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2. Jackson DM (1969) Second thoughts on the burn wound. J Trauma 9:839–862

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7. Nozaki M, Guest MM, Bond TP et al (1979) Permeability of blood vessels after thermal injury. Burns 6:213–221

8. Molnar JA (2004) The role of topical negative pressure in burns. In: Banwell P, Teot L (eds) Topical negative pressure therapy. TXP Communications, UK, pp 150–158

9. Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC, Shelton-Brown EI et al (1997) Vacuum-assisted closure: a new method for wound control

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10. Argenta LC, Morykwas MJ, Marks MW, DeFranzo AJ, Molnar JA, David LR (2006) Vacuum assisted closure; state of the clinical art. Plast Reconstr Surg 117(7 Suppl):127S–142S

11. Greene AK, Puder M, Roy R, Arsenault D, Kwei S, Moses MA, Orgill DP (2006) Microdeformational wound therapy: effects on angiogenesis and matrix metalloproteinases in chronic wounds of 3 debilitated patients. Ann Plast Surg 56(4):418–422

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4. Orgill DP, Straus FH II, Lee RC (1999) The use of collagen-GAG membranes in reconstructive surgery. Ann NY Acad Sci 888:233–248

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Chapter 6

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12. Navarro FA, Stoner ML, Lee HB, et al (2001) Melanocyte repopulation in full-thickness wounds using a cell spray apparatus. J Burn Care Rehab 22:41–46

13. Navarro FA, Stoner ML, Lee HB, Park CS, Huertas JC, Wood FM, Orgill DP (2000) Sprayed keratinocyte suspen-sions accelerate epidermal coverage in a porcine micro-wound model. J Burn Care Rehabil 21(6):513–518

14. Gravante G (2007) A randomized trial comparing ReCell system of epidermal cells delivery versus classic skin grafts for the treatment of deep partial thickness burns. Burns 33(8):966–972

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17. Wood FM Stoner ML (1996) Implication of basement mem-brane development on the underlying scar in partial thick-ness burn injury. Burns 22(6): 459–462

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3. Nicoli N, Fini M, Giardino R (2008) From Hippocrates to tissue engineering: surgical strategies in wound treatment. World J Surg 32:2114–2121

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11. Nusgens BV, Humbert P, Rougier A et al (2001) Topically applied vitamin C enhances the mRNA level of collagens I and III, their processing enzymes and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in the human dermis. J Invest Dermatol 116:853–859

12. Martin P, Leibovich SJ (2005) Inflammatory cells during wound repair: the good, the bad and the ugly. Trends Cell Biol 15:599–607

13. Ferguson MW, O’Kane S (2004) Scar-free healing: from embryonic mechanisms to adult therapeutic intervention. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 359:839–850

14. Tran KT, Griffith L, Wells A (2004) Extracellular matrix sig-nalling through growth factor receptors during wound heal-ing. Wound Repair Regen 12:262–268

483References

15. Bandyopadhyay B, Fan J, Guan S et al (2006) A “traffic con-trol” role for TGFbeta3: Orchestrating dermal and epidermal cell motility during wound healing. J Cell Biol 172:1093–1105

Chapter 11

1. Ogawa R. Current algorithms for the treatment and preven-tion of hypertrophic scars and keloids

2. Chang P, Laubenthal KN, Lewis RW 2nd, Rosenquist MD, Lindley-Smith P, Kealey GP (1995) Prospective, randomized study of the efficacy of pressure garment therapy in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 16:473

3. Van den Kerckhove E, Stappaerts K, Fieuws S, Laperre J, Massage P, Flour M, Boeckx W (2005) The assessment of erythema and thickness on burn related scars during pressure garment therapy as a preventive measure for hypertrophic scarring. Burns 31:696

4. O’Brien L, Pandit A (2006) Silicon gel sheeting for prevent-ing and treating hypertrophic and keloid scars. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD003826

5. Akaishi S, Akimoto M, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R (2009) Visual analysis for the effect of silicone gel sheet with the finite element study. Plast Recostr Surg

6. So K, Umraw N, Scott J, Campbell K, Musgrave M, Cartotto R (2003) Effects of enhanced patient education on compli-ance with silicone gel sheeting and burn scar outcome: a randomized prospective study. J Burn Care Rehabil 24:411

7. Wittenberg GP, Fabian BG, Bogomilsky JL, Schultz LR, Rudner EJ, Chaffins ML, Saed GM, Burns RL, Fivenson DP (1999) Prospective, single-blind, randomized, controlled study to assess the efficacy of the 585-nm flashlamp-pumped pulsed-dye laser and silicone gel sheeting in hypertrophic scar treatment. Arch Dermatol 135:1049

8. Alster T (2003) Laser scar revision: comparison study of 585-nm pulsed dye laser with and without intralesional cor-ticosteroids. Dermatol Surg 29:25

9. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa K, Nakao C (2008) Effectiveness of mugwort lotion for the treatment of post-burn hypertrophic scars. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61:210

10. Suzawa H, Ichikawa K, Kikuchi S, Yamada K, Tsuchiya O, Hamano S, Komatsu H, Miyata H (1992) Effect of tranilast, an anti-allergic drug, on the human keloid tissues. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 99:231

11. Kazuki R (2001) The role of rehabilitation makeup in mod-ern medical care. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 44:1029

Chapter 12

1. Aoki R (1994) Social prognosis of post-burn survival patients (Japanese). Nessho 20(2):64–71

2. Downie M (1984) Camouflage therapy. Aust J Derm 25: 89–91

3. Rayner VL (1990) Assessing camouflage therapy for the dis-figured patient; a personal perspective. Dermatol Nurs 2(2): 101–104

4. Rayner VL (1995) Camouflage therapy. Cosmet Derm 13(2): 467–472

5. Kazki R (2001) Rehabilitation make-up and plastic surgery (Japanese). Keiseigeka 44:1029–1036

6. Koike S, Ogawa R, Aoki R, Kazki R (2007) Consideration of scar plasty made by self-injury (Japanese). J Jap Soc Aest Plast Surg 29(3):155–159

Chapter 13

1. Dantzer E, Braye FM (2001) Reconstructive surgery using an artificial dermis (Integra): results with 39 grafts. Br J Plast Surg 54(8):659–664

2. Sibbald RG, Zuker R, Coutts P, Coelho S, Williamson D, Queen D (2005) Using a dermal skin substitute in the treat-ment of chronic wounds secondary to recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: a case series. Ostomy Wound Manage 51(11):22–46

3. Ophof R, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Von Den Hoff JW (2007) Evaluation of a collagen-glycosaminoglycan dermal substitute in the dog palate. Tissue Eng 13(11): 2689–2698

4. Tufaro AP, Buck DW 2nd, Fischer AC (2007) The use of artificial dermis in the reconstruction of oncologic surgical defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(3):638–646

5. Tsoutsos D, Stratigos A, Gravvanis A, Zapandioti P, Kakagia D (2007) Burned breast reconstruction by expanded artifi-cial dermal substitute. J Burn Care Res 28(3):530–532

6. Herlin C, Louhaem D, Bigorre M, Dimeglio A, Captier G (2007) Use of Integra in a paediatric upper extremity degloving injury. J Hand Surg Eur 32(2):179–184. Epub 2007 Jan 16

7. Jeng JC, Fidler PE, Sokolich JC, Jaskille AD, Khan S, White PM, Street JH 3rd, Light TD, Jordan MH (2007) Seven years’ experience with Integra as a reconstructive tool. J Burn Care Res 28(1):120–126

8. Haslik W, Kamolz LP, Nathschläger G, Andel H, Meissl G, Frey M (2007) First experiences with thecollagen-elastin matrix Matriderm™ as a dermal substitute in severe burn inju-ries of the hand. Burns 33(3):364–368. Epub 2007 Jan 22

9. Ryssel H, Gazyakan E, Germann G, Ohlbauer M (2008) The use of MatriDerm™ in early excision and simultaneous autologous skin grafting in burns–a pilot study. Burns 34(1):93–97. Epub 2007 Jul 17

10. Gravante G, Delogu D, Giordan N, Morano G, Montone A, Esposito G (2007) The use of Hyalomatrix PA in the treat-ment of deep partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Res 28(2):269–274

11. Shevchenko RV, Sibbons PD, Sharpe JR, James SE (2008) Use of a novel porcine collagen paste as a dermal substitute in full-thickness wounds. Wound Repair Regen 16(2): 198–207

12. Scuderi N, Onesti MG, Bistoni G, Ceccarelli S, Rotolo S, Angeloni A, Marchese C (2008) The clinical application of autologous bioengineered skin based on a hyaluronic acid scaffold. Biomaterials 29(11):1620–1629. Epub 2008 Jan 16

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Chapter 14

1. Livesey SA, Herndon DN, Hollyyoak MA, Atkinson YH, Nag A (1995) Transplanted acellular allograft dermal matrix. Potential as a template for the reconstruction of viable der-mis. Transplantation 60:1–9

2. Takami Y, Matsuda T, Yoshitake M, Hanumadass M, Walter RJ (1996) Dispase/detergent treated dermal matrix as a der-mal substitute. Burns 22:182–190

3. Takami Y, Tanaka H, Wada T, Takeda T, Kubota J, Ogo K, Shimazaki S (2000) Characterization of an acellular allo-genic dermal matrix and its clinical application. Jpn J Burn Injuries 26:261–267

4. Takami Y, Shimazaki S, Yamaguchi R, Tanaka H, Harii S (2004) Transplantation of tissue-engineered skin composed of autologous cells and acellular allogeneic dermal matrix. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 47:867–873

5. Takami Y, Yamaguchi R, Shimazaki S (2006) Successful transplantation of tissue-engineered skin equivalent based on autologous transformation of allograft skin. Am J Transplant 6 (Suppl 2) and Transplantation 82 (issue 1) (Suppl 3):746

6. Sahota PS, Burn JL, Heaton M, Freedlander E, Suvarna SK, Brown NJ, MacNeil S (2003) Development of a reconstructed human skin model for angiogenesis. Wound Rep Reg 11:275–284

7. Hernon CA, Harrison CA, Thornton DJA, Sheila MacNeil (2007) Enhancement of keratinocyte performance in the pro-duction of tissue-engineered skin using a low calcium medium. Wound Rep Reg 15:718–726

Chapter 15

1. Abai B, Thayer D, Glat PM (2004) The use of a dermal regeneration template (Integra) for acute resurfacing and reconstruction of defects created by excision of giant hairy nevi. Plast Reconstr Surg 114(1):162–168

2. Dantzer E, Braye FM (2001) Reconstructive surgery using artificial dermis (Integra): results with 39 grafts. Br J Plast Surg 54:659

3. Moiemen NS, Staiano JJ, Ojeh NO et al (2001) Reconstructive surgery with a dermal regeneration template: clinical and histologic study. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:93

4. Yannas IV, Burke JF, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM (1982) Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a func-tional extension of skin. Science 215:174

5. Yannas IV, Lee E, Orgill DP, Skrabut EM, Murphy GF (1989) Synthesis and characterization of a model extracel-lular matrix that induces partial regeneration of adult mam-malian skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:993

6. Integra Brochure (2003) Integra Life Science Corporation 7. Michaeli D, McPherson M (1990) Immunologic study of

artificial skin used in the treatment thermal injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil 11:21

Chapter 16

1. Atiyeh BS, Costagliola M (2007) Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) in burn treatment: three decades later. Burns 33(4):405–413. Epub 2007 Apr 2

2. Frame JD, Still J, Lakhel-LeCoadou A, Carstens MH, Lorenz C, Orlet H, Spence R, Berger AC, Dantzer E, Burd A (2004) Use of dermal regeneration template in contracture release procedures: a multicenter evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(5):1330–1338

3. Hickerson WL, Compton C, Fletchall S, Smith LR (1994) Cultured epidermal autografts and allodermis combination for permanent burn wound coverage. Burns 20(Suppl 1): S52–S55; discussion S55–S56

4. Lee LF, Porch JV, Spenler W, Garner WL (2008) Integra in lower extremity reconstruction after burn injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 121(4):1256–1262

5. Petersen MJ, Lessane B, Woodley DT (1990) Characterization of cellular elements in healed cultured keratinocyte auto-grafts used to cover burn wounds. Arch Dermatol 126(2): 175–180

6. Phillips TJ, Gilchrest BA (1992) Clinical applications of cul-tured epithelium. Epithelial Cell Biol 1(1):39–46

7. Prem Shukla C, Robert Sheridan L (2008) Initial Evaluation and Management of the Burn Patient, HYPERLINK http://www.emedicine.com www.emedicine.com; 7 Feb 2008

8. Robert Sheridan L. Burns, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction, HYPERLINK http://www.e-medicine.com www.emedicine.com; 28 Aug 2008

9. Silvio Podda, Christopher Chia T, Wayne Stadelmann (2008) Skin, Tissue Expansion, HYPERLINK http://www.emedi-cine.com www.emedicine.com; 2 Sep 2008

Chapter 17

1. Davis J (1941) The story of plastic surgery. Ann Surg 113:641–656

2. Pollock G (1871) Cases of skin grafting and skin transplan-tation. Trans Clin Soc Lond 4:37

3. Blair V, Brown J (1929) The use and uses of large split grafts of intermediate thickness. Surg Gynecol Obstet 49:82

4. Brown J, McDowell F (1949) Skin grafting. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia

5. Lee LF, Proch JV, Spenler W, Garner WL (2008) Integra in lower extremity reconstruction after burn injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:1256–1262

6. Figus A, Leon-Villapalos J, Philip B, Dziewulski P (2007) Severe multiple extensive postburn contractures: a simulta-neous approach with total scar tissue excision and resurfac-ing with dermal regeneration template. J Burn Care Res 28: 913–917

7. Grube BJ, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM (1994) Early ambula-tion and discharge in 100 patients with burns of the foot treated by grafts. J Trauma 33:662–664

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1. Luce EA (2000) The acute and subacute management of the burned hand. Clin Plast Surg 27(1):49–63

2. David Herandon N (2007) Total burn care, 3rd edn. Saunders Elsevier, London

3. Heimbach DM, Logsetty S (2000) Modern techniques for wound coverage of the thermally injured upper extremity. Hand Clin 16(2):205–214

4. Berger MM, Baines M, Raffoul W, Benathan M, Chiolero RL, Reeves C, Revelly JP, Cayeux MC, Senechaud I, Shenkin A (2007) Trace element supplementation after major burns modulates antioxidant status and clinical course by way of increased tissue trace element concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 85(5):1293–1300

5. Berger MM, Raffoul W, Shenkin A (2008) ‘Practical guide-lines for nutritional management of burn injury and recov-ery’ – a guideline based on expert opinion but not including RCTs. Burns 34:141–143

6. Dantzer E, Braye FM (2001) Reconstruction surgery using artificial dermis: results with 39 grafts. Br J Plast Surg 54:659–664

7. Dantzer E, Queruel P, Salinier L et al (2003) Dermal regen-eration template for deep hand burns: clinical utility for early grafting and reconstructive surgery. Br J Surg 56:764–774

8. Vernez M, Raffoul W, Benathan M (2003) Treatment of burns with biological defined epidermal autograft. An experimental and clinical evaluation. Int J Atrif Organs 26(9):793–803

9. Betsi E, Benathan M, Raffoul W (2007) Autologus cell cul-tures in the surgical management of the hand in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. J Hand Surg 32 pp. 6 (Supp 1)

Chapter 19

1. Wang XQ, Kempf M, Liu PY, Cuttle L, Chang HE, Kravchuk O, Mill J, Phillips GE, Kimble RM (2008) Conservative sur-gical debridement as a burn treatment: supporting evidence from a porcine burn model. Wound Repair Regen 16(6): 774–783

2. Rennekampff HO, Schaller HE, Wisser D, Tenenhaus M (2006) Debridement of burn wounds with a water jet surgi-cal tool. Burns 32(1):64–69

3. Summers JB, Kaminski J (2003) Maggot debridement ther-apy (MDT) for burn wounds. Burns 29(5):501–502

4. Ozcan C, Ergün O, Celik A, Cördük N, Ozok G (2002) Enzymatic debridement of burn wound with collagenase in children with partial-thickness burns. Burns 28(8): 791–794

5. Hirai T, Hyakusoku H, Fumiiri M (1991) The use of a wire frame to fix grafts externally. Br J Plast Surg 44:69–70

6. Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ishimaru S (2003) External wire frame fixation of eyelid graft. Br J Plast Surg 56: 312–313

7. Ogawa R, Aoki S, Aoki M, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (2007) Three-dimensional external skin graft fixation of digital skin graft. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(1):440–442

Chapter 20

1. Alexander JW, MacMillan BG, Martel L (1982) Correction of postburn syndactyly: an analysis of children with intro-duction of the VM-plasty and postoperative pressure inserts. Plast Reconstr Surg 70:345–352

2. Hirshowitz B, Karev A, Rousso M (1975) Combined double Z-plasty and Y-V advancement for thumb web contracture. Hand 7:291–293

3. Karacaoglan N, Uysal A (1994) The seven flap-plasty. Br J Plast Surg 47:372–374

4. Koyama H, Fujimori R (1982) V-W plasty. Ann Plast Surg 9:216–219

5. Suzuki S, Matsuda K, Nishimura Y (1996) Proposal for a new comprehensive classification of V-Y plasty and its ana-logues: The pros and cons of inverted versus ordinary Burow’s triangle excision. Plast Reconstr Surg 98: 1016–1022

6. Suzuki S, Um SC, Kim BM et al (1998) Versatility of modi-fied planimetric Z-plasties in the treatment of scar with con-tracture. Br J Plast Surg 51:363–369

7. Roggendorf E (1982) Planimetric elongation of skin by Z-plasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:306–316

8. Roggendorf E (1983) The planimetric Z-plasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 71:834–842

Chapter 21

1. Mulliken JB, Martina-Perez D Churchill Livingstone (1999) The principle of rotation advancement for repair of unilat-eral complete cleft lip and nasal deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg 104(5):1247–1260

2. Macgregor AD (2000) Fundamental techniques of plastic surgery, 10th edn

3. Davis JS (1931) The relaxation of scar contracture by means of z-, or reversed z-type incision: stressing the use of scar infiltrated tissue. Ann Surg 94:871–884

4. Longacre JJ, Berry HK, Basom CR, Townsend SF (1976) The effects of Z-plasty on hypertrophic scars. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 10(2):113–128

Chapter 22

1. Achauer B (1991) Burn reconstruction, 1st edn. Thieme, Stuttgart, NY

2. Achauer B (1992) Reconstructing the burned face. Clin Plast Surg 19:623–636

3. Feldman J (1987) Secondary repair of the burned upper lip. Perspectives Plast Surg 1:31–72

4. Guo L, Pribaz JR, Pribaz JJ (2008) Nasal reconstruction with local flaps: a simple algorithm for management of small defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 122:130e–139e

5. Jackson I (2007) Local flaps in head and neck reconstruc-tion, 2nd edn. Quality Medical, St. Louis

6. MacLennan SE, Corcoran JF, Neale HW (2000) Tissue expansion in head and neck burn reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 27:121–132

486 References

7. Neale HW, Billmire DA, Carey JP (1986) Reconstruction following head and neck burns. Clin Plast Surg 13:119–136

8. Pribaz JJ, Meara JG, Wright S, Smith JD, Stephens W, Breuing KH (2000) Lip and vermilion reconstrucxtion with the facial artery musculomucosal flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:864–872

Chapter 23

1. Hyakusoku H, Shirai H, Umeda T, Fumiiri M (1985) Reconstruction of axillary scar contracture using the square flap method. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 28:548–554

2. Hyakusoku H, Fumiiri M (1987) The square flap method. Br J Plast Surg 40:40–46

3. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Koike S (2003) Reconstruction of axillary scar contractures-retrospective study on 124 cases during 25 years. Br J Plast Surg 56:100–105

Chapter 24

1. Hyakusoku H, Yamamoto T, Fumiiri M (1991) The propeller flap method. Br J Plast Surg 44:53–54

2. Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R (2005) The multi-lobed propeller flap method. Plast Reconstr Surg 116: 599–604

3. Murakami M, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R (2005) The scar band rotation flap. Burns 31:220–222

4. Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2006) Central axis flap methods. Burns 32:891–896

5. Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Ishii N (2007) The perfora-tor pedicled propeller (PPP) flap method: a report of two cases. J Nippon Med Sch 74:367–371

Chapter 25

1. Fraulin F, Illmayaer S, Tredget E (1996) Assessment of cos-metic and functional results of conservative versus surgical management of facial burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 17:19–29

2. Cole JK, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM et al (2002) Early exci-sion and grafting of face and neck burns in patients over 20 years. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:1266–1273

3. Gonzales-Ulloa (1957) Restoration of the face covering by means of selected skin in regional aesthetic units. Plast Recontr Surg 19:350

4. Hansbrough JF, Zapata-Sirvent R, Carroll WJ et al (1984) Clinical experience with Biobrane biosynthetic dressing in the treatment of partial-thickness burns. Burns 10:415–419

5. Deitch EA, Wheelahan TM, Rose MP et al (1983) Hypertrophic burn scars: analysis of variables. J Trauma 23:895–898

6. Ghahary A, Shen YJ, Scott PG et al (1993) Enhanced expres-sion of mRNA for transforming growth factor alpha 1, type I and type III procollagen in human post-burn hypertrophic scar tissues. J Lab Clin Med 122:465–473

Chapter 26

1. Spence RJ (2008) An algorithm for total and subtotal facial reconstruction using an expanded transposition flap: a twenty year experience. Plast Recon Surg 121(3):795–805

2. Spence RJ (2008) The challenge of reconstruction for severe facial burn deformity. Plast Surg Nurs 28(2):71–76; quiz 77–78

3. Spence RJ (2007) Expanded transposition flap technique for total and subtotal resurfacing of the face and neck. J. Burns Wounds 6:100–114. http://www.journalofburnsandwounds.com/volume06/jobw06e8.pdf

Chapter 27

1. Colson P, Janvier H (1966) Le degraissage primaire et total des lambeaux d’autoplastic a distance. Ann Chir Plast 11:11–20

2. Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular net-work. Acad J First Medical Coll PLA(Chinese) 6: 60

3. Koshima I, Higaki H, Kyou J, Yamasaki M (1989) Free or pedicled rectus abdominis muscle perforating artery flap. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg 32:715–719

4. Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal lap. Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469

5. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clini-cal study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – Its application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular network (ma-SVN) laps-. Br J Plast Surg 55: 396–401

6. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:1923–1933

7. Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of “super-thin laps” with transverse cervical perforator. Br J Plast Surg 58: 550–555

8. Zhang J, Wang C, Gui L et al (2008) The effect of expansion prefabrication on crossing area supply axial pattern flap: an experimental study on pigs. J Rep Reconstr Surg (Chinese) 5:554–557

9. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2003) Color doppler ultrasonogra-phy in the planning of microvascular augmented super-thin (SVN: subdermal vascular network) flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 112:822–828

10. Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Inoue S et al (1994) Usefulness of narrow pedicled intercostal perforator flap for coverage of the burned hand. Burns 20:65–70

Chapter 28

1. Neumann CG (1957) The expansion of an area of skin by progressive distention of a subcutaneous balloon. Plast Reconstr Surg 19:124

487References

2. Radovan C (1982) Breast reconstruction after mastectomy using the temporary expander. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:195

3. Radovan C (1984) Tissue expansion in soft tissue recon-struction. Plast Reconstr Surg 74:482

4. Argenta LC, Marks MW, Pasyk KA (1985) Advances in tis-sue expansion. Clin Plast Surg 12:159

5. Chun JT, Rodrich RJ (1998) Versatility of tissue expansion in head and neck reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 40:226

6. Spence RJ (1992) Experience with novel uses of tissue expanders in burn reconstruction of the face and neck. Ann Plast Surg 28:453

7. Hallock GG (1987) Tissue expansion techniques in burn reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 81:274

8. Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (1999) Skin flap survival after superficial and deep partial-thickness burn injury. Ann Plast Surg 43(5):513

9. Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (2000) Reliability of island flaps raised after superficial and deep burn injury. Ann Plast Surg 45(4):395

10. Spence RJ (2008) An algorithm for total and subtotal facial reconstruction using an expanded transposition flap: a 20-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 121(3):795

11. Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “Super-thin flaps”. Burns 33(6):760

12. Lu F, Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hykusoku H (2006) Preexpanded distant “super-thin” intercostal perforator flaps for facial reconstruction without the need for microsurgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59(11):1203

13. Unlu RE, Sensöz O, Uysal AC (2001) Re: The use of serial tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery. Ann Plast Surg 47(6):679

14. Lozano S, Drucker M (2000) Use of tissue expanders with external ports. Ann Plast Surg 44(1):14

15. Hudson DA, Grob M (2005) Optimising results with tissue expansion: 10 simple rules for successful tissue expander insertion. Burns 31(1):1

16. Acarturk TO, Glaser DP, Newton ED (2004) Reconstruction of difficult wounds with tissue-expanded free flaps. Ann Plast Surg 52(5):493

17. Borman H, Deniz M, Bahar T et al (2009) An alternative method of using an interpositional silicone sheet in tissue expansion. J Craniofac Surg 20(3):905

Chapter 29

1. Wells MD (2006) Scalp reconstruction. In: Mathes SJ (ed) Plastic surgery, 2nd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

2. Nordström REA (1996) Tissue expansion. Butterworth Heinemann, Boston

3. Nordström REA (1984) “Stretch-back” in scalp reductions for male pattern baldness. Plast Reconstr Surg 73:422

4. Nordström REA, Devine JW (1985) Scalp stretching with a tissue expander for closure of scalp defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 75:578

5. Unger W, Nordtrom R (1988) Hair transplantation, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York

6. Radovan C (1984) Tissue expansion in soft-tissue recon-struction. Plast Reconstr Surg 74:482

7. Argenta LC, Watanabe JJ, Grabb WC (1983) The use of tis-sue expansion in head and neck reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 11:31

8. Fan J (1991) Tissue expansion. Ph.D. Thesis. Beijing Union Medical University, Beijing

9. McCauley RL, Oliphant JR, Robson MC (1990) Tissue expansion in the correction of burn alopecia: classification and methods of correction. Ann Plast Surg 25:103

10. Anderson RD (1993) The expanded “BAT” flap for treatment of male pattern baldness. Ann Plast Surg 31: 385–391

11. Wieslander JB (1991) Tissue expansion in the head and neck. A 6-year review. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 25(1):47–56

12. Fan J, Yang P (1997) Aesthetic reconstruction of burn alope-cia by using expanded hair-bearing scalp flaps. Aesthetic Plast Surg 21:440–444

Chapter 30

1. Feldman JJ (1990) Facial burns. In: McCarthy JG (ed) Plastic surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

2. Burget GC (2006) Aesthetic reconstruction of the nose. In: Mathes SJ (ed) Plastic surgery, 2nd edn. WB Saunders, Philadelphia

3. Adamson JG (1988) Nasal reconstruction with the expanded forehead flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 81:12–20

4. Fan J (2000) A new technique of scarless expanded forehead flap for reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 106: 777–785

5. Fan J, Liu Y, Liu L, Gan C (2009) Aesthetic pubic recon-struction after electrical burn by using a partial hair-bearing expanded free-forehead flap. Aesthetic Plast Surg 33:643–646

6. Fan J, Yang P (1997) Versatility of expanded forehead flaps for facial reconstruction. Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg 31:357–363

Chapter 31

1. Tegtmeier RE, Gooding RA (1977) The use of a facial flap in ear reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:406–411

2. Brent B, Byrd HS (1983) Secondary ear reconstruction with cartilage grafts covered by axial, random, and free flaps of temporoparietal fascia. Plast Reconstr Surg 72:141–151

3. Brent B, Upton J, Acland RD, Shaw WW, Finseth FJ, Rogers C, Pear RM, Hentz VR (1985) Experience with the tem-poroparietal fascial free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 76: 177–188

4. Brent B (1992) Auricular repair with autogenous rib carti-lage grafts: two decades of experience with 600 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 90:355–374

5. Nagata S (1994) Secondary reconstruction for unfavorable microtia results utilizing temporoparietal and innominate fascia flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 94:254–265

488 References

6. Park C, Lew D, Yoo W (1999) An analysis of 123 tem-poroparietal fascial flaps: anatomic and clinical consider-ations in total auricular reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:1295–1306

7. Park C, Roh TS (2001) Total ear reconstruction in the devas-cularized temporoparietal region: I. Use of the contralateral temporoparietal fascial free flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 108: 1145–1153

Chapter 32

1. Yang JY, Chuang SS and Huang CY (2005) Burn epidemiol-ogy in Taiwan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CGMH). Present at 3rd meeting of Asian Wound Healing Society, Singapore, Aug

2. Yang JY (2005) Reconstruction of axillary contractures. In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.27. Taylor & Francis, pp 367–378

3. Huang TT, Larson DL, Lewis SR (1977) Burn alopecia. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:763–767

4. Coleman III JJ, Matthew K (2006) Reconstruction of the burned scalp. In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn sur-gery, reconstruction and rehabilitation, Chapt. 9. Saunders, pp 149–167

5. Buhrer DP, Huang TT, Yee HW et al (1988) Treatment of burn alopecia with tissue expanders in children. Plast Reconstr Surg 81:512–515

6. Hudson DA, Lazarus D, Silfen R (2000) The use of serial tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery. Ann Plast Surg 45:589–593

7. Graravito E, McCauley RL (2005) Reconstruction of the burned scalp. In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.16. Taylor & Francis, pp 217–226

8. Dougherty WR, Spence RJ (2006) Reconstruction of the burned face/neck: acute and delayed. In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn surgery, reconstruction and reha-bilitation, Chapt. 14. Saunders, pp 234–253

9. Feldman J (1984) Reconstruction of the burned face in chil-dren. In: Serafin D, Georgiade NG (eds) Pediatric plastic surgery. CV Mosby, St. Louis, pp 552–632

10. Achauer BM (1991) Burn of the face. In: Achauer BM (ed) Burn reconstruction, Chapt. 3. Thieme, pp 23–30

11. Asuku ME, Ibrahim A, Ijekeye FO (2008) Post-burn axillary contractures in pediatric patients: a retrospective survey of management and outcome. Burns 34:412–417

12. Foley P, Jeeves A, Davey RB et al (2008) Breast burns are not benign: Long-term outcomes of burns to the breast in pre-pubertal girls. Burns 34(3):412–417

13. McCauley RL (2007) Reconstruction of the burned breast. In: Herndon DN (ed) Total burn care, 3rd edn, Chapt 57. Saunders, pp 741–748

14. Yang JY (2005) Reconstruction of chest contractures. In: McCauley RL (ed) Functional and aesthetic reconstruction of burned patients, Chapt.29. Taylor & Francis, pp 393–410

15. Huang T (2007) Overview of burn reconstruction. In: Herndon DN (ed) Total burn care, 3rd edn, Chapt. 52. Saunders, pp 674–686

16. McCauley RL, Asuku ME (2006) Upper extremity burn reconstruction. In: Mathes’s plastic surgery, 2nd edn, Vol VII, Chapt. 186. Saunders, pp 605–646

17. Sood R, Brenner K, Achauer BM (2006) Reconstruction of he burned hand. In: Sood R (ed) Achauer and Sood’s burn surgery, reconstruction and rehabilitation, Chapt. 20. Saunders, pp 307–323

18. Salisbury RE, Bevin AG (1981) Burn syndactyly the “hour-glass” procedure. In: Salisburn RE, Bevin AG (eds) Atlas of reconstructiove burn surgery, Chapt. 38. Saunders, pp 180–185

19. Tsai FC, Mardini S, Chen DJ, Yang JY et al (2006) The clas-sification and treatment algorithm for post-burn cervical con-tractures reconstructed with free flaps. Burns 32:626–633

20. Wei FC, Celik N (2003) Perforator flap entity. Clin Plast Surg (Ed. Wei FC) 30(3):325–329

21. Yang JY, Tsai FC, Jagdeep Chana S, Chuang SS, Chang SY, Huang WC (2002) Use of the free thin anterolateral thigh Flaps combined with cervicoplasty for reconstruction of postburn anterior cervical contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 110(1):39–46

22. Yang JY. Long-term follow-up of the burn face reconstruc-tion using tissue expander. Presented at

Chapter 33

1. Shen T (1981) Vascular implantation into skin flap: experi-mental study and clinical application; a preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg 68:404–409

2. Hyakusoku H, Okubo M, Umeda T, Fumiiri M (1987) A pre-fabricated hair-bearing island flap for lip reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 40:37–39

3. Mizuno H, Akaishi S, Kobe K, Hyakusoku H. Secondary vascularized hairy flap transfer for eyebrow reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg (in press)

4. Erol OO, Parsa FD, Spira M (1981) The use of secondary island graft-flap in reconstruction of the burned ear. Br Plast Surg 34:417

5. Wasio H (1971) An intestinal conduit for free transplanta-tion of other tissues. Plast Reconstr Surg 48:48

6. Orticochea M (1971) A new method for total recon-struction of the nose: the ears as donor areas. Br J Plast Surg 24: 225

7. Shintomi Y, Oura T (1982) The use of muscle vascularized pedicle flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 70:725–732

8. Hyakusoku H (1993) Secondary vascularized hair-bearing island flaps for eye-braw reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 46:45–47

9. Hirai T, Manders EK, Huges K, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (1996) Experimental study of allogenically vascularized prefabri-cated flaps. Ann Plast Surg 37:394–399

10. Ogawa R, Oki K, Hyakusoku H (2007) Vascular tissue engi-neering and vascularized 3D tissue regeneration. Regen Med 2:831–837

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Chapter 34

1. Costa H, Cunha C, Guimaraes I et al (1993) Prefabricated flaps for the head and neck: a preliminary report. Br J Plast Surg 46:223–227

2. Holle J, Vinzenz K, Wuringer E et al (1996) The prefabricated combined scapula flap for bony and soft-tissue reconstruction in maxillofacial defects–a new method. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:542–552

3. Khouri RK, Upton J, Shaw WW (1992) Principles of flap prefabrication. Clin Plast Surg 19:763–771

4. Lauer G, Schimming R, Gellrich NC et al (2001) Prelaminating the fascial radial forearm flap by using tissue-engineered mucosa: improvement of donor and recipient sites. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1564–1572

5. Maitz PK, Pribaz JJ, Hergrueter CA (1996) Impact of tissue expansion on flap prefabrication: an experimental study in rabbits. Microsurgery 17:35–40

6. Parrett BM, Pomahac B, Orgill DP et al (2007) The role of free-tissue transfer for head and neck burn reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1871–1878

7. Pribaz JJ, Guo L (2003) Flap prefabrication and prelamina-tion in head and neck reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg 17:351–362

8. Pribaz JJ, Fine N (1994) Prelamination: defining the prefab-ricated flap–a case report and review. Microsurgery 15: 618–623

9. Pribaz JJ, Fine NA (2001) Prefabricated and prelaminated flaps for head and neck reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg 28:261–272

10. Pribaz JJ, Maitz PK, Fine NA (1994) Flap prefabrication using the “vascular crane” principle: an experimental study and clinical application. Br J Plast Surg 47:250–256

11. Pribaz JJ, Fine N, Orgill DP (1999) Flap prefabrication in the head and neck: a 10-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:808–820

12. Pribaz JJ, Weiss DD, Mulliken JB et al (1999) Prelaminated free flap reconstruction of complex central facial defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:357–365

13. Rath T, Tairych GV, Frey M et al (1999) Neuromucosal prelaminated flaps for reconstruction of intraoral lining defects after radical tumor resection. Plast Reconstr Surg 103: 821–828

14. Shen TY (1982) Microvascular transplantation of pre-fabricated free thigh flap (Letter). Plast Reconstr Surg 69:568

15. Tark KC, Shaw WW (1996) The revascularization interface in flap prefabrication: a quantitative and morphologic study of the relationship between carrier size and surviving area. J Reconstr Microsurg 12:325–330

Chapter 35

1. Khouri RK, Ozbeck MR, Hruza GJ, Young VL (1996) Facial reconstruction with prefabricated induced expanded (PIE) supraclavicular skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 95: 1007–1015

2. Erol OO (1976) The transformation of a free skin graft into a vascularized pedicled flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 58: 470–477

3. Pribaz JJ, Fine N, Orgill DR (1999) Flap prefabrication in the head and neck: a 10 year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:808–820

4. Téot L, Cherenfant E, Otman S, Giovannini UM (2000) Prefabricated vascularised supraclavicular flaps for face resurfacing after postburns scarring. Lancet 355(9216): 1695–1696

Chapter 36

1. Fumiiri M, Ishii K, Hyakusoku H et al (1981) Scarred flap-including musculocutaneous vascular system. Jpn J PRS 24:470–475

2. Hyakusoku H, Ishii K, Fumiiri M (1983). The use of skin flaps containing scar tissue for extensive burn scar contrac-tures. Transaction of the 8th IPRAS 8, pp 210–212

3. Hyakusoku H, Okubo M, Suenobu J, Fumiiri M (1986) Use of scarred flaps and secondary flaps for reconstructive sur-gery of extensive burns. Burns 12:470–474

4. Hyakusoku H, Tonegawa H, Fumiiri M (1994) Heel cover-age with a T-shaped distally based sural island fasciocutane-ous flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 93:872–876

Chapter 37

1. Tolhurst D, Haeseker B, Zeeman R (1983) The development of the fasciocutaneous flap. PRS 71:597–605

2. Cherup L, Zachary L, Gottlieb L, Petti C (1990) The radial forearm skin graft-Fascial Flap. PRS 85:898–902

3. Pribaz J, Pelham J (1994) Use of previously burned skin in local fasciocutaneous flaps for upper extremity reconstruc-tion. Ann Plast Surg 33:272–280

4. Barret J, Herndon D, McCauley R (2002) Use of previously burned skin as random cutaneous local flaps in pediatric burn reconstruction. Burns 28:500–502

5. Hallock GG (1992) The random fasiocutaenous flap for upper extremity coverage. J Hand Surg 17A:93–101

Chapter 38

1. Lamberty BG (1979) The supra-clavicular axial patterned flap. Br J Plast Surg 32:207

2. Toldt C (1903) Anatomischer atlas, 3rd edn. Urban & Schwarzen-berg, Berlin

3. Pallua N, Machens HG (1997) The fasciocutaneous supra-clavicular artery island flap for releasing postburn mentos-ternal contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1878

4. Khouri RK, Ozbek MR, Hruza GJ, Young VL (1995) Facial reconstruction with prefabricated induced expanded (PIE) supraclavicular skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:1007

490 References

5. Mizerny BR, Lessard ML, Black MJ (1995) Transverse cer-vical artery fasciocutaneous free flap for head and neck reconstruction: initial anatomic and dye studies. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113:564

6. Pallua N, Magnus NE (2000) The tunneled supraclavicular island flap: an optimized technique for head and neck recon-struction. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:842

7. Teot L, Cherenfant E, Otman S, Giovannini UM (2000) Prefabricated vascularised supraclavicular flaps for face resurfacing after postburns scarring. Lancet 355:1695

8. Pallua N, von Heimburg D (2005) Pre-expanded ultra-thin supraclavicular flaps for (full-) face reconstruction with reduced donor-site morbidity and without the need for microsurgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 115(7):1837–1844

9. Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Van Anh T, Hyakusoku H (2007) Reconstruction of neck scar contractures using supraclavicular flaps: retrospective study of 30 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:130

10. Laredo Ortiz C, Valverde Carrasco A, Novo Torres A, Navarro Sempere L, Márquez Mendoza M (2007) Supraclavicular bilobed fasciocutaneous flap for postburn cervical contractures. Burns 33:770

11. Vu QV, Ogawa R, Tran VA, Hyakusoku H (2008) A case of neck scar contracture reconstructed using a pedicled supra-clavicular flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:350

12. Pallua N, Demir E (2008) Postburn head and neck recon-struction in children with the fasciocutaneous supraclavicu-lar artery island flap. Ann Plast Surg 60:276

13. Vinh VQ, Van Anh T, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2009) Anatomical and clinical studies of the supraclavicular flap: analysis of 103 flaps used to reconstruct neck scar contrac-tures. Plast Reconstr Surg 123(5):1471–1480

Chapter 39

1. Nakajima H, Fujino T (1984) Island fasciocutaneous flaps of the dorsal trunk and their application to myocutaneous flaps. Keio J Med 33:59–82

2. Hyakusoku H, Yoshida H, Okubo M et al (1990) Superficial artery skin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:33–38

3. Hyakusoku H, Takizawa Y, Murakami M (1993) Versatility of the free or pedicled superficial cervical artery skin flaps in head and neck burns. Burns 19:168–173

4. Ogawa R, Murakami M, Vinh VQ, Hyakusoku H (2006) Clinical and anatomical study of superficial cervical artery flaps: retrospective study of reconstructions with 41 flaps and the feasibility of harvesting them as perforator flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 118(1):95–101

5. Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap. Br J Plast Surg 47(7):457–464

Chapter 40

1. Colson P, Janvier H (1966) Le degraissage primaire et total des lambeaux d’autoplastic a distance. Ann Chir Plast 11:11–20

2. Thomas CV (1980) Thin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 65: 747–752

3. Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular net-work. Acad J First Mil Med Coll PLA (Chinese) 6:60

4. Tsukada S (1980) Transfer of free skin grafts with a pre-served subcutaneous vascular network. Ann Plast Surg 4:500–506

5. Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464

6. Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469

7. Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Aoki R et al (1999) An experimental study on the survival of random pattern flaps with a narrow skin pedicle in pigs; comparison of survival and blood sup-ply in thick flaps with various pedicle widths. J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg 19:553–559

8. Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Aoki R et al (2000) A study of sur-vival on random pattern flaps with narrow pedicle; compari-son in the thinned flaps with various pedicle width and between thinned flap and conventional thick flaps. J Jpn Plast Reconstr Surg 20:233–238

9. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps: including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(7):1923–1933

10. Chetboun A, Masquelet AC (2007) Experimental animal model proving the benefit of primary defatting of full-thick-ness random-pattern skin flaps by suppressing “perfusion steal”. Plast Reconstr Surg 120(6):1496–1502

11. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2008) Flap thinning technique: the effect of primary flap defatting. Plast Reconstr Surg 122(3): 987–988

12. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M (2003) Color Doppler ultrasonography in the planning of microvascular augmented “super-thin” flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 112(3):822–828

13. Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(5):1464–1471

Chapter 41

1. Situ P (1986) Pedicled flap with subdermal vascular net-work. Acad J First Med Coll PLA (in Chinese) 6:60–61

2. Yang ZY, Chen BB, Huong YM et al (1991) The use of the pedicled over-thin flap of the acromiopectoral region in repair of face and neck. J Rep Reconstr Surg (in Chinese) 5:141–142

3. Yuan XB, Chen WP, Yang Y et al (1993) Experimental study of island super thin flap. Chin J Microsurg (in Chinese) 16:188–190

4. Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Sato M et al (1994) A analysis of transcutaneous gas and blood flow in narrow pedicled flap with subdermal vascular network. Chin J Microsurg (in Chinese) 17:248–250

5. Gao JH, Hyakusoku H, Akimoto M et al (1992) Experiences in using the super-thin flap. Jpn J Plast Reconstr Surg (in Japanese) 35:1097–1103

6. Hyakusoku H, Gao J-H (1994) The super thin flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464

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7. Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Micro-vascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:465

8. Lu F, Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hykusoku H (2006) Preexpanded distant super-thin intercostals perforator flaps for facial reconstruction without the need for microsurgery. J Plast Reconstr Surg 59:1203–1120

Chapter 42

1. Song YG, Chen GZ, Song YL (1984) The free thigh flap: a new free flap concept based on septocutaneous artery. Br J Plast Surg 37:149

2. Luo LS, Gao JH, Chen LF et al (1984) Clinical application of free anterolateral thigh flap. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Bao 4(1):1–4 (Chinese)

3. Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Liu MZ et al (1984) Anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Lin Chuang Jie Pou Xue Za Zhi 2(3):158–160 (Chinese)

4. Gao JH, Luo LS, Chen LF et al (1984) The skin locations of the perforators of anterolateral thigh flap. Lin Chuang Jie Pou Xue Za Zhi 2(3):161–163 (Chinese)

5. Xu DC, Zhong SZ, Kong JM et al (1988) Applied anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 82:305

6. Zhou G, Qiao Q, Chen GY, Ling YC, Swift R (1991) Clinical experience and surgical anatomy of 32 free anterolateral thigh flap transplantations. Br J Plast Surg 44:91

7. Shimizu T, Fisher DR, Carmichael SW, Bite U (1997) An anatomic comparison of septocutaneous free flaps from the thigh region. Ann Plast Surg 38:604

8. Koshima I, Fukuda H, Utunomiya R, Soeda S (1989) The anterolateral thigh flap: variations in its vascular pedicle. Br J Plast Surg 42:260

Chapter 43

1. Chick RL, Lister GD, Sowder L (1992) Early free-flap cov-erage of electrical and thermal burns. Plast Reconstr Surg 89(6):1013

2. Shen T, Sun Y, Cao D et al (1988) The use of free-flaps in burn patients: experience with 70 flaps in 65 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 81(3):352

3. Hunt JL, Purdue GF, Zbar RIS (2000) Burns: acute burns, burn surgery and postburn reconstruction. Sel Read Plast Surg 9(12):5

4. Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (1999) Skin flap survival after superficial and deep partial-thickness burn injury. Ann Plast Surg 43(5):513

5. Borman H, Maral T, Demirhan B, Haberal M (2000) Reliability of island flaps raised after superficial and deep burn injury. Ann Plast Surg 45(4):395

6. Sakallioglu AE, Haberal M (2007) Current approach to burn critical care. Minerva Med 98(5):569

7. Haberal M (2006) Guidelines for dealing with disasters involv-ing large numbers of extensive burns. Burns 32(8):933

8. Haberal MA (1995) An eleven-year survey of electrical burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil 16(1):43

9. Mathes SJ, Nahai F (1982) Clinical applications for muscle and musculocutaneous flaps. C Mosby, St Louis

10. Mathes SJ, Vasconez LO, Jurkiewicz MJ (1977) Extensions and further applications of muscle flap transposition. Plast Reconstr Surg 60:6

11. Gonzalez MH, Weinzweig N (2005) Muscle flaps in the treatment of osteomyelitis of the lower extremity. J Trauma 58(5):1019

12. Lai CS, Lin SD, Chou CK, Cheng YM (1991) Use of a cross-leg free muscle flap to reconstruct an extensive burn wound involving a lower extremity. Burns 17(6):510

13. Hagan KF, Buncke HJ, Gonzalez R (1982) Free lattisimus dorsi muscle flap coverage of an electrical burn of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 69:125

14. May JW Jr, Lukash FN, Gallico GG 3rd (1981) Latissimus dorsi free muscle flap in lower-extremity reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 68(4):603

15. Yucel A, Senyuva C, Aydin Y, Cinar C, Guzel Z (2000) Soft-tissue reconstruction of sole and heel defects with free tissue transfers. Ann Plast Surg 44(3):259

16. Bunkis J, Walton RL, Mathes SJ (1983) The rectus abdomi-nis free flap for lower extremity reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg 11(5):373

Chapter 44

1. Achauer BM (1992) Reconstructing the burned face. Clin Plast Surg 19:623–636

2. Gonzalez-Ulloa M (1956) Restoration of the face covering by means of selected skin in regional aesthetic units. Br J Plast Surg 9:212–221

3. Feldman JJ (1987) Facial resurfacing. In: Brent B (ed) The artistry of plastic surgery. Mosby, St Louis

4. Rose EH, Norris MS (1990) The versatile temporoparietal fascial flap: adaptability to a variety of composite defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:224–232

5. Rose EH (1998) Prepatterned microsurgical tissue transfers for replacement of aesthetic facial units. In: Rose EH (ed) Aesthetic facial restoration. Lipincott-Raven, Philadelphia, NY

6. Rose EH (1995) Aesthetic restoration of the severely disfig-ured face in burn victims: a comprehensive strategy. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:1573–1585

7. Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervico-dorsal flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469

8. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – its application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular net-work (ma-SVN) flaps. Br J Plast Surg 55:396–401

9. Yang JY, Tsai FC, Chana JS, Chuang SS, Chang SY, Huang WC (2002) Use of free thin anterolateral thigh flaps combined with cervicoplasty for reconstruction of postburn anterior cervical contractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 110: 39–46

10. Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of “super-thin flaps” with transverse cervical perforator. Br J Plast Surg 58: 550–555

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11. Mun GH, Jeon BJ, Lim SY, Hyon WS, Bang SI, Oh KS (2007) Reconstruction of postburn neck contractures using free thin thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps with cervico-plasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1524–1532

12. Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “super-thin flaps”. Burns 33:760–763

13. Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:1464–1471

Chapter 45

1. Bakamjian VY (1965) A two stage method for pharyngoe-sophageal reconstruction with a primary pectoral skin flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 36:173–184

2. Harii K, Ohmori K, Ohmori S (1974) Free deltopectoral skin flaps. Brit J Plast Surg 27:231–239

3. Taylor GI, Daniel RK (1975) The anatomy of several free flap donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg 56:243–253

4. Daniel RK, Cuningham DM, Taylor GI (1975) The delto-pectoral flap: an anatomical and hemodynamic approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 55:275–282

5. Sasaki K, Nozaki M, Honda T, Morioka K, Kikuchi U, Huang T (2001) The deltopectoral skin flap as a free flap revisited: further refinement in flap designing and fabri-cation, and in clinical usage. Plast Reconstr Surg 107: 1134–1141

6. Sasaki K, Nozaki M, Honda T, Morioka K, Kikuchi U, Huang T (2009) The deltopectoral skin flap as a free flap revisited: further refinement in flap designing and fabrication, and in clinical usage. In: Berish Strauch, Luis O Vasconez (eds) Grabb’s encyclopedia of flaps, 3rd edn, vol 1 Head and neck, Chapter 125. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 354–356

Chapter 46

1. Yang G, Chen B, Gao Y (1981) The forearm free skin flap transplantation. Natl Med J China 61:139

2. Kenney JG, DiMercurio S, Angel M (1990) Tissue-expanded radial forearm free flap in neck burn contracture. J Burn Care Rehabil 11:443

3. Weinzweig N, Chen L, Chen ZW (1994) The distally based radial forearm fasciosubcutaneous flap with preservation of the radial artery: an anatomic and clinical approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 94:675

4. Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Etoh H, Tsuda K, Tanaka H (1995) The radial artery perforator-based adipofascial flap for dor-sal hand coverage. Ann Plast Surg 35:474

5. Safak T, Akyürek M (2000) Free transfer of the radial fore-arm flap with preservation of the radial artery. Ann Plast Surg 45:97

6. Koshima I, Tsutsui T, Nanba Y, Takahashi Y, Akisada K (2002) Free radial forearm osteocutaneous perforator flap

for reconstruction of total nasal defects. J Reconstr Microsurg 18:585

7. Mateev M, Beermanov K, Subanova L, Novikova T (2004) Reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the hand using the shape-modified radial forearm flap. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 38:228

8. Mateev MA, Beermanov KA, Subanova LK, Novikova TV, Shaltakova G (2005) Shape-modified method using the radial forearm perforator flap for reconstruction of soft-tis-sue defects of the scalp. J Reconstr Microsurg 21:21

9. Mateev MA, Ogawa R, Trunov L, Moldobaeva N, Hyakusoku H (2009) Shape-modified radial artery perforator flap method: analysis of 112 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 123(5): 1533–1543

10. Yang D, Morris SF (2006) Radial artery perforator flap. In: Blondeel PN, Hallock GG, Morris SF and Neligan PC (eds) Perforator flaps. Quality Medical, St Louis, pp 301–317

Chapter 47

1. Song R, Song Y, Yu Y, Song Y (1982) The upper arm free flap. Clin Plast Surg 9:27–35

2. Soutar DS, Tanner NSB (1984) The radial forearm flap in the management of soft tissue injuries of the hand. Br J Plast Surg 37:18–26

3. Foucher G, Genechten F, Merle N, Michon J (1984) A com-pound radial artery forearm flap in hand surgery: an original modification of the Chinese forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 37:139–148

4. Penteado CV, Masquelet AC, Chevrel JP (1986) The ana-tomic basis of the fasciocutaneous flap of the posterior interosseous artery. Surg Radiol Anat 8:209–215

5. Jones BM, O’Brien CJ (1985) Acute ischaemia of the hand resulting from elevation of a radial forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 38:396–397

6. Koshima I, Moriguchi T, Etoh H, Tsuda K, Tanaka H (1995) The radial artery perforator-based adipofascial flap for dor-sal hand coverage. Ann Plast Surg 35:474–479

Chapter 48

1. Kimura N, Satoh K (1996) Consideration of the thin flap as an entity and clinical applications of the thin anterolateral thigh flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 97:985–992

2. Kimura N, Satoh K, Hasumi T, Otuka T (2001) Clinical application of the free thin anterolateral thigh flap in 31 con-secutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1197–1208

3. Kimura N (2002) A microdissected thin tensor fasciae latae perforator flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:69–77

4. Kimura N, Satoh K, Hosaka Y (2003) Microdissected thin per-forator flaps: 46 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 112: 1875–1885

5. Kimura N, Saitoh M (2006) Free microdissected thin groin flap design with an extended vascular pedicle. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:986–992

6. Kimura N, Saitoh M, Sumiya N, Itoh Y (2009) Clinical application and refinement of the microdissected thin groin

493References

flap transfer operation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 62: 1510-1516

7. Kimura N, Saitoh M, Itoh Y, Sumiya N (2006) Giant com-bined microdissected thin thigh perforator flap. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 59:1352–1359

8. Kimura N, Saitoh M, Itoh Y, Sumiya N (2008) A compre-hensive protocol of general burn treatment with microdis-sected thin flaps – a preliminary report. Eur J Plast Surg 31: 213–217

9. Kimura N, Saitoh M, Sumiya N, Itoh Y (2008) Reconstruction of the hand skin defects by microdissected mini anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61: 1073–1077

10. Kimura N, Saitoh M, Okamura T, Hirata Y, Itoh Y, Sumiya N Concept and anatomical basis of Microdissected tailoring method for free flap transfer-. Plast Reconstr Surg 123: 152-62, 2009.

Chapter 49

1. Hyakusoku H, Yamamoto T, Fumiiri M (1991) The propeller flap method. Br J Plast Surg 44:53–54

2. Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2006) Central axis flap methods. Burns 32:891–896

3. Hallock GG (2006) The propeller flap version of the adduc-tor muscle perforator flap for coverage of ischial or trochan-teric pressure sores. Ann Plast Surg 56(5):540–542

4. Moscatiello F, Masià J, Carrera A, Clavero JA, Larrañaga JR, Pons G (2007) The ‘propeller’ distal anteromedial thigh perforator flap. Anatomic study and clinical applications. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 60(12):1323–1330

5. Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Ishii N (2007) The perfora-tor pedicled propeller (PPP) flap method: a report of two cases. J Nippon Med Sch 74:367–371

6. Jakubietz RG, Jakubietz MG, Gruenert JG, Kloss DF (2007) The 180-degree perforator-based propeller flap for soft tis-sue coverage of the distal, lower extremity: a new method to achieve reliable coverage of the distal lower extremity with a local, fasciocutaneous perforator flap. Ann Plast Surg 59(6):667–671

7. Wong CH, Cui F, Tan BK, Liu Z, Lee HP, Lu C, Foo CL, Song C (2007) Nonlinear finite element simulations to eluci-date the determinants of perforator patency in propeller flaps. Ann Plast Surg 59(6):672–678

8. Pignatti M, Pasqualini M, Governa M, Bruti M, Rigotti G (2008) Propeller flaps for leg reconstruction. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(7):777–783

9. Rubino C, Figus A, Mazzocchi M, Dessy LA, Martano A (2008) The propeller flap for chronic osteomyelitis of the lower extremities: a case report. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg

10. Schonauer F, La Rusca I, Di Monta G, Molea G (2008) Choosing the correct sense of rotation in 180 degrees propel-ler flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61(12):1492

11. Rad AN, Singh NK, Rosson GD (2008) Peritoneal artery perforator-based propeller flap reconstruction of the lateral distal lower extremity after tumor extirpation: case report and literature review. Microsurgery 28(8):663–670

Chapter 50

1. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators, and application to free microvascular augmented subdermal vascular net-work (ma-SVN) flaps. Br J Plast Surg 55(5):396–401

2. Hyakusoku H, Gao JH, Pennington DG, Aoki R, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2002) The microvascular augmented subder-mal vascular network (ma-SVN) flap: its variations and recent development in using intercostal perforators. Br J Plast Surg 55(5):402–411

3. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M (2003) Color Doppler ultrasonography in the planning of microvascular augmented “super-thin” flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 112(3):822–828

4. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Iwakiri I, Akaishi S (2004) Severe neck scar contracture reconstructed with a ninth dorsal inter-costal perforator augmented “super-thin flap”. Ann Plast Surg 52(2):216–219

5. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H (2004) Bipedicled free super-thin flap harvesting from the anterior chest. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(4):1299–1300

6. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Gao JH (2004) Clinical and basic research on occipito-cervico-dorsal flaps: including a study of the anatomical territories of dorsal trunk vessels. Plast Reconstr Surg 113(7):1923–1933

7. Chin T, Ogawa R, Murakami M, Hyakusoku H (2005) An anatomical study and clinical cases of ‘super-thin flaps’ with transverse cervical perforator. Br J Plast Surg 58(4): 550–555

8. Vinh VQ, Ogawa R, Iwakiri I, Hyakusoku H, Tanuma K (2007) Clinical and anatomical study of cervicopectoral superthin flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(5):1464–1471

9. Gao JH, Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Lu F, Hu ZQ, Jiang P, Yang L, Feng C (2007) Reconstruction of the face and neck scar contractures using staged transfer of expanded “super-thin flaps”. Burns 33(6):760–763

10. Ono S, Hyakusoku H, Ogawa R, Oki K, Hayashi H, Kumita S (2008) Usefulness of multidetector-row computed tomography in the planning and postoperative assessment of perforator flaps. J Nippon Med Sch 75(1):50–52

Chapter 51

1. Hyakusoku H, Gao JH (1994) The “super-thin” flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:457–464

2. Hyakusoku H, Pennington DG, Gao JH (1994) Microvascular augmentation of the super-thin occipito-cervicodorsal flap. Br J Plast Surg 47:465–469

3. Hyakusoku H, Gao JH, Pennington DG, Aoki R, Murakami M, Ogawa R (2002) The microvascular augmented subder-mal vascular network (ma-SVN) flap: its variations and recent development in using intercostal perforators. Br J Plast Surg 55(5):402–411

4. Ogawa R, Hyakusoku H, Murakami M, Aoki R, Tanuma K, Pennington DG (2002) An anatomical and clinical study of the dorsal intercostal cutaneous perforators – its application

495

AAcellular matrix, 100–107 Acentric axis, 442Acentric propeller flap, 442, 443Acticoat®, 138 Adipofascial flap, 409, 428–433Adipose tissue, 40, 357, 434ADM. See Allogeneic dermal matrixAdvancement flap, 164, 178, 181, 183, 186, 214, 250,

251, 256, 275, 279, 281, 408, 442Aesthetic unit, 13, 47, 115, 208, 220–224, 240, 279,

398, 406, 470, 472Alloderm™, 91Allogeneic dermal matrix (ADM), 100–107Allograft, 113Allotransplantation, 100–103, 106, 107 Alopecia, 118, 181, 183, 242, 245, 250–259, 275, 277ALT flap. See Anterolateral thigh flapAngiogenesis, 90, 302Angiography, 338, 342Ankle joint, 45, 57, 326, 328, 390, 391, 394, 395Ankylosis, 44, 332, 333Anterior chest, 45, 53, 80, 360Anterior interosseous artery, 428, 429Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, 304, 305, 336, 337,

378–387, 434, 436Antibiotic, 10, 38, 240Artificial dermis, 7, 8Autoadhesive rubber, 141Autograft, 112, 130, 216Axial pattern flap, 320, 368, 369Axilla, 25, 45, 52, 128, 137, 186, 190, 198, 202, 206,

280–282, 286, 435, 442

BBacteria, 10, 11, 17, 22, 23, 106, 108, 146, 209Band contracture, 285Bandage, 10, 38, 79, 141, 142, 146, 429Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 62, 63Betadine®, 32bFGF. See Basic fibroblast growth factorBilateral contracture, 53Biobrane™, 12, 13, 34, 208, 210, 212Biomaterial, 41Blister, 3–6, 10–13Bone marrow, 40, 41

Branch, 180, 230, 234, 260, 262, 271, 285, 301, 302, 304, 344, 374, 379, 382, 383, 406, 409, 428–430, 434, 440

Broadband contracture, 51, 52, 54–58Buttock, 2, 30, 64, 138

CCamoflage, 77, 81, 399, 401Carbon dioxide (CO

2) laser, 72, 74

Carboxymethylcellulose, 6Cartilage, 44, 46, 154, 179, 262, 270–272, 274, 288,

300, 302, 306, 308, 309, 398, 409, 471Central axis flap, 198–207Central contracture, 53Cervico-pectral (CP) flap, 360Cheek flap, 223, 224, 260Chin, 48, 86, 176, 179, 181, 182, 224, 292, 296,

314, 316, 342, 362, 364, 402–405, 414, 415, 454, 462, 464

Circumflex scapular vessel (CSV), 344, 352, 402, 454, 456, 470

Collagen, 22, 64, 65, 72–75, 90, 91, 106–108, 172, 174

Collagenase, Color Doppler ultrasonography, 442Commissure, 47, 172, 178, 181, 312, 314, 400, 406, 407Compression, 76, 77, 140–142, 144Contracture, 5, 12, 25, 26, 38, 44, 76, 94, 108, 119, 132,

150, 160, 172, 178, 186, 198, 209, 220, 230, 276, 296, 300, 322, 330, 338, 344, 357, 372, 386, 398, 414, 416, 436, 450, 452, 462, 472

Corticosteroid, 76–78, 81CP flap. See Cervico-pectral flapCream, 6, 75, 82, 140Cross-leg flap, 328CSV. See Circumflex scapular vesselCT, 434Cubital fossa, 51, 186, 204Cubital joint, 45, 51

DDB. See Deep burnDDB. See Deep dermal burnDebridement, 6, 7, 10–14, 27, 64, 65, 68, 69, 116,

141, 144, 146, 147, 209, 258, 281, 308, 366, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 416, 432, 446

Index

496 Index

Debris, 10, 13, 23, 27, 146, 208, 209Debulking, 304, 357, 398, 401–407, 452Deep burn (DB), 2, 4, 8, 9, 12, 102, 140, 280, 428, 448Deep dermal burn (DDB), 66, 80, 208, 209, 212, 320,

430, 431, 446Deep inferior epigastric artery, 390, 394Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAP, DIEP)

flap, 368, 434, 436Defatting, 314, 408, 410, 412, 460, 462, 471Delayed flap, 259Deltopectral (DP) flap, 410–415Depigmentation, 412Dermabrasion, 32, 36, 72, 73, 209, 212, 226Dermal substitute (DS), 8, 9, 12, 90–98, 100, 142, 143Dermis, 3–8, 13, 14, 26–28, 30, 38, 39, 62–64, 68,

69, 72–74, 90, 91, 100, 101, 132, 133, 137, 153, 208, 400

Descending, 230, 234, 285, 301, 302, 304, 378, 379, 382, 383, 429

Diabetes, 63, 342Digit, 19, 49, 58, 59, 96, 134, 137, 336Digital joint, 45, 49, 146Digital web, 45, 49, 196DIP, 49, 58Distally-based flap, 329, 330Distant flap, 49, 50, 84, 250, 366, 368, 370, 408DMEM. See Dulbecco's modified Eagle's mediumDoppler ultrasound, 271, 274, 320, 331, 444Dorsal intercostal perforator (D-ICAP, DICP), 354,

454, 458, 462Dorsal pedis artery, 450DP flap. See Deltopectral flapDS. See Dermal substituteDulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), 101

EEar, 45, 60, 137, 155, 214, 240, 270–275, 279, 398, 399EB. See Epidermal burnEdema, 3, 11, 16, 17, 21, 82, 140, 302, 314, 316EDTA, 100, 101Embryonic stem cell, 41End-to-end anastomosis, 390, 393, 396End-to-side anastomosis, 389, 390, 393, 396Epidermal burn (EB), 320Epidermis, 3, 5, 22, 26, 28, 30, 39, 40, 62, 72–74, 92,

100, 101, 106Epithelial necrosis, 356, 362Epithelisation, 27Escarotomy, 34, 140Eschar, 4, 11, 13, 14, 146, 390Expanded flap, 76, 79, 178, 220–242, 246, 248, 250, 251,

255–261, 265–269, 279, 280, 368, 416, 464Extensor carpi radialis, 428Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 428Extensor carpi ulnaris, 428, 429Extensor digiti minimi, 428, 429Extensor digitorum, 428Extensor pollitis longus, 428External agents, 77, 81External wire-frame, 146–148, 150, 151, 153–155, 157Eyebrow, 83, 84, 181, 276, 279, 290, 294, 298, 312

Eyelid, 14, 46, 82–84, 120, 137, 146, 150, 151, 178, 179, 181, 221–223, 240, 294, 312, 399, 404

FFascia, 13, 14, 28, 46, 230, 289, 300–302, 304, 331,

338, 400, 404–407, 429, 433, 434, 471, 473Fascial excision, 12–14, 326Fascial flap, 143, 270–272, 274, 310, 312, 330, 409,

428, 448, 450, 470Fat, 12, 64, 73, 141, 156, 181, 271, 316, 330, 344,

357, 368, 428, 432, 434, 452, 462, 464, 468, 471FEA. See Finite element methodFibroblast, 73Fibromodulin, 40Finite element method (FEA), 186, 188Fixomull®, 32Flammacerium, 7, 8Flying-wing, 250Foam, 7, 22Forearm, 2, 50, 51, 66, 67, 137, 183, 216, 248, 249,

262, 302, 308, 309, 330, 331, 334, 399, 404, 405, 416, 417, 428–430, 432, 448

Forehead flap, 175, 179, 181, 260–262, 265–269, 302Foundation, 82–83, 88, 276Free flap, 113, 398–407, 470–477Full thickness skin graft, 122, 132–133, 152, 154,

224, 432, 436, 466, 468

GGalea, 251, 252, 298Gammagraft™, 91Gauze, 6, 23, 32, 63, 66, 70, 74, 138, 141Gel sheet, 76, 77, 80Gelpi retractor, 434Genital, 2, 45, 60Gliaderm™, 91Gore-tex®, 300, 301, 304 Grafting, 7–9, 64, 68, 77, 128, 132–138, 146–157,

174, 196, 204, 216, 298, 362, 388–390, 406, 410, 414, 454, 458, 464, 472

Groin flap, 49, 50, 224, 271, 272, 274, 432–434, 440

HHair, 5, 52, 133, 178, 190, 202, 250, 276–279,

288, 300, 399 Hair-bearing flap, 181, 184, 251, 252, 253, 254,

255, 256, 258, 259, 278, 290, 292, 302, 308, 309

Hairline, 181, 184, 262, 264, 266, 268, 271Hairy flap, 288, 292, 298Hand, 3, 12–13, 17, 27, 76, 83, 90, 116, 118, 133,

140–144, 146, 208, 230, 276, 330, 357, 370, 416–433, 435

Head and neck, 96, 115, 118, 208, 216, 240, 276, 300, 301, 302, 304, 374, 378

Helical crus, 270, 272Hematoma, 94, 108, 133, 146, 357Hemilateral contracture, 53Hormone, 72Hyalomatrix 3D™, 90Hyaluronic acid, 40

Index 497

Hydrocision, 209Hydrofiber, 6, 140, 141Hyperhydration, 140Hypertrophic scar, 10, 26, 32, 38, 40, 62, 76–81, 114,

118, 132, 133, 135, 162, 163, 166, 167, 172, 174, 220, 224, 232, 234, 236, 278, 285, 316, 340, 342, 358, 364, 372, 373, 374, 375, 464

IImplant, 41, 108, 230, 236, 240, 262, 276, 279, 282,

283, 288, 292, 296, 300–302, 402, 403, 404, 405Infection, 5, 10, 16, 22, 23, 27, 62, 63, 68, 90, 94, 98,

105, 118, 138, 208, 209, 240, 250, 258, 346, 379, 388

Inflammatory cell, 38, 62Inguinal, 45, 55, 79, 134, 137Integra®, 8, 22–25, 27, 34, 90, 91, 94, 98, 108–116,

119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 137Intercostal perforator, 298, 344, 354–355, 366,

370, 371, 454–455, 458–159, 460–462Internal agents, 81Irrigation, Ischemia, 4, 16, 17, 118Island flap, 181, 184, 198, 260, 262, 264, 266, 268,

276, 280, 282, 290, 294, 296, 298, 338–340, 342, 344, 428, 442, 468

JJelonet®, 32

KKeloid, 62, 74, 76, 400, 404–407Kenzan, 79, 146Keratinocyte, 8, 12, 14, 26, 38, 39, 62, 73, 101, 103, 144Kirshner-wire, 154, 450Knee joint, 45, 56, 390, 391

LLaser, 72, 74, 80–81, 141, 399, 401–407Lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA), 378, 379,

382, 383Lateral femoral circumflex vessel, 301, 304, 306Lateral thoracic artery perforator (LTAP), 339LCFA. See Lateral circumflex femoral arteryLinear contracture, 48–51, 54–58Lining, 179, 261, 262, 266, 300, 302, 306, 308, 309Lip deformity, 412, 413Local flap, 46–52, 54–59, 79, 132, 178–184, 186,

250, 260, 279, 285, 302, 320, 330–337, 398Low computed tomography (MD-CT), 320, 442, 452 Lower leg, 56, 57LTAP. See Lateral thoracic artery perforatorLumbar, 45, 54

MMacrophages, 62Make-up therapy, 81–88Mandible skin flap, 232Massage, 32, 82, 83, 88Matriderm™, 8, 12, 90, 91, 92, 96, 98, 143 Mentum, 86

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), 41Mesh graft, 7, 8, 26, 64, 119, 132–137, 328Meshed graft, 27, 30, 34, 100, 137, 302, 350, 394,

440, 456, 458, 464, 474Metacarpal joints (MPs), 284Metal sponge, 146, 147Microdissected thin flap, 434–441Microvascular flap, 118, 398, 410, 412, 414Moisturization, 212MPP flap. See Muscle pedicled propeller flapMPs. See Metacarpal jointsMSCs. See Mesenchymal stem cellsMTP, 45, 58Multi-modal therapy, 76, 78, 81Multidetector, 442Multilobed propeller flap, 198–199Muscle, 13, 44, 96, 272, 301, 312, 326, 330, 338,

344, 378, 388–398, 409, 416, 428, 443, 470 Muscle flap, 344, 388–397Muscle pedicled propeller (MPP) flap, 442Muscle perforator, 388Musculocutaneous flap, 108, 320, 322, 326, 344,

350–351, 378, 380, 409

NNasolabial flap, 178, 260Nasolabial fold, 181, 183, 208, 268Nd: YAG laser, 80Neck, 11, 48, 70, 94, 118, 135, 176–178, 186, 192–193,

208, 220–230, 240, 272, 276, 299, 300, 311, 332, 339, 344, 360, 372, 378, 399, 412, 435, 446, 452, 462, 470–477

Needling, 72–75Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), 22–23Neodermis, 22, 90, 108–111, 114, 115, 116Nerve, 251, 312, 330, 344, 379, 428, 429, 432, 436Nipple, 53, 280, 282, 283, 409Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 81Nonmeshed skin graft, 141, 143, 144Nose, 45, 60, 179, 181, 183, 209, 232, 260, 262, 264,

266, 279, 300, 306, 308, 310, 312, 399NPWT. See Negative pressure wound therapyNSAIDs. See Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs

OOccipital artery, 252, 271, 356, 372Occipito-cervico-dorsal (OCD) flap, 357, 362, 462–464,

466, 468Occipito-cervico-pectral (OCP) flap, 356, 357, 364Occipito-cervico-shoulder (OCS) flap, 357, 372, 373Occlusive dressing, 22, 208, 209OCD flap. See Occipito-cervico-dorsal flapOCP flap. See Occipito-cervico-pectral flapOCS flap. See Occipito-cervico-shoulder flapOp-Site®, 138

PPain, 3, 6, 7, 23, 25, 76, 79, 80, 82, 138, 141, 209,

240, 246Palmar, 3, 12, 45, 49, 50, 147, 170, 336Parascapular flap, 280, 282, 285, 470

498 Index

PDGF. See Platelet derived growth factorPDL. See Pulsed dye laserPectral intercostal perforator (P-ICAP, PICP), 370, 371, 460Pedicled flap, 47, 51, 56, 264, 266, 288, 306, 344,

346–351, 366, 416, 442–452Perforator, 48, 198, 230, 285, 298, 338, 344, 356,

368, 378, 388, 416, 428, 434, 442, 452, 462 Perforator pedicled propeller (PPP) flap, 442–451Perforator-based flap, 416, 428–433Perforator-supercharged (PS) propeller flap, 442Perioral, 45, 47Periorbital, 45, 46Pigmentation, 36, 92, 106, 220, 412PIPs. See Proximal phalanx jointsPlanimetric Z-plasty, 160, 166Plantar, 4, 9, 45, 57, 59, 450Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), 73Platysma, 48Postauricular artery, 254Posterior interosseous flap, 330, 428, 429Posterior occipital vein, 272, 273PPP flap. See Perforator pedicled propellerPreexpanded flap, 368Prefabricated flap, 47, 230, 236, 288, 300–317, 368Prelaminated flap, 300–309Preserved subdermal vascular network full-thickness

skin graft (PSVN), 356Propeller flap, 51, 56, 198–207, 354, 420, 442–451Proximal phalanx joints (PIPs), 45, 49, 58, 284, 330Proximally-based flap, 330Pulsed dye laser (PDL), 80

RRadial artery, 302, 310, 416–433, 436, 448–449Radiation, 76, 77RAM free flap. See Rectus abdominis muscle free flapRandom pattern flap, 230, 232–233, 320, 368, 369, 442Randomized control trial (RCT), 62, 81Range of motion (ROM), 11, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 116,

128, 135, 138, 206, 394, 420, 440RCT. See Randomized control trialReCell®, 26–37 Rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) free flap, 326, 388,

389, 395, 396Regional flap, 47, 52, 118, 270, 320, 330Rejuvenation, 72Remodeling, 62, 108, 110, 172, 174, 262, 312, 316Resurfacing, 8, 27, 36, 72, 74, 178, 179, 181–184, 208,

220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 229, 232, 236, 301, 316, 336, 399, 401–408, 470–472, 474, 476

Retinoic acid, 72, 73ROM. See Range of motionRotated flap, 180, 198, 202, 234, 240, 251, 252, 254,

280, 314, 342, 357, 417, 418, 420, 444, 448, 450, 452, 462, 464, 466

Rotational flap, 120, 178, 198, 200, 250, 251, 256, 258, 281, 338, 442, 443, 446

SS-shaped incision, 429SAP. See Subatmospheric pressure

Scaffold, 40, 41, 100–107Scalp, 5, 118, 133, 146, 180, 208, 240, 250–259, 261,

270, 276–277, 298, 301, 347, 399 Scalp flap, 180, 181, 241, 250, 251, 255, 257–259, 271, 306SCAP flap. See Superficial cervical artery perforator flapScapular flap, 280, 282, 285, 399, 402–407, 470–477Scarred flap, 320–329Scarring, 14, 23, 38–40, 62, 72, 73, 75, 88, 109, 111,

118, 119, 124, 132, 160, 179–181, 184, 220, 224, 226, 227, 261, 270, 298, 302, 310, 398, 405, 410, 411, 432, 444, 464

SDB. See Superficial dermal burnSecondary vascularized flap, 288–299Septocutaneous perforator, 378, 379, 383Septofasciocutaneous flap, 470Seroma, 22, 94, 133Shape-modified flap, 416–427Shape-Modified Radial Artery Perforator (SM-RAP)

Flap, 416–427Sheet graft, 12, 64, 100, 133–138, 178, 398, 406, 407Shoulder, 206, 220, 221, 224, 226, 234, 312, 316,

338, 340, 348, 357, 372, 373Silicone, 6, 7, 22, 23, 25, 62, 90, 91, 94, 108, 109,

240–243, 246, 247, 262Silversulfadiazine, 6, 7, 21Skin expander, 310, 312Skin graft, 4, 6, 10, 22, 26, 38, 46, 62, 76, 82, 90, 100,

108, 122, 132–138, 140–144, 146–157, 174, 178, 192, 198, 208, 220, 240, 250, 260, 279, 290, 309, 314, 320, 330, 338, 344, 356, 380, 388, 398, 408, 429, 436, 444, 452, 462, 472

Skull, 7, 91, 94, 96, 250SM-RAP flap. See Shape-modified radial artery

perforator flapSplit thickness skin graft (STSG), 7, 13, 14, 22, 23,

25–27, 30, 34, 46, 53–55, 63, 64, 68, 69, 94, 100–103, 114, 124, 126, 128, 132, 133, 135–137, 176, 258, 338, 340, 342, 344, 357, 394, 398, 401, 412, 430, 431, 440, 452, 462, 476

Square flap, 186–197Stem cell, 12, 38–41Steroid, 76–81, 298Stiffness, 44STSG. See Split thickness skin graftSubatmospheric pressure (SAP), 17–23, 25Subdermal plexus, 357, 434, 435, 452, 462Subdermal vascular network, 230, 344, 356, 357,

368, 370, 371, 452, 462Subdermal vascular network (SVN) flap, 230, 357Super-thin flap, 48, 230, 298, 344, 356–375, 398,

452–469, 471Supercharged flap, 230, 338, 352, 354, 357, 368,

369, 442, 452–469Supercharging, 338, 339, 344, 357, 452, 458, 462Superficial cervical artery perforator (SCAP) flap, 344–355Superficial dermal burn (SDB), 66, 80, 320Superficial radial, 428, 429Superficial temporary artery, 180, 181, 184, 251Supraclavicular flap, 338–343Supraorbital artery, 251Supratrochlear artery, 251

Index 499

Surfasoft®, 32SVN flap. See Subdermal vascular network flap

TTAAP. See Thoracoacromial artery perforatorTangential excision, 11–13, 92, 176, 209Taping, 77, 79Tarsorrhaphy, 146, 150Tattoo, 72TDAP flap. See Thoracodorsal artery perforator flapTemporoparietal facial flap, 270Temporoparietal region, 242, 270Tensor fasciae latae perforator (TFLP) flap, 434TESE. See Tissue-engineered autologous skin equivalentTEWL. See Transepidermal water lossTFLP flap. See Tensor fasciae latae perforator flapTGF. See Transforming growth factorThe internal mammary artery, 408, 410, 411The internal mammary vessel, 408, 409, 413Thigh, 2, 7, 8, 55, 56, 64, 79, 80, 102, 104, 105, 285,

286, 301, 304, 305, 336, 378–387, 434, 436, 464Thinning, 80, 344, 356, 357, 368, 399, 400, 408–415,

434, 452, 460, 462Thoracoacromial artery perforator (TAAP), 339Thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, 434Tissue expansion, 108, 133, 179, 230, 240–251, 260,

281, 301, 302, 388Tissue undermining, 214Tissue-engineered autologous skin equivalent

(TESE), 100–107Toe joint, 45, 58Toe web, 45, 59Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), 63Transforming growth factor (TGF), 40, 73Transposition flap, 164, 220–229Transverse cervical artery, 234, 338, 342, 344, 374, 462

Trypsin, 27, 100, 101Tubed flap, 260, 261

UUpper arm, 51, 52, 66, 84, 152, 260, 261, 301, 330, 332, 338

VV flap, 164, 170V-Y flap, 160–171V-Y plasty, 132, 164V.A.C.®. See Vacuum assisted closure (VAC)®

Vacuum assisted closure (VAC)®, 5, 16–25, 90, 91, 133, 138

Vascular bundle, 8, 288–290, 292, 294, 296Vermilion, 181, 406, 407Versajet™, 13, 14, 209Vitamin A, 72–75Vitamin C, 73–75

WW-plasty, 50, 51, 54–57, 76Waterjet, 14Wraping method, 23, 138, 270, 288–289, 434Wrist joint, 45, 50, 284, 298

XXenograft, 8, 113

YY-V plasty, 132YV advancement flap, 281

ZZ-plasty, 48, 49, 52, 59, 76, 113, 132, 133, 160, 161, 166,

172–178, 186, 188, 261, 281, 282, 285–287Zygomatic arch, 400, 406, 407