8/6/2019 reenak

1/21

POST HARVEST PROTECTION OF CEREALS ,MILLETS,AND PULSES USING

BIOTECHNOLOGY

&

GENES INVOLVED IN PLANT DEVOLOPMENT

8/6/2019 reenak

2/21

cereals

Cereals, grains, or cerealgrains are grasses] cultivated for theedible components of their fruit seeds the endosperm, germ,

and bran. Cereal grains are grown in greater quantities and providemore food energy worldwide than any other type of crop; they aretherefore staple crops.

In their natural form (as in whole grain), they are a rich sourceofvitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein.However, when refined by the removal of the bran and germ, the

remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate and lacks the majorityof the other nutrients. In some developing nations, grain in theform ofrice, wheat, millet, or maize constitutes a majority of dailysustenance. In developed nations, cereal consumption is moderateand varied but still substantial..

8/6/2019 reenak

3/21

The Post-Harvest section of Cereals provides ideas and solutions for

improved drying, reduction of damage and wastage.

The milling and polishing of raw rice results in losses of 75% of vitamin B .56% of

riboflavin but parboiling reduces losses bt has some disadvantages like unplesent smell

,colour changes which has been overcome buy modern methods.In modern rice milling the cleaned paddy grains are first debulled in a huller without

damage to bran layer and rice kernel followed by separation of husked rice.the husked

rice is then polished to romove the germ pericarp and aleurone layers.

POST HARVEST PROTECTION OF CEREALS

Preventionand Controloftoxins :) Wheat should be stored at safe place away from moisture.

) Prevent the growth of fungi by proper drying of grains.

) Use proper and scientific storage method.

) Prevent insect infestation and fungus contamination by adopting

prophylactic / curative chemical treatment.

)Infested grain should be separated

8/6/2019 reenak

4/21

PACKAGING :

It must protect wheat in good condition and long lasting.

19 It must be clean and convenient to handle and carry out from the store

easily.

It must be identifiable and attract consumers.

It must resist spoiling.

It must be informative about wheat i.e. name and address of the packer,

pack size, quality / grade, quantity, variety and date of packing etc.

TRANSPORTATION :In the distribution of cereal, the means and cost of transport play an

important role. The cost of transport is the major factor responsible for the

wide differences, which exist between prices in surplus and deficit areas.

20 The wheat is transported in bulk and bags from field to market.

8/6/2019 reenak

5/21

STORAGE.

Harvested grains normally contain 20 per cent moisture content

whereas for storage,

around 12 per cent moisture is recommended. The drying is

achieved by natural or mechanical

resource. Moisture content more than 13 per cent at

temperatures 30 to 40

0

C make wheat

susceptible to moulds causing musty odour, discolouration and

lower flour yield

8/6/2019 reenak

6/21

MILLETS

The millets are a group of small-

seeded species ofcereal crops or grains, widely grown around

the world for food and fodder. They do not form

ataxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one.Their essential similarities are that they are small-

seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments

such as those at risk of drought. They have been in cultivation

in East Asia for the last 10,000 years.[1]

8/6/2019 reenak

7/21

POST HARVEST PROTECTION OF MILLETS

The unit operations involved in pearl millet are sun drying of stalks.thershing

,cleaning , winnowing ,processing ,bagging and storage.

Pearling of pearl millets to About 8% polish leaves most of the germs intact and

is nutritative value is not seriously affected .

TRANSPORT

Transportation of millet starts immediately after harvesting within the farm. For

farmers who do not prefer drying their crop in the field, they transport the millet in

bags to their homestead where the heads are spread out on the sun to dry. Some

farmers in central parts ofTanzania transport their millet by wrapping the crop in a

piece of cloth which is loaded on to donkeys and transported to the homestead

(Figure 14 a). Alternatively, whole crop may be tied up by rope and transported using

donkeys

8/6/2019 reenak

8/21

THRESHING

Threshing is the removal of grain from harvested plant or plant part (Acland,

1921). Threshing of millet is done manually by women and men. It entails

beating the millet heads with sticks or clubs repeatedly until almost all the

grains are detached from the heads.

DRYING

Information on the drying of millet is meagre (McFarlane et al., 1995). Millet grains

harvested during rainy season may be left to dry in the field for up to two weeks. Further

drying if required is completed after threshing on mats laid down on the sun, or plasticsheets

CLEANING

Cleaning refers to separation of contaminants from produce, and complete removal

of the contaminants so that the cleaned produce is free from re-contamination. The

contaminants for millets may be sand (soil), small stones, leaves, shrivelled seeds, off-type seeds, broken seeds, glumes, sticks, chaff, parts of stems, insects, animal hair,

animal excreta (e.g. rat and insect faeces) and more annoyingly, metal pieces. Metal

pieces, if not removed, may damage the sieves of the milling machines if mechanized

grinding is used.

8/6/2019 reenak

9/21

Packaging

After threshing, drying and cleaning, millets are usually bagged in to 100 kg

hessian/sisal bags and sealed ready for transportation to distant markets (personal

experience). Sometimes millet grains may be packed in bags sewn from artificial

polythene bags for either transportation or storage.

STORAGE-

Most millets have excellent storage properties and can be kept for up to 4-5 years in simplestorage facilities such as traditional granaries. This is because the seeds are protected from

insect attack by the hard hull covering the endosperm, and because grain is usually

harvested and stored in dry weather conditions (FAO and ICRISAT, 1996). Thus, although

there may be large year to year variations in production, stock can be easily built up over

the years.

Millets may be stored, after drying and threshing, as loose grain in bags or loose containers(McFarlane et al., 1995 ). They are commonly left on the field, prior to threshing, in stacks or

piles of harvested plants. The detached heads may also be stored away from the field, in

exposed stack or in traditional storage containers.

8/6/2019 reenak

10/21

PULSES

A pulseis an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to

twelve seeds of variable sizeThis excludes green beans and

green peas, which are considered vegetable Pulses are

important food crops due to their high protein and essential

amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play

a key role in crop rotation due to their ability to fix nitrogen.

8/6/2019 reenak

11/21

Milling of pulses involves removal of outer husk i.e dehusking followed by splittingof grains into two equal halves.Dehusking of plses poses a problem and requires

some pre-milling treatments which help in improving dal recovery.

POST HARVEST PROTECTION OF PULSES

8/6/2019 reenak

12/21

THRESHING AND WINNOWING:

It has been reported that during threshing about 0.63 percent losses and 0.61 percen

t losses in winnowing are occurred. In order to reduce the losses, threshing and winnowing

operations are required to be completed within a short period through improved

equipments on the pucca platform.

(ii) TRANSPORT LOSSES:

During transportation, it has been observed that 0.67 percent losses are occurred in

transporting the produce from the field to threshing floor. Losses to the tune of 0.19 percent

for transporting produce from threshing floor to storage. Efficient and quick

transportation supported by good packaging material is necessary to reduce the losses.

(iii)PROCESSING:

Due to use of old and outdated methods in processing, the loss at

this stage has been reported to be upto 1 percent. To reduce the

milling losses and to increase the output, improved dal milling

method developed by C.F.T.R.I, Mysore should be adopted.

STORAGE:

Due to improper and inefficient methods of storage, the loss about

7.5 percent Is estimated during storage. Quantitative losses mainly

results from spoilage, driage or portion of produce, infestation by

insects, rodents or birds. Improved scientific storage fac

8/6/2019 reenak

13/21

GENES INVOLVED IN PLANT DEVOLOPMENT

NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM)

ZWILLE GENE (ZLL) - Act in devolopment of embryo

FBP24 ANDABS- Are necessary to determine the identity of the enothelial layer within

the ovule.

SEED STICK (STK)- It is required for the normal devolopment of the funiculusthat

connects the devoloping seeds to fruit.and fordispersal of the seeds when the fruit

matures.

FRUITS-

8/6/2019 reenak

14/21

PHERES1 (PHE 1)- Is expressed in the embryo and endosperm

after fertilization and is thought to play a role in seeddevolopment.

fusca 3 (fus 3)- seeds with purple colouration.

LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC)- are required for the initiation /

maintanance of maturation/morphogenesis of seed.

Pinoid (PID) AND ENHANCER OF PINOID- required for theinitiation of cotyledon devolopment.

8/6/2019 reenak

15/21

CUP SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUS 1)-Activates the expression of shoot apical meristem gene

to induce adventitious shoot formation.

WUSCHEL (WUS)- Devolopment of shoot apical meristem in the embryo domain protein .

KWOTED- Maintanance of gene in apical meristem.

SHOOT- MERISTEMLESS (STM)- Shoot apical meristem formation during embryogenesis

MGOUN(mgo)-Initiation of lateral organ formation from shoot apical meristem.

GLABRA 1 (GL1) This gene encodes a MYB family protein that acts as a positive regulator

of trichome devolopment in shoots.

SHOOT

8/6/2019 reenak

16/21

GLABROUS (GL)- Trichome formation from leaf epidermal cell.

AGRONAUT (Agoi)- Leaf devolopment can be controlled.

ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN)- Regulates the width of leaves.

KNOX GENE-Making leaflets instead of single leaf

ARP GENE -Control the leaf blade grows out of its stalk.

LEAF

8/6/2019 reenak

17/21

APETALA 1 (AP1)- Define the patterns of floral organs arise.

APETALA 2 (AP2)

SEPALLATA(SEP)-Origin of flower

SEP 3 Inner whorls of flower initiation.

LEAFY (LFY)-Genes involved in establishment of flower meristem and organ

identity matter .

FLOWER --

8/6/2019 reenak

18/21

CYCLOIDEA(CYC)- Radially symmetrical flower phenotype.

APETALA 3 (AP3) AND PISTILLATA(PI)

Confirmed the complexity of the processes of stamen and petal

formation.

TERMINAL FLOWER(TEL)

CENTRORADIALIS(CEN)-

Maintain the meristamatic activity of the inflorescence meristem.

CLAVATA (CLV 1)

CLV3,ETTIN(ETT)-No flower organs gene.

LUMINI DEPENDENS (LD)-Control flowering time.

CONSTANS (CO)-Late flowering gene.

8/6/2019 reenak

19/21

ROOT

SHORT ROOT AND SCARECROW(SCR)-Specify patterning of the ground tissue in the

vegetative root.

Establishment of root cortex and endodermis from the ground tissue.stabilize

endodermal cell.

Werewolf(wer)-Acts in the root epidermis as a positive regulator non hair cell

devolopment.

GLABRA2(GL2)

TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA (TTG)-Required for the devolopment of both trichromes in

non hair cell roots .

8/6/2019 reenak

20/21

REFERANCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet

http://agmarknet.nic.in/profile_wheat.pdf

Handbook of agriculture

http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compen

d/text/ch18_01.htm

8/6/2019 reenak

21/21