REFERENCES - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35240/14/14...Impact of grazing,...

REFERENCES

Impact of grazing, epiphytism and lower pH on biomass production of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva

119 M. Arunjit Singh, PhD Thesis, University of Delhi, 2012

REFERENCES

Adnan, H. and Porse, H. 1987. Culture of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum in Indonesia. Hydrobiologia. 151/152: 355-358.

Aguilan, J.T., Broom, J.E., Hemmingson, J.A., Dayrit, F.M., Montaño, M.N.E., Dancel, M.C.A., Ninõnuevo, M.R. and Furneaux, R.H. 2003. Structural analysis of carrageenan from farmed varieties of Philippines seaweed. Bot. Mar. 46: 179-192.

Aguirre-von-Wobeser, E., Figueroa, F.L. and Cabello-Pasini, A. 2001. Photosynthesis and growth of the red and green morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) from the Philippines. Mar. Biol. 138: 679-686.

Allen, S.E. 1989. Chemical analysis of ecological materials (II). Blackwell Sci. Publ. Oxford, London. Pp. 368.

Alstyne, V.K.L. 1989. Adventitious branching as a herbivore-induced defense in the intertidal brown alga Fucus distichus. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 56: 169-176.

Andrews, J.H. 1979. Pathology of seaweeds: current status and future prospects. Experientia. 35: 429-570.

Anthony, K.R.N., Maynard, J.A., Diaz-Pulido, G., Mumby, P.J., Marshalls, P.A., Cao, L. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 2011. Ocean acidification and warming will lower reef resilience. Glob. Change Biol. 17: 1798-1808.

Arasaki, S. and Arasaki, T. 1983. Vegetables from the Sea. Japan Publ. Inc., Tokyo. 96: 223-251.

Areces, A.J. 1995. Cultivo comercial de carragenofitas del genero Kappaphycus Doty. In: Manual de Métodos Ficológicos (eds.) by K. Alveal, M.E. Ferrario, E.C. Oliveira & E. Sar), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción. pp. 529-549.

Ask, E.I. 2006. Cultivating cottonii and spinosum: a “how to” guide, In: A.T. Critchley, M. Ohno and D.B. Largo (eds.) World Seaweed Resources - An Authoritative



Reference System. ISBN 90 7500080 4, ETI Information Services, UK. DVD-ROM.

Ask, E.I. and Azanza, R.V. 2002. Advances in cultivation technology of commercial eucheumatoid species: a review with suggestions for future research. Aquaculture. 206: 257-277.

Ask, E.I., Batibasaga, A., Zertuche-González, J.A. and De San, M. 2001. Three decades of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta) introduction to non-endemic locations. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp. 17: 49-57.

Athiperumalsami, T., Kumar, V. and Jesudass, L.L. 2008. Survey and phytochemical analysis of seagrasses in the Gulf of Mannar, southeast coast of India. Bot. Mar. 51: 269-277.

Azanza-Corrales, R. 1990. The farmed Eucheuma species in Danajon Reef, Philippines: vegetative and reproductive structures. J. Appl. Phycol. 2: 57-62.

Azanza-Corrales, R., Mamauag, S.S., Alfiler, E. and Orolfo, M.J. 1992. Reproduction in Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins and Hervey and Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva farmed in Danajon Reef, Philippines. Aquaculture. 103: 29-34.

Ballantine, D.L. 1979. The distribution of algal epiphytes on macrophyte hosts offshore from La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Bot. Mar. 22: 107-111.

Barraca, R.T. 1999. Guided Training Manual: Development of seaweed farming enterprise. Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP), Cebu City, Philippines.

Barry, J.P. and Ehret, M.J. 1993. Diet, food preference, and algal availability for fishes and crabs on intertidal reef communities in Southern California. Environ. Biol. Fish. 37: 75-95.

Baweja, P. 2001. Developmental and Histochemical studies on Grateloupia filicina (Lamouroux) C. Agardh-An important carrageenophyte. Thesis, M. Phil. University of Delhi, Delhi.



Beardall, J., Beer, S. and Raven, J.A. 1998. Biodiversity of marine plants in an era of climate change: some predictions based on physiological performance. Bot. Mar. 41: 113-123.

Bellion, C., Brigand, G., Prome, J.C., Welti, D. and Bociek, S. 1983. Identification et caractérisation des précurseurs biologiques descarraghénanes par spectroscopie de R.M.N.-13C. Carbohydr. Res. 119: 31-48.

Berner, T. 1990. Coral reef algae. In: Ecosystems of the World. (Z. Dubinsky, ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam. 25: 253-264.

Bernstein, B.B. and Jung, N. 1979. Selective pressure and co-evolution in a kelp canopy community in southern California. Ecol. Monogr. 49: 335-355.

Bezerra, A.F. and Marinho, S.E. 2010. Cultivation of the red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in tropical waters of northeast Brazil. Biomass Bioenerg. 34: 1813-1817.

Bindu, M.S. 2011. Empowerment of coastal communities in cultivation and processing of Kappaphycus alvarezii-a case study at Vizhinjam village, Kerala, India. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 157-163.

Bindu, M.S. and Levine, I.A. 2011. The commercial red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii-an overview on farming and environment. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 789-796.

Bittick, S.J., Bilotti, N.D., Peterson, H.A. and Stewart, H.L. 2010. Turbinaria ornata as an herbivory refuge for associate algae. Mar. Biol. 157: 317-323.

Bixler, H.J. and Porse, H. 2011. A decade of change in seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 321-335.

Bolinches, J., Lemos, M.L. and Barja, J.L. 1988. Population dynamics of heterotrophic bacterial communities associated with Fucus vesiculosus and Ulva rigida in an estuary. Microb. Ecol. 15: 345-357.



Borlongan, I.A.G., Tibubos, K.R., Yunque, D.A.T., Hurtado, A.Q. and Critchley, A.T. 2011. Impact of AMPEP on the growth and occurrence of epiphytic Neosiphonia infestation on two varieties of commercially cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii grown at different depths in the Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 615-621.

Bouck, G.B. 1962. Chromatophore development, pits and other fine structure in the red alga, Lomentaria baileyana (Harv) Farlow. J. Cell Biol. 12: 553-569.

Bouzon, Z.L. 2006. Histoquímica e ultra-estrutura da ontogênese dos tetrasporângios de Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V. Lamouroux (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Rev. Bras. Bot. 29: 229-238.

Bouzon, Z.L., Ferreira, E.C., Santos, R., Horta, P.A., Maraschin, M., Schmidt, E.C. 2011. Influences of cadmium on fine structure and metabolism of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultivated in-vitro. Protoplasma. 248: doi 10.1007/s00709-011-0301-6.

Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M. and Inze, D. 1992. Superoxide dismutase and stress tolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Mol. Biol. 43: 83-116.

Braud, J.P. and Perez, R. 1979. Farming on pilot scale of Eucheuma spinosum (Florideophyceae) in Djibouti waters. Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp. 9: 533-539.

Brown, C.J., Schoeman, D.S., Sydeman, W.J., Brander, K., Buckley, L.B., Burrows, M., Duarte, C.M., Moore, P.J., Pandolfi, J.M., Poloczanska, E., Venables, W. and Richardson, A.J. 2011. Quantitative approaches in climate change ecology. Glob. Change Biol. 17: 3697-3713.

Bulboa, C.R. and Paula, E.J. 2005. Introduction of non-native species of Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in subtropical waters: comparative analysis of growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum in-vitro and in the sea in Southeastern Brazil. Phycol. Res. 53: 183-188.

Buschmann, A. and Gómez, P. 1993. Interaction mechanisms between Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) and epiphytes. Hydrobiologia. 260/261: 345-351.



Buschmann, A.H., Mora, O.A., Gómez, P., Böttger, M., Buitano, S., Retamales, C., Vergara, P.A. and Gutierrez, A. 1994. Gracilaria chilensis outdoor tank cultivation in Chile: use of land-based salmon culture effluents. Aquac. Eng. 13: 283-300.

Caceres, C.W., Fuentes, L.S. and Ojeda, F.P. 1994. Optimal feeding strategy of the temperate herbivorous fish Aplodactylus punctatus: the effects of food availability on digestive and reproductive patterns. Oecologia. 99: 118-123.

Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M.E. 2003. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature. 425: 365.

Campo, V.L., Kawano, D.F., da Silva, D.B. Jr. and Carvalho, I. 2009. Carrageenans: Biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis-A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 77: 167-180.

Carpenter, S.R. and Lodge, D.M. 1986. Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes. Aquat. Bot. 26: 341-370.

Carter, A.R. and Anderson, R.J. 1986. Seasonal growth and agar contents in Gelidium pristoides (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta) from Port Alfred, South Africa. Bot. Mar. 29: 117-123.

Cebrian, J., Enriquez, S., Fortes, M., Agawin, N., Vermaat, J.E. and Duarte, C.M. 1999. Epiphyte accrual on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile leaves: implications for light absorption. Bot. Mar. 42: 123-128.

Cheney, D., Metz, B., Levy, K.I., Levine, I. and Rudolph, B. 1997. Genetic manipulation and strain improvement of commercially valuable, phycocolloid producing seaweeds. Abstracts, 4th International Marine Biotechnology Conference, pp. 58.

Cheney, D., Rudolph, B., Wang, L.Z., Metz, B., Watson, K., Roberts, K. and Levine, I. 1998. Genetic manipulation and strain improvement in commercially valuable red seaweeds. In: Le Gal and Halvorson (eds) New developments in marine biotechnology, pp. 101-104.



Cheney, D.P. and Dawes, C.J. 1981. Taxonomic studies of the Florida species of Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): I. Initial considerations. In: Levring, T. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 10th International seaweed symposium, vol. 8. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 59-66.

Chittaro, P.M., Usseglio, P. and Sale, P. 2005. Variation in fish density, assemblage composition and relative rates of predation among mangrove, seagrass and coral reef habitats. Environ. Biol. Fish. 72: 175-187.

Chopin, T. and Whalen, E. 1993. A new and rapid method for carrageenan identification by FTIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy directly on dried, ground algal material. Carbohydr. Res. 246: 51-59.

Chung, I.K., Beardall, J., Mehta, S., Sahoo, D. and Stojkovic, S. 2011. Using marine macroalgae for carbon sequestration: a critical appraisal. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 877-886.

Collén, J., Mtolera, M., Abrahamsson, K., Semesi, A. and Pedersén, M. 1995. Farming and physiology of the red algae Eucheuma: growing commercial importance in East Africa. Ambio. 24: 497-501.

Conklin, K.Y., Kurihara, A. and Sherwood, A.R. 2009. A molecular method for identification of the morphologically plastic invasive algal genera Eucheuma and Kappaphycus (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in Hawaii. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 691-699.

Cornwall, C.E., Hepburn, C.D., Pritchard, D., Currie, K.I., McGraw, C.M., Hunter, K.A. and Hurd, C.L. 2012. Carbon use-strategies in macroalgae: differential responses to lowered pH and implications for ocean acidification. J. Phycol. 48: 137-144.

Correa, J.A. and Mclachlan, J.L. 1994. Endophytic algae of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). V. Fine structure of the infection by Acrochaete operculata (Chlorophyta). Eur. J. Phycol. 29: 33-47.



Correa, J.A. and Sánchez, P.A. 1996. Ecological aspects of algal infectious diseases. Hydrobiologia. 326/327: 89-95.

Craigie, J.S. 1990. Cell walls. In: Biology of the Red Algae. (eds) by K.M. Cole & R.G. Sheath. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 221-257.

Critchley, A.T., Largo, D.B., Wee, W., Bleicher, L.G. and Hurtado, A.Q. 2004. A preliminary summary on Kappaphycus farming and the impact of epiphytes. Jpn. J. Phycol. 52: 231-232.

Dang, D.H., Hoang, M.H., Ngo, H.T., Hoang, S.N., Huynh, Q.N. and Tran, M.D. 2008. Analysis of the genetic variation of Eucheuma and Kappaphycus strains in Vietnam using RAPD markers. In: Phang SM, Lewmanomont K, Lim PE (eds), Taxonomy of Southeast Asian seaweeds. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

D’Antonio, C. 1985. Epiphytes on the rocky intertidal red alga Rhodomela larix (Turner) C. Agardh: negative effects on the host and food for herbivores. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 86: 197-218.

Dawes, C.J. 1998. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of offshore seaweed farming for bioenergy and biobased products. Independent research and development report IR # PNWD-3931, Battelle Pacific Northwest Division, Marine Botany. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp 115-480.

Dawes, C.J. and Koch, E.W. 1991. Branch microprapagule and tissue culture of the red alga Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii farmed in the Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 247-257.

Dawes, C.J., Lluisma, A.O. and Trono, G.C. 1994. Laboratory and field growth studies of commercial strains of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol. 6: 21-24.

Dawes, C.J., Mathieson, A.C. and Cheney, D.P. 1974. Ecological studies of Floridean Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): I. Seasonal growth and reproduction. Bull. Mar. Sci. 24: 235-273.



Dawes, C.J., Moon, R.E. and LaClaire, J. 1976. Photosynthetic responses of the red alga, Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux (Gigartinales). Bull. Mar. Sci. 26: 467-473.

Dawes, C.J., Stanley, N.F. and Stancioff, D.J. 1977. Seasonal reproductive aspects, chemistry and iota carrageenan from floridian Eucheuma (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). Bot. Mar. 2: 137-147.

Dawes, C.J., Trono, G.C. Jr. and Lluisma, A.O. 1993. Clonal propagation of Euchuema denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii for Philippines seaweed farms. Hydrobiologia. 260/261: 379-383.

De Boer, J.A. 1981. Nutrients. In: Lobban, C.S. and M.J. Wynne (eds.), The biology of seaweeds, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 359-391.

de Paula, E.J., Erbert, C. and Pereira, R.T. 2001. Growth rate of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) in-vitro. Phycol. Res. 49: 155-161.

Devlin, W.S. and Gustine, D.L. 1992. Involvement of the oxidative burst in phytoalexin accumulation and hypersensitive reaction. Plant Physiol. 100: 1189-1195.

Dixon, J., Schroeter, S.C. and Kastendick, J. 1981. Effects of encrusting bryozoans, Mernbranipora membranacea on the loss of blades and fronds by the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales). J. Phycol. 17: 341-345.

Dorenbosch, M., Grol, M.G.G., Christianen, M.J.A., Nagelkerken, I. and Van Der Velde, G. 2005. Indo-Pacific seagrass beds and mangroves contribute to fish density and diversity on adjacent coral reefs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 302: 63-76.

Doty, M.S. 1973. Farming the red seaweed Eucheuma for carrageenans. Micronesica. 9: 59-73.

Doty, M.S. 1977. Eucheuma-current marine agronomy. In: The Marine Plant biomass of the Pacific Northwest coast. Krauss, R.W. (ed.), Oregon state University Press, Corvallis. pp. 203-204.



Doty, M.S. 1978. Eucheuma-current marine agronomy. In: Krauss, R.W. (Ed.), The Marine Plant Biomass of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Oregon State Univ. Press, Corvallis, OR, pp. 203-214.

Doty, M.S. 1985a. Eucheuma alvarezii, sp. Nov. (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from Malaysia. In: Taxonomy of economic seaweeds: With reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species. Abbott, I. A., Norris, J. N. (eds.), California Sea Grant College Program. Rep. T-CSGCP-011, La Jolla, California, pp. 37-45.

Doty, M.S. 1985b. Eucheuma species (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) that are major sources of carrageenan. Taxonomy of economic seaweeds: With reference to some pacific and Caribbean species. In: Abbott, I. A., Norris, J. N. (eds.), California Sea Grant College Program. Rep. T-CSGCP-011, La Jolla, California, pp. 47-61.

Doty, M.S. 1987. The production and use of Eucheuma. In: Case studies of seven commercial seaweed resources. Doty M.S. Caddy J.F. Santelices B. (eds), FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 281. FAO, Rome, pp. 123-161.

Doty, M.S. 1988. Prodromus Ad systematica Eucheumatoideorum: A tribe of commercial seaweed related to Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales). In: Taxonomy of economic seaweeds: With reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species, Abbott, I. A., (Ed.), Vol. II. California Sea Grant College Program. Rep. T- CSGCP-011, La Jolla, California, pp. 159-207.

Doty, M.S. and Alvarez, V.B. 1975. Status, problems, advances and economics of Eucheuma farms. Mar. Tech. Soc. J. 9: 30-35.

Doty, M.S. and Norris, J.N. 1985. Eucheuma species (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) that are major sources of carrageenan. In: Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. Abbott, I. A. (ed.), California Sea Grant College Program, La Jolla, California, pp. 47-61.

Dubois, M., Gilles, F.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A. and Smith, F. 1956. Colorimetric method for the determination of sugars and related substance. Anal. Chem. 28: 350-356.



Duckett, J.G., Buchanan, J.S., Peel, M.C. and Martin, M.T. 1974. An ultrastructural study of pit connections and percurrent proliferations in the red alga Nemalion helminthoides (Vell. in with.) Batt. New Phytol. 73: 497-506.

Ensminger, A.H., Ensminger, M.E., Konlande, J.E. and Robson, J.R.K. 1995. The concise encyclopedia of foods and nutrition.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Eswaran, K., Ghosh, P.K. and Mairh, O.P. 2002. Experimental field cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex. P. Silva at Mandapam region. Seaweed Res. Util. 24: 67-72.

FAO 2012. Global aquaculture production 1950-2009. http:// www.fao.org/fishery/statistics/global-aquacultureproduction/ query/en, accessed in Oct 2011.

Fayaz, M., Namitha, K.K., Chidambara Murthy, K.N., Mahadeva Swamy, M., Sarada, R., Khanam, S. Subbarao, P.V. and Ravishankar, G.A. 2005. Chemical composition, iron bioavailability and antioxidant activity of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty). J. Agric. Food Chem. 53: 792-797.

Feder, N. and O′Brien, T.P. 1968. Plant Microtechnique: some principles and new methods. Am. J. Bot. 55: 123-142.

Fletcher, R.L. 1995. Epiphytism and fouling in Gracilaria cultivation: an overview. J. Appl. Phycol. 7: 325-333.

Fredericq, S., Freshwater, D.W. and Hommersand, M.H. 1999. Observations on the phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the Solieriaceae (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) inferred from rbcL sequences and morphological evidence. Hydrobiologia. 399: 25-38.

Frei, E. and Preston, R.D. 1962. Configuration of alginic acid in marine brown algae. Nature. London. 196: 130-134.

Freile-Pelegrín, Y. and Robledo, D. 2008. Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Nicaragua. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 537-541.



Freile-Pelegrín, Y., Robledo, D. and Azamar, J.A. 2006. Carrageenan of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Yucatán, Mexico. I. Effect of extraction conditions. Bot. Mar. 49: 65-71.

Fridovich, I. 1986. Biological effects of the superoxide radical. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 247: 1-11.

Friedlander, M. 1992. Gracilaria conferta and its epiphytes: the effect of culture condition on growth. Bot. Mar. 35: 423-428.

Froese, R. and Pauly, D. 2007. Fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. http://www.fishbase.org. Cited February 2007.

Gabrielson, P.W. 1983. Vegetative and reproductive morphology of Eucheuma isiforme (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 19: 45-52.

Gachon, C.M.M., Sime-Ngando, T., Strittmatter, M., Chambouvet, A. and Kim, G.H. 2010. Algal diseases: spotlight on a black box. Trends Plant Sci. 15: 633-640.

Ganesan, M., Thiruppathi, S., Sahu, N., Rengarajan, N., Veeragurunathan, V. and Jha, M. 2006. In situ observations on preferential grazing seaweeds by some herbivores. Curr. Sci. 91: 1556-1660.

Gao, K., Aruga, Y., Asada, K., Ishihara, T., Akano, T. and Kiyohara, M. 1991. Enhanced growth of the red alga Porphyra yezoensis Ueda in high CO2 concentrations. J. Appl. Phycol. 3: 355-362.

Gao, K., Aruga, Y., Asada, K. and Kiyohara, M. 1993. Influenced of enhanced CO2 on growth and photosynthesis of the red algae Gracilaria sp. and G. chilensis. J. Appl. Phycol. 5: 563-571.

Gao, K. and McKinley, K.R. 1994. Use of macroalgae for marine biomass production and CO2 remediation: a review. J. Appl. Phycol. 6: .45-60.

Garcìa-Sánchez, M.J., Fernández, J.A. and Niell, F.X. 1994. Effect of inorganic carbon supply on the photosynthetic physiology of Gracilaria tenuistipitata. Planta. 194: 55-61.



Gerung, G.S. and Ohno, M. 1997. Growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins et Harvey and Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty under different conditions in warm waters of Southern Japan. J. Appl. Phycol. 9: 413-415.

Glenn, E.P. and Doty, M.S. 1981. Photosynthesis and respiration of the tropical red seaweeds, Eucheuma striatum (Tambalang and elkhorn varieties) and E. denticulatum. Aquat. Bot. 10: 353-364.

Glenn, E.P. and Doty, M.S. 1992. Water motion affects the growth rates of Kappaphycus alvarezii and related red seaweeds. Aquaculture. 108: 233-246.

Góes, H.G. and Reis, R.P. 2011. An initial comparison of tubular netting versus tie-tie methods of cultivation for Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) on the south coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 607-613.

Góes, H.G. and Reis, R.P. 2012. Temporal variation of the growth, carrageenan yield and quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultivated at Sepetiba bay, southeastern Brazilian coast. J. Appl. Phycol. 24:173-180.

Gonen, Y., Kimmel, E. and Friedlander, M. 1995. Diffusion boundary layer transport in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 31: 768-773.

Gordon, E.M. and McCandless, E.L. 1973. Ultrastructure and histochemistry of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. In: Chondrus crispus. Harvey, M.J., McLachlan, J. (Eds.), Nova Sco. Inst. Sci., Halifax, pp. 111-133.

Guest, M.A., Connolly, R.M. and Loneragan, N.R. 2003. Seine nets and beam trawls compared by day and night for sampling fish and crustaceans in shallow seagrass habitat. Fish. Res. 64: 185-196.

Guillard, R.R.L. and Ryther, J.H. 1962. Studies of marine planktonic diatoms. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula conference. Cleve. Cran. J. Microbiol. 8: 229-239.

Hall-Spencer, J.M., Rodolfo-Metalpa, R., Martin, S., Ransome, E., Fine, M., Turner, S.M., Rowley, S.J., Tedesco, D. and Buia, M.C. 2008. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature. 454: 96-99.



Harley, C.D.G., Hughes, R.A., Hultgren, K.M., Miner, B.G., Sorte, C.J.B., Thornber, C.S., Rodriguez, L.F., Tomanek, L. and Williams, S.L. 2006. The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems. Ecol. Lett. 9: 228-241.

Hay, M.E. 1981. Herbivory, algal distribution and the maintenance of between habitat diversity on a tropical fringing reef. Am. Nat. 118: 520-540.

Hay, M.E. and Fenical, W. 1988. Marine plant-herbivore interactions: the ecology of chemical defense. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 19: 111-145.

Hay, M.E., Renaud, P.E. and Fenical, W. 1988. Large mobile versus small sedentary herbivores and their resistance to seaweed chemical defenses. Oecologia. 75: 246-252.

Hay, M.E., Pawlik, J.R., Duffy, J.E. and Fenical, W. 1989. Seaweed herbivore predator interactions: host-plant specialization reduces predation on small herbivores. Oecologia 81: 418-427.

Hayashi, L., Jose, P.E. and Fungyi, C. 2007a. Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 393-399.

Hayashi, L., Oliveira, E.C., Bleicher, L.G., Boulenguer, P., Pereira, R.T.L., Seckendorff, R., Shimoda, V.T., Leflamand, A., Vallee, P. and Critchley, A.T. 2007b. The effects of selected cultivation conditions on the carrageenan characteristics of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Ubatuba Bay, Sao Paulo, Brazil. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 505-511.

Hayashi, L., Yokoya, N.S., Kikuchi, D.M. and Oliveira, E.C. 2008a. Callus induction and micropropagation improved by colchicine and phytoregulators in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae). J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 653-659.

Hayashi, L., Yokoya, N.S., Ostini, S., Pereira, R.T.L., Braga, E.S. and Oliveira, E.C. 2008b. Nutrients removed by Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in integrated cultivation with fishes in recirculating water. Aquaculture. 277: 185-191.



Hayashi, L., Santos, A.A., Faria, G.S.M., Nunes, B.G., Souza, M.S., Fonseca, A.L.D., Barreto, P.L.M., Oliveira, E.C. and Bouzon, Z.L. 2011a. Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Areschougiaceae) cultivated in subtropical waters in Southern Brazil. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 337-343.

Hayashi, L., Faria, G.S.M., Nunes, B.G., Zitta, C.S., Scariot, L.A., Rover, T., Felix, M.R.L. and Bouzon, Z.L. 2011b. Effects of salinity on the growth rate, carrageenan yield, and cellular structure of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultured in vitro. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 439-447.

Heesch, S. and Peters, A.F. 1999. Scanning electron microscopy observation of host entry by two brown algae endophytic in Laminaria saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Phycol. Res. 47: 1-5.

Hemmingson, J.A. and Furneaux, R.H. 1997. Biosynthetic activity and galactan composition in different regions of the thallus of Gracilaria chilensis Bird, McLachlan et Oliveira. Bot. Mar. 40: 351-357.

Hepburn, C.D., Pritchard, D.W., Cornwall, C.E., McLeod, R.J., Beardall, J., Raven, J.A. and Hurd, C.L. 2011. Diversity of carbon use strategies in a kelp forest community: implications for a high CO2 ocean. Glob. Change Biol. 17: 2488-2497.

Hindell, J.S., Jenkins, G.P. and Keough, M.J. 2000. Evaluating the impact of predation by fish on the assemblage structure of fishes associated to seagrass (Heterozostera tasmanica) (Martens ex Acherson) den Hartog, and unvegetated sand habitats. Estua. Coast. Shelf Sci. 255: 153-174.

Hinga, K.R. 2002. Effects of pH on coastal marine phytoplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 238: 281-300.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P.J. and Hooten, A.J. 2007. Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science. 318: 1737-1742.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. and Bruno, J.F. 2010. The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science. 328: 1523-1528.



Hoffmann, R.A., Gidley, M.J., Cooke, D. and Frith, W.J. 1995. Effect of isolation procedures on the molecular composition and physical properties of Eucheuma cottonii carrageenan. Food Hydrocoll. 9: 28l-289.

Holzinger, A., Lütz, C., Karsten, U. and Wiencke, C. 2004. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on ultrastructure and photosynthesis in the red macroalgae Palmaria palmata and Odonthalia dentata from Artic waters. Plant Biology. 6: 568-577.

Holzinger, A., Roleda, M.Y. and Lütz, C. 2009. The vegetative arctic freshwater green alga Zygnema is insensitive to experimental UV exposure. Micron. 40: 831-838.

Homziak, J., Fonseca, M.S. and Kenworthy. W.J. 1982. Macrobenthic community structure in a transplanted eelgrass meadow. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 9: 211-221.

Honkanen, T. and Jormalainen, V. 2005. Genotypic variation in tolerance and resistance to fouling in the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. Oecologia. 144: 196-205.

Horn, M.H., Murray, S.N. and Edwards, T.W. 1982. Dietary selectivity in the field and food preferences in the laboratory for two herbivorous fishes (Cebidichthys violaceus and Xiphister mucosus) from a temperate intertidal zone. Mar. Biol. 67: 237-246.

Horn, M.H., Murray, S.N., Frish, M.B. and Irelan, C.D. 1990. Diurnal feeding periodicity of an herbivorous blenniid fish, Parablennus sanguinolentus, in the western Mediterranean In: Barnes X I, Cibson RN (eds.), Trophic relationships in the marine environment. Proceedings of 24th European Marine Biology Symposium, Oban, 4-10 October, 1989. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen, pp. 170-182.

Horn, M.H. and Ojeda, F.P. 1999. Herbivory. In: Intertidal fishes: life in two worlds. Horn MH, Martin KLM, Chotkowski MA (eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, pp 197-222.



Hung, L.D., Hori, K., Nang, H.Q., Kha, T. and Hoa, L.T. 2009. Seasonal changes in growth rate, carrageenan yield and lectin content in the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivated in Camranh Bay, Vietnam. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 262-272.

Hurd, C.L. 2000. Water motion, marine macroalgal physiology, and production. J. Phycol. 36: 453-472.

Hurd, C.L., Hepburn, C.D., Currie, K.I., Raven, J.A. and Hunter, K.A. 2009. Testing the effects of ocean acidification on algal metabolism: considerations for experimental designs. J. Phycol. 45: 1236-1251.

Hurd, C.L., Cornwall, C.E., Currie, K., Hepburn, C.D., McGraw, C.M., Hunter, K.A. and Boyd, P.W. 2011. Metabolically-induced pH fluctuations by some coastal calcifiers exceed projected 22nd century ocean acidification: a mechanism for differential susceptibility? Glob. Change Biol. 17: 3254-3262.

Hurtado, A.Q. 1995. Carrageenan properties and proximate composition of three morphotypes of Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) grown at two depts. Bot. Mar. 38: 215-219.

Hurtado, A.Q., Agbayani, R.F., Sanares, R. and deCastro-Mallare, M.T.R. 2001. The seasonality and economic feasibility of cultivating Kappaphycus alvarezii in Panagatan Cays, Caluya, Antique, Philippines. Aquaculture. 199: 295-310.

Hurtado, A.Q. and Critchley, A.T. 2006. Seaweed industry of the Philippines and the problem of epiphytism in Kappaphycus farming. In: Advances in seaweed cultivation and utilization in Asia. Critchley, Phang, Ang (eds.), University of Malaya Maritime Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, pp. 21-28.

Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T., Trespoey, A. and Bleicher-Lhonneur, G. 2006. Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calaguas Is. Camarines Norte, Philippines. J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 301-306.

Hurtado, A.Q. and Biter, A.B. 2007. Plantlet regeneration of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. adik-adik by tissue culture. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 783-786.



Hurtado, A.Q., Critchley, A.T., Trespoey, A. and Bleicher-Lhonneur, G. 2008. Growth and carrageenan quality of Kappaphycus striatum var. sacol grown at different stocking densities, duration of culture and depth. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 551-555.

Hurtado, A.Q., Joe, M., Sanares, R.C., Fan, D., Prithiviraj, B. and Critchley, A.T. 2012. Investigation of the application of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) to enhance the growth, phenolic content, free radical scavenging, and iron chelating activities of Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 601-611.

Imeson, A.P. 2000. Carrageenan. In G. O. Phillips, & P. A. Williams (Eds.), Handbook of hydrocolloids Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. pp. 87-102.

Imsande, J. 1999. Iron-sulfur clusters: formation, perturbation, and physiological functions. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 37: 87-97.

Israel, A., Katz, S., Dubinsky, Z., Merrill, J.E. and Friedlander, M. 1999. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization and growth of Porphyra linearis (Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 447-453.

Istini, S., Ohno, M. and Kusunose, H. 1994. Methods of analysis for agar, carrageenan and alginate in seaweed. Bull. Mar. Sci. Fish. Kochi Univ. 14: 49-55.

Jensen, W.A. 1962. Botanical Histochemistry – Principle and Practice Vol. II. W.H. Freeman. San Francisco, U.S.A.

Jensen, A. 1993. Present and Future Needs for Alga and Algal Products. Hydrobiologia. 260/261: 15-21.

Kallarackal, J. 1974. A modified Schiff reagent for the use in Feulgen reaction. Curr. Sci. 43: 120-121.

Karez, R., Engelbert, S. and Sommer, U. 2000. `Co-consumption' and `protective coating': two new proposed effects of epiphytes on their macroalgal hosts in mesograzers epiphyte host interactions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 205: 85-93.



Keppler, L.D. and Novacky, A. 1987. The initiation of membrane lipid peroxidation during bacteria induced hypersensitive reaction. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 30: 233-245.

Kikuchi, T. 1966. An ecological study on animal communities of the Zostera marina belt in Tomioka Bay, Amakusa, Kyushu. PubI. Amakusa. Mar. Biol. Lab. 1: 1-106.

Kochzius, M. 1999. Interrelation of ichthyofauna from a seagrass meadow and coral reef in the Philippines. In “Proceedings of the 5th Indo Pacific Fish Conference, Nouméa”, ed. by Séret, B. and Sire, J-Y. Société Française d’Ichthyologie and Institut de Recherche poule Développement, Paris. pp. 517-535.

Krishnan, M. and Narayanakumar, R. 2009. Socio-economic dimensions of seaweed farming in India, Consultancy Report, Personal Services Agreement, FAO of UN, Rome, pp.103.

Krumhansl, K.A., Lee, J.M. and Scheibling, R.E. 2011. Grazing damage and encrustation by an invasive bryozoan reduce the ability of kelps to withstand breakage by waves. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 407: 12-18.

Kumar, M., Kumari, P., Trivedi, N., Shukla, M.K., Gupta, V., Reddy, C.R.K. and Jha, B. 2011. Minerals, PUFAs and antioxidant properties of some tropical seaweeds from Saurashtra coast of India. J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 797-810.

Kuschel, F.A. and Buschmann, A.H. 1991. Abundance, effects and management of epiphytism in intertidal cultures of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) in southern Chile. Aquaculture. 92: 7-19.

Largo, D.B. 2006. Disease in cultivated seaweeds in the Philippines: is it an issue among seaweed industry players? In: Advances in seaweed cultivation and utilization in Asia. Siew-Moi, P., A.T. Critchley, and P.O. Ang Jr. (eds.), pp. 61-70.



Largo, D.B., Fukami, F., Nishijima, T. and Ohno, M. 1995a. Laboratory-induced development of the ice-ice disease of the farmed red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 7: 539-543.

Largo, D.B., Fukami, K. and Nishijima, T. 1995b. Occasional pathogenic bacteria promoting ice-ice disease in the carrageenan producing red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 7: 545-554.

Lechat, H., Amat, M., Mazoyer, J., Gallant, D.J., Buleon, A. and Lahaye, M. 1997. Cell wall composition of the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) partitioned by wet sieving. J. Appl. Phycol. 9: 565-572.

Leonardi, P., Miravalles, A., Faugeron, S., Flores, V., Beltran, J. and Correa, J. 2006. Diversity, phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism in farmed Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) in northern Chile. Eur. J. Phycol. 41: 247-257.

Li, S., Ming, J. and Delin, D. 2006. Formation of primary pit connection during conchocelis phase of Porphyra yezoensis (Bangiophyceae, Rhodophyta). Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 24: 291-294.

Lidon, F.C. and Teixeira, M.G. 2000. Rice tolerance to excess Mn: implications in the chloroplast lamellae and synthesis of a novel Mn protein. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 38: 969-978.

Lim, J.R. and Porse, H. 1981. Breakthrough in the commercial culture of Eucheuma spinosum in Northern Bohol, Philippines. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Seaweed Symposium. Levring, T. (Ed.), Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 601-606.

Liu, S. and Ping, Z. 1984. The commercial cultivation of Eucheuma in China. Proc. 11th Int. Seaweed Symp. pp 243-245.



Liu, C., Wang, X., Huang, X. and Liu, J. 2011. Identification of hypo-osmotically induced genes in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) through expressed sequence tag analysis. Bot. Mar. 54: 557-562.

Lobban, C.S., Harrison, P.J. and Duncan, M.J. 1985. The physiological ecology of Seaweeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Lombardi, J.V., Marques, H.L.A. and Barreto, O.J.S. 2001. Floating cages in open sea water: An alternative for promoting integrated aquaculture in Brazil. World Aquat. 32: 49-50.

Lombardi, J.V., de Almeida Marques, H.L., Pereira, R.T.L., Barreto, O.J.S. and de Paula, E.J. 2006. Cage polyculture of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the Philippines seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. Aquaculture. 258: 412-415.

Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Bio. Chem. 193: 265-275.

Lubchenco, J. and Gaines, S.D. 1981. A unified approach to marine plant herbivore interactions. I. Populations and communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 12: 405-437.

Luxton, D., Robertson, M. and Kindley, M.J. 1987. Farming of Eucheuma in the South Pacific Islands of Fiji. Hydrobiologia. 151/152: 359-362.

Mabeau, S. and Fleurence, J. 1993. Seaweed in food products: Biochemical and nutritional aspects. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 4: 103-107.

Mairh, O.P., Soe-Htun, U. and Ohno, M. 1986. Culture of Eucheuma striatum (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Sub-tropical waters of Shikoku, Japan. Bot. Mar. 29: 185-191.

Mairh, O.P., Zodape, S.T., Tewari, A. and Rajyaguru, M.R. 1995. Culture of marine red alga Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty on the Saurashtra region, West coast of India. Indian J. Mar. Sci. 24: 24-31.

Markham, J.W. and Hagmier, E. 1982. Observations on the effects of Germanium dioxide on the growth of macroalgae and diatoms. Phycologia. 2: 125-130.



Marroig, R.G. and Reis, R.P. 2011. Does biofouling influence Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva farming production in Brazil? J. Appl. Phycol. 23: 925-931.

Matanjun, P., Mohamed, S., Mustapha, N.M. and Muhammad, K. 2009. Nutrient content of tropical edible seaweeds, Eucheuma cottonii, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum. J. Appl. Phycol. 21: 75-80.

McArthur, L.C., Boland, J.W., Brown, B. and Jones, G.K. 2003. Investigation of the influence of seagrass on fisheries catch level using isotonic regression. Environ. Model. Assess. 8: 285-290.

McCandless, E., Okada, W.T., Lott, J.N.A., Vollmer, C.M. and Gordon-Mills, E.M. 1977. Structural studies of Chondrus crispus: the effect of extraction of carrageenan. Can. J. Bot. 55: 2053-2064.

McCully, M.E. 1966. Histological studies on the genus Fucus.I. Light microscopy of the mature vegetative plant. Protoplasma. 62: 287-305.

McCully, M.E. 1968. Histological studies on the genus Fucus. Protoplasma. 62: 20-40. McDermid, K.J. and Stuercke, B. 2003. Nutritional composition of edible Hawaiian

seaweeds. J. Appl. Phycol. 15: 513–524. McHugh, D.J. 2003. A guide to the seaweed industry. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp. 105.

Mendoza, W.G., Montaño, N.E., Ganzon-Fortes, E.T. and Villanueva, R.D. 2002. Chemical and gelling profile of ice-ice infected carrageenan from Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty “sacol” strain (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 14: 409-418.

Mendoza, W.G., Ganzon-Fortes, E.T., Villanueva, R.D., Romero, J.B. and Montaño, M.N.E. 2006. Tissue age as a factor affecting carrageenan quantity and quality in farmed Kappaphycus striatum (Schmitz) Doty ex Silva. Bot. Mar. 49: 57-64.



Mercado, J.M., Javier, F., Gordillo, L., Niell, F.X. and Figueroa, F.L. 1999. Effects of different levels of CO2 on photosynthesis and cell components of the red alga Porphyra leucosticta. J. Appl. Phycol. 11: 455-461.

Mollion, J. and Braud, J.P.A. 1993. A Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) cultivation test on the south west coast of Madagascar. Hydrobiologia. 260/261: 373-378.

Montgomery, W.L. 1977. Diet and gut morphology in fishes with special reference to the monkey face prickleback, Cebi. dichthys violaceus (Stichaeidae: Blennioidei). Copeia. 1977: 178-182.

Montgomery, W.L. and Gerking, S.D. 1980. Marine macroalgae as foods for fishes: an evaluation of potential food quality. Env. Biol. Fish. 5: 143-153.

Msuya, F.E. and Kyewalyanga, M.S. 2006. Quality and quantity of phycocolloid carrageenan in the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum as affected by grow out period, seasonality, and nutrient concentration in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Report submitted to Cargill Texturizing Solutions, pp. 46.

Msuya, F.E. and Salum, D. 2006. The effect of cultivation duration, seasonality, and nutrient concentration on the growth rate and biomass yield of the seaweeds Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Marine Sciences Association (WIOMSA), Zanzibar (Tanzania). pp. 24.

Msuya, F.E., Shalli, M.S., Sullivan, K., Crawford, B., Tobey, J. and Mmochi, A.J. 2007. A comparative economic analysis of two seaweed farming methods in Tanzania. The Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, pp. 27. (www.crc.uri.edu, www.wiomsa.org).

Mtolera, M.S.P. 1996. Photosynthesis, growth and light-induced stress responses in the red alga Eucheuma denticulatum. Thesis, Ph.D, Uppsala University, Sweden.



Mtolera, M.S.P., Collén, J., Pedersén, M. and Semesi, A. 1995a. Destructive hydrogen peroxide production in Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyta) during stress caused by elevated pH, high light intensities and competition with other species. Eur. J. Phycol. 30: 289-297.

Mtolera, M.S.P., Collén, J., Pedersén, M., Ekdahl, A., Abrahamsson, K. and Semesi, A. 1995b. Stress induced production of volatile halogenated organic compounds in Eucheuma denticulatum (Rhodophyta) caused by elevated pH and high light intensities. Eur. J. Phycol. 31: 89-95.

Mtolera, M.S.P., Collen, J., Pedersen, M., Ekdahl, A., Abrahamsson, K. and Semesi, A.K. 1996. Stress-induced production of volatile halogenated organic compounds in Eucheuma denticulanum (Rhodophyta) caused by elevated pH and high light intensities. Eur. J. Phycol. 31: 89-95.

Mtolera, M.S.P. 2003. Effect of Seagrass cover and mineral content on Kappaphycus and Eucheuma productivity in Zanzibar, West Indian Ocean. J. Mar. Sci. 2: 163-170.

Nakamura, Y. and Sano, M. 2005. Comparison of invertebrate abundance in a seagrass bed and adjacent coral and sand areas at Amitori Bay, Iriomote Island, Japan. Fish. Sci. 71: 543-550.

Nashier, I. 1996. A detailed study from gametophyte to tetrasporophyte in the red alga Solieria robusta (Greville) Kylin. Thesis, Ph.D University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

Neish, I.C. 2003. The ABC of Eucheuma seaplant production agronomy, biology and crop-handling of Betaphycus, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus. In: site SuriaLink.com, pp. 82.

Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C.M., Valdés, L., De Young, C., Fonseca, L. and Grimsditch, G. 2009. Blue carbon. A rapid response assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRIDArendal, www.grida.no.



Nicotri, M.E. 1977. Grazing effects of four marine Intertidal herbivores on the microflora. Ecology. 58: 1020-1032.

Nishihara, G.N. and Terada, R. 2010. Species richness of marine macrophytes is correlated to a wave exposure gradient. Phycol. Res. 58: 280-292.

Ohno, M., Largo, D.B. and Ikumoto, T. 1994. Growth rate, carrageenan yield and gel properties of cultured kappa-carrageenan producing red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in the subtropical waters of Shikoku, Japan. J. Appl. Phycol. 6: 1-5.

Ohno, M., Nang, H.Q. and Hirase, S. 1996. Cultivation and carrageenan yield and quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii in the waters of Vietnam. J. Appl. Phycol. 8: 431-437.

Ordóñez, G.E. and Rupérez, P. 2011. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy as a tool for polysaccharide identification in edible brown and red seaweeds. Food Hydrocoll. 25: 1514-1520.

Pablico, G.T., Bailly, N., Froese, R. and Elloran, C. 2008. Seaweeds preferred by herbivorous fishes. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 933-938.

Pang, T., Liu, J., Liu, Q. and Lin, W. 2011. Changes of photosynthetic behaviors in Kappaphycus alvarezii infected by epiphyte. eCAM. doi:10.1155/2011/658906.

Pang, T., Liu, J., Liu, Q., Zhang, L. and Lin, W. 2012. Impacts of glyphosate on photosynthetic behaviors in Kappaphycus alvarezii and Neosiphonia savatieri detected by JIP-test. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 467-473.

Parker, H.S. 1974. The culture of the red algal genus Eucheuma in the Philippines. Aquaculture. 3: 425-439.

Paula, E.J. and Pereira, R.T.L. 1998. Da “marinomia” a maricultura da alga exotica, Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex. Silva (Rhodophyta) para produção de carrageenans no Brazil. Panor. Aqũic. 8: 10-15.



Paula, E.J., Pereira, R.T.L. and Ohno, M. 1999. Strain selection in Kappaphycus alvarezii var. alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. Silva (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) using tetraspore progeny. J. Appl. Phycol. 119: 111-121.

Pavia, H., Carr, H. and Åberg, P. 1999. Habitat and feeding preferences of crustacean mesoherbivores inhabiting the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. and its epiphytic macroalgae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 236: 15-32.

Pedersen, M., Collen, J., Abrahamsson, K. and Ekdahl, A. 1996. Production of halocarbons from seaweeds: An oxidative stress reaction? Sci. Mar. 60: 255-261.

Pellizzari, F. and Reis, R.P. 2011. Seaweed cultivation on the southern and southeastern Brazilian coast. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 21: 305-312.

Percival, E. 1978. Do the Polysaccharides of brown and red seaweeds ignore taxonomy? In: Modern approaches to the taxonomy of Red and Brown Algae. D.E.G. Irvine and J.H. price, (eds.), London Academic Press, pp. 47-62.

Pereira, L. 2006. Identification of phycocolloids by vibrational spectroscopy. In: World seaweed resources: an authoritative reference system A. T. Critchley, M. Ohno, & D. B. Largo (eds.), V 1.0. ETI Information Services, Wokingham, Berkshire.

Pereira, L. and Mesquita, J.F. 2003. Carrageenophytes of occidental Portuguese coast: 1-spectroscopic analysis in eight carrageenophytes from Buarcos bay. Biomol. Eng. 20: 223-228.

Pereira, L., Sousa, A., Coelho, H., Amado, A. M. and Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. 2003. Use of FTIR, FT-Raman and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for identification of some seaweed phycocolloids. Biomol. Eng. 20: 223-228.

Pereira, L. and Mesquita, J.F. 2004. Population studies and carrageenan properties of Chondracanthus teedei var lusitanicus (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 16: 369-383.



Pereira, L., Amado, A.M., Critchley, A.T., van de Velde, F. and Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. 2009. Identification of selected seaweed polysaccharides (phycocolloids) by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT Raman). Food Hydrocoll. 23: 1903-1909.

Piculell, L. 1995. Gelling carrageenans. In A.M. Stephen (eds.), Food polysaccharides and their applications. New York, USA: Marcel Dekker. pp. 205-244.

Polne, M., Neushul, M., and Gibor, A. 1980. Growing Eucheuma uncinatum in culture, the domestication of a marine crop plant. In: Abbott IA, M Foster, LE Eklund (eds.), Pacific seaweed aquaculture. California Sea Grant College Program, UCSD, pp. 115-123.

Polne-Fuller, M. and Gibor, A. 1984. Developmental studies in Porphyra. I. Blade differentiation in Porphyra perforata as expressed by morphology, enzymatic digestion and protoplast regeneration. J. Phycol. 20: 609-619.

Poloczanska, E.S., Babcock, R.C., Butler, A., Hobday, A.J., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Kunz, T.J., Matear, R., Milton, D.A., Okey, T.A. and Richardson, A.J. 2007. Climate change and Australian marine life. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annual Review. 45: 407-478.

Potin, P. 2012. Intimate associations between epiphytes, endophytes, and parasites of seaweeds. In: Seaweed Biology, Ecological Studies. 219, C. Wiencke and K. Bischof (eds.), Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 203-234.

Prado-Fernández, J., Rodríguez-Vásquez, J.A., Tojo, E. and Andrade, J.M. 2003. Quantitation of k, i and l carrageenans by mid-infrared spectroscopy and PLS regression. Analytica. Chimica. Acta. 480: 23-37.

Pueschel, C.M. 1977. A freeze-etche study of the ultrastructure of red algal pit-plugs. Protoplasma. 91: 15-30.

Pueschel, C.M. 1980. A reappraisal of the cytochemical properties of rhodophycean pit plugs. Phycologia. 19: 210-217.



Qian, P.Y., Wu, C.Y., Wu, M. and Xie, Y.K. 1996. Integrated cultivation of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii and the pearl oyster Pinctada martensi. Aquaculture. 147: 21-35.

Rajasulochana, P., Krishnamoorthy, P. and Dhamotharan, R. 2010. Amino acids, fatty acids and minerals in Kappaphycus sps. ARPN journal of agricultural and biological science. 5: 1-12.

Ramarao, K.R. 1970. Studies on growth cycle and phycocolloid content in Hypnea musciformis (Wulf) Lamouroux. Bot. Mar. 13: 163-165.

Ramus, J. 1971. Properties of septal plugs from the red Griffithsia pacifica. Phycologia. 10: 99-103.

Rao, P.S.N. and Rao, M.U. 1999. On a species of Kappaphycus (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Phykos. 38: 93-96.

Reddy, C.R.K., Raja Krishna Kumar, G., Siddhanta, A.K., Tewari, A. and Eswaran, K. 2003. In vitro somatic embryogenesis and regeneration of somatic embryos from pigmented callus of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales). J. Phycol. 39: 610-619.

Reiskind, J.B., Beer, S. and Bowes, G. 1989. Photosynthesis, photorespiration and ecophysiological interactions in marine macroalgae. Aquat. Bot. 34: 131-152.

Renaud, S.M. and Van, J.T.L. 2006. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of tropical Australian marine macroalgae. J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 381-387.

Rey, D.K. and Labuza, T.P. 1981. Characterization of the effect of solutes on the water-binding and gel strength properties of carrageenan. J. Food Sci. 46: 786-793.

Reynold, E.S. 1963. The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque in electron microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 17: 208-212.

Riebesell, U. 2008. Climate change – acid test for marine biodiversity. Nature. 454: 46-47.



Rochas, C., Rinaudo, M., and Landry, S. 1989. Relation between the molecular structure and mechanical properties of carrageenan gels. Carbohydr. Polym. 10: 115-127.

Rodrigueza, M.R.C. and Montaño, M.N.E. 2007. Bioremediation potential of three carrageenophyte cultivated in tanks with seawater from fish farms. J. Appl. Phycol. 19: 755-762.

Roleda, M.Y., Wiencke, C., Hanelt, D. and Bischof, K. 2007. Sensitivity of the early life history stages of macroalgae from the Northern Hemisphere to ultraviolet radiation. Photochem. Photobiol. 83: 851-862.

Roleda, M.Y., Morris, J.N., McGraw, C.M. and Hurd, C.L. 2012. Ocean acidification and seaweed reproduction: increased CO2 ameliorates the negative effect of lowered pH on meiospore germination in the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae). Glob. Change Biol. 18: 854-864.

Ronquillo, I.A. and Gabral-Llana, M.E. 1989. The Philippines Eucheuma seaweed industry. Fish. Res. J. Philipp. 14: 23-29.

Rosenzweig, C., Casassa, G., Karoly, D.J., Imeson, A., Liu, C., Menzel, A., Rawlins, S., Root, T.L., Seguin, B. and Tryjanowski, P. 2007. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 79-131.

Rui, L., J, Li. and Wu, C.Y. 1990. Effect of ammonium on growth and carrageenan content in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiologia. 204/205: 499-503.

Rupérez, P. 2002. Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food Chem. 79: 23-26. Russell, D.J. 1983. Ecology of the imported red seaweed Eucheuma striatum Schmitz

on Coconut Island, Oahu, Hawaii. Pac. Sci. 37: 87-108.



Sabine, C.L., Feely, R.A., Gruber, N., Key, R.M., Lee, K., Bullister, J.L. and Wanninkhof, R. 2004. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science. 305: 367-371.

Sahoo, D.B. 2000. Farming the Ocean: Seaweeds Cultivation and Utilization. Aravali publication corporation, New Delhi. 283 pp.

Sahoo, D.B., Nivedita and Debasish. 2001. Seaweeds of Indian Coast. APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

Sahoo, D.B. and Ohno, M. 2003. Culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii in Deep Seawater and Nitrogen enriched medium. Bull. Mar. Sci. Fish. 22: 89-96.

Sahoo, D. and Sahoo, D. 2003. Culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii along the Indian coast (abstract). In: The 5th Asia - Pasific Conference on Algal Biotechnology. Qingdao, P. R. China.

Sahoo, D., Sahu, N. and Sahoo, D. 2003. A critical survey of seaweeds diversity of Chilika Lake, India. Algae. 18: 1-13.

Sahoo, D. and Yarish, C. 2005. Mariculture of seaweeds. In: Algal culturing techniques. Andersen R.A. (eds.), Academic Press, Elsevier, Oxford, New York, pp. 219-237.

Sahoo, D.B. 2011. Cultivation and processing of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India. Training manual for large scale seaweeds cultivation and processing for livelihood generation in coastal states and union territories of India, Mandapam coast, Tamil Nadu, India, 1-8.

Sahu, N. 2004. Studies on Gracilariods from Chilika Lake- structure development and Agar quality. Thesis, Ph. D. University of Delhi, Delhi, India.

Sahu, N., Meena, R. and Ganesana, M. 2011. Effect of grafting on the properties of kappa-carrageenan of the red seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva. Carbohydr. Polym. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.034.

Saito, R.M. and Oliveira, E.C. 1990. Chemical screening of Brazilian marine algae producing carrageenans. Hydrobiologia. 204/205: 585-588.



Samonte, G.P.B., Hurtado, P.A.Q. and Caturao, R.D. 1993. Economic analysis of bottom line and raftmonoline culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii var. tambalang in Western Visayas, Philippines. Aquaculture. 110: 1-11

Santelices, B. 1999. A conceptual framework for marine agronomy. Hydrobiologia. 398/399: 15-23.

Santos, G.A. 1989. Carrageenans of species of Eucheuma J. Agardh and Kappaphycus Doty (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). Aquat. Bot. 36: 55-67.

Santos, R.W.D., Schmidt, É.C. and Bouzon, Z.L. 2012. Changes in ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the agarophyte Gracilaria domingensis (Rhodophyta, Gracilariales) treated with cadmium. Protoplasma DOI 10.1007/s00709-012-0412-8.

Santoso, J., Gunji, S., Yoshie-Stark, Y. and Suzuki, T. 2006. Mineral Contents of Indonesian Seaweeds and Mineral Solubility Affected by Basic Cooking. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 12: 59-66.

Sarwar, G., Sakata, T. and Kakimoto, D. 1983. Isolation and characterization of carrageenan-decomposing bacteria from marine environment. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 145-155.

Satari, R. 1993. Some chemical characteristics of carrageenan from cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in Indonesia. The Kor. J. Phycol. 8: 245-248.

Schmidt, E.C., Scariot, L.A., Rover, T. and Bouzon, Z.L. 2009. Changes in ultrastructure and histochemistry of two red macroalgae strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), as a consequence of ultraviolet B radiation exposure. Micron. 40: 860-869.

Schmidt, E.C., Maraschin, M. and Zenilda, L. 2010. Bouzon Effects of UVB radiation on the carrageenophyte Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales): changes in ultrastructure, growth, and photosynthetic pigments. Hydrobiologia. 649: 171-182.



Scott, L.C., Boland, J.W., Edyvane, K.S. and Jones, G.K. 2000. Development of a seagrass-Fish habitat model – I: A Seagrass Residency Index for economically important species. Environmetrics. 11: 541-552.

Semesi, A.K. and Mshigeni, K.E. 1977. Contributions on the content and nature of phycocolloids from Halymenia venusta Borgeson (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales). Bot. Mar. 20: 233-237.

Smit, A.J., Fourie, A.M., Robertson, B.L. du Preez, D.R. 2003. Control of the herbivorous isopod, Paridotea reticulata, in Gracilaria gracilis tank cultures. Aquaculture. 217: 385-393.

Sorokin, C. 1964. Effects of acidity on cell division. Exp. Cell Res. 27: 583-584. Srinivasan, K.S. 1969. Phycologia Indica: Icones of Indian Marine Algae. Botanical

Survey of India, 1: 1-10. Steinhoff, F.S., Wiencke, C., Müller, R. and Bischof, K. 2008. Effects of ultraviolet

radiation and temperature on the ultrastructure of zoospores of the brown macroalga Laminaria hyperborea. Plant Biol. 10: 388-397.

Talarico, L., Guida, G., Murano, E. and Piaequado, A.M. 1990. Ultrastructure of the cell wall of Gracilaria cf. verrucosa (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Effect of steam explosion. Hydrobiologia. 204/205: 597-601.

Tan, J., Lim, P.E. and Phang, S.M. 2012. Phylogenetic relationship of Kappaphycus Doty and Eucheuma J. Agardh (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta) in Malaysia. J. Appl. Phycol. DOI 10.1007/s10811-012-9833-1.

Thirumaran, G. and Anantharaman, P. 2009. Daily growth rate of field farming seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. Silva in Vellar Estuary. World J. Fish Mar. Sci. 1: 144-153.

Tisera, W.L. and Naguit, M.R. 2009. Ice-ice disease occurrence in seaweed farms in Bais Bay, Negros Oriental and Zamboanga del Norte. The Threshold 4: 1-16.



Tojo, E., and Prado, J. 2003. Chemical composition of carrageenan blends determined by IR spectroscopy combined with a PLS multivariate calibration method. Carbohydr. Res. 338: 1309-1312.

Toth, G.B. and Pavia, H. 2000. Water-borne cues induce chemical defense in a marine alga (Ascophyllum nodosum). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 97: 14418-14420.

Toth, G.B. 2007. Screening for induced resistance in Swedish intertidal seaweeds. Mar. Biol. 151: 1597-1604.

Trono, G.C. 1974. Eucheuma farming in the Philippines. U. P. Natural Science Research Center, Quezon City.

Trono, G.C. 1989. Lessons from the history of the seaweed culture in the Philippines and the trend of seaweed farming in Southeast Asia. In: Adams, T., Foscarini, R. (eds.), Proceedings of the regional workshop on seaweed culture and marketing. South Pacific Aquaculture Development Project, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Suva, Fiji, 14–17 November, 1989, pp. 42-47.

Trono, G.C. and Ohno, M. 1989. Seasonality in the biomass production of the Eucheuma strains in northern Bohol, Philippines. In: Scientific survey of marine algae and their resources in the Philippine Islands. Umezaki I (eds.), Technical Report, Monbusho International Scientific Research Program, Japan, pp. 71-80.

Trono, G.C. 1992. Eucheuma and Kappaphycus: taxonomy and cultivation. Bull. Mar. Sci. Fish. Kochi Univ. 12: 51-65.

Trono, G.C. 1994. The mariculture of seaweeds in the tropical Asia-Pacific Region. In: Algal Biotechnology in the Asia-Pacific Region. Phang, S.M., Lee, YK., Borowitzka, M.A., Whitton, B.A. (eds.), University of Malaya, Malaysia, pp.198-210.

Trono, G.C. 1997. Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines. Bookmark, Makati City, Philippines, pp. 291.



Trono, G.C. and Valdestamon, R.G. 1994. New aspects in the ecology and culture of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma. Korean. J. Phycol. 9: 205-216.

Tsekos, I. 1983. The ultrastructure of carposporogenesis in Gigartina teedii (Roth) J.V. Lamour (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae). Gonimoblast cells and carpospores. Flora. 174: 191-211.

Tsekos, I., Schnepf, E. and Makrantonakis, A. 1985. The ultrastructure of tetrasporogenesis in the marine red alga Chondria tenuissima (Good Et Woodw.) (Ceramiales, Rhomelaceae). Ann. Bot. 55: 607-619.

Tsuda, R.T. and Bryan, P.G. 1973. Food preferences of juvenile Siganus rostratus and S. spinus in Guam. Copeia. 1973: 604-606.

Unsworth, R.K.F., Wylie, E., Smith, D.J. and Bell, J.J. 2007. Diel trophic structuring of seagrass bed fish assemblages in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 72: 81-88.

USDA, 2001. Composition of Foods: Raw, Processed, Prepared. U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural research service. Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 14. pp. 1-30.

Uyenco, F.R., Saniel, L.S. and Jacinto, G.S. 1981. The ‘‘ice-ice’’ problem in seaweed farming. 10th International Seaweed Symposium. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 625-630.

Vairappan, C.S. 2006. Seasonal occurrences of epiphytic algae on commercially cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 611-617.

Vairappan, C.S., Chong, S.C., Lhonneur, G.B. and Critchley, A.T. 2007. Epiphyte outbreak in Kappaphycus alvarezii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) farms in South East Asia: Impact on the yield and Quality of carrageenan. XIXth International Seaweed Symposium, 26-31 March 2007, Kobe, Japan, pp 80.



Vairappan, C.S., Chong, S.C., Hurtado, A.Q., Soya, F.E., Lhonneur, G.B. and Critchley, A.T. 2008. Distribution and symptoms of epiphyte infection in major carrageenophyte-producing farms. J. Appl. Phycol. 20: 477-483.

Vairappan, C.S., Anangdan, S.P., Tan, K.L., Matsunaga, S. 2010. Role of secondary metabolites as defense chemicals against ice-ice disease bacteria in biofouler at carrageenophyte farms. J. Appl. Phycol. 22: 305-311.

Van De Velde, F., Peppelman, H. A., Rollema, H. S., & Tromp, R. H. 2001. On the structure of k/i-hybrid carrageenans. Carbohy. Res. 331: 271-283.

Viejo, R. and Åberg, P. 2003. Temporal and spatial variation in the density of mobile epifauna and grazing damage on the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Mar. Biol. 142: 1229-41.

Villanueva, R.D. and Montanõ, M.N.E. 2003. Fine chemical structure of carrageenan from the commercially cultivated Kappaphycus striatum (sacol variety) (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 39: 513-518.

Villanueva, R.D., Mendoza, W.G., Rodrigueza, M.R.C., Romero, J.B. and Montaño, N.M.E. 2004. Structure and functional performance of gigartinacean kappa-iota hybrid carrageenan and solieriacean kappa-iota carrageenan blends. Food Hydrocoll. 18: 283-292.

Villanueva, R.D., Romero, J.B., Montanõ, M.N.E. and de la Penã, P.O. 2011. Harvest optimization of four Kappaphycus species from the Philippines. Biomass Bioenerg. 35: 1311-1316.

Von Westernhagen, H. 1974. Food preference in cultured rabbitfish (Siganidae). Aquaculture. 3: 109-117.

Wakibia, J.G., Bolton, J.J., Keats, D.W. and Raitt, L.M. 2006. Factors influencing the growth rates of three commercial eucheumoids at coastal sites in southern Kenya. J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 565-573.



Wang, J., Jiang, P., Cui, Y., Deng, X., Li, F., Liu, J. and Qin, S. 2010. Genetic transformation in Kappaphycus alvarezii using micro-particle bombardment: a potential strategy for germplasm improvement. Aquacult. Int. 18: 1027-1034.

Weber, K. and Osborn, M. 1975. Proteins and sodium dodecylsulphates: Molecular weight determination on polyacrylamide gels and related procedures. In: (H. Neurth and R.L. Hill, eds.). The Proteins. Vol. I (III). New York, U.S.A.

Wells, F.E., Rose, R.A. and Lang, S. 1985. An analysis of benthic marine invertebrate communities in subtidal seagrass and sand habitats in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum. 12: 47-56.

Wheeler, W.N. 1988. Algal productivity and hydrodynamics-a synthesis. Prog. Phycol. Res. 6: 23-58.

Wootton, J.T., Pfister, C.A. and Forester, J.D. 2008. Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105: 18848–18853.

Wu, C.Y., Li, J.J., Xian, E.Z., Peng, Z.S., Tan, S.Z., Wen, L.J., Yang, Z.C., Huang, X.H., Cai. Z.L. and Chen, G.J. 1989. On the transplantation and cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii in China. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 7: 1-8.

Wu, M., Mak, S.K.K., Zhang, X. and Qian, P. 2003. The effect of co-cultivation on the pearl yield of Pinctada martensi (Dumker). Aquaculture. 221: 347-356.

Yakovleva, I.M., Yermak, I.M., Titlyanov, E.A., Barabanova, A.O., Glazunov, V.P., Skriptsova, A.V. 2001. Changes in growth rate, anatomy and polysaccharide content of a sterile form of Tichocarpus crinitus (Gmel.) Rupr. (Rhodophyta, Tichocarpaceae) grown under differing photon irradiances in the Sea of Japan, Russia. Bot. Mar. 44: 493-500.

Yano, M., Isao, T. and Masao, O. 2007. Growth rates of green and brown types of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation in the Tosa Bay, warm waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. Fish. Kochi Univ. 25: 59-62.



Yarish, C., Rawson, M.V. Jr., Chopin, T., Wang, D.R., Chen, C., Carmona, R., Chen, C., Wang, L., Ji, R. and Sullivan, J. 2001. Ecosystem modeling: a tool to understand the interactions between extractive and feed aquaculture. J. Phycol. 37: 56.

Zhao, S. and He, P. 2011. Molecular identification based on ITS sequences for Kappaphycus and Eucheuma cultivated in China. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 29: 1287-1296.

Zitta, C.S., Oliveira, E.M., Bouzon, Z.L. and Hayashi, L. 2012. Ploidy determination of three Kappaphycus alvarezii strains (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) by confocal fluorescence Microscopy. J. Appl. Phycol. 24: 495-499.

Zou, D. 2005. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism in the economic brown seaweed, Hizikia fusiforme (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta). Aquaculture. 250: 726-735.

Zuccarello, G.C., Critchley, A.T., Smith, J., Sieber, V., Lhonneur, G.B. and West, J.A. 2006. Systematics and genetic variation in commercial shape Kappaphycus and shape Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol. 18: 643-651.

REFERENCES - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35240/14/14...Impact of grazing,...

Documents

Transcript of REFERENCES - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35240/14/14...Impact of grazing,...