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Index

Abrasion, 1, 139, 157Acicular, 106, 110, 113–114, 118, 120,

122, 135, 187, 190, 196, 204,275–276

Active fault, 12, 17–18, 41–43, 48, 148,155, 226, 230

Advection, 174Albitite, 290–291, 293, 308, 312–314,

316–317Alpine Fault, 42, 47–48, 54, 67, 142,

170, 172Alteration, 7, 14, 75, 88, 90, 130, 136,

245, 254Amorphous material, 90, 225, 240–341,

253–254Amphibolite facies, 136, 178–179, 206,

219–221Amygdule, 12, 14, 84–89, 97–99, 102,

169, 171, 175, 225, 254, 283Amygdule structure, 12, 98Andesitic melt, 99, 101, 103Anorthite, 135, 219, 290, 308, 312Anorthoclase, 112, 119, 122–123, 133,

135, 137Anorthosite, 290–291, 293, 308,

312–314, 317Arima-Takatsuki Tectonic Line, 42, 230Aseismic deformation, 204, 210Aseismic regime, 224Assimilation, 65, 152

Bagnold effect, 83Biotite, 12, 33–36, 39–42, 80, 109,

111–112, 115, 118–121, 122–126,

128, 130, 133, 135–137, 151, 167,170, 174, 176, 196, 199, 203–206,211, 217, 219, 240–241, 245–246,249–250, 254, 269, 275, 290–291,298–299, 318

Bolivian Mw8.3 earthquake, 179Bow-tie, 111–112, 116Box-skeletal, 109Branching, 50, 109–110, 115, 296Breccia, 9, 12, 19–20, 23, 25–27, 29–30,

32, 35–37, 44, 48, 140–141, 148,150, 153, 156, 225–226, 230,232–234, 243, 255, 258, 266

Brittle–plastic transition zone, 45,178–179, 220, 224

Brittle regime, 18–19, 45–46, 188, 208,220

Bubble, 84–85, 89, 256, 266, 298Byerlee’s Law, 43, 46

Calcite, 88, 102, 225, 234–236, 238,243–245, 249–250, 252, 256, 258,260–261, 263

Carbon, 259–261Carbonate material, 244, 252, 258–261,

263, 275–276Carbonate vein, 253, 258–260Cataclasite, 19, 25–27, 30, 32–36,

39–40, 42, 44–45, 48, 62, 148, 150,153, 177–178, 181, 209, 211, 217,225–227, 232, 240–241, 245

Cataclasite-related pseudotachylyte(C-Pt), 177–178, 185, 187–189,204

342 Index

Cataclastic rock, 25–27Cataclastic vein, 14, 72, 226, 245, 256Cataclastic veinlet material, 256C-foliation, 40Chain-skeletal, 109Chelungpu Fault Zone, 19Chi-Chi Mw7.6 (Taiwan) earthquake,

261Chiufener-Shan landslide, 266, 269–273,

280Chlorite, 43, 88, 102–103, 245–246Chlorite vein, 136Circular, 86, 89, 111–112, 115–116, 169,

277, 287–289, 293–294, 298Clast, 19, 21, 30–38, 40–42, 139, 162,

179, 235, 243, 245, 258, 277, 313Clastic-type pseudotachylyte, 225Clinopyroxene, 127, 137, 187Coesite, 197Cohesion, 23, 25–26Cohesive cataclasite, 19, 26–27, 30, 32,

39, 44Cohesiveness, 23, 30Collapse, 89, 98, 174–175, 234, 250, 272Collisional orogenic belt, 47, 178–179,

197, 206–207, 216, 219Collision zone, 47Comminution, 150, 225, 242, 254Compound spherulitic, 112, 120Concordant vein, 60Conglomerate, 9–10, 139–141Continental crust, 40–42, 44–46,

218–220, 222–223Contractional duplexe, 65Contractional fault, 65Convection, 174Cooling joint, 57–58Coseismic displacement, 215, 226, 263Coseismic shear zone, 68Coseismic slip, 2, 45, 222, 257Coseismic surface rupture, 48, 50, 68,

70, 257, 269Coulomb friction law, 43Course-feathery, 109Course-scoplitic, 109Crack-fill vein, 226, 234–237, 243–244,

245–250, 252, 258Cross-shaped, 106, 110Crotch, 109–110

Crushing-origin pseudotachylyte, 8,13, 15, 32, 48, 148–149, 155–156,225–230, 237–242, 245, 250,253–255, 257, 315–316

Cryptocrystalline-type, 77Crystalline material, 93, 95, 245, 301,

303Crystal-plastic deformation, 13, 18,

21, 23–24, 33, 39, 40, 44–45, 183,186–187, 190, 192, 214, 217, 218,221, 223

C’-surface, 32–34, 37–38, 40–41, 206C-surfaces, 32–34, 36, 40, 42, 206Cylinder, 87, 288–289

Dabieshan collisional zone, 45Dahezhen Shear Zone, 45, 179, 184,

197–199, 204, 208–217, 219–221Dendritic group, 107, 109–112Dendritic-skeletal, 109, 128Dendritic-spherulite, 112, 115Devitrification, 7, 12–13, 90, 137Devolatilization, 98–99Diffusion model, 167, 263Dike-like rock, 5, 8Dilatancy, 41, 261, 263Dilatation, 237Dilational fracture, 62Discordant vein, 8, 60Disintegration, 139, 158Dissolution, 155, 255Distortional strain energy, 222–223Drill core, 17–19, 21, 28–29, 35, 37,

235–238, 243–246, 250–252Dynamical recrystallization, 221, 223

Eclogite band, 197Eclogite facies, 178, 197, 223Elastic-frictional (EF), 44Equilibrium, 172–173, 219, 258–259,

281, 283–284, 316–319Equivalent slip rate, 289–290Escape structure, 89Eutectic point, 313, 316Extensional reservoir, 65

Fan, 111–112, 116Fault-fracture network, 225, 234–236,

258

Index 343

Fault-fracture zone, 30, 48, 50–51,63–64, 73, 226, 231

Fault gouge, 12, 19–20, 23, 30–31,35–39, 42–44, 48, 128, 130–131,135, 148–150, 153, 155–156,225–226, 230–234, 238–240, 242,244–246, 250, 254–257, 260, 266,315

Fault model, 17, 40, 43–45, 223Fault-parallel slip surface, 65Fault plane, 2, 8, 13, 15, 19, 29–33, 37,

50–52, 60, 64, 66, 70, 72, 96–97,157, 173, 175, 182, 199, 212,226–233, 254–257, 263, 265, 283

Fault-related pseudotachylyte, 1–2, 8,14–15, 47–48, 78, 91, 97, 105, 177,179, 280, 283, 291, 317

Fault-related rocks, 6, 8, 17–18Fault rocks, 3, 12–13, 15, 17, 18–40,

43–44, 98, 135, 139, 143, 148–149,151–152, 220, 223, 225, 265, 283,286

Fault vein, 60–65, 68, 70–73, 140–141,199–200, 226–228, 230–232, 242,245–246, 255, 296, 315–316

Fault zone, 1–3, 7–9, 12–13, 15, 17–19,21, 23, 25–27, 29–30, 32, 36,40–48, 50–51, 64–65, 68, 71–72,78, 97–98, 105, 122, 135–136,139–140, 149–150, 155, 157,159–160, 169, 172, 174–175, 177,181–182, 213, 215–218, 222–224,225–232, 234–235, 239–240,244–245, 254–258, 260–263, 284,287, 291, 317–318

Feldspar, 9, 32–33, 36, 39–41, 45–46,78, 80, 92–93, 95–96, 102, 106,109, 111, 115, 118–123, 126,128, 136–137, 147, 151, 153, 155,166–167, 171, 187, 190, 194, 196,199, 204–206, 209, 211, 216–220,222–223, 237, 245, 275–277, 281,291, 298–299, 301, 303, 307,317–319

Fine-feathery, 109–110, 115Fine-grained material, 12, 15, 23, 38,

48, 60, 62, 64–65, 75, 79, 84, 88,195, 204, 209, 234–237, 243–244,252, 254–256, 258

Fine-grained matrix, 6, 9, 13, 28, 30,33, 35, 41, 68, 75, 78, 98, 140, 145,148, 152, 159, 163–164, 167–168,187, 191, 202, 204, 208, 211, 225,240–241, 272

Fine-scoplitic, 109Fir-like, 110, 115Flinty crush-rocks, 6, 9Flow fold, 82Flow streak, 78, 81–87, 106, 275, 277Flow structure, 9, 14–15, 38–39, 78,

80–86, 90, 97, 135–136, 141, 151,188, 190, 196, 204, 214, 225, 266,269, 274–275, 277, 295, 300

Flow velocity, 82–84Fluid diffusion, 41, 261, 263Fluidization, 12, 15, 254–256, 315Foliated cataclastic rock, 19, 21, 27,

31–40Foliation, 19–24, 31, 33–35, 37–42,

44, 46, 57, 60, 85, 142, 179, 184,186–192, 194–196, 198–201, 204,207–210, 214–217, 219, 233, 235,238, 242

Fossil earthquake, 1, 225, 234, 266Fractal, 145, 148, 150Fractal dimension, 145, 148, 150–151Fracture-fill vein, 243, 250Fragment, 62, 72, 81–83, 109, 112–113,

115–116, 120, 126, 139–140,145–147, 149–150, 152–155, 157,167, 202–203, 217, 275, 297

Fragmentation, 65, 145, 254Fregon subdomain, 179, 181Frictional coefficient, 41, 43, 285, 289,

319Frictional fusion, 105, 170, 175, 178,

265–266, 269Frictional melt, 2, 13, 48, 60, 62, 64–66,

83–84, 86, 89, 92, 97–99, 105, 122,127, 130–131, 145, 157, 159, 165,170–171, 173, 175, 281, 283, 286,289, 292–295, 300, 313, 316

Frictional melting, 2, 7–8, 12–15, 23,26, 48, 92, 97–98, 105, 130–131,148, 157–159, 170–177, 179, 212,222, 254, 257, 265, 280, 283–287,289–295, 298, 304, 312, 315–319

Frictional milling, 294

344 Index

Frictional regime (FR), 19, 44–45Fuyun Fault, 15, 47–48, 50–52, 55, 57,

76–86, 91–92, 105, 109, 112, 122,126, 128, 130, 135, 160, 169–172,269

Fuyun M, 8.0 earthquake, 50

Gabbro, 172, 175, 287–288, 290,292–295, 298, 300–302, 304–308,317, 319

Garnet, 39, 80, 111, 119, 121, 126, 128,131, 133, 137, 187, 194, 196–197,203–205, 219

Gasification, 97–98Gas pressurization, 174–175Gas–solid–liquid system, 255–256, 315Gas–solid system, 83, 255–256Generation zone, 51, 60, 62, 64–68,

70, 73, 100, 139–141, 147, 176,181–182, 214, 295–297

Geothermal gradient, 40, 46, 136, 178,212, 218–221, 258

Geothermometer, 171Glass, 12–15, 48, 72, 75, 78–81, 90–99,

103, 106, 113, 136–137, 151, 162,164–167, 169, 171–172, 175, 225,237, 254, 265–266, 269, 274–280,283, 300–303, 305–307, 310–314,317–318

Glass material, 48, 90, 92, 97, 254, 275Glass-type pseudotachylyte, 79–80, 93,

96, 97, 167Glassy matrix, 7, 57, 72, 75, 78, 84, 91,

93, 96, 113, 136, 141, 159, 171,277, 302, 304, 308–309

Globular, 111–112Gole Larghe Fault Zone, 71–72Granite, 9–10, 24, 28, 31–33, 35, 37–40,

93, 122, 126, 135–136, 141, 150,163–164, 166, 179, 227–228, 237,243–245, 269, 275, 287, 289–291,293, 298–304, 306–311, 317–319

Granular, 106, 110, 128, 277Granulite facies, 48, 178–179, 181,

185–186, 220, 223Granulite-related pseudotachylyte

(G-Pt), 178–179, 181, 183, 186,189, 192–197, 199–203, 205,219–220, 223

Greenschist facies, 46, 178, 212, 221Grossular, 111, 121, 128, 130–131, 133,

137Groundwater level, 41, 260–261, 263

Halo, 81, 89Hardness high-velocity frictional

experiment, 48, 97–98, 105, 172,174–175, 257, 280, 284–291, 295,319

Heterogeneous, 72, 75, 98–99, 159–160,170, 210, 245, 284, 293, 299, 304,317, 319

Hiddaka Metamorphic Zone, 172High-velocity frictional melting, 15,

130–131, 172, 175–176, 212,283–284, 289–290, 292–293, 298,304, 312, 315

Holloysite, 43Hornblende, 80, 109, 111–112, 114–115,

119, 121–122, 126–128, 130, 133,135–137, 176, 199, 204, 206,217–219, 249, 290, 298

Host rock, 6–8, 11, 13, 15, 23, 30, 62,72, 93, 96, 112, 122–127, 137, 150,153, 159–171, 175, 179, 181–184,186, 190–192, 196, 204, 214, 225,233, 235, 243, 245–246, 250, 255,258, 260, 266, 269, 272, 278–279,281, 283, 296, 298, 300–301,303–304, 307–308, 317

Hyalomylonite, 6, 265Hydration, 98, 174–175Hydraulic friction, 286Hydraulic pressure, 286–287Hydrofracturing, 41Hydrothermal fluid, 254, 263

Igneous dike, 57Iida-Matsukawa Fault, 8, 148–150,

152–153, 156, 226–227, 229–232,239–242, 245–246, 254

Illite, 43Ilmenite, 111, 119, 128, 130, 132, 196,

203, 205Incohesive cataclastic rocks, 19, 23India Mw7.6 earthquake, 222Infiltration of surface water, 257,

260–261, 263

Index 345

Injection gouge vein, 245Injection mylonite, 6Injection vein, 9, 15, 29, 51, 60–64, 67,

73, 81, 99, 134, 141, 172, 175, 182,187, 189, 195, 199, 204, 207, 211,225–226, 228–232, 242, 245–246,250, 254–256, 277, 293, 295–297,315–316

Interlayered fault gouge, 232, 234, 238,246

Interlayered pseudotachylyte, 233,238–240, 246

Intracontinental earthquake, 41, 212,223

Intracontinental fault zone, 41, 47Isotherm, 157Isotopic data, 258Itoigawa–Shizuoka Tectonic Line Active

Fault Zone, 226–229Ivrea Verbano Fault Zone, 169

Kaolinite, 43Kobe Mw 7.2 earthquake, 17, 226Kofels landslide, 265–266Kunlun Mw 7.8 earthquake, 70, 222,

257

Landslide, 96, 265–267, 269, 271–273,277, 280–281

Landslide-generated pseudotachylyte,265–266, 280

Landslide-origin molten material, 265Langtang Himayala landslide, 102, 143,

266–269, 271, 280Lath-like, 106, 110, 114, 122, 187, 190,

196, 204, 276–277Laumontite, 245, 249–250Layered fault gouge, 232–234, 238, 246Lewisian gneiss, 10Liquid pressure, 99–100Lithic clast, 139Lithic fragment, 139Lithic porphyroclast, 139Lithoclast, 139Lithology, 43, 140–141, 181Lithostatic depth, 42Lithostatic pressure, 98–100, 103, 280Lubricant, 2, 98

Macpherson model, 103

Magnetic susceptibility, 82, 129, 134,135

Magnetite, 88, 102, 111, 128–131, 205,291

Magnus effect, 83Marine-origin fluid, 260Matrix, 6–7, 9–10, 12–14, 24–25, 28,

30, 33, 35, 39, 41, 57, 65, 68,72, 75, 78–84, 86, 90–91, 93–94,96–98, 106, 113, 118–119, 128,136, 140–141, 145, 148, 151–152,159–160, 162–171, 175, 187–188,191, 195–196, 202, 204–206,208–211, 214, 225, 238, 240–241,254, 265, 272, 274–277, 280, 283,300, 302, 304, 307–313, 318

Melt, 1–2, 7–8, 13–15, 23, 48, 60, 62–66,68, 72–73, 78, 82–84, 86, 88–90,92, 95–103, 105–106, 122, 127–131,135–137, 141, 143–145, 151–152,155–157, 159–160, 162–165, 167,169–176, 179, 181, 187, 204,211–215, 225–227, 240, 253–256,265, 269, 272, 275, 277, 281,283–284, 286, 288–289, 292–295,298, 300, 303, 313, 315–319

Melting point, 153, 171, 173–174, 275,281, 316, 318–319

Melt-origin pseudotachylyte, 7–8, 48,72, 78, 83–84, 90, 98, 102, 105,128–130, 141, 143, 151–152,155–156, 159–160, 164, 171,204, 213–214, 225–227, 240, 253,255–256, 275, 283–284, 315–316

Metamorphism, 7, 14, 57, 75, 90, 95,130, 136, 186, 197, 220

Meteoric water, 258–263Meteorite impact, 1, 5–7, 9–10, 140–141Mica fish, 32–33, 35–36Microcrack, 28, 206, 256, 258, 291Microcrystalline-type, 81–82Microfault, 71, 191Microlite, 9, 12, 14–15, 57, 75, 78,

80–81, 83–84, 90, 92, 95, 97,105–137, 141, 144, 151, 154,167, 171, 187, 190, 193, 195–198,202–205, 211–212, 214, 217, 225,254, 266, 275–276, 280, 283–284,316, 318

346 Index

Microlitic mylonite, 6Microlitic-type, 83Microshear, 32–34, 36–37, 40–42Mixed-type, 84, 91, 111Moine Thrust, 10Molten material, 7–8, 96, 129, 147,

170, 256, 265–266, 272, 284, 294,298–301, 304, 313, 316

Molten zone, 283–284, 319Montmorillonite, 43, 245–246Mulga Park subdomain, 179Mylonite, 10, 19, 23–24, 26, 33, 35–37,

39, 45–46, 60, 136, 178–179,181–184, 186–187, 190, 192–194,196, 198–200, 204, 206–207,209–211, 213–217, 219–221

Mylonite-related pseudotachylyte(M-Pt), 45, 177–179, 181–184,186–201, 204–212, 213–223

Mylonitic foliation, 21, 57, 85, 179, 184,189–190, 194–195, 199–200, 204,207, 214

Mylonitic rocks, 10, 19–25, 32, 40,44–46, 48, 82, 135, 151, 177, 190,209, 219–220, 223

Mylonitization, 5, 12–13, 39–40, 46,183, 186, 190, 200, 204, 208–210,218–220, 223, 265

Newtonian fluid, 83Newtonian suspension, 84, 87Nojima Fault, 17, 28–29, 33, 37–39,

47, 130, 153, 156, 226, 232–240,243–246, 250–253, 256–258,260–261, 263

Non-crystalline, 90–91, 93, 96–97, 241,245, 254, 275, 301

Non-equilibrium, 122, 127–128, 281,284, 316–318, 319

Non-foliated cataclastic rock, 28–31Normal stress, 41–43, 173–175, 212,

281, 287, 289–290, 292, 315–316,319

North Anatolian Fault Zone, 258, 260

Osumi Shear Zone, 156Outer Hebrides Thrust, 9, 13, 63, 65–66,

71, 86, 90, 93, 140, 142–143, 172,177, 221

Overgrowth, 111–112, 115, 118, 136

Paired generation zone, 64–66, 68Peru Mw8.2 earthquake, 222Pine-like, 109–110, 115Plagioclase, 80, 90–92, 109, 111–112,

115, 117–120, 122, 124, 133,135–137, 167, 187, 193–194,196, 200, 202–205, 209, 211–212,216–219, 246, 250, 279, 290–291,297, 300, 302–304, 307–308, 314,316–318

Plastic-dominated regime, 177, 179,188, 215, 217–221, 223

Plastic flow regime, 18, 46, 193, 218,223–224

Plastic instability, 177, 221–223Plastic-instability model, 221Plumose, 109–110, 115Pore fluid pressure, 41–42, 97, 175, 287Porphyroclast, 24, 32, 46, 102, 139, 206,

208–210, 216–217Pressurization, 62, 98–99, 174–175Primary cohesion, 23, 25–26Propagation model, 221ProtocataclasiteProtomylonite, 19, 24–25PseudotachylytePyroxene, 80, 111, 119, 121, 126,

127–129, 133, 136–137, 187, 194,202, 290–291, 297–298, 300–302,307–308, 317, 319

Qinling-Dabie Shan collisional orogenicbelt, 178–179, 197, 206–207, 216,219

Quartz, 32–33, 36, 40–41, 45–46,78–83, 88–96, 102–103, 106, 109,111–113, 115–116, 118, 120–121,136, 151, 153, 155, 165, 167,171–172, 176, 187, 190, 194, 196,198–200, 202, 204, 206, 209, 211,214, 216–217, 219–221, 223, 237,245–246, 249–250, 275, 277, 279,281, 289–291, 293, 299–303, 308,312, 314, 316–319

Quartz-feathery, 109–110Quartzite, 290–291, 293, 308, 312–314,

316–317

Index 347

Quartzo-feldspathic continental crust,44–46

Quartz vein, 291Quasi-conglomerate, 140–141

Quasi-plastic (QP), 44–45Quenching, 13–14, 97, 105, 127,

136–137, 169, 187, 204

Recrystallization, 22–24, 46, 88, 139,214, 217, 221, 223

Redbank Shear Zone, 177

Reservoir zone, 60Rheology, 41, 43, 286Riedel shear, 32, 65, 68

Rock-forming mineral, 40–41, 46, 96,165, 167, 171–172, 174, 214, 245,250, 275, 298

Rotary-shear high-velocity frictiondevice, 287

Roundness, 153–155, 157–158, 209

Saint-Barthkemy Massif, 177–178San Andreas Fault, 10, 17, 40–42, 148,

150

Sandwich structure, 232–233San Gabriel Fault Zone, 150Sanidine, 84, 111, 113, 119, 122, 133,

135, 137Sanidinite facies, 135Santa Rose mylonite shear zone, 8, 15,

129, 133–134S-C cataclasite, 32, 40–43, 45–46S-C fabrics, 24, 32–34, 39, 42–44, 207,

213S-C mylonite, 36, 45–46Seawater, 258–263

Seismic faulting, 1, 12, 15, 17, 19, 48, 51,97–98, 105, 130–131, 139, 173–176,178, 192–193, 204, 214–215, 217,219–220, 223, 225–226, 229, 234,242, 245, 255–258, 261–263, 265,283–284, 292, 315

Seismic pumping model, 263Seismic slip, 13, 15, 18, 45–46, 72, 157,

177, 209, 212, 218, 220, 222–223,225–226, 254–257, 283, 319

Seismite, 8Seismogenic fault zone, 40–43, 159, 223

Seismogenic zone, 41, 45–46, 178, 212,218–219, 221–223, 283

Self-similar, 145, 150–151Serpentinite, 43S-foliation, 33, 40–42Sheaf, 111–112, 115, 117, 136Sheaf aggregate, 111–112, 115Shear band, 21, 24, 32–35, 37, 40–42,

206, 209, 234Shear resistance (τ ), 41, 97–98, 218,

222–223, 318Shear strain energy, 221, 223Shear strength, 41, 46, 97–98, 176, 318Shear stress, 9, 98, 174–175, 219, 283,

286, 289–290, 318Shear zone, 18–19, 22–23, 32, 38–39,

44–45, 48, 64–65, 67–69, 82, 99,156, 172, 177, 179, 181–184, 186,188, 192, 197–199, 214–215, 217,219–223, 258, 292, 295–296, 298,315

Sheath-fold-like structure, 82, 86Siderite, 245–246, 249–250, 260Sidewall ripout, 64–65, 68Similar-type fold, 82–83, 85–86Simple group, 106–109Single generation zone, 64–65, 67–68Skeletal group, 109–110Slab duplex, 65Slip weakening, 8, 319Solid-gas-fluid system, 15Solid-gas system, 12Solid solution, 290–291, 308, 316Spherulite, 9, 12, 14, 108, 112, 115–116,

118–119, 121–122, 167, 169, 187Spherulitic, 83, 102, 106, 111–120, 126,

128, 131, 135–137, 141, 144, 154,187, 190, 193, 196, 198, 203

Spherulitic group, 112–118Spider-like, 84, 106, 110, 113, 135–137Spinel, 111, 119, 128, 132S-surface, 32–34, 36, 40, 206, 213Stellate, 111–112, 115, 118Stress relaxation, 221Stretching lineation, 197–199Subduction zone, 47, 176Suction pumping model, 262–263Surface water, 30, 252, 257–258, 260,

261, 263

348 Index

Tabular-skeletal, 109Tachylyte, 5Taiwan Mw 7.6 earthquake, 266Tectonic-generated pseudotachylyte, 1Tectonic-related pseudotachylyte, 47Tensile strength, 99–100Tensional fracture, 60, 65, 236, 258Thermal fluctuation, 221Thermal fracturing, 289, 291, 293Thermal pressurization, 62, 98–99,

174–175Three-layer fault model, 45Transition regime, 45Transportation, 83, 152Trap-shotten, 10Trap-shotten gneiss, 6Trichitic, 106, 113, 118, 120Tsaoling landslide, 271–272Two-layer fault model, 44–45

Ultracataclasite, 323Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP), 178–179,

216–217, 219Ultraman-daina, 1–2Ultramylonite, 19, 24–25, 27, 45, 177,

181–184, 188, 190, 192, 194–195,199, 207, 219–220

Ultramylonite-associated pseudotachy-lyte (Um-Pt), 177, 179, 181–184,186, 188–192, 195, 218–220, 223

U-shaped flow streak, 84

Veinlet, 7–9, 12, 15, 29, 60, 194, 234,244, 256, 258

Veinlet cataclastic rock, 12, 225–226,237, 244, 253, 257

Velocity-weakening, 319Vermiculite, 43Vesicle, 12–15, 84–89, 97–99, 101–103,

169, 171, 175, 225, 254, 269–270,275, 277, 283, 294, 297–298, 315

Vesiculation, 103Viscosity, 62, 173–175, 284, 318Vitreous luster, 79–80, 227Volcanic glass, 12, 91, 96, 137, 274, 277Vredefort Dome structure, 5

Wall effect, 83, 141Woodroffe Thrust, 45, 48, 50, 53–54,

56–60, 62–63, 65–66, 68, 70, 90, 93,156, 162, 172, 177–179, 181–183,185–203, 205, 208, 214–215,219–221, 223

Xenoclast, 139Xenolith, 139X-ray diffraction pattern, 78–80, 90–93,

96, 279, 315X-ray fluorescence, 159X–Z section, 19, 31, 33–34, 210

Yangtze continental block, 216

Zoning structure, 102, 116, 169