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Index

AAbkhazia, 73, 78, 139, 142, 164, 171, 205, 206Abyssinia Case, 50Active Endeavor Operation, 165actus reus, 106Ad-hoc tribunals, 100, 101, 114, 236Advanced Distributed Learning Working

Group, 147Afghanistan, 63, 73, 74, 77, 83–86, 91, 135,

189, 190, 199, 201, 203, 213, 231, 234,237

Africa, 55, 84, 89, 91, 100, 130, 133, 221, 241African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights,

133African Union, 134Age of Enlightenment, 12, 21Aggression, crime of, 101–103Aigun Treaty, 210Aksai Chin, 211Albright, Madeleine K., 78, 173, 189Alexander I, Czar, 46Allende, Salvador, 74Allied Force Operation, 201Allison, Graham, 25Al Jazeera, 238Al-Qaeda, 73, 91, 236Amin, Idi, 135, 231, 240Amnesty International, 72Amur river, 210An Agenda for Peace (1992), 61Anarchy, 8, 9, 23–27, 40, 65, 218Angell, Norman, 21Angola, 199Annan, Kofi, 219, 226Annual National Plan (ANP), 149, 155Anschluss, 51Anticipatory self-defence, 76, 252

Anti-missile shield, 78, 200Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty, 72Anti-Semitism, 52Antiquity, 7, 21Apartheid, crime of, 105, 108Aquinas, Thomas, 11Arab League, 232, 235Arab Spring, 230, 231, 236, 237, 239–241Argentina, 92Argun river, 210Armatta, Judith, 125, 131Armenia, 138, 140, 141, 148, 160, 164–167,

169, 170Arms race, 53, 65, 145, 213, 214Arunachal Pradesh, 211Arusha, tribunal located at, 100Ashley, Richard, 37Asia, 55, 84, 89, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145, 165,

167, 172, 193, 202, 203, 208, 209, 212,213

Asmus, Ronald, 78Assad, Bashar al, 217, 223, 232, 234–236Asymmetric threats, 74, 87, 90Atlantic Charter, 52Augsburg Peace (1555), 44Austin, John, 12Australia, 98, 226, 230Austria, 18, 45, 112, 147, 158, 160, 172Axis Coalition, 52Azerbaijan, 138, 140, 142, 148, 160, 164–166,

169, 170

BBaghdad, 76, 201Bahrain, 223, 232, 239Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, 143, 165

S. T�ut�uianu, Towards Global Justice: Sovereignty in an Interdependent World,DOI: 10.1007/978-90-6704-891-0,� T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, The Hague, The Netherlands, and the author 2013

255

B (cont.)Balance of interests, 81Balance of power, 21, 22, 24, 25, 35, 45, 46,

53, 81, 83, 93, 115, 195, 196, 205, 214,218

Balance of terror, 53Balkans, 91, 99, 127, 142, 146, 167,

189, 237Baltic Sea University (Uppsala), 147Barkin, Samuel, 40Bashir, Omar al, 104, 108, 130, 234Beard, Charles A., 196Beirut, 199Belarus, 140, 141, 166, 205, 207Belgium, 83, 103, 150, 240Belgrade, 123–125Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 234, 240Benghazi, 229Berlin, 154, 159Bin Laden, Osama, 236, 237biological and chemical weapons, 98, 103Bismarck, Otto von, 81Black Sea Defense College (BSDC), 149,

151–159, 163, 169, 172, 174BLACKSEAFOR, 143, 164–166Black Sea Forum for Dialogue

and Partnership, 140, 164Black Sea Harmony, 142Black Sea Synergy, 140, 144, 164Black Sea University Foundation (BSUF),

146, 147Blair, Tony, 233Blue Stream I and II, pipeline routes, 143Bodin, Jean, 7, 8Bosnia and Herzegovina, 62, 124, 126Bosphorus, 142Bras�ov, 154, 159Brazil, 191, 222Bremer, Paul, 201Brezhnev, Leonid, 207Bromwich, David, 202Brownian movement, 4Brussels, 150, 152, 231Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 199Budapest, 195Bulgaria, 18, 138–140, 148–150, 152, 153,

160, 164, 170Bull, Hedley, 24Burma, 211Bush, George W., 75, 83, 87, 135, 142Buzan, Barry, 65, 66, 192

CCampbell, Naomi, 130Canada, 98, 219Carol I National Defense University, 148–150Caroline Affair (1837), 76Carr, Edward, 23Carter, Jimmy, 199Caspian Sea, 139, 145, 167Caucasus, 73, 138, 142, 143, 146, 165Ceaus�escu, Nicolae, 126, 179, 180Central African Republic, 103Centre for Conflict Prevention

and Resolution, 147Centre for the Study of Energy, 147Chad, 223, 229, 240Chamberlain, Neville, 52Channel Tunnel, 212Charles I, trial of (1649), 131Chile, 195China, 36, 86, 98, 135, 145, 191, 202, 203,

208–215Christianity, 11Churchill, Winston, 197Clark, Wesley, 128Clash of Civilizations (Samuel P. Huntington),

64Clausewitzian postulate, 53Clinton, Bill, 78Clinton, Hillary, 235Coalition for International Justice, 125Coalitions of the willing, 65, 83, 85–87, 93Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security

of Mankind, 106, 108Cold War, 6, 24, 27, 32, 36, 43, 54, 55, 57–69,

71, 77, 84, 86, 89, 92, 94, 115, 122,133, 134, 139, 144, 178, 186, 187, 197,200, 203, 208, 218, 221

Collective defence, 35, 36, 75, 78, 80, 81, 83,179, 185, 188

Collective security, 1, 21, 22, 34, 36, 38, 39,50, 52, 80, 82, 83

Combating Terrorism Working Group, 147Commission on Security and Cooperation in

Europe, 27Common-law system, 118Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),

166Communist bloc, 43, 66Concert of Europe, 218Conflict prevention, 51, 147, 149, 155, 156,

172, 173

256 Index

Confucius, 209Congress of Berlin (1878), 45, 46Congress of Vienna (1815), 45, 46, 194Constitution for Europe, 17, 182, 184Constructivism, 1, 6, 26, 28, 40Convention for the Definition of Aggression

(1933), 23Convention of Peking (1860), 210Convention on the Prevention and Punishment

of the Crime of Genocide (1968), 105Cook, Robin, 125Cooper, Robert, 28Cooperative security, 137, 145, 146, 148, 149,

151, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 168,172–175, 218

Copenhagen School, 71, 88, 192, 200Corfu Channel Case, 12Corruption, 55, 73, 125, 139, 156, 157, 167,

231, 232, 239–241Côte d’Ivoire, 103, 234, 239Council of Europe, 140, 147, 198Crimea, 139Crimes against humanity, 6, 52, 94, 96, 98,

100–106, 108, 109, 115, 117, 120,122–124, 129–131, 219–221, 226–229,233–235, 237

Criminal responsibility, 101, 102, 109, 111,121

Crisis management, 50, 58, 62, 63, 90, 91, 149,150, 155, 156, 172, 173, 188

Critical theory, 26, 34, 36, 37Croatia, 124–127, 132Cuba, 20, 194, 198, 199Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), 199cuius regio eius religio, 44Cyprus, 144Czech Republic, 113Czechoslovakia, 18, 52

DDanube-Black Sea Nexus, 158, 160Danube Region, 155, 157, 158Dardanelles, 142Darfur, 103, 104, 108, 222, 223, 235Davutoglu, Ahmet, 143Dayton Peace Agreement, 128Defence planning, 156Del Ponte, Carla, 126, 128Democratic Enlargement, 200Democratic Republic of the Congo, 103Deterrence, 38, 188, 197, 199Ðindic, Zoran, 125Disarmament Conference (1932), 49

Djilas, Milovan, 54Doctrine

Brezhnev, 47, 53Bush, 75, 87, 191, 201, 202Carter, 199Clinton, 201Dulles, 197Flexible Response, 198Massive Retaliation, 53, 198Monroe, 191, 193–196, 198, 199Reagan (Rollback), 199, 200Sonnenfeldt, 53Truman, 197, 198, 200Weinberger, 199

Drina river, 127Dugin, Alexander, 206Dulles, John Foster, 197

EEast Asia, 84, 212Eastern Europe, 49, 55, 57, 58, 60, 63, 112,

167, 203, 241Eastern Partnership, 140, 142, 164Education Development Working Group, 147,

170Egypt, 143, 217, 223, 231–234, 241End of History (Francis Fukuyama), 64Enforcement action, 91, 227Enlightening realism, 225Epistemic communities, 5, 162Ergenekon process, 143Ethiopia, 199, 240Ethnic cleansing, 90, 92, 116, 128, 142,

219–221, 227Etzioni, Amitai, 85EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs

and Security Policy, 184European Union (EU), 3, 17, 27, 31, 35, 56,

61, 63, 64, 71, 75–78, 88, 90, 113, 124,125, 132, 138, 140–146, 148, 155, 157–160, 162, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171,173, 177, 180–185, 188, 198, 209, 212,215, 218, 223, 231, 238

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC),198

European Council, 76, 183, 184, 241European Defence Community (EDC), 198European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), 140European Security and Defence Policy

(ESDP), 74, 181Europe’s Group of States Against Corruption

(GRECO), 157EU Strategy for the Black Sea, 140, 157

Index 257

E (cont.)EU Strategy for Danube (2011), 158Evans, Gareth, 226Exile, 232, 240Extradition, 96, 97, 100, 111, 113, 133, 135

FFailed states, 2, 58, 67, 73, 75, 80, 84, 89,

91–93, 133, 200, 224Falklands War, 39Far East, 98, 211, 212Farrow, Mia, 130Fédération Internationale des ligues des droits

de l’Homme (FIDH), 219First World War, 18, 21, 22, 39, 45–47, 49, 51,

97, 122, 133, 195, 196Fischer, Joschka, 182, 215Formosa Strait, 209Fourteen Points, 48, 51, 195France, 231, 234Freedom House, 72Free Syrian Army, 236French Revolution, 9, 12, 30, 45, 57, 131, 238FSX fighter aircraft, 38

GGaddafi, Muammar, 104, 130, 222, 225, 233–

236Gaddafi, Saif, 104, 132Gaddis, John Lewis, 54GATT, 38Gaullism, 182Gaza Strip, 223Gbagbo, Laurent, 130, 234Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of

Armed Forces (DCAF), 148, 169Geneva Conventions, 99, 120, 121Genocide, 19, 52, 90–92, 94, 96, 100, 101,

104–108, 115–117, 121–124, 129, 131,186, 219–221, 224, 226, 227, 233, 240

George C. Marshall Center, 148150, 152, 160Georgia, 77, 78, 89, 93, 138, 140–142, 148,

160, 163–167, 169–171, 205, 206German Basic Law, 113Germany, 18, 22, 49, 54, 81, 83, 97, 98, 113,

122, 144, 147, 149, 160, 165, 166, 172,206, 208, 231

Global governance, 33Global War on Terror (GWOT), 201, 237

Globalization, 5, 6, 20, 21, 24, 28–30, 32, 36,47, 64, 69, 71, 74, 86, 88, 92, 93, 134,138, 181, 185, 189, 199, 204

Goldwater-Nichols Act, 200Goldsmith, Peter, 233Gowan, Richard, 241Gradual escalation, 53, 199Great Britain, 19, 39, 97, 98, 112, 206, 233Great Lakes Region, 100Greater Black Sea Area (GBSA), 137–148,

155, 157–162, 164–174Greater Middle East, 144, 165, 167, 172, 201,

202Great powers, 145, 193, 194, 213, 215, 224,

227, 235Greenpeace, 72Grenada, 199Grieco, Joseph, 38Grotius, Hugo, 7, 8Grundnorm, 12GUAM - Organization for Democracy and

Economic Development, 164, 166

HHabré, Hissène, 240Hagenbach, Peter von, 97Hague, The, 123–126, 128–132, 134, 229, 230,

234–236Haiti, 195Hamas, 143hard power, 75, 76, 91Harun, Ahmad, 108Havana Treaty (1901), 20Hay, John, 208Hegel, Friedrich, 7, 10, 30Hegemonic power, 53, 54, 57, 65Helsinki Final Act, 27Herz, John, 25High Court of International Justice, 97High politics, 24Hinterland, 64Hirohito, Emperor, 98Hiroshima, 98, 212Hitler, Adolf, 228Hobbes, Thomas, 7, 8Holbrooke, Richard, 128Holly Roman Empire, 19Holocaust, 104Holy Alliance, 45–47, 194Homeland security, 191

258 Index

Hong Kong, 209House of Lords, 112Huffington Post, 202Human rights, 1, 10, 16, 27, 28, 31–33, 36, 40,

43, 47, 52, 55–58, 61, 68, 69, 72, 92,93, 103, 107, 108, 112, 114, 119, 132–136, 168, 174, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200,217–221, 223, 224, 230, 232, 234–236,239–241

Human Rights Watch (HRW), 72, 219humanitarian aid, 56, 198, 220humanitarian intervention, 1, 27, 28, 58, 61,

69, 86, 89, 90, 93, 201, 219, 221, 222,224, 227

humanitarian reconstruction, 89Humboldt University, 182, 215Hume, David, 9Hungary, 18Hurricane Katrina, 63Hussein, Saddam, 39, 131, 201, 229, 233

II-ching, 209ignoratio elenchi, 12Immunity, 95, 98, 109–112, 122, 131, 132,

222, 226, 232Impunity, 6, 95, 102, 114, 122, 131–133, 225,

235, 238, 239India, 17, 19, 30, 85, 86, 98, 191, 193, 202,

211–213, 222Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAP),

149, 152, 155, 159, 163, 168Industrial Age, 47Information Technology Laboratory

for Education (ITLE), 147INOGATE, Programme, 164–166Institute for International Law, 97Institute for Political Studies of Defence and

Military History (IPSDMH), 148–150institution building, 91, 149institutionalism, 6International Association

of Penal Law, 97International Commission on Intervention and

State Sovereignty, 219International Committee

of the Red Cross, 100International Convention on the Elimination of

All Forms of Racial Discrimination,107

International Convention on the Suppressionand Punishment of the Crime ofApartheid, 108

International Criminal Court (ICC), 101–105,108–115, 117, 122, 123, 129–135, 193,220, 223, 225, 228–231, 234–236, 239

International criminal law, 5, 95, 100, 101,114–117, 120, 122, 123, 128, 131, 134,135

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda(ICTR), 98, 100, 101, 105, 114, 115,129

International Criminal Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia (ICTY), 31, 98, 100, 101,105, 114–117, 119–123, 125, 126, 128,129, 132, 193

International criminal tribunals, 5, 96, 100,135, 220

International Crisis Group (ICG), 219, 226International jurisdiction, 95, 99, 117International Justice Tribune, 133International law, 1, 3, 4, 10, 12–19, 21, 24,

27, 29, 31, 32, 49, 52, 56, 57, 73, 76,77, 90, 96, 97, 100, 102, 105, 109, 111,112, 114, 116, 117, 122, 130, 132,133–136, 138, 173, 174, 179, 182, 205,222, 224, 227, 229, 236

International Military Tribunal for the Far East(IMTFE), 98

International military tribunals, 98, 122International relations, 1, 3–10, 12, 13, 18,

20–28, 32, 34, 37, 39–41, 44–53,55–61, 63–70, 72, 75, 79, 80, 90,92–95, 114, 123, 129, 131–139, 145,162, 170, 177–180, 186, 191–193,195–197, 199, 203, 224–226, 228, 240

International Security Assistance Force(ISAF), 84

Iran, 17, 143, 145, 164, 203, 206, 212, 238,241

Iraq, 32, 77, 83, 84, 86, 87, 91, 135, 201, 203,221, 223, 229, 233, 237, 239

Ireland, 17, 185Iron Curtain, 78Islam, 193Islamic radicalism, 202Israel, 17, 30, 143, 212, 241Israeli-Palestinian settlement, 223Ivory Coast, 130, 223

JJalil, Mustafa Abdel, 229Janis, Irving, 25Japan, 38, 97, 206, 211–213Jervis, Robert, 25Jihad, 64, 237

Index 259

J (cont.)Jordan, 223, 238jus cogens norms, 19, 221jus naturalis, 11jus necessarium, 14Justice and Development

Party (AKP), 143Just war theories, 227Justice cascade, 238

KKadir Has University, 149Kambanda, Jean, 129Kampala Conference, 102Kampuchea, 199Kant, Immanuel, 9, 24Kaplan, Fred, 224Karadzic, Radovan, 129Kashmir, 211, 215Kazakhstan, 166, 213Kellogg-Briand Pact, 22, 196Kelsen, Hans, 12Kennan, George, 197Kennedy, John F., 198Kenya, 103Keohane, Robert O., 26Khrushchev, Nikita, 198Ki-moon, Ban, 219Kiev, 150, 165Kishinev, 150–152, 165Kommersant, 207Kosovo, 28, 48, 62, 65, 68, 73, 75, 77, 85, 89,

92, 124, 126–128, 142, 201, 221, 223,226

Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 124, 127Koštunica, Vojislav, 125Krasner, Stephen, 28, 38, 92, 175Kress, Claus, 236Kun, Bela, 195Kunming, 212Kushayb, Ali, 108Kuwait, 39Kyoto Protocol, 72Kyrgyzstan, 166, 213

LLa Repubblica, 128Laidi, Zaki, 174Laos, 199Latin America, 102, 133, 238, 240

Lavrov, Serghei, 228League of Nations, 16, 21–23, 29, 49–52, 55,

56, 87, 97, 156, 196, 218Lebanon, 223Lebedev, Serghei, 207Lemkin, Raphael, 105Lenin, Vladimir Ilici, 195Leviathan, 8lex specialis, 120Liberalism 1.0, 218Liberalism 2.0, 218Liberal institutionalism, 24, 36–38Liberal internationalism, 21Liberia, 130, 132Libya, 104, 130, 132, 199, 217, 221–232, 234,

235, 237, 241Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 103, 104Lisbon Treaty, 17, 32, 63, 182, 183Locarno, 51Locke, John, 7, 9Lockerbie, 229London Charter, 98, 104, 105Low politics, 24Lubanga, Thomas, 129Luxembourg, 111, 182

MMacDougall, James, 173Macedonia, 124, 153Machiavelli, Niccolo, 7Mackenzie, William Lyon, 76Mackinder, Harfold, 208Maghreb, 230Manchuria, 98Mao, Zedong, 210Mariam, Haile Mengistu, 240Marshall Plan, 54, 198Mastanduno, Michael, 38McNamara, John, 198McWorld, 64Mearsheimer, John S., 82, 218Médecins sans Frontières, 72Mediterranean University (Rome), 147Medvedev, Dmitry, 77, 78, 204–208Messeberg Memorandum, 144mens rea, 106merum imperium, 7Middle Ages, 6, 7, 11, 19, 70Middle East and North Africa (MENA), 217,

225, 237–240Millennium Summit, 219

260 Index

Miloševic, Slobodan, 90, 95, 122–126, 128,131, 226

Mladic, Ratko, 124, 127, 129Mobile Contact Team Project

(MCT), 149–151, 155, 159, 168–171Moldova, 138–142, 148, 150, 160, 164, 166,

167, 207Mongol invasions, 193Monnet, Jean, 181Montenegro, 124Montesquieu, 9, 131Montreux Convention (1936), 141, 144, 165Morgenthau, Hans, 23, 81Morocco, 223Moscow, 141, 142, 144, 145, 203, 207, 213,

228Moynier, Gustave, 96, 97Mugabe, Robert, 240Multi-polarity, 64, 65, 86Munich, 51, 167Muslim Brotherhood, 241Mutual assured destruction (MAD), 198, 199,

218

NNabucco gas pipeline, 143, 165Nagasaki, 98, 212Napoleonic wars, 46National Defence University from Romania,

148National Institute for International Security

Problems (NIISP), 150National security strategy, 58, 75, 79, 84, 145,

164, 191, 192, 201, 202, 206NATO Defense College, 148, 155NATO International School of Azerbaijan, 150NATO SOFA (NATO Status of Forces

Agreement), 153NATO Strategic Concept, 68, 154, 190, 201NATO Summit, 144, 163, 164, 188Natural law, 8, 10–12Nazi regime, 104Near neighbourhood policy, 78Neo-Ottoman, 142, 145Neo-realism, 25, 26, 40Netherlands, 97, 98, 122, 194New Zeeland, 98, 103next anarchy, 64Nicaragua, 195, 199Nigeria, 85, 130–133, 240Nixon, Richard, 21, 199No-fly zone, 225, 227, 228Non-Alignment Movement, 55

Non-governmental organizations, 3, 52, 72,74, 93, 102

Non-state actors, 43, 64, 69–72, 74, 86, 88norm emergence, 55norm cascade, 55North-Atlantic Cooperation Council, 62North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

28, 35, 36, 40, 61–64, 68, 71, 78, 80,81, 83–86, 89, 92, 116, 117, 124, 127,128, 138, 140–150, 152–157, 159, 161–173, 177–179, 184, 186–192, 198, 200,201, 203–205, 208, 217, 222, 223, 225–228, 231

North Korea, 211–213Norway, 113Nuclear weapons, 17, 43, 54, 78, 79, 86, 178,

189, 197, 198, 203, 204, 212Nuremberg Tribunal, 98, 105, 16, 122Nye, Joseph S., 24

OObama, Barack, 79, 83, 85, 142, 144, 202, 203Ocampo, Luis Moreno, 228Odyssey Dawn, 223Ohot�k Sea, 212Operation Opera, 76Organization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe (OSCE), 57, 61, 63, 64, 140,190, 208, 215

Organization of the Black Sea EconomicCooperation (BSEC), 140, 142, 147,164–166, 171

Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), 141

Organized crime, 67, 72, 73, 75, 88, 125, 139,167

Ottoman Empire, 47, 194, 238out of area security missions, 190Out-of-law states, 90

PPacific, 98, 193, 202, 203, 208, 214Pakistan, 17, 63, 73, 211, 212, 215, 236Panama, 195Paracelsus, 211Paraguay, 92Paris, 46, 52, 153, 231Paris Protocol on the Status of International

Military Headquarters, 153Partnership for Peace, 62, 140, 146, 150, 187,

200Peace enforcement, 58, 62, 65

Index 261

P (cont.)Peace of Westphalia(1648), 2, 3, 7, 30, 44, 46Peaceful rising, 214Peacekeeping, 56, 61, 64, 78, 86Peking, 210Pella, Vespasian, 97Pentagon, 201, 203Persian Gulf, 141, 199, 241PfP Consortium of Defense Academies and

Security Studies Institutes, 137,146–148, 150, 151, 160, 162, 163,167–170, 172–174

PfP SOFA (Partnership for Peace Status ofForces Agreement), 153

Philippines, 98, 211Pinochet, Augusto, 112, 131, 135Piracy, 85, 115, 189Platt Amendment, 20Plavšic, Biljana, 129Poland, 18Political-Military Steering Committee

(PMSC), 150, 152Pooled sovereignty, 27Positive law, 11, 12Potsdam, 98Power politics, 139Prague, 163Pre-emption, 75–77, 79, 80, 136, 191Pre-emptive war, 79Preventive engagement, 75, 76, 90Principle of complementarity, 103, 132Professional military education (PME), 170Proxy wars, 54, 199Prussia, 45, 47Pufendorf, Samuel, 11Pusan, 212Putin, Vladimir, 203–206, 210

QQuadruple Alliance, 45

RRadio Television of Serbia, 127Raison d’état, 229Rakovski Defence and Staff College, 149, 150Ratsiraka, Didier, 240Razvin, Petr, 170, 171Racial discrimination, 107Rationalism, 26Rawls, John, 1, 11Reagan, Ronald, 199, 200

Realism, 1, 12, 25, 26, 28, 34–38, 40, 81, 225Realpolitik, 1, 21, 23Reflectivism, 26Regional Department of Defense Resources

Management Studies (DRESMARA),154

Regional integration, 43, 56, 134Regional Stability in the South East Europe

Study Group, 147, 158Regional Stability within the Greater Black

Sea Area Working Group (RSGBSAWG), 137, 146–152, 154, 158–163,168–175

Renaissance, 7, 21, 70Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 87, 91, 134,

217, 219, 221–228, 235, 237Revolution in Military Affairs, 83, 86Rhineland crisis, 51Rice, Susan, 202Right of veto, 17Right to intervene, 14, 20, 28, 222rimland, 212, 214Robertson, Geoffrey, 116, 128, 135, 227Romania, 18, 47, 79, 102, 103, 137, 138, 140,

145–150, 152–154, 159, 160, 164, 166,170, 174, 179, 183, 195, 201, 202

Rome Statute, 95, 97, 101–105, 109, 112, 114,115, 135, 235

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 197Rosenau, James, 71Rousseau, Jean-Jacque, 7, 9, 24, 185Rule of law, 2, 21, 31, 89, 91, 110, 118, 135,

167, 168, 191, 196, 197, 228, 230,239–241

Rumsfeld, Donald, 87Russian Federation, 77, 78, 93, 138, 140, 141,

144, 145, 148, 160, 164, 167, 170–172,187, 204, 205, 227, 228

Russo-Georgian war, 139Rwanda, 31, 92, 100, 123, 129, 219, 221, 226

Ssafe havens, 73Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 231, 239Salween River, 211San Francisco, 52Sanaa, 233Sarajevo, 129Saudi Arabia, 223, 231, 232, 238, 240Schear, James, 173Scheffer, Jaap de Hoop, 150Schuman, Robert, 181

262 Index

Schweller, Randall, 81SECI Center - Southeast European Coopera-

tive Initiative (the current SoutheastEuropean Law Enforcement Center -SELEC), 164–166

Second World War, 18, 32, 34, 98, 99, 104,117, 127, 195–197, 214

Security dilemma, 25, 76Security environment, 6, 20, 24, 40, 43, 49, 53,

56–65, 67–71, 74, 83, 89, 91, 92, 94,110, 138, 146, 148, 163, 171–173, 187,190, 191, 195, 201, 205, 233

Security risks, 43, 58, 59, 65, 66, 68, 69, 75,92, 137, 157, 187

Security Sector Reform Working Group, 147,169

Self-defense, 43, 177, 233Self-determination, 48–50, 55, 195Self-help, 25, 26, 40Senior Advisory Council of the PfP Consor-

tium of Defense Academies and Secu-rity Studies Institutes (SAC), 150, 154,159, 160

Senussi, Abdullah Al, 104, 132Serbia, 89, 92, 117, 123–128, 132, 226Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO),

213shared sovereignty, 22, 32, 175, 180, 208sharia law, 241Sharm el Sheikh, 232Shenyang, 214Sierra Leone, 129, 130, 133, 220, 230Simmons, Robert, 150, 151Singapore, 212Slate, 224Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 224Slovenia, 124Snyder, Glenn, 80soft-security, 63Solana, Javier, 28, 76, 125Somalia, 15, 221, 223, 226South Caucasus, 141, 150, 160, 164, 167South Caucasus and Moldova Clearing House

(SCMCH), 150South-China Sea, 211South-East Europe, 74, 194South-Eastern Europe Brigade (SEEBRIG),

153South Ossetia, 73, 78, 89, 139, 142, 164, 171,

205, 206South Stream, pipeline route, 143Sovereign equality, 1, 16, 180

Sovereignty, 1–3, 5–22, 24, 26–33, 35–37,39–41, 43–53, 55–59, 68–72, 75–77,79, 82, 86–96, 109, 110, 112, 114, 116,123, 131–138, 148, 162, 163, 169–171,173–175, 177–197, 201, 205–209, 211,212, 214, 215, 217, 219, 221, 222, 224,227, 228, 236–239

Soviet Union, 36, 53, 66, 94, 98, 187, 199,200, 206

Spanish civil war, 50Special Court for Sierra Leone, 129, 133Spratley, 211Spring of Nations, 48Spykman, Nicholas, 208, 212Srebrenica, 116, 127, 129, 219Srpska, Republic of, 124, 129Stalin, Joseph, 54, 55Stambolic, Ivan, 126State responsibility, 1Stephen, Chris, 123Strait of Hormuz, 203Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), 200strategic research, 159, 160strategic trade theory, 37Suarez, Francisco, 11Sudan, 73, 92, 103, 108, 130, 221, 223, 234summum imperium, 7Syria, 143, 145, 217, 223, 224, 228, 231, 232,

234, 235, 240, 241Systemic management, 43, 55, 218, 228

TTadic, Duško, 117, 120Tagliavini, Heidi, 77Tahrir Square, 231Tajikistan, 166, 213Taliban government, 91Tammuz 1/ Osirak, Iraqi reactor, 76Taylor, Charles, 129, 130–134, 230, 239, 240Taylor, Melinda, 230Tbilisi, 160, 165Teheran, 98Territorial integrity, 51, 52, 70, 93, 96, 164,

170, 171, 189, 221Terrorism, 43, 68, 69, 73–75, 80, 83, 88, 89,

91–93, 96, 115, 117, 130, 131, 135,136, 167, 189, 201, 202, 205, 236, 237

Thailand, 211Theory of popular sovereignty, 185Thessaloniki, 76Thirty Years War, 3, 13, 44

Index 263

T (cont.)Thucydides, 23Tibet, 209Tokyo, 98, 122TRACECA - Europe-Caucasus-Asia Transport

Corridor, 139, 164–166Traditional alliances, 74, 80Transatlantic split, 74Transnational corporations, 70, 73, 74Transnational security challenges, 149, 172,

173Transnistria, 139, 144Treaty of Sèvres, 97Treaty of Versailles, 48, 97Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in

Europe (CFE), 142, 145Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear

Weapons, 17, 18Trenin, Dmitry, 206Tripoli, 228, 230Tumen river, 211Tunis, 231, 233Turkey, 83, 97, 138, 140–145, 148, 149, 152,

153, 160, 165, 167, 168, 170, 172, 173,199, 231, 238

Turkish straits, 168Tzî, Lao, 209Tzî, Sun, 209

UUganda, 102, 103, 240Uighur, 213Ukraine, 138, 140–142, 148, 150, 152, 160,

163, 164, 166, 170, 171, 190, 205, 207ultima ratio mundi, 32Unanimity principle, 2Unconventional threats, 43Unilateralism, 65United Nations (UN), 14, 16, 29, 52, 53, 55,

101, 104, 116, 119, 133, 178, 202, 219,220, 226, 235, 241

UN Charter, 75, 227UN General Assembly, 105, 200, 221, 227UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 56UN Security Council (UNSC), 17, 32, 33, 100,

101–103, 108, 117, 122, 178, 193, 220,223, 225, 227, 228, 233, 235

UNSC Resolution808 (1993) on the ICTY, 99827 (1993) on the ICTY, 99955 (1994) on the ICTR, 100

1244 (1999) on Kosovo, 2011441 (2002) on Iraq, 2331564 (2005) on Darfur, 1081674 (2006) concerning the protection of

civilians in armed conflict, 2211706 (2006) on Darfur, 2271970 (2011) on Libya, 217, 225, 231, 2351973 (2011) on Libya, 217, 225–227231United Kingdom, 45, 98, 192

United States of America, 72, 160, 193,194–196, 198, 199, 218

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 16,52, 57

Universal jurisdiction, 52, 99, 103, 135Unjust war, 8USSR, 23, 54, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 98, 139, 199,

210uti possidetis doctrine, 55Uzbekistan, 166, 213

VVattel, Emerich de, 227victor’s justice, 98Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

(1969), 19Vietnam, 199, 211Vladivostok, 210Völkerrecht, 10

WWaever, Ole, 65Walt, Stephen, 81, 228Waltz, Kenneth, 25, 34War crimes, 22, 31, 52, 96–104, 108, 109,

115–117, 120, 122–125, 128–130,219–221, 227

War of American Independence, 131Warsaw Pact, 62, 187Webster - Ashburton Treaty, 76Wendt, Alexander, 26, 27Western Balkans, 140, 158Westphalia, 1–7, 9, 11–14, 16, 22, 27–31, 33,

43, 44, 46–70, 72, 74–76, 78, 80, 82,84, 86, 87–94, 114, 115, 133, 134, 136,137, 175, 177, 179, 193, 194, 196, 204,215, 217, 218, 226, 227, 236, 237, 239

Wikileaks, 231, 232, 240Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 22, 97Wilson, Woodrow, 48, 51, 195, 196, 218Wilsonian idealism, 21, 197, 200

264 Index

Wolfers, Arnold, 25World order, 3, 56, 58, 73, 75, 196, 206, 218,

237World politics, 3, 29, 34, 36, 37, 71World Trade Center, 201

XXinjiang, 209, 213

YYaari, Ehud, 241

Yalta, 98, 160Yalu river, 211Yemen, 217, 223, 231–233, 239Yugoslavia, 31, 39, 60, 66, 98–100, 105, 116,

117, 121–124, 126–128, 132, 133, 186,193, 201, 220, 221

ZZimbabwe, 221, 240Zimmern, Alfred, 22Zintan militia, 230Ziuganov, Ghenadi, 207

Index 265