Reference Emission Factorscrep.itb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/2012-RGD-ITB-Ref-Emissi… ·...

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Policy and Modeling Tools for Developing Reference Emission Level Retno Gumilang Dewi Center for Research on Energy Policy INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG Reference Emission Level & Emission Factors: 2 nd Asian Forum on Carbon Update 2012 (AFCU 2012) Bandung Indonesia, 15 – 17 February 2012

Transcript of Reference Emission Factorscrep.itb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/2012-RGD-ITB-Ref-Emissi… ·...

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Policy and Modeling Tools for Developing Reference Emission Level

Retno Gumilang DewiCenter for Research on Energy Policy 

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

Reference Emission Level & Emission Factors:

2nd Asian Forum on Carbon Update 2012 (AFCU 2012)Bandung ‐ Indonesia, 15 – 17 February 2012 

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Outline

• Background

• REL Understanding

– Definition and Use

– Coverage

• Developing REL

• Indonesian Case 

– Sectors of Activities to be Included

– National REL vs Sub‐national 

– Supporting National Policies for Developing REL

– Policies that Affect REL

– Modeling Tools

Closing Remarks

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I. Background

• Cancun Agreements: Elements on MRV for non‐Annex I Parties are 

considered under agenda item 3.2.2 “nationally appropriate mitigation 

actions by developing country Parties” of AWG‐LCA;

• MRV within the context of mitigation assessment requires credible 

Reference Emission Level (REL); It is felt more important as Indonesia has 

announced ‘non‐binding commitment’ for GHG mitigation action to avoid 

26% (and further 41%) GHG emissions in 2020;

• REL is important as a basis to measure the success of mitigation actions; 

• Developing REL is complex issues, establishing REL involves many factors 

(parameters/variables, data availability and reliability, national/regional 

policies, etc.) and actors (national, sub‐national, sectors, etc.).

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II. REL Understanding• GUIDANCE FOR DEVELOPING REL (REFERENCE EMISSION LEVEL)The SB 28 decision: describes Reference Emissions Levels (REL) as follows: “Means to establish reference emission levels, based on historical data, taking into account, inter alia, trends, starting dates and the length of the reference period, availability and reliability of historical data, and other specific national circumstances.”

• Developing (non‐Annex 1) countries have to interpret this guidance according to their national circumstances    

• parameters/variables, • data availability and reliability, • national/regional policies, etc. and • national, sub‐national, sectors, etc

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2.1 REL Definitions and Use

• Future projection of emission level under the absence of mitigation actions

• Used as reference for measuring emission avoidance resulted frommitigation actions  

2012

REL

Expected result from mitigation

avoidance

Historical Reduction 

2020

REL

1990 2000

Historical

Annex I

Non‐Annex I

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2.2. Coverage

• Present discussion of REL mostly related to REDD

• REL is supposed to cover all aspects related to GHG emission activities/sectors

To be used to measure the success of mitigation actions 

One of MRV components

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III. Developing REL

3.1 Components needed for Developing REL

•Relevant Base Year•Reliable Historical Activity Data•Appropriate Emission factors

•Appropriate Model/projection tools (as much as possible represent future development)  affect activity data affect emission trend

•Appropriate Methodology (emission estimates)

•Key Sources Category of GHG emissions

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3.2 Factors Determine A Good REL

•National Circumstances

•Supported National/Sub‐national Policies/Regulations•Availability of Data for Projection (driver of development)

•Relevancy with sector development plan

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IV. Indonesian Case

4.1 Important Sectors:

Sector 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Growth ,% per yr

Energy 280,938 306,774 327,911 333,950 372,123 369,800 5.7Industry 42,814 49,810 43,716 46,118 47,971 48,733 2.6

Agriculture 75,420 77,501 77,030 79,829 77,863 80,179 1.1Waste 157,328 160,818 162,800 164,074 165,799 166,831 1.2LUCF 649,254 560,546 1,287,495 345,489 617,423 674,828* Fluctuated

Peat Fire1 172,000 194,000 678,000 246,000 440,000 451,000 Fluctuated

Total with LUCF 1,377,753 1,349,449 2,576,952 1,215,460 1,721,179 1,991,371 Fluctuated

Total w/o LUCF 556,499 594,903 611,457 623,971 663,756 665,544 3.2

Ton CO2‐eq

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4.2 National vs Sub‐National (Province and/or City/Regency)

National Action Plan on GHG Mitigation (RAN GRK)

Regional Action Plan on GHG Mitigation (RAD GRK)

Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011: RAN GRK/RAD GRK 

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Need REL for City/ Regency Level

Need REL for Provincial Level

Need REL for National Level

RAP: Regional Action PlanNAP: National Action Plan

RA Emisi -Energi

RAP City/Regency

Ind. Office

RAP EnergyEnergy Office

RAP WasteEnv. Office

NAP EnergyMinistryEnergy

Planning Office

City/Regency

RAP ProvinceGovernor / Planning

Office

RA Emisi -EnergiAP Energy

Industry

Industri A Industri A

Industry A

RAP IPPUInd. Office

NAP WasteMinistryEnvir.

NAP IPPUMinistryIndustry

NAP Agric.Ministry

Agriculture

NAP ForestryMinistryForestry

National Planning Board

MinistryInternal Affair

RAP Other EnergiSectors

RAP AFOLUAgri/ Forrest Office

RA Emisi -EnergiRA Emisi -

EnergiAP

ProcessIndustry

RA Emisi -EnergiRA Emisi -

EnergiAP Waste

Industry

Coord. Ministry of Economy

Coord. Ministry of Welfare

Ministry of Env.

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4.3 Supporting National Policies for Developing REL

Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011: RAN GRK/RAD GRK 

Ratification of UNFCCC Act No. 6/1994: Indonesia is not Annex‐1 country, as a Party to the convention, Indonesia has to submit report regarding GHG inventory, mitigation action plan, and other activities related to climate change  reported in NATCOM

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a. Green energy policy (2004): green consideration in developing energy system (max renewable, efficient, clean technology). 

b. Permen ESDM No.32/2008: mandatory of biofuel utilization

Biofuel (2009): industry & power generation 2.5%, transport 1% 

Biofuel (2010): industry 5%, power 1%, transportation (2.5 ‐3%) 

c. Energy Law No. 30/2007

d. Inpres No. 1/2006 and No.10/2006: The Development of Biofuel  

e. Inpres No. 10/2005: Energy efficiency and Regulation of Energy 

f. Permen ESDM 0031/2005: guideline for implementing EE

g. Blue Print PEN 2005‐2025

4.4 Policies that Affect REL

ENERGY SECTOR

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Energy elasticity target < 1 in 2025 (in 2005 = 1.84, other countries 1.0 more energy is needed to increase a unit of Indonesian GDP 

Targeted share of different sources of energy in 2025:- to reduce oil from 54.78% (in 2005) to less than 20%  - to increase natural gas from 22.2% (in 2005) to 30% - to increase coal from 16.77% (in 2005) to more than 33%  - to increase geothermal from 2.48% (in 2005) to > 5%  - to increase other new‐renewable energy (biomass,  nuclear, hydro, solar, and wind) becomes more than  5%  

- to develop biofuel at least 5%  - to develop liquefied coal least 2% (18 MMBOE in 2020).  

Supply mix is formulated base on least cost & resource availablity 

Shift of new‐renewable from 4.5% (2003) to 17% (2025 ) is positive to climate change mitigations, but coal share increases from 14% (2003) to 33% (2025) will negative to climate change mitigations

h. Presidential Decree no.5/2006: National Energy Policy  

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-

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

GTon CO2e

PEPRESS BaUCLIMATE 1 CLIMATE 2

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Municipal Solid Management Law No. 18/2008.  

According to the Law, open dumping practices will be prohibited in the year 2013. 

It is expected that the Law will encourage the development of a more managed waste handling system (i.e., a sanitary landfill equipped with gas flaring or utilization systems).  

The GOI expects that after 2020, around 80% of the domestic liquid waste will be handled by sewerage systems. 

WASTE SECTOR

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Projection of Net CO2 Emission under BAU and Mitigation Scenarios and Sectors Contribution in Reducing the Emission

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

BA

UM

iti-1

Miti

-2B

AU

Miti

-1M

iti-2

BA

UM

iti-1

Miti

-2

2000 2005 2020

Em

issi

on (G

t CO

2) Peat EmissionWasteForestryAgricultureIndustryEnergy

27%

45%

1419

8

93

13

1

2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

26% 45%

Sect

or C

ontri

butio

n (%

)

IndustryAgricultureWasteForestryEnergyPeat Emission

Level of Reduction

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4.5 Modeling Tools

• Development Model for Estimating activity Data

• Methodology to Estimate GHG Emissions Level

REL

Sectoral: Energy, IPPU, AFOLU, and Waste Sub‐Sector Energy: Industry, Transport, Residential, etc)

IPCC Guidelines and Locally Developed Parameters

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GHG Emission Level = Activity Data (AD) x EF

Provide by sector

GHG Emission Projection: AD (projection) x EF

Sectoral Projection provide by sector

GHG Emission Projection and Mitigation

ENERGY SECTOR

Projection scenario of long term estimation for energy demand – supply 

Scenario of long term energy demand – supply is developed by“energy model simulation”

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POPULASI

GDP

Power Purchase

SEKTOR TRANSPORTASI

SEKTOR RUMAH TANGGA

PRODUCTION SECTOR(INDUSTRY & COMERCIAL)

Arus Barang

DEMAND

POWER PLANT

Supply[Oil, Coal,

Gas, Biofuel]

Electricity Supply

Industrial Product demand

Passenger Transport Demand

FOSIL

RENEW

ABLE

Energy Demand:[Oil, Gas, Coal, Electricity]

SUPPLY

Oil, Coal, Gas,

Biofuel

POPULATION TRANSPORT SECTOR

RESIDENTIALSECTOR

GHG Emissions

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5. Closing Remarks• Indonesia is very active in dealing with GHG emissions mitigations 

(target, actions plan, etc.), particularly since the announcement of non binding commitment in GHG emission avoidance target

• MRV of the achievement of mitigation efforts requires relevant REL

• Issues that have to be dealt with REL development include  complexity of reconciliation and integration of REL at national, sub‐national and sectoral level

• Issues related with mitigation initiatives/actions: domestic budget (RAN/RAD on Climate change), supported NAMAs, measurements of mitigation results (MRV), etc

• MRV has to be dealt with many issues: inventory, REL, results ofmitigations, international supports, BUR (biennial update report), ICA (international consultation and analysis)

• Required independent MRV institutions ??