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Chapter 3

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Chapter II

Abbey, S. (1983) Studies in 'standard' samples of silicate rocks and minerals 1969-1982. Geological Survey Canada, Paper 83-15.

Andersen, C.A. (1969) Progress in analytic methods for the ion microprobe mass analyser. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys. 2, 61-74.

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Bancroft, G.M., 1.R. Brown and W.S. Fyfe (1979) Advances in, and applications of, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) in mineralogy and geochemistry. Chern. Geol. 25, 227-243.

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Bertin, E.P. (1975) Principles and Practice of X-ray Spectrometric Analysis (2nd edn.). Plenum, New York.

Beusen, J.M., P. Surkyn, R. Gijbels and F. Adams (1983) Quan­titative analysis of silicate minerals by secondary ion mass spec­trometry and laser microprobe mass analysis-a comparative study. Spectrochim. Acta 38B, 843-851.

Bingham, R.A. and P.L. Salter (1976) Analysis of solid materials by laser probe mass spectrometry. Anal. Chern. 48, 1735-1740.

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Piepmeier, E.H. and H.V. Malmstadt (1969) Q-switched laser energy

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Chapter 12

Abbey, S. (1983) Studies of 'standard samples' of silicate rocks and minerals 1969-1982. Geological Survey Canada, Paper 83-15.

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Chapter 14

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Chapter 15

Abbey, S. (1983) Studies in 'standard samples' of silicate rocks and minerals 1969-1982. Canadian Geol. Survey, Paper 83-15.

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Alvarez, L.W., W. Alvarez, F. Asaro and H.V. Michel (1980) Extra­terrestrial cause for the Cretaceous.-Tertiary Extinction. Science lOB, 1095-1108.

Arculus, R.J. and J.W. Delano (1981) Siderophile element abun­dances in the upper mantle: evidence for a sulphide signature and equilibrium with the core. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 1331-1343.

Aruscavage, P.J., F.O. Simon and R. Moore (1984) Flameless atomic absorption determination of platinum, palladium and rhodium in geological materials. Geostand. Newslell. 8, 3-{).

Beamish, F.E. (1966) The Analytical Chemistry of the Noble Metals. Pergamon, London.

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Chapter 16

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Chapter 17

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Rison, W. and H. Craig (1983) Helium isotopes and mantle volatiles in Loihi Seamount and Hawaiian Island basalts and xenoliths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 66, 407-426.

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Tetley, N., I. McDougall and H.R. Heydegger (1980) Thermalneu­tron interferences in the 4°Ar(19Ar dating technique. J. Geophys. Res. 85 (BI2), 7201~7205.

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Wright, J.P., NJ. McNaughton, A.E. Fallik, L.R. Gardiner and C.T. Pillinger (1983) A high precision mass spectrometer for stable carbon isotope analysis at the nanogram level. J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 16, 497~504.

609

REFERENCES

Chapter 19

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Ahrens, L.H. and S.R. Taylor (1961) A Treatise on the DC Arc Analysis of Geological and Related Materials. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

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610

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Chapter 20

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Weast, R.C. (editor-in-chief) (1973) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (54th edn.), Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland, Ohio.

Index Abbreriations

AAS DCP ED-XRF EPMA ESCA ICP ICP-AES

Atomic absorption spectrometry Direct current plasma Energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry Electron probe microanalysis Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis Inductively-coupled (argon) plasma Inductively-coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

MS Mass spectrometry Neutron activation analysis Platinum group elements Rare-earth element(s) Scanning electron microscope Secondary ion mass spectrometry Spark source mass spectrometry Transmission electron microscopy

ICP-MS INAA ISE

Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry Instrumental neutron activation analysis Ion-selective electrodes

NAA POE REE(s) SEM SIMS SSMS TEM WD-XRF XPS

Wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

aberration effects 92 in electromagnetic lenses 330, 396

absorbance 86 absorption correction 349 absorption edge 240, 263 absorption edge filters for ED-

XRF 306 absorption-enhancement effects 242

correction procedures for 249 based on Compton scatter 252

absorption filter 97 abSClrption jump factor 241 absorption jump ratio 241 absorption measurements 80 abundance sensitivity 508 ac arc 199 ac spark 199 acceptor atoms 287, 406 accuracy 3, 8

of standard mineral compositions 365 acetic acid 47 acid attack 47 acid dissolution 49, 50 acid extraction of noble metals 492 activated carbon filter 24 acttvity of ions in solution 213 advantage factor 434 AEO, list of reference materials available

from 31 107 Agt08 Ag relic activity 513 agate

as grinding material 22 contamination [rom 23

age equation for 4°Ar/J9 Ar dating 564 for radiogenic isotopes 514

age of solar system 514 ageing of monitor samples in XRF 282 ageing effects in graphite tubes 131 air-acetylene flame see flame aliquot 3 al kali metals

atomization of in AA flame 118 determination of by classical

proced ures 57 alpha autoradiography 450

neutron-induced 450 alpha coefficients 251, 352 alpha correction 352 alpha-decay 441, 459 alpha-emission and nuclear stability 511 alpha-particles

as excitation beam in PIXE 392, 394 alpha spectrometry 459,465

detection limits of 42

XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

alpha spectrum of'4l Am 461 of U /Th isotopes from a

rhyolite 469,470 aluminium, atomization of in AA

flame 118 aluminium, determination of

by classical procedures 56, 57 by rapid procedures 66

aluminium ceramic as grinding material 22 contamination from 23

aluminium metaL trace contaminants in 416

amalgam 146 American Chemical Society, committee

on environmental improvement 17 American Society for Testing and

Materials 19 americium

alpha spectrum of '4lAm 461 as excitation source for ED­

RF 322 ammonium hydrogen phosphate as

matrix modifier 134 ampere, definition of 4 amplifier, main

for germanium detectors 405 for x-ray detectors 266

analogue-to-digital converter 297,410 ana1yte 3 Angstrom unit 227 angular dispersion 95, 97 anion capacity 223 anion exchange particles 223 ANRT, reference materials from 30,

31 aqua regia 49

extraction of noble metals by 492 arc/spark discharge, properties

of 199 arc/spark source optical emission

spectrometry 77, 198 argon

Ar+ ion beam for probe excitation 383

determination of 40 Ar in potassium­argon geochronometry 560

escape peaks in x-ray counters 262 extraction of for 40 Ar /39 Ar

dating 563 as filling for x-ray counters 261 as Tep plasma gas 156 as sheathing gas for arc/spark

discharges 200

argon dating (4°ArjJ9Ar) 546,561 age equation in 564 extraction of Ar for 563 interferences in 562 mass spectrometer interferences

in 564 optimizing irradiation conditions

in 562 argon-hydrogen flame see flame argon isotopes

measurement of by MS 546, 564 argon plasma, in ICP-MS 575 asbestos fibres 398 ashing cycle 128, 133 assay ton 487 astigmatism 103, 334 atmospheric contamination

in 4°Ar/39 Ar dating 564 in H isotope analysis 552 in K! Ar dating 561 in N isotope analysis 553

atmospheric gases as reference materials 552

atom, structure and stability of 228, 510

atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) 77, 106

detection limits of 42, 187 optical principles of 77 preferred element range of 39, 40,

41 signal and instrumentation for 2

atomic fluorescence 152 atomic mass unit (amu) 5,510 atomic number contrast 341 atomic number effect 348 atomic number resolution 343 atomic spectra 80 atomic spectroscopy 80 atomization 109, 117

in a hollow graphite furnace 130, 150

in ICP-AES 165 in ICP-MS 578 in spark source MS 567

atomization cycle in hollow graphite AAS 128,130, 135

attenuation effects 244 aufbau principle 82 Auger effect 233, 298 Auger electrons 298, 396 auto-analyser 75 autoradiography techniques 449 Avogadro constant 4, 7 azeotrope (of HF) 47

611

INDEX

Babington nebulizer 161 (see also nebulizers)

background 1,16 measurement of in ICP 173

background angles for XRF 278 background correction 138

choice of procedure for 138 for deuterium arc 139 in hollow graphite furnace AAS 138 Smith-Hieftje 143 Zeeman 139

background emission, from ICP 170, 173

background equivalent concentration 170

background gamma radiation 425 background interferences, in ICP­

MS 579 background subtraction by continuum

modelling 361 backlash 355 backscatter coefficient 348 backscatter ratio 348 backscattered electrons 236, 340

correction for 348 detectors for 341 interference by in x-ray

detection 356, 360 bake-out of vacuum flight tube 508 bandwidth 99 barium, typical x-ray spectrum of 231 bam 6,401 baseline restorer 409 BCR-I, determination ofrare-earth

elements in by isotope dilution 554, 555

BCS, list of reference materials available from 31

beam blanking 361 beam centring coils 334 beam scanning 334 beam switching in MS 509 Beer's equation 239 Beer's Law 87 beryllium

natural activity of lOBe 513 as window material for x-ray

counters 264 beryllium foil in TEM 398 beryllium window

in Ge(Li) detectors 408 in Si(Li) detectors 290, 303 in x-ray tubes 236, 264

beta autoradiography 451 neutron-induced 452

beta counting 467 beta-decay 441 beta-emission 402

and nuclear stability 511 bias 1,7 binders, for powder pellets in XRF 272 binding energy 396

per nucleon 511 binomial distribution 10 bismuth, as internal standard 205 blank 3,16

inAAS 122 analytical 23 in ." Arj3' Ar dating 565 in determination of Pb isotope ratios

byMS 535 in determination of Rb/Sr 528 in H isotope analysis 554 in 0 isotope determination 557

blaze angle 94, 97

612

boiling point in SSMS 571 Boltzmann constant 7,88 Boltzmann distribution 165 Boltzmann equation 88 bomb for dissolution of Zr 531 bomb techniques 50 boric acid 49 boron

detection by neutron-induced alpha autoradiography 450

determination by prompt gamma NAA 439

in Ge semiconductors 408 boron carbide

contamination from 23 as grinding material 22

boron trifluoride, as neutron detector 444

borosilicate glass apparatus 24 physical and chemical properties

of 25 in ultratrace analysis 24

boundary layer sampling 575 Bowling burner 113 Bragg diffraction 321 Bragg's Law 256 brass sieve, contamination from 22 bremsstrahlung 164, 236, 343, 393,

405,413 British Standards Institution 19 bromine, determination of by ICP-

MS 585 bromine pentafluoride 556 bromine trifluoride 556 bulk rock analysis by EPMA 378 Bunsen monochromator 91 burners

Bowling 113 Lundegardh 63, 110 slot 112 total consumption 63, 110

busy signal 410 button 487

cadmium as excitation source in ED--XRF 65 as internal standard 185 inNAA 400

cadmium foil, in delayed neutron fission 443

cadmium ratio 434 caesium

I37Cs gamma-ray spectrum 413 Cs+ ion beam for probe

excitation 383 as ionization suppressor 118

calcium atomization of in flame 118 determination of

by classical procedures 56 by rapid procedures 67 by titration with EDTA 65

calibration in EPMA 358 inINAA 419

calibration drift 15 calibration equation in INAA 422 calibration procedures .

inXRF 282 in EPMA 358, 362

calomel reference electrode 214 candela, definition of 4 Canyon Diablo troilite 552 capillary tube, for viscous flow 549

carbon coating 384 inEPMA 347

carbon dioxide as quench gas in x-ray counters 261, 262

carbon dioxide, determination of by elemental analyser 73 by gas chromatography 74 by infrared spectrometry 74 by rapid procedures 67,71 by Riley's method 72 by Shapiro and Brannock's

method 71 carbon isotopes

in 14C geochronometer 516 extraction procedures for 554 mass spectrometry of 546, 554

carbonate samples, analysis of for 0 isotopes 557

carbonyl process 491 carboxylic acid functional group 474 carriers 436 cascade emission

from .oCo 415 of gammas 403

casting of glass fusion discs for XRF 271

cathodoluminescence 339 CCRMP, list of reference materials

available from 31 cellulose nitrate, as detector in alpha

autoradiography 450 Celsius 6 cementation 485 centrifugal force 499, 502 centring coils 334 centripetal force 500, 502 cerium anomalies 429 change-over valve in gas source

MS 548 characteristic x-rays see x-rays charge 487 charge collection 288 charge transfer spectrum 58 chelating ion-exchange resins 484 chemical bonding effects, influence of in

XRF 232 wavelength shifts and 357

chemical effects during arc/spark excitation 20 I

chemical interferences in argon plasma 167 in dc plasma 194 in ISE 217

chemical separation for Nd/Sm isotope analysis 528 ofPb/Th/U from silicates 533 ofPb and U from zircons 533 for Rb/Sr isotope analysis 525 of rare-earth elements for isotope

dilution 539 chemical separation procedures for

alpha spectrometry 460, 465 chi-squared test 13 chloride, determination of

by ion chromatography 225 by ISE 219 by pyrohydrolysis 222

chloride, interferences from in hollow graphite furnace AAS 133

chloride ion-selective electrode 219 chlorine, determination of

by auto-analyser 75 by ICP-MS 585

choice of technique 42 chondrite normalized abundances 430

chondrite normalizing factors 432 for noble metals 486,496

chromatic aberration 330 chromophore 58 CIPM (General Conference on weights

and measures) 4 Clarke-type mass spectrometer 551 class 100 standard for clean

laboratories 23 classical methods of rock analysis 55 cleaning cycle in hollow graphite furnace

AAS 138 cleaning of plastic apparatus 25 cobalt

as excitation source for ED­XRF 323

as neutron flux monitor 417 coefficient of variation 9 coherent scatter 239

(see also Rayleigh scatter) co-ions 477 cold finger, use of

to reduce contamination in EPMA 339

to cool Si(Li) detectors 286, 290 cold vapour generators 146 collector 487 collimation of ED spectrometers in

EPMA 360 collimator for x-ray spectrometer 257 collodian, as window material 264 colorimeter 90 colorimetry

signal and instrumentation in 2 preferred element range for 43

colour 79 complementary 80

column cementation 485 complex formation (in ISE) 217 compromise conditions

for EPMA 344 for ICP 178

Compton scatter 1,239, 252, 298, 300, 393,396,412

matrix correction procedures for 252

concentration ratios in TEM 397 concentric pneumatic nebulizer 156 condenser lens 331 conduction band 287, 340,405 confidence limits 12, 39

for major elements 39 for reference material values 39 for trace elements 39

constructive interference of light photons 93 of x-rays 256

contaminants in ion beam 384 contamination

in INAA 416 of oil on ED detector in EPMA

360 contamination effects 20

from apparatus and reagents 24 III distilled and deionized water 26 III EPMA 339 during grinding 21 from the laboratory environment 23

continuum excitation 344 continuum sampling in ICP-MS 576,

577 continuum spectrum from x-ray

tube 236 continuum x-rays see x-rays Coolridge tube 236

copper determination of in mafic minerals by

ion probe 387 as neutron flux monitor 417

co-precipitation with Te 493 corona discharges 329 Cornu prism 92 correction factors in EPMA 352 correlation coefficient 14 coulombic excitation 393 count rate performance of ED

amplifiers 297 count times

for gamma spectrometry 456 in WD-XRF 279,281

counter ions 477 counting strategy in INAA 418 Covell's method for peak areas 419 CR-39 as detector in alpha

autoradiography 450 critical excitation energy see excitation critical penetration depth

for glass discs 248 for powder pellets 245 of x-rays in silicon 287

cross-contamination during grinding 22 cross-flow nebulizer 160 CRPG

reference materials from 30, 31 crystal-controlled rf generator 155 cupellation 487, 489 curtain tube 134 cyanogen radical 200 cyclotron 392 Czerny-Turner monochromator 101

Daly detector 507 dark current 100 dc arc 199 dc capillary arc discharge 575 De Jongh delta function 251 dead layer 287 dead time 267,297,411 dead time corrections 267 decay constant 402,514,515 degree centrigade 6 degrees of freedom 9, 12 delayed neutron fission 440,441

detection limits of 43 signal and instrumentation for 2

delta convention 552 Delves cup 151 density (SI units) 6 depleted germanium 407 derived units 5 desolvation (in flame) 117 detection efficiency

of gas proportional counters 263, 264

of NaI detector 265, 453 detection limits I, 15

compared for selected techniques 43 dependence of on calibration line 17 dependence of on matrix 17 graphical representation of 17 and limit of determination 16 and limit of quantitation 17 and lower limit of detection 16 for various techniques:

AAS 127 ED-XRF (major elements) 313 ED-XRF (trace elements) 313 EPMA 366 F- and CI- by ion

chromatography 225

INDEX

ICP-AES 185 ICP-AES compared with ICP-MS

and AAS 187 ICP-MS 583, 584 INAA 424 ISE 216 radioisotope excitation ED-

XRF 323 REEs by EMPA 375 REEs by ICP-AES 158 SSMS 42 WD-XRF 281

detectors electron 341 Ge lithium-drifted 406 Si lithium-drifted 286, 289

deuterated methane 555 deuterium see hydrogen isotopes deuterium arc, background correction

for 139 deuterium discharge tube 91 diffraction crystals 354

choice of for EPMA 356 effect of temperature on 260 fluorescence of 260 mosaic structure of 257 for XRF 256

diffraction gratings 93 diffusion in ion exchange columns 480 diffusion pump 336 digital filter

in ED-EPMA 361 in ED-XRF 307

dilution factor 250 direct current plasma optical emission

spectrometry (DCP-OES) 192 direct tube excitation in ED-XRF 300 disc of least confusion 330 discordant isotope ages 522 discriminator

processing electronics of 267 in pulse height analysis 268

disequilibrium studies and U /Th series isotopes 440, 461

dissociation energies of monochlorides 134

dissociation equilibrium 117 divinylbenzene as cross-linking

reagent 573 dominant cluster mode 36, 38 Donnan potential 475 donor atoms 406 Doppler broadening 89 dose rate equivalents in gamma

spectrometry measurements 459 double-beam AAS 114 double-focusing mass spectrometer 502

Mattauch-Herzog 503 Nier-Johnson 502

double junction reference electrode 216 double monochromators 102 drift 1,8

in calibration 15 in calibration of EPMA 358

drying cycle 128, 131 duoplasmatron 383 Dybczynski's method for reference

data 37 dynamic sample introduction

in gas source spectrometry 548 memory effects in 549

dynode 265, 453, 506

Ebert-Fastie monochromator 101 echelle grating 96, 97

613

INDEX

echellette grating 94 eddy diffusion 480 edge effects of minerals in EPMA 345 EDTA 58,64 effective bandwidth 99 efficiency

of gamma-ray detectors 414 of ionization of an electron impact

source 546 of neutron counters 444 of Si(Li) detector 290

Einstein's equation 512 elastic scatter 239

(see also Rayleigh scatter) electrochemistry 2 I 3 electrodes

for DCP-AES 192 for arc/spark discharge 200 ion-selective 2 I 3 for spark source mass

spectrometry 566 electrodeless discharge lamp \08, 146 electrolytic graphite 131 electromagnetic lens 330

condenser 331 mini- 333 objective 332 tandem 332

electromagnetic spectrum 77 electron capture 403

and nuclear stability 51 I electron channel multiplier ion

detector 507 electron column design 33 I electron energy spectrometer 396 electron excitation, direct, in XRF 238 electron gun 327, 328 electron impact ion source 546 electron multiplier ion detector 506 electron probe microanalysis 326

ED calibration procedures for 362 routine analytical performance

of 366 signal and instrumentation for 2

electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 327,383,395

electron trajectories 336 electron volt 5, 78, 227 electronic orbitals 58, 80, 226, 228

conversion on energy of 228 electronic structure of atoms 228 electro selectivity of ion-exchange

resins 476 electrostatic sector

effect of on abundance sensitivity 508 in MS 502, 566

electrothermal atomization (AAS) 128 geological applications of 144

element sensitivity in ICP-MS 579

elemental analyser 73 emission of ions from heated

filament 523 emission of light 88 emission measurements 80 energy dispersive spectrometers v.

wavelength dispersive spectrometers 299, 366

energy dispersive x-ray spectrometers calibration procedures for 362 contamination of window by oil

in 360 inEPMA 360

energy dispersive XRF 286 using secondary target excitation 317

614

energy filtering 386 energy of x-ray emissions 226 epicycloid 354 epithermal neutron activation

analysis 400 epithermal neutrons 400 equitransferent electrolyte 216 errors in analytical data 7

determinate (systematic) error 7 gross errors 8 indeterminate (random error) 7

errors in spectrometric measurements \03

escape peaks 299 argon, in x-ray counters 262 in NaT detector 266

europium anomalies 428, 432 europium as internal standard 205 eutectic mixture as flux in XRF 247 Everhart-Thornley detector 341 evaporation of elements in arc/spark

excitation 204 excitation

by Bragg polarized x-rays 321 by polarized radiation using

secondary targets 320 by radioisotope source 322 by secondary target 315, 3 I 6 by total reflection of x-ray beam 323 in EPMA 343

excitation efficiency of EPMA v. XRF 343

excitation geometry in ED-XRF 300 excitation mechanism

in ion probe 384 in laser probe 391 in PIXE 393

excitation processes in EPMA 343 in ICP 16S

excitation strategy in ED-XRF 301 excitation temperatures

in ion probe 384 in laser microprobe 391

excited volume 336 expansion of plasma in TCP-MS 567 experimental petrology, application of

beta-autoradiography to 451 extendable dead time 267 extraction of argon for 4°Ar/39 Ar

dating 563 extraction, J. Lawrence Smith 57

Fano factor 263, 29 I, 4 I 5 Fassel/Scott torch 1 S4 fast neutrons 401 Faraday cage see Faraday cup Faraday cup, for ion detection 505 ferrous iron, determination of

interferences in 69 by potentiometry 70 by Pratt's method 69 by rapid procedures 67 by Wilson's mcthod 68

ferrous iron, oxidation of during grinding 67 during ignition 70

Fery spectrograph 101 field-based measurements by gamma

spectrometry 458 field effect transistor (FET) 293, 409 field mapping by gamma

spectrometry 459 figure of merit 3, 255

filament, single or triple, for thermal ionization 524

filament, tungsten 328 filament current 335 finger trouble 8 fire assay

detection limits of 43 procedures for 487,488

fireball 163 fireclay crucible 488, 491 fission of'35U 440,441,445 fission products, interferences from in

INAA 428 fission track analysis 440, 445, 448 fission track density 446 flame

argon-hydrogen 148 air-acetylene 112, 114, lIS nitrous oxide-acetylene 112, 115 temperatures of 63, 120 zones of 114

flame photometry detection limits of 43 optical principles of 62, 77 preferred element range of 40, 41, 42 principles and instrumentation

for 2,62 flaming of planchets for alpha

spectrometry 469 Fleming's left-hand rule 330 flicker 114 flicker effects 104 flour as flux component in fire

assay 488 fluid inclusion analysis by laser

probe 392 fluorescence 1

of diffracting crystals 260 optical 80

fluorescence correction 3S0 fluorescence yield 234, 35 I fluoride, determination of

by auto-analyser 7S by EPMA 369 by TSE 218 by ion chromatography 222

fluoride ion-selective electrode 213 fluorinated ethylpropylene (FEP) 24 flu oro-silicic acid 47 fluxes

for fire assay 487, 488 heavy absorber 247 optimized sample/flux ratio for

XRF 247 for XRF 247

focal length of electromagnetic lens 330

focusing properties of magnetic sector 500

foils, analysis of by PIXE 393 by TEM 396

formula unit 368 calculations of 370

formvar as window material 264 fractions and multiples 4, 5 free electron density ICP 168 free radical 115, 117, 118 free-running rf generator 155 free spectral range 97 frequency distribution 8, 10 F-test 12 fully-focusing x-ray spectrometer 353 functional groups in ion exchange

resins 473

fundamental equation of excitation in XRF 244

fundamental parameter correction procedures in XRF 249

fusion with alkali salts 52 in arc discharge 20 I of flux and samples for XRF 271

FWHM see resolution variations

G-I (international co-operative analysis) 28

results for by rapid chemical methods 68

gadolinium, determination of by prompt gamma NAA 439

gain I gain drift in ED-XRF 31l gallium in Ge semiconductors 406 gamma central value 36, 38 gamma-ray detectors 405

hyperpure Ge 407 lithium-drifted Ge 406 and low-energy photon spectrometers

408 planar Ge 407 planar v. coaxial 418

gamma-ray spectrum of activated granite 418 of i37Cs 413 of natural U, Th and K 453

gamma spectrometry 440 detection limits of 467 field-based measurements by 458 shielding of instrumentation for 457 for U/Th disequilibrium

measurements 467 gangue 487 gas chromatography 74 gas diffusion cell 221 gas multiplication 261, 444 gas proportional counters 261

as neutron counters 444 gas source mass spectrometry 498, 546

detection limits of 43 instrumentation for 546

Gastwirth Median 36 gaussian amplifier 409 gaussian (normal) distribution 10, 13 generation factor 348, 349 geochronology 514

potassium-argon 560 Geological and Mining Service,

Suriname 32 Geological Survey of Japan, reference

materials from 30, 32 geometry of counting for gamma

spectrometry 457 geometry of sam pie detector, in

INAA 426 ofSEM 380

Geostandards Newsletter 30 germanium

as internal standard 205 n-type 406

germanium gamma-ray detectors 406 in PIXE 394

GIT-IWG international working group 30

glass discs critical penetration depth in 248 iterative matrix correction procedures

with 250

magnitude of inter-element effects in 249

sample preparation procedures with 282

for XRF analysis 247 GMK nebulizer 162 gold

analysis techniques for 486 detection of by neutron activation

induced beta-autoradiography 452 as neutron flux monitor 417 (see also platinum group elements,

noble metals) gold front contact 288 Govindaraju's method 38 gram 5 graphite electrodes

for DCP-AES 194 for arc/spark discharges 200

graphite furnace AAS 128,131 geological applications of 144

graphite probe constant temperature furnace 152

gravimetry limitation of in classical

procedures 55 preferred element range for 40 signal and instrumentation for 2 use of in classical procedures 55

grease, use of in vacuum systems 508 Greenfield torch 154 grid 328 grinding 18

contamination from 21 gross outliers 38 Grotian diagrams 85 guard ring detectors 288, 289 gun, electron, errors in nominal k V

of 347

half-layer thickness 270 half-life 402 Hall effect probe 509 Harwell processor 294 heat generated in EPMA 337 heavy absorber flux 247 height eq uivalent of theoretical plate

(HETP) 478 helium

as ICP plasma gas 156 in x-ray counters 264

helium expansion rcfrigerator 559 helium, isotopes of, measurement by

mass spectrometry 546, 559 HEP A filters 23 high voltage bias 288 hollow cathode 383 hollow cathode lamp 106, 108

modulation of output of 113 hollow graphite furnace AAS see

graphite furnace AAS homogeneity 3 homogeneity effects

in mineral standards 365 in trace elements (Au, Zr) 20 (see also inhomogeneity effects)

Huygen's principle 93 hydrated antimony (V) oxide 55 hydrated minerals, analysis of for 0

isotopes 557 hydride generation (AAS), detection

limits of 43 hydride generators 146, 148 hydride interferences, in ion probe 389

INDEX

hydrochloric acid impurities in 27 physical and chemical properties

of 49 sub-boiling distillation of 26

hydrofluoric acid impurities in 27 physical and chemical properties

of 47 safe use of 47 sub-boiling distillation of 26

hydrogen, isotopes of analysis of 552 measurement of by MS 546

hydroxyl ions, interference by in ISE 214

hyperbolic rods for quadrupole MS 503

hyperpure Ge detectors 407

IAEA, reference materials from 31 IGGE, reference materials from 31 image resolution 331 iminodiacetate functional group 484 impedance 155 incomplete charge collection 406

(see also shelving) incoherent scatter 239

(see also Compton scatter) indium

for gaskets in vacuum system 508 as internal standard 205

inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry 153

inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 77, 498, 575

applications of 583 detection limits 43, 187 element sensitivities in 579 instrumentation for 575, 582 interferences in 579 optical principles of 77 preferred element range of 40, 41, 42 signal and instrumentation for 2,

575, 582 inelastic scatter 239

(see also Compton scatter) influence coefficient, correction

procedures for in XRF 251 infrared spectrometry 74 inhomogeneity effects in analysis 18

in Au 20 in major elements 19 in platinum group element

minerals 494 in trace elements 20 in Zr 20 (see also homogeneity effects)

initial radiation zone 169 Institute of Geochemistry (USSR),

reference materials from 31 instrumental neutron activation analysis

(INAA) 399 intrinsic Ge 407 intercalation 132 inter-element effects, magnitude of in

XRF 248 interference 3

in Ar plasma 167 from Cl- in hollow graphite furnace

AAS 133 in delayed neutron emission 443 in Fe determination 69

615

INDEX

interference (continued) in ICP-MS 579 in secondary ion beam 385 in SSMS 567 spectral in ICP-AES 196 suppression of in AAS 123 (see also spectrum interferences)

interference corrections, and spectral overlaps in XRF 277

interference effects in hollow graphite furnace atomization 129

interlaboratory agreement, in XRF data 284

interlaboratory bias 3, 15 internal conversion 233, 403 internal standardization 63, 185, 205

in ICP-MS 583 in SSMS 568

iodine, 1291 relic activity in 513 ion chromatography 222

geological applications of 225 ion detectors 505

Daly 507 electron channel multiplier 507 electron multiplier 506 Faraday cup 505

ion emission from heated filament 523 ion erosion 329 ion exchange

preconcentration procedures in 472 for REE determination by ICP­

AES 190 for separation of Pb, Th and U 533

ion exchange resins 472 for ion chromatography 223

ion migration, in EPMA 338 ion probe microanalyser 327 ion probe microanalysis 383 ion production

in SSMS 566 mechanisms of 567

ion-selective electrodes (ISE) 213 detection limits compared 43 preferred element range of 41 signal and instrumentation for 2

ion source, for MS 498, 499 ion source, inductively coupled Ar

plasma as 578 ionic strength 217 ionization

in ICP-MS 577 interferences from in Ar plasma 168 in SSMS 566

ionization potential 228, 523 of selected elements determined by

SSMS 571 ionization suppression 63, 118, 577 iron

determination as total 28 effect of oxidation state of

in EPMA 369 foil as neutron flux monitor 417 loss of into Pt alloys 271 typical x-ray spectrum of 229 uncertainties in summation of 28 (see also ferrous iron)

iron, determination of by classical procedures 56 by colorimetry 61 by rapid procedures 66, 67

isobaric interferences in REE determination 539, 574 in SSMS 546

isochron 515 isomeric transition 403,441

616

isoporous resins 574 isothermal atomization 137 isotopes 510

naturally occurring radioactive 512 stable radioactive 511

isotope dilution analysis 498, 536 in determination of REEs 539 in determination of Th 536 in determination of U 536 in ICP-MS 584 scope and applicability of 538

isotope dilution mass spectrometry preferred element range for 41 detection limits of 43

isotope ratios, determined by I CP­MS 575

isotopic fractionation in analysis of carbonates 558

iterative correction procedures for glass discs in XRF 249, 250

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) 4,217

Johann geometry 354 Johansson geometry 354

K-factors 365 Kahn boat 150 Karl Fischer titration 74 kelvin, definition of 4 kilogram, definition of 4, 5 Kramers' formula 236,361,362 krypton as x-ray counter gas 263 krypton, measurement of isotopes of by

MS 546,559 kurtosis 37

laboratory design 23 laboratory environment 23 Lachance-Traill correction

procedure 251 laminal flow cabinets 24 Langmuir-Saha equation 523 lanthanum

in heavy absorber fluxes 247 as internal standard 185 LaF J membrane in ISE 214 as releasing agent in AAS 118

lanthanum, isotopes of 138La natural activity 514 138La_138Ce geochronometer 517

laser microprobe 383, 391 laser, Q-switched 391 lattice spacing 256

of diffracting crystals 258 lead

airborne contamination by 24 shielding by in gamma

spectrometry 457 lead isotope ratios, determination of

by ICP-MS 585 by ion probe 388 by MS 534

lead, isotopes of determination of by MS 531 206Pb/204Pb isochron equation 520 207Pb/205Pb isochron equation 521 207Pb/206Pb isochron equation 521 210Pb in snow and shallow-water

sediments 464 lead monoxide in fire assay 487,488 leakage current 408 least squares regression 13 Lenard coefficient 351 lens see electromagnetic lens

Lexan sheet 459 library spectra, in ED-XRF 311 light, properties of 78 limit of determination 16, 281, 424 limit of quanti tat ion 17,281,424 limited readout capability 104 line broadening 89 line selection

in ICP-AES 170 in XRF analysis 231

line selection tables, in ICP-AES 171 line width 90

for atomic absorption 106 of emissions from ICP-AES 169

liquid nitrogen 407,408 litharge, as flux component in fire

assay 487,488 lithium, detection of by neutron-induced

alpha autoradiography 450 lithium drifting process 286

(see also detectors) lithium meta borate 52

in fusions for AAS 119 in fusions for XRF 247,271

lithium tetraborate in fusions for XRF 247

litre 5 Littrow monochromator 100 Littrow prism 92 live time 411

(see also dead time) local thermal equilibrium see thermal

equilibrium longitudinal diffusion 480 loss on ignition 70, 251 low-density polyethylene

for apparatus in ultratrace analysis 24

physical and chemical properties of 25

reaction of with Hg solutions 26 low-dilution fusions for XRF 247 lower limit of detection 16,281,424 lucite

contamination from 23 as grinding material 22

Lundegardh burner 63, 110 lutetium, as internal standard 185, 568 lutetium, isotopes of

176Lu natural activity 514 176Lu_176Hf geochronometer 517

L'vov furnace 135 L'vov platform 137

macroporous resins 474 magnesium, atomization of in AA

flame 118 magnesium, determination of

by classical procedures 56, 57 by rapid procedures 67 by titration with EDT A 65

magnesium nitrate, as matrix modifier 134

magnetic centripetal force 500, 502 magnetic sector 500 magnification, image 335 major elements, determination of

by AAS 122, 123 by arc/spark excitation 206 by ED-XRF 303,312 by WD-XRF 282

major elements, suppression of interferences on in AAS 123

manganese, determination of by classical procedures 56, 57

manganese, determination of (continued) by colorimetry 61 by rapid procedures 67

mass 4 mass analyser 498

double-focusing 502 quadrupole 503 resolution of 386, 50 I

mass attenuation coefficient 239, 252 bulk 241

mass defect effect 512 inAI 512 inH 512

mass dispersion 500 mass fractionation 525

in Ar dating 564 in determination of C isotopes 555 in gas source MS 549 caused by ion detectors 549 in Nd/Sm isotope analysis 530 in noble gas analysis 559 of Sr isotopes 527

mass resolution for ICP-MS 582 mass spectrograph 566 mass spectrometer, MS-IO 551 mass spectrometry (MS)

gas source 498, 546 inductively-coupled plasma 498,575 principles of 497 secondary ion 498 spark source 497, 566 thermal ionization 497,523

mass transfer effect 480 Massman furnace 136 matrix correction procedures

in EMPA 348,352 matrix effects 3

in arc/spark excitation 202 in ICP-MS 579 on thermal ionization 524 inXRF 242

matrix interferences, in ion probe analysis 386

matrix matching 64 in AAS 123 of standard solutions 182

matrix modifier in hollow graphite furnace AAS 134 in thermal ionization ofPb 534

Mattauch-Herzog mass analyser 391, 503,566

maximum likelihood regression 15 mean 12

arithmetic 35 geometric 35 population 8 preferred 35 sample 8

mean free path of N 2 in vacuum 508 of photoelectrons 396

median 9,35 Gastwirth 36

Mcinhard nebulizer 157 memory accumulator 411 memory effect in gas source MS 549,

550 mercury

losses of in storage 25, 146 for shielding in gamma

spectrometry 457 mercury, determination of, by cold

vapour generation 146 mercury fulminate 148 mesh sizes 19

mesomer 403 metastable Ar species 164, 167

effect of in ICP-MS 580 methane as quench gas in x-ray

counters 261 methyl acrylic acid 474 metre, definition of 4 mica sheet, for fission track

analysis 445 microbeam techniques 326 microwave excited argon plasma 585 Miller indices 259 mineral acids 47 mineralogical effects in XRF 245 minerals, chemical formulae of 371 minerals, dissolution-resistant

acid attack on 50, 51 lithium metaborate fusion of 52

mineral standards for EPMA 364 mini-lens 333 mini-torch designs 156 mixed solvent ion exchange

for Nd isotope analysis 529 separation of REEs by 543

mixed oxides 56 mode 9

dominant cluster 36 gamma central value 36

moderation, of neutrons 399 molar absorptivity . 58, 87 molar concentration 7 molarity 7 mole, definition of 4 molecular flow 549 molecular orbitals 58 monochromator 63,90,91

designs for 91,98 monosodium glutamate 48 Monte Carlo simulations 337 mosaic structure see diffracting

crystals Moseley's Law 227,229 mould for fire assay 489 multi-channel analyser (MCA) 297,

410,456 in ICP-MS 583

multi-channel scaling, in ICP-MS 583 multi-layered crystals 259, 356 multiple collection in MS 509 multiplicity 84 mylar, as window material 264

NBS-I distilled water standard 558 nebulization 109,110

efficiency of inAAS 110 in ICP 157, 183

nebulizer for AAS 109, 120 Babington 161 concentric pneumatic 157 cross-flow 160 GMK 162 for ICP 156 Meinhard 157 ultrasonic 163

neodymium-samarium isotope analysis of by MS 528 mass fractionation of 530 MS of 529,531

neon, isotopes of discovery of 510 measurement of by MS 546, 559

Nernst equation 216

INDEX

neutron activation for 40 Arr Ar' dating 562

neutron activation analysis (NAA) 399 detection limits of 43 determination of noble metals

by 492 preferred element range for 40,41,

42 signal and instrumentation for 2

neutron capture cross-sections 40 I neutron counters 444 neutron energies 400 neutron flux 40 I neutron flux monitors 417

for 40 Ar/'" Ar dating 563 nickel as flux component in fire

assay 491 nickel carbonyl 491 Nier-Iohnson double-focusing mass

spectrometer 502 Nier-type mass spectrometer 550 NIM

reference materials from 30, 31 nitre as flux component in fire assay 488 nitric acid

impurities in 27 physical and chemical properties

of 48 sub-boiling distillation of 26

nitrogen as ICP plasma gas 156 nitrogen isotopes, measurement of by

MS 546,555 nitrous oxide-acetylene flame 112, 115 noble gas isotopes, measurement of by

MS 546,559 noble metals 486 noise 1,3 non-extendable dead time 267 non-specific absorbance in AAS 120 normal analytical zone 169 normal (gaussian) distribution 10, 13 normality 7 nuclear fractionation of S isotopes 558 nuclear microprobe 392 nuclear reactions 40 I

in PIXE 393 nuclear reactor 399 nuclear resonance reactions 394 nuclear stability 510 nylon sieve, contamination from 23

object function 178 objective lens 332 Oddo--Harkins rule 430 oil diffusion pumps 336 operating conditions for WD-

XRF 278 optical filters 97 optical fluorescence 80 optical spectrometry 77 optimizing ion exchange column

separations 480 optimum excitation conditions

for ED-XRF (major elements) 303 for ED-XRF (trace elements) 304,

306 for EPMA 344

optimum irradiation conditions for 4°Arp9Ardating 562

optimum operation parameters for ICP 175

orbitals, electronic see electronic orbitals

orthogonal geometry for excitation in ED-XRF 315

617

INDEX

orthophosphoric acid 47 osmium and Pb fire assay 489 outliers in reference materials data 38 oxidation state, influence of in

XRF 232 oxide ratios 27 oxygen, ionic forms offor probe

excitation 383, 385 oxygen, isotopes of

extraction of using fluorine 557 measurement of by MS 546, 556 and attack by BrF5 556

palladium as internal standard 205 I07Pd relic activity in 513

pair production 413 paraffin for neutron shielding 444 particle-induced x-ray emission

(PIXE) 327, 383, 392 particle size distribution in XRF powder

pellets 245 parting 487 'parts per mil' 7,552 Paschen-Runge mounting 102, 173 Pauli exclusion principle 82 peak-fitting algorithms for ED-

XRF 307 peak to background ratios in

EPMA 380 peak to Compton ratio 415 pearl polymerization 474 Pee Dee belemnite 553 Penfield method 71 Penning ionization 167 perchloric acid

physical and chemical properties of 48 .

role of in Si volatilization 51 peristaltic pump 75, 158, 193 phase boundary effects in EPMA 345 I,IO-phenanthroline 61 Philibert function 350 phosphor 265, 341 phosphorus, determination of

by classical procedures 56, 57 by rapid procedures 67

photoelectric absorption 239,241,297 photoelectric effect 395 photoelectric ionization 241 photographic emulsion

in alpha autoradiography 450 in beta autoradiography 451,452

photographic plate detection 91,566 for arc/spark OES 209 of ions in SSMS 566, 568 calibration offor SSMS 569 in MS 499, 505 variation in efficiency of 569

photometer 90 photometry, principles and

instrumentation in 58 photomultiplier tube 90, 97, 99, 265,

453, 506 photo peak area calculations in gamma

spectrometry 456 photoplate see photographic plate photoplate gamma 569 physical constants

SI units 6 values of 7

pinch discharge 576 pIon meter 216 planar Ge detectors 407 planchet 460,461

618

Planck constant 7, 78 plasma 153

argon 575 dc 193 fireball 163 gas 156 tail flame in 164 temperature distribution in 165 temperature of 194

plasma, excited in ion probe 384 in laser microprobe 391

plasma expansion in SSMS 567 plasma optimization for ICP-MS 580 plating, of samples for alpha

spectrometry 461, 469 platinum as internal standard 205 platinum-5% Au crucibles 271 platinum group elements

analysis techniques for 486 chondrite normalizing factors

for 486,496 detection of in minerals by neutron

activation induced beta­autoradiography 452

graphical presentation of data for 496

recovery efficiency of separation procedures for 490

(see also noble metals) platinum group elements, determination

of by graphite furnace AAS 494 by NAA 492, 494

platinum group elements, separation of by acid extraction 492 by nickel sulphide fire assay 491 by Pb fire assay 487 by Srafion NMRR chelating

resin 493 by Te co-precipitation 492

plutonium, 244Pu relic activity in 513 pneumatic nebulizer 110 poisson counting statistics 365 poisson distribution 10 polarized x-ray beams 315

fonned by Bragg diffraction 321 fonned from secondary targets 316

pole piece 330 pole-zero cancellation 409 polished thin sections 364 polishing irregularities in EPMA 346 polycarbonate

apparatus of for ultratrace analysis 24

physical and chemical properties of 25

polycarbonate sheet for fission track analysis 459

poly(dithiocarbamate) 485 polyethylene

sample vials of in INAA 416 trace contaminants in 416

polypropylene 48 storage bottles of 25 physical and chemical properties

of 25 as window material 264

polysilicic acid 52 polystyrene as ion-exchange resin

substrate 223, 472 population distribution 8 position-sensitive detectors 574 positron emission 403

and nuclear stability 511

potassium effect of Ar absorption edge on

detection of K-lines in 263 influence of on thermal decomposition

of minerals in EPMA 338 natural gamma spectrum of 453

potassium-argon dating 546, 560 potassium, determination of

by classical procedures 57 by flame photometry 62 by rapid procedures 67

potassium, isotopes of 4°K/4CAr geochronometer 515,560 4°K natural activity, decay route

of 515 potassium hydrogen fluoride (KHF 2)

fusion 52, 53 potassium pyrosulphate 53 potassium superoxide 55 potentiometry, determination of ferrous

iron by 70 powder pellets

critical penetration depth in 245 magnitude of inter-element effects

in 248 sample preparation for XRF 212

Pratt's method 69 preamplifier

for Ge detectors 409 for Si(Li) detectors 293 for x-ray counters 266

precision 3, 8 in INAA 424 in WD-XRF 279

preferred analytical techniques 42 preheat zone 169 pressure broadening 90 prill 487 primary beam filters

in ED-XRF 304 in WD-XRF 254

primeval Pb isotope ratios 521 (see also lead)

probe current 335 prompt gamma NAA 401,438

detection limits of 43 propagation of errors in algebraic

functions 9 proportional counters 261

in EPMA 357 proton beam excitation 393 proton capture 394 proton scattering 394 pseudo-crystals

inEPMA 356 for x-ray diffraction 259

PTFE apparatus for ultratrace analysis 24, 48

p-type Ge 406 p-type Si 286 pulse height analysis

and analytical considerations 268 effect of gas pressure on 264 windows for 263

pulse height depression 262 pulse pile-up 294,410 pulse processing electronics

inINAA 410 for Si(Li) detectors 293 inXRF 266

pulse optical feedback 293 pulsed x-ray tube operation 301 pumps

oil diffusion 336 rotary 335

pyrohydrolysis 222 pyrolytic graphite 131

Q-swi tched laser see laser quadrupole mass spectrometer 503

in ICP-MS 575, 582 qualitative analysis

using ED-EPMA 363 by IEM 398 (see also semi-quantitative analysis)

quality assurance 15 quantum numbers 80 quantum theory 80 quartz

apparatus of for ultratrace analysis 24

physical and chemical properties of (table) 25

trace contaminants in 416 quench gas 262

rabbit irradiation facility 435, 440 radian, definition of 4 radioactive decay equation 514 radioactive decay schemes 402 radioactive isotopes, natural 512 radioactivity, behaviour of during

irradiation 399 radiochemical neutron activation

analysis (RNAA) 399 radiochemical separations 435 radiofrequency discharge in SSMS 567 radiofrequencyexcitation 109, 154 radIO frequency power transfer 155 radiogenic elements 498 radioisotope excitation 238

in ED-XRF 322 random summing 415 range of electrons (EPMA) 336 rapid methods of analysis 58, 66 rare-earth elements (REEs)

analysis of in minerals by EPMA 371 atomization of in AA flame 118 detection limits for in EPMA 375,

379 detection of by neutron activation

induced autoradiography 468 ion-exchange separations for 480 mineral standards for in EPMA 374 selective absorption of 485 spectral overlap interferences

and 374 rare-earth elements, determination of

by ICP-AES 185 by ICP-MS 586 by ion probe 387 by isotope dilution 539 by RNAA 435 by SSMS 572

Rasberry-Heinrich correction procedure 251

raster 334 Rayleigh scatter 239,252, 298, 396

matrix correction procedures for 252

recovery efficiency in RNAA 436 reducing power 488 reference electrodes see standard

reference electrodes reference materials 3, 28

as calibration standards in INAA 423

compilations of analytical data 33 and ICP calibration 183 preparation of 33

role of 33 reliability of 33, 38, 39 silicate, role of 33 statistical assessment of 33 sources of 31

reference mineral standards 366 reflection grating 93, 94 refractor plate 175 regenerative monochromatic filter 306 relative intensities (XRF lines) 232 releasing agent 118 repeatability, of spectrometer 355 replication 94 reporting analytical data 27 resin, ion exchange 472 resolution

of gas proportional counters 263 of Ge detectors 415 in ICP-MS 579 of ion exchange columns 479 of mass analyser (SIMS) 386 of mass spectrometer 500, 503, 512 of Si(Li) detector 290 of slits 98 of sodium iodide detector 264, 453 of x-rays in EPMA 344, 345

resolution variations in ED-XRF 309 resolving power 95, 97 resonance lines 85 resonance neutron capture 400 resonance reactions (PIXE

excitation) 394 reverse bias x-ray tube 237 Reynolds-type mass spectrometer 548,

551 rhenium

as internal standard in SSMS 571 use of as filament 524

rhenium, isotopes of 187Re natural activity 514 187Re_\870s geochronometer 517

Ringbom plot 105 rise-time 266 Robinson detector 342 roll-over (of calibration line) 143 rotary vacuum pump 335 rounding data convention 27 Rowland's circle 102, 173, 354 rubidium, determination of

by MS 527 by XRF 528

rubidium, isotopes of ratios determined by ICP-MS 585 87Rb natural activity 514 87Rb--87Sr geochronometer 517 Rb/Sr isotope analysis 525

Russell-Saunders coupling 82, 86 ruthenium and Pb fire assay 489

salt content after alkali salt fusion 54 samarium

determination of by prompt gamma NAA 439

isotopic abundance of 528 samarium, isotopes of

146Sm relic activity 514 147Sm_143Nd geochronometer 517 147Sm natural activity 514

sample distribution 8 sample loading into a hollow graphite

furnace 132 sample packing, effect of on gamma

spectrometry 456 sample preparation

for arc/spark excitation 200

INDEX

for INAA 416 as thin foils for TEM 396 of thin sections for EPMA 364 for XRF 271,282

sampling strategy 18 field 18 laboratory 19

SAMPO 420 Santovac 336 satellite lines 235 saturation factor 402 scaler for x-ray pulse processing

electronics 267 scandium, as internal standard 205 scanning 334 scanning electron microscopy

(SEM) 326 as microprobe 380 using secondary fluorescence

excitation 381 scanning electron pro be

microanalyser 326 scintillation detectors

for alpha spectrometry 460 in EPMA 341 for gamma spectrometry 452 NaI 264

schemes of analysis by ED-XRF 308 scourification 487,489 scouring powder, in cleaning of grinding

equipment 23 second, definition of 4, 5 second-order activation 427 secondary electrons 340, 341, 506, 507 secondary fluorescence 244, 345

excitation in SEM 381 secondary ion mass spectrometer 327 secondary ion mass spectrometry

(SIMS) 327,498 secondary ion yield 385 secondary standards 15 secondary target excitation in ED-

XRF 315,316 secular equilibrium 517

in gamma spectrometry 459 in U/Th series disequilibrium 461

Seidel function 569 selected laboratories method for

reference material data 37 selective-ion electrodes 213 selectivity coefficients of ion exchange

resins 475 self-absorption 88

inAAS 88 in arc/spark emission 206 of gamma-rays in INAA 427

self-shielding of neutrons in INAA 426 semiconductor detectors 286, 405 semiconductor silicon 286 semi-focusing x-ray spectrometers 357 semi-quantitative analysis see

qualitative analysis semi-quantitative analysis by arc/spark

OES 211 sensitivity 1, 282

of elements determined by SSMS 569 of ion probe excitation 385

separation procedures for noble gases 559

sequential spectrometer 173 sheathing gas (argon for arc/spark

discharges) 200 shelving 299 short-lived isotopes 435 shot 487

619

INDEX

shot noise 100, 103 shielding in gamma spectrometry 457 SI base units 4 SI derived units 5 SI system 4 Siegbahn notation 86, 229 sieve sizes 19 signal I signal to background ratios in

ICP-MS 576 signal to noise ratio 2, 415 significant figure convention 27 Si(Li) detector 286

configuration of 289 silicate rock analysis

by dc plasma 197 by ISE 219

silicic acid 56 silicon

atomization of in AA flame 119 loss of by volatilization 51, 55 n-type 286 p-type 286

silicon, determination of by classical procedures 56 by rapid procedures 66

silicon surface barrier detectors 341, 460

silver-silver chloride reference electrode 215

simplex optimization 176 simultaneous multi-element

analysis 205 by ICP 183

simultaneous spectrometers 173 single-beam AAS 114 single comparator calibration 422 sintering 53, 54 skewed distribution 9 skewness 36, 38 skin depth in ICP 155 slits 98 slot burner 112 slotted quartz tube in AAS 152 Smith, 1. Lawrence see extraction Smith-Hieftje background

correction 121, 143 sodium, absorption of by hydrated

antimony(V) oxide 55 sodium, determination of

by classical procedures 57 by flame photometry 63 by rapid procedures 67

sodium, influence of on thermal decomposition of minerals in EPMA 338

sodium, spectroscopic terms for 84 sodium borate in fire assay 488,491 sodium borohydride 146, 149 sodium carbonate fusions for fire

assay 53, 56, 488, 491 sodium hydroxide fusions 52, 53, 54 sodium iodide detectors 264

(see also scintillation detectors) sodium peroxide fusions 54 solid sampling in AAS 150 solid-state nuclear track detector 445 Soller slits 257 space charge effect 339 spark/arc discharge optical emission

spectrometry 198 detection limits of compared 43 optical principles of 77 preferred element range for 40, 41 signal and instrumentation for 2

620

spark source in MS, applications of 566

spark source MS 497, 566 detection limits of 43 element sensitivities in 571 instrumentation for 566 routine data acquisition by 568 signal and instrumentation for 2

specimen alignment (EPMA) 354 specimen current 335, 341 specimen height (EPMA) 347 specimen tilt (EPMA) 346 spectrograph 90, 199 spectrometers 90

design of 91, 113 electron energy 396 energy dispersive x-ray 360 fully-focusing x-ray 353 flat crystal x-ray 256 low-energy photon 407 wavelength dispersive 256, 353

spectrophotometers 90 uv /visible 60

spectroscope 90 spectroscopic buffer 64,200,201 spectroscopic terms 84, 90 spectrum 90 spectrum analysis procedures

for ED-XRF 307 for INAA 418

spectrum artefacts 298, 411 spectrum deconvolution in ED-­

EPMA 361 spectrum interferences

in AAS 120 in dc plasma 196 in determination of REEs by

EPMA 374 in EPMA 357 in gamma spectrometry 456 in ICP 169 in INAA 424 in WD--XRF 272

spherical aberration 330, 396 spike

(38Ar) 56 for Pb/Th/U isotope analysis 534 for Nd/Sm isotope analysis 528 optimum ratio for 537 use of in isotope dilution 537

spin-orbital coupling 82, 229 spline function 527 spontaneous fission

as autoradiography technique 448 and nuclear stability 512

spot size 333 spray chamber (ICP) 156, 158 Srafion NMRR 484, 493 stable compound formation in hollow

graphite furnace atomization 138

stainless steel sieve, contamination from 23

static sample introduction in gas source mass spectrometry 548 in mass fractionation 549 in determination of C isotopes 554

standard additions 3, 28 standard deviation 9, II

in small sets of data II standard light antarctic precipitation

(SLAP) 558 standard mean ocean water

(SMOW) 553, 558 standard reference electrode 213,214

standard solutions preparation of for ICP 179 stability of 179

standards 3 steel plates for shielding in gamma

spectrometry 457 steel rollers to aid dissolution of

melts 52 stepped combustion 554. 555 steradian, definition of 4 stigma tor 334 stoichiometry 3, 114 stopping power correction 349 storage, losses of H20 and Hg

during 25 stray light 113, 170

effects of 103 strontium, determination of

by classical procedures 56, 57 by MS 526 by XRF 528

strontium, isotopes of determination of 87Sr/86Sr by ion

probe 388 dilution equation for 537 "Sr radiogenic isotope 514

structural water, effect of on summation ofEPMA 369

structural water, influence on minerals in EPMA 338

Student's I-test 12 styrene see polystyrene sub-boiling distillation 26 sulphonate group 473 sulphur as flux component in fire

assay 491 sulphur, determination of by ion

chromatography 216 sulphur hexafluoride 559 sulphur isotopes, measurement of by

MS 546,558 sulphuric acid, physical and chemical

properties of 49 summation

of analytical data 28 of EPMA data 369

suppressor column for ion chromatography 223

surface analysis techniques 383 surface barrier detector 341 surface layers, analysis of by ESCA 395 swelling of ion exchange resins 473,

474

tail flame 164 take-off angle 346

of x-ray spectrometer 256 tandem lens 332 tantalum, use of as filament 524 tantalum boat 150 Teflon see PTFE Teflon bomb, [or zircon dissolution 531 tellurium co-precipitation 492 temperature of ac/dc discharges 199

of dc plasma 194 ofICP 165

tertiary fluorescence 244 Tesla coil 154 tetraftuoroethylene (TFE) 24 thallium drifted NaI detectors see

scintillation detectors thenoyl trifluoroacetone for extraction

ofU, Th 469 theoretical plate model 478 thermal conductivity of minerals 338

thermal decomposition comparative rates of 339 of minerals in EPMA 338

thermal equilibrium, local 167,386 thermal ionization mass

spectrometry 497, 523 detection limits of 43 signal and instrumentation for 2

thermal neutrons 400 thermionic emission 236, 328 thin film techniques in XRF 253 thin foils see foils thin sections, preparation of 364 thorium

analysis of minerals for by EPMA 371

natural gamma spectrum of 453 secular equilibirum in 461 series disequilibrium of 462, 522

thorium decay chain 441,442 thorium, determination of

by alpha autoradiography 450 by fission track analysis 445 by' isotope dilution 538 by nuclear techniq ues 440 by SSMS after cation exchange 573

thorium, isotopes of determination of by MS 536 23°Thj232Th in magmatic systems 465 2JOTh/218U in corals and oolites 464 2JOTh/232Th in marine sediments 463,

464 mTh geochronometer 517 232Th natural activity 514

time constant in ED-XRF 294 for INAA instrumentation 409 of proportional counters 262 of scintillation detectors 266

time variant filters 294 timer for x-ray pulse processing

electronics 267 tin as internal standard in SSMS 572 titanium, atomization of in AA

flame 118 titanium, determination of

by classical procedures 56, 57 by rapid procedures 66

titanium sublimation pump 508 titrimetry

signal and instrumentation for 2 preferred element range for 40

tonne 5 top-hat function 307 topographic features 342 torch

ICP 154 low gas flow 155 mini- 156

toroidal diffracting crystals 354 torr 6 total consumption burner 110 total ionic strength adjustment buffer

(TISAB) 217 total peak area calculation 419 total reflection of x-ray beam 323 trace clements, determination of

by AAS 123 by arc/spark excitation 206 by ED-XRF 304,312 by ICP-MS 585 by WD-XRF 283

trace elements, suppression of interferences on in AAS 125

transition, allowed/forbidden 84

transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 327, 383, 396

transmission grating 93 transmission target x-ray tube 300 transmittance 86 trapping centres 287, 340, 406 triple filament 524 tritium see hydrogen isotopes troilite, primeval Pb isotope ratios

in 521 true coincidence summing 415 tungsten, use of as filament 328, 524, 546 tungsten carbide

contamination from 23 as grinding material 22

tungsten electrodes 194 tungsten lamp 91 turbo molecular pump 336, 508

ultrasonic nebulizer 163 univariant optimization 176 uramum

analysis of minerals for by EPMA 371

detection of M-lines in 263 natural gamma spectrum of 453 secular equilibrium in 461 series disequilibrium in 462 use of as releasing agent 118

uranium, detection of by alpha autoradiography 450 in thin section by spontaneous

fission 448 uranium, determination of

by delayed neutron fission 441 by fission track analysis 440, 445 by isotope dilution 536 by nuclear techniques 440

uranium, isotopes of determination of by MS 534 234U /238U in sea water 462, 463 235U natural activity 514 238U geochronometer 517 238U natural activity 514

uranium decay chain 441,442 uranium series disequilibrium 462, 522 uranium turnings for reducing H 20 552 uranyl ion in marine environment 462 USGS reference materials

G-I and W-I 28 USGS II 30 list of 31

uv/visiblc spectrometry, optical principles of 58, 77

vacuum housing for Ge detectors 408 vacuum requirements

for EPMA 335 in MS 508

vacuum x-ray absorption 270 valence band 287, 340, 405 van Deemter equation 479 Van de Graaff generator 392 van der Waals' attraction 477 vanning 487,488 variance 9, 12 vectors, spin-orbital 84 velocity of light 7, 227 viscous drag 336 viscous flow 549 volatilization

of elements during arc/spark excitation 202

of silicon 51, 55 V-SMOW 553, 558

INDEX

W-I compilation of data from 29 international co-operative analysis

of 28 Wasson's method for peak areas 420 water

hygroscopic 70 losses of on storage 25 purification of 26 trace-element contamination of 26 (see also structural water)

water, determination of by elemental analyser 73 by Karl Fischer titration 74 by Penfield method 71 by rapid procedures 67 by Riley's method 72 (see also hydrogen isotopes)

wavelength 78 of x-ray emissions 226

wavelength dispersive spectrometers 256

v. energy dispersive spectrometers 299

wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometers for EPMA 353

(see also EPMA) wavelength dispersive XRF 226

instrumentation for 253 spectrometers for 256

wavelength shifts 357 wavenumber 79 wave mechanics 80 Wehnelt cylinder 328 West rod 152 white filters for ED-XRF 305 Wilson's method 68 windowless gas flow proportional

counters 460 windows

absorption of x-rays in 264 for x-ray counters 261,357

work coil (ICP) 154 work function 523

xenon as x-ray counter gas 263 xenon isotopes, measurement of by

MS 546,559 x-ray counters 261 x-ray emission 228, 343 x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) 226

detection limits of 42 preferred element range for 39,40,

41 signal and instrumentation for 2

x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 327,383,395

x-ray spectrometers for EPMA 353 fully-focusing 353 repeatability of setting of 355 semi-focusing 357

x-ray tube 236, 254 choice of for XRF 254 contamination of 255 optimizing kV and mA in 255 power of 237, 300 pulsed tube operation of 30 I

reverse bias in 237 spectrum of 238 transmission target 300

x-rays characteristic 343, 350, 393 continuum 343,351

621

INDEX

yield determination in RNAA 435

ZAF correction 348, 352 Zeeman broadening 90 Zeeman effect, background correction

for 139

622

zero strobe 297, 299 zinc sulphide scintillator 460 zircon

chemical dissolution of by bomb 531 determination of Pb/U/Th isotope

ratios in 531

distribution of U in by spontaneous fission 448

zirconia stabilized Pt crucibles 271