Referencing your Work

Dr Amanda TinkerAcademic Skills Tutor

a.tinker@hud.ac.ukhttp://del.icio.us/AmandaTinker

Referencing in Context

Read and Take Notes

Assignment

Evidence to support your ideas or argument

• Paraphrase

• Direct quote

Acknowledge sources used

• Briefly, in your text

• In full, at the end

Outline

What is a reference? Why reference? When to reference How to reference

•Within your assignment•At the end of your assignment

What is a Reference?

An acknowledgement that you have referred to (cited) information from published sources in your own work.

In other words, a recognition that you have borrowed other people’s work, ideas or opinions.

Why Reference? Shows off your research! Published evidence to support your own

ideas/argument/point of view or give examples

Plagiarism - using other people’s work and ideas as your own without acknowledgement

Copyright Helps others to trace your information

sources Part of the marking scheme

What is plagiarism?

plagiarism noun

[mass noun] the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

(From The Oxford Dictionary of English in English Dictionaries & Thesauruses)

Actions that might be seen as plagiarism Buying, stealing or borrowing an

assignment Using the source too closely when

paraphrasing Paying someone to write your

assignment Building on someone’s ideas without

acknowledgement/referencing Copying from another source without

referencing (on purpose or by accident)

University of Huddersfield

Guidelines on Academic Misconduct

Section 4, regulation 3 of the Handbook of Regulations

http://www.hud.ac.uk/registry/

http://del.icio.us/AmandaTinker/Plagiarism

When to Reference

A particular theory, argument,

opinion, viewpoint – not common

knowledge

Statistics, examples, case studies

“Direct quotations” - writer’s exact

words. Use sparingly!

Paraphrasing

How to reference Various systems for referencing Harvard system (Author/Date) is the

most popular and recommended at the University

You need to reference in two places:•Brief details, within the main body of your assignment

•Full details, at the end of your assignment

Exercise 1 Referencing in the body

of your assignment

How to Reference: Direct Quotations

AUTHOR, DATE, PAGE NUMBER(S)

• As Smith (2003, p.34) states, “Ikea is now the market leader in the flat-pack sector.”

• According to Smith (2003, p.34), “Ikea is now the market leader in the flat-pack sector”

• Ikea has recently been described as “the market leader” within the flat-pack industry (Smith, 2003, p.34)

• Larger quotes (3 lines +): Start quote on new line and indent. No need to use quotation marks.

• Three or more authors, give first author surname followed by ‘et al’

Useful verbs and phrases for introducing direct quotes

As X states/ believes/ suggests /indicates/ points out / observes/ explains/ argues/ outlines/ contradicts / proposes, “…….”.

For example, X has argued that “……”.

According to X, “…….”. X suggests/ believes/ observes that

“…..”.

How to reference paraphrases

AUTHOR, DATE

The furniture sector is extremely competitive. Previously MFI was the major player, now to be overtaken by Ikea (Smith, 2003).

http://del.icio.us/AmandaTinker/Referencing

How to reference paraphrases

AUTHOR, DATE

The furniture sector is extremely competitive. Previously MFI was the major player, now to be overtaken by Ikea (Smith, 2003).

Referencing at the end of your assignment

Reference list – a single alphabetical list by author of everything you have specifically mentioned in your assignment

Bibliography – a list of sources you have read but not specifically mentioned in your assignment

References or Bibliography – what’s the difference?

What information do I need to include?

Name(s) of the Author(s) Title When and where it was published Who published it Web site address and date you

looked at it

Referencing Books

Author(s) R.R. Jordan Year of Publication © 1999 Title Academic writing course:

study skills in English Edition (if not the first) 3rd edition Place of publication Harlow Publisher Pearson Education Limited

Using the title page (not the front cover) note the:

Jordon, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course: study skills in English 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Referencing Journal/Magazine Articles Author Demetris Vrontis & Peri Vronti Year of publication 2004 Title of article Levis Strauss: an international marketing investigation Title of journal Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Volume number (if present) 8 Part number (if present) 4 Page number(s) 389-398

Vrontis, D. & Vronti, P. (2004) ‘Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation’ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8(4), pp.389-398.

Referencing a Web site

Author/editor/organisation Year written (or last updated) Title URL Date you accessed it

For future reference, print and keep a copy of the web site

Author

URL

Title

The Saatchi Gallery (no date) Tracey Emin [online] Available at: <http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/ artists/tracey_emin.htm> [Accessed 20th October 2008]

Online Images Author/Artist/Photographer (year) Image title [online image] Available at: <URL> [Accessed date]

Emin, T. (1998a) My Bed [online image] Available at: <http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/ artpages/tracey_emin_my_bed.htm> [Accessed 20th October 2008].

Figure 1: My Bed (Emin, 1998a)

Printed Images Artist (year) Title of illustration [medium] Details of book

Emin, T. (1998b) My Bed [art installation]. In: Brown, N. and Emin, T. (2006) Tracey Emin. London: Tate, pp.98-99.

References

Jordon, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course: study skills in English. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

Emin, T. (1998a) My Bed [online image] Available at: <http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/ artpages/tracey_ emin_my_bed.htm> [Accessed 20th October 2008].

The Saatchi Gallery (no date) Tracey Emin [online] Available at: <http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/ artists/tracey_emin. htm> [Accessed 20th October 2008]

Vrontis, D. & Vronti, P. (2004) ‘Levi Strauss: an international marketing investigation’ Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 8 (4), pp.389-398.

Emin, T. (1998b) My Bed [art installation]. In: Brown, N. and Emin, T. (2006) Tracey Emin. London: Tate, p.98-99

What are these then?

Knackstedt, M.V. (2002) The interior design business handbook: a complete guide to profitability. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Heylighen, A. and Verstijnen, I.M. (2003) ‘Close encounters of the architectural kind’ Design Studies, 24, pp.313-326

Makovsky, P. (2003) Flat packing: a look at Nike’s latest generation of foldable shoes Metropolis Magazine, December [online] Available at:<http://www. metropolismag.com/html/ content_ 1203/nik/ index. html> [Accessed 1st December 2003]

European Design Innovations Limited (2002) The directory of design consultants [online] Available at: <http://www.design directory.co.uk/> [Accessed 1st December 2003]

Writing Strategies and Styles

Outline

Approaching assignmentsAssignment typesWriting styles

–Academic writing and critical thinking

–Reflective writing

Approaching Assignments Interpret brief, clarify task, assessment criteria

Strategic information gathering and recording– What do you know already?– Where are the gaps?– Ask relevant questions– Consult range of sources

Purposeful note taking –question and critique Analyse and reflect Plan the structure Develop and write drafts Ensure clear line of discussion, evidence to support

point/argument, in-text referencing Final draft, proofreading, References

Essay vs. reports - what’s the difference?

Barbour and Getty Images, 2006

Structure

Essay StructureIntroduction – Introduce topic/set scene

- Interpret question and - Define terms (if

relevant) - Raise questions/argument

- Purpose - This essay examines…

- Brief outline of structureMain body - Topic sentence to announce theme

Paragraphs - Develop paragraph – discussion, evidence etc.

- Last sentence summarises or links to next paragraph Conclusion - Restate purpose

- Summarise key findings/meaning - Come to a conclusion

- Future directions?

Essay Building Blocks = Paragraphs

Connecting sentences/ideas = Link Words

Reports Clear structure, informative, factual Concise writing style – shorter sentences, bullet

points, tables/diagrams Executive Summary (if relevant) Contents page Introduction and (possibly) Terms of Reference Main body - Use section headings, e.g. 2.1, 2.2

(paragraphs within these) Conclusion Recommendations (if relevant) References Bibliography (if relevant) Appendices (if relevant)

Critical Reading and Writing Styles

Purpose Audience How author viewpoint is presented – balanced

discussion, different perspectives? Features of this writing style Use of images/tables

Compare and contrast the 2 extracts about Levi jeans.

For each extract, consider the:

Academic Writing - Critical Thinking Evaluating arguments and evidence, e.g. for

or against, compare/contrast Awareness of different perspectives Selecting and referencing relevant evidence

and theory to support your argument/views and address question/task

Questioning and critiquing – strengths and weaknesses, asking why?

Categorising and making connections Clear line of reasoning – planning! Making reasoned judgements

Conclusion

Personal versus Academic Writing Styles

Personal Emotional Subjective Active voice (first

person – ‘I find that…’)

Informal (but not chatty)

Data from one person Based on experience

Academic Logical Objective Passive voice (third

person – ‘It was found that…’)

Formal

Wider database Based on published

evidencehttp://delicious.com/AmandaTinker/Academic-Writing

Reflective Writing - ILP and Learning Journal

Don’t include unnecessary detail Don’t just tell a story Focus on critical incidents Step back from the situation/experience Use ‘I’ but write in a formal (not

conversational) style Relate to academic theories and models of

teamwork Identify Key/Transferable Skills Identify strengths and weaknesses Set targets for improvement

Visual Directions: Useful Questions

Thank you!

Any questions?