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MemberNiam Pramestasari 10420004Ulul Ma’rifah 10420010Vera Ayudya K 10420014Wahyuningtyas S H 10420044Priyanka Eka W 10420045
The experimental method in involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.
ParticipantsVariables Instrument and Materials
A participant is a living person who takes part in a research study.
The participants might be selected by random selection or random sampling.
Generally speaking, experiments are carried out in order to explore the strength of relationships between variables. The label given to the variable that the experimenter expects to influence the other is called the independent variable. The variable upon which the independent variable is acting is called the dependent variable- in our case, the test scores. Thus, clearly identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in experiment. The dependent variable is the response or the criterion variable that is presumed to be caused by or influenced by the independent treatment conditions.
Instrument is tools researchers use to collect data for research studies( alternatively called “test”)
Example :handouts, lessons, etc.
What is sampling?A shortcut method for investigating a whole
population Data is gathered on a small part of the whole
parent population or sampling frame, and used to inform what the whole picture is like
In reality there is simply not enough; time, energy, money, labour/man power, equipment, access to suitable sites to measure every single item or site within the parent population or whole sampling frame.
Therefore an appropriate sampling strategy is adopted to obtain a representative, and statistically valid sample of the whole.
Determine research purposeDetermine research populationDetermine what data is neededDetermine sampling techniqueDetermine sample sizeDetermine what sample unit is neededChoosing sample
Non-probability samples
Probability samples
Convenience samples (ease of access)sample is selected from elements of a
population that are easily accessibleSnowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)Purposive sampling (judgemental)
You chose who you think should be in the study
Quota sampleSelect individuals as they come to fill a quota by
characteristics proportional to populations
Random samplingEach subject has a known probability of being
selected Allows application of statistical sampling
theory to results to: Generalise Test hypotheses
Simple random samplingSystematic samplingStratified samplingMulti-stage sampling Cluster sampling
Sampling fractionRatio between sample size and population size
Systematic sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each other i.e. crowding together in the same area or neighborhood
Section 4
Section 5
Section 3
Section 2Section 1
It need to be identified.Identify the type of experimental design in the
proposed study. The type available in experiments are:1.Pre- experimental design2.Quasi- experiments3.True- experiments4.A single subject design
Kind of pre- experimental design One- short case study
X O The one- group pre-test post- test design
O1 X O2 Static group comparison or Post- test only with Non-
equivalent Group
X O
O Alternative Treatment Post- test only With Nonequivalent
Group design
X1 O
X2 O
Nonequivalent (pretest and posttest)O X OO O
Single- Group Interrupted Time- Series DesignO O O O X O O O OControl- Group Interrupted Time- Series DesignO O O O X O O O OO O O O X O O O O
Pretest- Posttest Control DesignR O X OR O O
Posttest- Only Control- Group DesignR X OR O
Solomon Four- Group DesignR O X OR O OR X OR O
These statistics are means, standard deviations, and ranger
Tell the reader about type of statistical analysis that will be used during the experiment.
Report the descriptive statistics calculated for observation and measures at the pretest or posttest stage of experimental design.
