: Road Black: 'District boundary

Q- Forest Research and Survey Centre - FINNIDA

Dang

_.

. Approximate Scale 1 : 410000 ~.

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Red: Road Black: District boundary

Forest R,esearch and Survey Centre. - FINNIDA -4

,

Kapilbastu and Rupandehi

Approximate Scale 1 : 370000 ~

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Light green: Conservation area boundary Red: Road '

. Black: District boundary

Forest Research and Survey Centre - FINNIDA OQ

Nawalparasi and Chitwan

Approximate Scale I : 480 000 ~ ~

::Q

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest

Parsa,

Blue: Hill boundary Light green: Conservation area boundary Red: Road Black: District boundary

Forest Research and Survey Centre - FINNIDA

Bara and Rautahat

Approximate Scale 1 : 510 000 ~

~ o

Sarlahi, Mahottari and Dhanus,ha

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Red: Ro~d Black: District boundary

Forest Research and Survey Centre FINNIDA

Approximate Scale I : 430 000 ~

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Dark green: Forest Ught red: Deforestation since 1978 Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Ught green: Conservation area boundary Red: Road \

. Black: District boundary

Siraha, Saptari

Forest Research and Survey Centre - FINNIDA

and Sunsari

"

Approximate Scale 1 : 470 000 ~

\'() /'0

f! f_

c - ........ "fI' I.

Approximate Scale 1 : 450000

Morang and Jhapa

Dark green: Forest Light red: Deforestation since Yellow: Non-forest Blue: Hill boundary Red: Road Black: District boundary

Forest . Research and Survey Centre ~ FINNIDA ~