Refle k Skuli Ah
Transcript of Refle k Skuli Ah
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Refleks
V. Sutarmo Setiadji
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A long distance pathway process
initiate by a stimulus or a change in the
environment as an information which isreceived by sense organ, integrates the
information, and uses the nervous
system, endocrine system, or both, toreact appropriately.
Definition of reflex
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Physiological Reflex:
- Somatic reflex the effector is skeletelmuscles
- Autonomic reflex the effectors are the
heart, smooth muscles, or glands
Pathological Reflex:
- Reflex which is arise in a pathologicalconditions
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Other classification of reflex:
- Ipsilateral- Contralateral
- Monosinaps
- Multisinaps
- Stretch reflex
- Withdrawal reflex
- Spinal Reflexes- Central reflexes
- Unconditioned reflex
- Conditioned reflex
- Segmental
- Intersegmental
- Walking reflex
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Ujung akson
Dendrit
Soma
Axon hillockAkson
Lempeng sinapsTakik Ranvier
Sel Schwann
Sel Saraf = Neuron
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The reflex arc
- It may contains only two neurons,the sensory (afferent) and motor
(efferent) neurons and has single
synapse (monosynaptic) and has nointerneuron
- Or contains more than two neurons
and synapses (polysynaptic)
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Skin
Sensory receptor
Afferent fiber
Spinal cord
Efferent fiber
Muscle as an effector)
Centralnervoussystem
Reflex arc, the simplest neural circuit
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Kulit
Reseptor indra
Saraf aferen
Medula spinalis(sumsum tulang
belakang)
Saraf eferen
Otot (sebagai efektor)
Sistemsarafpusat
Upper motor neuron/
neuron dari pusat yang
lebih tinggi
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The sensory receptors it may a specialreceptor cells (rods and cones in eyes,
hair cells in cochlea and vestibular
apparatus, receptor cells in taste buds)or the end of sensory nerve fiber in
other senses with or without special
structures.
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There are four kinds of effector
: skeletal muscle,
: smooth muscle
: the heart
: glands
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Percobaan Pavlov:
- Pada anjing yang lambungnya dilubangi untuk
dipasangi kateter.
- Setiap kali mulutnya disuapi makanan, keluar
liur lambung melalui kateter. Begitu setiap kali.
- Setiap kali bel dibunyikan, meski berkali-kali,tidak keluar liur lambung.
- Tetapi bila bel dibunyikan setiap kali sebelum
mulutnya disuapi makanan pada selang waktuyang pendek, lama-lama bunyi bel sendiri dpt
menimbulkan sekresi liur lambung.
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Percobaan Pavlov membuktikan bahwa:
- Antara reseptor dan kelenjar liur lambung
terdapat lengkung refleks yang telah berfungsisebelum percobaan dimulai.
- Antara reseptor pendengaran di telinga dan
kelenjar liur lambung secara anatomi telahdihubungkan oleh lengkung refleks, tetapi
mula-mula lengkung refleks belum berfungsi.
- Setelah menjalani latihan beberapa kali,
lengkung refleks yang belum berfungsi dapat
menjadi berfungsi.
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Percobaan Pavlov diakui sebagai
dasar- dasar proses belajar
Refleks terkondisi (terbentuk karena
latihan)
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Reflex Neural Stimulus and response
segment
Deep tendon
Achilles S1 Plantar flexion upon striking the tendon (normal)
Biceps C5, C6 Elbow flexion upon striking the tendon (normal)
Brachioradialis C5, C6 Radial deviation upon striking the tendon (normal)
Jaw Cranial V, Mouth closes upon striking anterior chin
(normal)Exaggerated (UMNL)different with Chvosteks
sign
Medial hamstring L5, S1 Knee flexion upon striking the semimembranosis tendon
(normal)
Lateral hamstring S1, S2 Knee flexion upon striking the biceps femoris tendon (normal)
Patellar L2,L3,L4Knee extension upon striking the infrapatellartendon (normal)
Tibialis posterior L4, L5 Plantar flexion and inversion upon striking the tibialis
posterior just behind the medial malleolus (normal)
Triceps C7 Elbow extension upon striking the triceps tendon (normal)
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SuperficialAbdominal
Upper T7-T10 Movement of the umbilicus toward the
Lower T10-L1 area being stroked (normal); if
unilateral, pinpointing the involved
quadrant indicates the approximate
level of lesion
Anal S2-S4 Anal sphincter contracts with touching or stroking
the perianal skin (normal)
Cremasteric T12, L1, L2 Scrotum contracts and testicle retracts with stroking
the skin on the anterior, inner thigh (normal);
unilateral absence indicates LMNL injury at L1, L2;
bilateral absence indicates UMNL
Gluteal L4, L5S1-S3 Gluteal muscles contract with stroking the overlyingskin (normal).
Lumbar T12-L5 Back extensor muscles contract with stroking the
skin overlying the erector spinae muscles (normal)
Plantar S1, S2 Toes flex with lightly stroking the plantar surface of the foot (normal)
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Clonus UMNL Antagonist and agonist muscle groups rapidly
alternate involuntary contraction and relaxation with
a sudden, forced stretch of a muscle (pathological);
usually performed at the wrist (extension), ankle
(dorsiflexion), or knee (downward force on the
patella to stretch the quadriceps)
Babinski UMNL(Pyramidal Tract) Great toes extend andother toes splay (extend and abduct) with stroking
the lateral plantar surface and across the sole foot
(pathological)
Chaddock Great toes extend and other toes splay with strokingthe side of the foot distal to the lateral malleolus
(pathological)
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Gordon Great toes extend and other toes splay with
compressing or squeezing the calf muscle
(pathological)
Oppenheim Great toes extend and other toes splay with stroking
downward on the anteriomedial tibial surface(pathological)
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Gamma Motor Neuron
Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of
intrafusal muscle fibers, thus adjusting the sensitivity
of the muscle spindles to stretch. Gamma motor
neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to
which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types)
they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are
often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation)
which allows the spindles to contribute to the control
of movement trajectories despite changes in musclelength.
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Gamma motoneurons (-motoneurons), also calledgamma motor neurons, are a component of the fusimotor
system, the system by which the central nervous system
controls muscle spindle sensitivity. The fusimotor system
refers to the combination ofmuscle spindlesand -motoneurons. The function of the muscle spindle is to
provide proprioceptive feedback for the movement, position
and extension ofmuscles.
-Motoneurons are located in the brainstem and spinal cord
and are smaller than their-motoneuron counterparts, whichare responsible for controlling skeletal muscle.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusimotor_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusimotor_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioceptivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-motoneuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-motoneuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-motoneuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-motoneuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-motoneuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioceptivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_spindlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusimotor_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusimotor_system&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fusimotor_system&action=edit&redlink=1 -
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Function
-Motoneurons regulate the gain of the stretch reflex by
adjusting the level oftension in the intrafusal muscle
fibers of the muscle spindle. This mechanism sets the
baseline level of activity in -motoneurons and helps to
regulate muscle length and tone. For example,stimulation of a -Motoneuron from higher centers
contracts the ends of the intrafusal fibres and
consequently stretches the middle part of the muscle
(where 1a sensory neurons are located). Theseafferent neurons are therefore innervated and go on to
synapse with alpha-motoneurons.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_reflexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1a_sensory_neuron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1a_sensory_neuron&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretch_reflex -
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Jendrassik's maneuver
Ern Jendrassik, Hungarian physician, 1858
1921] A method used to facilitate elicitation ofthe deep tendon reflexes of the lower
extremities. The patient hooks together the
fingers of the hands and attempts to pull them
apart. While this pressure is maintained, the
patellar or Achilles tendon reflex is tested.
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Sistem Saraf Motorik Somatik
Sistem Saraf Motorik Autonom
Ganglion
Paravertebral / IntramuralTrunkus Simpatikus
Fungsinya dipengaruhi oleh kemauan
Fungsinya automatis/tidak dapat dikendalikan kemauan
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Asetlkolin
Sistem Saraf Motorik SomatikOtot Rangka
Alat Dalam
Asetilkolin Noradrenalin
Asetilkolin
Asetilkolin
Sistem Saraf Motorik Autonom Simpatik
Sistem Saraf Motorik Autonom Parasimpatik
Neurotransmiter
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Pupillary fibers follow the optic tract (posterior third of the optic tract) and separate from the optic tract just anterior to the lateral geniculate body They then enter the midbr) Pupillary fibers follow the optic tract (posterior third of the optic tract) and separate from the optic tract just anterior to the lateral geniculate body They then enter the mid
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Pupillary fibers follow the optic tract (posterior third of the optic tract) and separate from the optic tract just anterior to the lateral geniculate body. They then enter the midbr) Pupillary fibers follow the optic tract (posterior third of the optic tract) and separate from the optic tract just anterior to the lateral geniculate body. They then enter the mid
Pupillary fibers follow the optic tract
(posterior third of the optic tract) and
separate from the optic tract just anteriorto the lateral geniculate body. They then
enter the midbrain, where they synapse
to pretectal nucleus. The pupillary fibers
leave the pretectal nucleus and distributes
approximately equally to both Edinger-
Westphal nuclei. This tract is called the
tectotegmental tract.
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Thus, the optic tract
carries pupillary fibers from both eyes,
and the tectotegmental tract carriespupillary fibers from both pretectal nuclei.
From these pupillary fiber arrangements,
both pupils constrict in the consensuallight reflex.
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Refleks pupil
Miosis: menyempitnya pupil bila intensitas
cahaya meningkat. Retina N.II Tract. Opt
CGL midbrain pretectal area
Interneuron Nucl.EW (badan
sel saraf praganglion) ganglionnya
terdapat di organ yang dipersarafi
mata m. sfingter pupil (circular
pupillary muscle) kontraksi.
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Midriasis: melebarnya pupil bila intensitas
cahaya menurun
Retina N.II Tract. OptCGL pretectal area
Interneuron posterolateral
portion of the hypothalamustrunkus simpatikus (ggl.servikalis
II) m.pupilaris radialis kontraksi.
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Nerve Injuryand
Regeneration
V. Sutarmo Setiadji
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Causes of Nerve Injury
- Physical injury (Trauma)
- Ischemia/hypoxia (vasoconstriction/
hemorrhagic)- Infection/autoimmune
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