Reefs at Risk Revisited
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
world-resources-institute-wri -
Category
News & Politics
-
view
3.539 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Reefs at Risk Revisited
![Page 1: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lauretta BurkeWorld Resources Institute
National Press ClubFebruary 23, 2011
Reefs at Risk Revisited
Photo credit: Michael Emerson
![Page 2: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Major Partners
• Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA)• Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean
(CORDIO)• Conservation International (CI)• Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL)• Healthy Reefs for Healthy People• Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)• International Society for Reef Studies (ISRS)• International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)• National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS)• Oceana• Planetary Coral Reef Foundation• Project AWARE Foundation• Reef Check• Reef Environmental Education Foundation (REEF)• SeaWeb• Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)• Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP)• U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)• U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)• University of South Florida (USF)• University of the South Pacific (USP)• Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)• World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
• The Chino Cienega Foundation• The David and Lucile Packard Foundation• The Henry Foundation• International Coral Reef Initiative• The Marisla Foundation• National Fish and Wildlife Foundation• Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs• The Ocean Foundation• Roy Disney Family Foundation• The Tiffany & Co. Foundation• U.S. Department of the Interior• U.S. Department of State• U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA)
Contributing Institutions Financial Support
![Page 3: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Emily Cooper• Benjamin Kushner• Elizabeth Selig• Benjamin Starkhouse• Kristian Teleki• Richard Waite• Clive Wilkinson• Terri Young
Contributing Authors• Lauretta Burke• Kathleen Reytar• Mark Spalding• Allison Perry
Lead Authors
Photo credit: Lauretta Burke
![Page 4: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is new / important?
1998
2011
![Page 5: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What is new / important?
Data Improvements:
• Reef layer is 64x• Inclusion of global threats• Comprehensive, high
resolution analysis
1998
2011
![Page 6: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is new / important?
Value:
• Reef Dependence• Vulnerability to reef
degradation
1998
2011
![Page 7: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is new / important?
Global Threat Analysis:
• Today: 75% threatened• 2030: 90% threatened• 2050: All reefs at risk
1998
2011
![Page 8: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is new / important?
Reasons for Hope:
• Resilience• Stories of recovery • Recommendations for action
1998
2011
![Page 9: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Photo credit: Coral Reef Adventure/MacGillivray Freeman Films
![Page 10: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Photo credit: Enric Sala
![Page 11: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
275 million people are highly reef-dependent
Southeast Asia
Indian Ocean
Atlantic
Middle East
Pacific
Australia
- 50,000,000 100,000,000 150,000,000
Reef-associated population (within 10 km of coast and 30 km of reef)
![Page 12: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Photo Credit: Crispin Zeeman
![Page 13: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Photo credit: Konstantin Tkachenko
![Page 14: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Photo credit: Klaus Stiefel/Flikr
![Page 15: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
![Page 16: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Photo credit: Krishna Desai
![Page 17: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Local Threats
• Coastal development• Sediment and pollution• Marine pollution and
damage• Overfishing • Destructive fishing
Global Threats
• Warming seas• Ocean acidification
Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
![Page 18: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Threat: Coastal Development
Photo credit: Wolcott Henry
![Page 19: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Threat: Sediment and pollution
Photo credit: Owen Day
![Page 20: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Threat: Marine pollution and damage
Photo credit: Wolcott Henry
Photo credit: Chad King/NMS
![Page 21: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Threat: Overfishing
Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
![Page 22: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Threat: Destructive Fishing
Photo credit: Wolcott HenryPhoto credit: Lynn Funkhauser
![Page 23: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Threat: Warming Seas
Photo credit: Mark Spalding
![Page 24: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Key Findings: Local Threats
![Page 25: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Overfi
shing
and
Destru
ctive
Fish
ing
Wat
ersh
ed-b
ased
Pollutio
n
Coastal D
evelop
men
t
Mar
ine-
base
d Po
llutio
n an
d Dam
age
Inte
grat
ed Loc
al T
hrea
t0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Very High High Med Low
More than 60% of reefs are threatened by local activities
![Page 26: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Integrated local threats to coral reefs
Low Medium High Very High
![Page 27: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Atlantic Australia Indian Ocean
Middle East Pacific Southeast Asia
Global -
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
Very High High Medium Low
Reef
Are
a (
sq k
m)
Integrated local threat by region (by reef area)
![Page 28: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Change in local threat level 1998 - 2007
• Increase in threat level
• No change in threat level
![Page 29: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Key Findings: Global Threats(current)
![Page 30: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Trends in coral bleaching, 1980–2010
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Severity Unknown
Severe
Moderate
Mild
Year
Num
ber
of
countr
ies r
eport
ing c
ora
l ble
achin
g
Source: ReefBase, 2010. Note: Data for 2010 are incomplete.
![Page 31: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1 20%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Very High High Med Low
Integrated Local Threat
Local and Global
Local only
75% of reefs are threatened by local and global pressures today
![Page 32: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Key Findings: Global Threats(future)
![Page 33: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Projections of thermal stress (2030 and 2050)
Source: Simon Donner , 2009.
2030s
2050s
![Page 34: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Projections of ocean acidification (2030 and 2050)
Source: Cao and Caldeira, 2008.
450 ppm CO2 (2030)
500 ppm CO2 (2050)
![Page 35: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Integrated threat from local activities: today
Low Medium High Very High
![Page 36: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Integrated local and global threat: 2030
Low Medium High CriticalVery High
![Page 37: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Integrated local and global threat: 2050
Low Medium High CriticalVery High
![Page 38: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Reefs in MPAs rated as effective
6%
Reefs in MPAs rated as partially effective
13%
Reefs in MPAs rated as not effective
4%
Reefs in MPAs under an unknown level of man-
agement 4%
Reefs outside of MPAs, 73%
The global area of coral reefs is 250,000 sq km (which represents 100% on this chart), of which 67,350 sq km (27%) is inside MPAs.
MPAs / Management Effectiveness
![Page 39: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What is at stake?
Photo credit: PATH Foundation Photo credit: Amos Nachoum
![Page 40: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Social and economic dependence on coral reefs
![Page 41: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Social and economic vulnerability to reef degradation
![Page 42: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Reasons for hope
Photo credit: Steve Lindfield
![Page 43: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Actions needed:
• Reduce local pressures
• Manage for climate change
• Tackle GHG emissions
Photo credit: GBRMPA
![Page 44: Reefs at Risk Revisited](https://reader038.fdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102406/555464d6b4c905a5798b4c37/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
www.wri.org/reefs
Photo credit: Wolcott Henry
“One way to open your eyes is to ask yourself, ‘What if I had never seen this before? What if I knew I would never see it again?’” – Rachel Carson