Reflection and Reflection and LearningLearning

By Ramesh Mehay

Ultimately, the outcome of reflection is learning (Meziros, 1981).

1. It widens our perspective on a problem (broadens knowledge)

2. It helps us develop strategies for dealing with it (develop skills)

3. It helps us acquire new insights into our behaviour (changes attitudes)

K.S.A.

Reflection involves…Reflection involves…

Attributes for reflectionAttributes for reflection

The key qualities (attitudes) individuals need to do proper reflection are:1.Open-minded’ness 2.Commitment to self-enquiry3.Motivation and 4.Readiness to change practice

Richardson & Maltby (1995), Gillings (2000)

Reflection on actionReflection on action

Reflection in actionReflection in action

ISCE criteriaISCE criteria

ISCE criteriaISCE criteria

Information Provided Describing what happened or what was observed in enough detail. Should be honest and unbiased. This should be sufficient to give the feeling that to an independent person that they were actually there. Care is needed to include information that is assumed to be known or self-evident.

Self-Awareness Being open and honest about performance but also writing about own feelings and/or that of others

Critical Thinking Breaking the bigger picture into smaller parts, analysing the bigger and smaller pictures, identifying and challenging assumptions, problem solving, describing own thought processes, developing alternatives

Evidence of learning = [SYNTHESIS + JUDGEMENT + EVALUATION]Synthesis – integrating new with old information and taking into account feelings. Bringing up elements into a whole. Judgement – considering the possibilities and weighing them up. Describing what needs to be learned, why and how. Evaluation – looking back to see what difference it made.

Reflective Writing Template by Shiela Bonas (2004)Reflective Writing Template by Shiela Bonas (2004)

What happened? What did I need to do? How did I perform?

◦ Well? ◦ Areas of improvement?

What did I think/feel? ◦ I think that…◦ I feel sad/happy..

Why did I think or feel this way?◦ New insights?◦ Related to past experience?

How did my thoughts/ feelings affect others? ◦ Behaviours; beliefs; feelings.

What are consequences? short term, long term, for me, for others

How can this help me in the future?◦ goals, improve skills, learn, stress levels

etc

Kolb’s Learning CycleKolb’s Learning Cycle

Gibbs’ Reflective CycleGibbs’ Reflective Cycle

KirkpatrickKirkpatrick

Kirkpatrick’s Levels of

Evaluation

Outcome measured by

+ve = acheived -ve = failed to achieve

1 REACTION

• How you felt after the activity?

Satisfaction with having undertaken the activity - are you happy you decided to do this?

No satisfaction with undertaking the activity.

2 LEARNING• Testing knowledge. • Different attitudes.• New skill found.

Did you learn something from this?

No new knowledge, skills or change in attitude.

3 BEHAVIOUR

• Protocol development.

• Practice specific guidelines..

• Review of individual patient records.

• Videos.

Are you using the skills or knowledge in your work? Has your attitude to a problem changed, do you look at it differently?

No new knowledge, skills or changes in attitude used to improve patient care.

4 RESULTS

• Audit.• Significant events.• Changes in patient

care.

Have patients benefited by your learning, has patient management improved?

No benefits seen for patients.No change in patient management.

Imp

act a

nd

eff

ect