Redundant Nominal Person Marking in Nahuan: Innovation or Retention?
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Transcript of Redundant Nominal Person Marking in Nahuan: Innovation or Retention?
Redundant Nominal Person Marking in Nahuan: Innovation or Retention?
Mitsuya SASAKI
University of Tokyo, JSPS research fellow
SSILA Winter Meeting 2014
January 4, 2014
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Nahuan languages
Uto-Aztecan > Southern UA (?) > Nahuan
Approximately 1,500,000 speakers, mostly in Mexico
“Polysynthetic,” head-marking morphosyntax
2
Pipil
Mexicanero
Pochutec (extinct)
“Nahuatl” dialects
Nominal “subject” person marking in Nahuan languages
In many Nahuan languages, first- and second-
person “subject” person prefixes appear in
both predicative and non-predicative nouns to
mark their referential person feature
3
Classical Nahuatl
16th / 17th-century old
dialect(s) spoken in the
Valley of Mexico
Central > Nuclear
Latin-script records
– Religious texts
– Chronicles
– Testaments etc.
5
Practical orthography
qui, que, ca, co, Vc = /ki/, /ke/, /ka/, /ko/, /Vk/
ci, ce, za, zo, Vz = /si/, /se/, /sa/, /so/, /Vs/
huV, Vuh = /wV/, /Vw/
cuV, Vuc = /kwV/, /Vkw/
x = /š/ [ʃ]
h = /ʔ/ [ʔ]~[h]
tz, ch, tl = /c/ [ts], /č/ [tʃ], /λ/ [tl]
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“Subject” person marking in Classical Nahuatl
The same set of “subject” prefixes mark the
“subject” of both nominal and verbal predicates
(only for first and second person)
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Singular Plural
First person n(i)- t(i)- Second person t(i)- am- Third person Ø- Ø-
Cross-categorial “subject” person marking in Classical Nahuatl
Ca ti-c-mati (Verbal predicate)
AFF 2sgS-3sgO-know
“You know it” (FC VI)
Ca ti-pil-li (Nominal predicate)
AFF 2sgS-noble-ABS
“You are a noble” (FC VI)
8
Redundancy / obligatoriness (1)
Ca tehhuā-tl ti-tlahtoāni
AFF 2sg-ABS 2sgS-ruler
“You are the ruler” (Anales de Cuauhtitlán)
Ca ti-nel-li ti-teōpixcā-tzin-tli
AFF 2sgS-true-ABS 2sgS-priest-HON-ABS
“You are a real priest” (La adoración de los Reyes)
9
Redundancy / obligatoriness (2)
an-tlahtohqu-eh an-ye-zqu-eh
2plS-ruler-PL 2plS-be-FUT-PL
“You will be the rulers” (Crónica mexicáyotl)
ti-piltōn-tli ti-mo-chīhua-z
2sgS-baby-ABS 2sgS-REFL-make-FUT
“You will become a baby” (FC III)
10
Appositional use of person-marked nouns
Ca nicān t-oncah in ti-no-pil-tzin
AFF here 2sgS-exist ART 2sgS-1sgP-child-HON
“Here you are, you who are my son” (FC VI)
... iuhqui in to-tlahtōl ti-tlāca-h
like ART 1plP-word 1plS-person-PL
“like we humans’ language” (FC XI)
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Types of nominal “subject” marking (1)
Predicative use: Ca tehhuā-tl ti-tlahtoāni AFF 2sg-ABS 2sgS-ruler “You are the ruler” (Anales de Cuauhtitlán)
Intraeventive use: an-tlahtohqu-eh an-ye-zqu-eh
2plS-ruler-PL 2plS-be-FUT-PL “You will become the rulers” (Crón. Mex.)
Appositional use: t-oncah in ti-no-pil-tzin 2sgS-exist ART 2sgS-1sgP-child-HON “Here you are, you who are my son” (FC VI)
12
Types of nominal “subject” marking (2)
Single-word marking
– Ca tehhuā-tl ti-tlahtoāni
AFF 2sg-ABS 2sgS-ruler
“You are the ruler” (Anales de Cuauhtitlán)
Multi-word marking
– tehhuātl ti-cual-li ti-tlahtoāni
2sg 2sgS-good-ABS 2sgS-ruler
“You are a good ruler” (Compendio del Arte)
13
“Omnipredicativity” hypothesis
Launey (1994, 2003): Nahuatl nouns are
essentially predicative (“omnipredicative”)
Andrews (2003): Nahuatl nominal words are
“nominal nuclear clauses”
14
Summary: nominal “subject” person marking in Classical Nahuatl
Uniform “subject” marking for both
predicative and non-predicative nouns
Redundant, obligatory marking
– Double marking in [Adj + N]
“Omnipredicativity” hypothesis
15
“Dialectal Areas” of Nahuan
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Nahuan
Pochutec †
“General Aztec”
Occidental
Central
Huasteca
Oriental
(Adapted from Langacker 1977 and Lastra de Suárez, 1986; cf. also Canger 1988, Kaufman 2001, Hasler 1975, etc.)
Nuclear Classical
Preservation of non-predicative nominal preson marking
Milpa Alta Nahuatl (Horcasitas 1968)
– ... tlen ti-c-nequi tehuan ti-temachtiqu-ez
REL 1plS-3sgO-want 1pl 1plS-teacher-PL
“what we teachers want”
Tetelcingo Nahuatl (Tuggy 1979)
– Ohalá ma nı-ye-nı nı-riko
OPT EXHRT 1sgS-be-IRR 1sgS-rich
“Would that I were rich”
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Lack of non-predicative nominal person marking in some Nahuan languages
El Salvador Pipil (Campbell, 1985)
– Taha ti-mayordomoh
2sg 2sgS-steward
“You are a steward”
– N-yu ni-nemi deskalsoh
1sgS-go 1sgS-live barefoot
“I am goind to be barefoot”
19
Optional person marking on non-predicative nouns
Nahuatl of Norte de Puebla (Bible translation)
– Wan ahmo xi-ye-can nan-xoxos
and NEG 2S.OPT-be-PL 2plS-foolish
“Therefore do not be foolish” (Eph. 5:17)
– Xi-ye-can chicahuac ica To-tecoh-tzin
2S.OPT-be-PL strong by 1plP-lord-HON
“Be strong in the Lord” (Phil 4:1)
20
Nominal subject person marking: innovation or retention?
Consistent and redundant nominal “subject”
marking found in Classical Nahuatl:
Proto-Nahuan feature?
Later innovation?
22
“Dialectal Areas” of Nahuan
23
Nahuan Pochutec †
“General Aztec”
Occidental
Central
Huasteca
Oriental
(Adapted from Langacker 1977 and Lastra de Suárez, 1986; cf. also Canger 1988, Kaufman 2001, Hasler 1975, etc.)
Four “Dialectal Areas”
Huasteca
Central
– Central Guerrero
– Southern Guerrero
– Nuclear
– Puebla-Tlaxcala
– Xochitepec-Huatlatlauca
– Southeastern Puebla
Oriental Periphery
– Sierra de Puebla
– Isthmus
– Pipil
Occidental Periphery
– Western Coast
– West of the State of Mexico
– Durango-Nayarit
24
(Adapted from Lastra de Suárez, 1986)
Huasteca Nahuatl
Eastern Huasteca (Tepoxteco, Veracruz)
Ni-tepahtihque-tl 1sgS-curer-ABS “I am a doctor”
(Ti-)cual-li ti-tepahtihque-tl 2sgS-good-ABS 2sgS-curer-ABS “You are a good doctor”
Ni-eli-z ni-tepahtihque-tl 1sgS-be-FUT 1sgS-curer-ABS “I will be a doctor” (Victoriano de la Cruz, speaker p.c.)
25
Central Nahuatl Central > Nuclear > Tetelcingo (Morelos)
taha ok tı-pılalak-tlı
2sg still 2sgS-lad-ABS
“You are still a lad” (Tuggy, 1979, 15)
Ohalá ma nı-ye-nı nı-riko
OPT EXHRT 1sgS-be-IRR 1sgS-rich
“Would that I were rich” (Tuggy, 1979, 32)
... tli tejua te-jorioj-te te-c-pea
REL 1pl 1plS-Jewish-PL 1plS-3sgO-have
“... which we Jewish people have” (Bible trans., Acts 26:3) 26
Oriental Periphery
Oriental > Sierra de Puebla > Cuetzalan, Puebla
Ti-tayecanque ti-ye-zqui 2sgS-leader 2sgS-be-FUT “You will be a/the leader”
Ni-tomineh ni-cat-ca 1sgS-rich 1sgS-be-PST “I was rich”
Ti-nel-li (yn) ti-teopixca-t 2sgS-true-ABS ART 2sgS-priest-ABS “You are a true priest” (Tomas Amaya Aquino, speaker p.c.)
Probably no non-predicative nominal “subject” marking in Pipil
27
Occidental Periphery
Mexicanero of Western Sierra Madre (Canger 2001)
– kwaha ni-tepiči ni-ká-h when 1sgS-small 1sgS-be-PST “when I was little …”
Probably no non-predicative nominal “subject” marking in: – San Pedro Jícora (Preuss & Ziehm 1968–1976)
– Michoacán (Sischo 1979)
28
Archaic texts
Archaic songs from Primeros Memoriales (cf. Sullivan & Dakin 1980)
– Ātl-āyahui-cān ni-Xochiquetzal-li ... nihuītz
water-mist-LOC 1sgS-X.-ABS 1sgS-come
“I, Xochiquetzal, ... come from the place of watery
mist”
29
Summary
Non-predicative nominal “subject” person
marking is attested in all of the four dialectal
areas, though sporadically
Archaic songs also have non-predicative
nominal “subject” person marking
30
Why did nominal “subject” marking decline in many Nahuan languages?
Typological markedness?
Influence of other indigenous languages?
Influence of Spanish?
32
Double “subject” marking in [Adj + N]
Eres un buen gobernador
Ti-cual-li ti-tlahtoāni
2sgS-good-ABS 2sgS-ruler
“You are a good ruler”
33
Instability of double person marking in modern Nahuatl
Tetelcingo Nahuatl: double person marking on adjective-noun configuration is optional (Tuggy 1979:11) – nemehwa nen-ka-te nen-kwalı nen-tlɔka
2pl 2plS-be-PL 2plS-good 2plS-men “You are good men”
– taha tı-kwalı tlɔka-tl 2sg 2sgS-good man-ABS “You are a good man”
34
Double “subject” marking in [Adj + N] (1)
Ti-cual-li ti-tlahtoāni
“You are a good ruler”
(Compendio del Arte de la lengua mexicnana)
Ca ti-nel-li ti-teōpixcā-tzin-tli
“You are a real priest”
(La adoración de los Reyes)
35
Double “subject” marking in [Adj + N] (2)
In tlā ti-huēi ti-tlahtlacoāni
“If you are a big sinner”
(Promptuario manual mexicano)
nehhuātl ni-huēi ni-tlahtlacoāni
“I, a big sinner”
(Catecismo mexicano)
36
Summary: double “subject” marking in [Adj + N]
The double person marking in [Adj + N]
configuration, the most unstable type of
nominal “subject” person marking, is observed
manly in missionary texts
cf. Eres un buen hombre
37
Single marking in Spanish names
in ti-chpōch-tli in ti-Santa María
ART 2sgS-maiden-ABS ART 2sgS-Saint Mary
“you, Virgin Saint Mary” (Psalmodia Christiana)
Ca ni-miqui-z in nehhuātl ni-Pedro Tozan
AFF 1sgS-die-FUT ART 1sg 1sgS-Pedro Tozan
“I, Pedro Tozan, will die” (testament, 1587)
38
Single marking in Spanish names
nehhuā-tl Ana María 1sg-ABS Ana María “I, Ana María” (testament, 1600)
Ni-qu-ihtoa nehhuā-tl Juana Agustina ... 1sgS-3sgO-say 1sg-ABS Juana Agustina “I, Juana Agustina, say ….” (testament, 1609)
Ca ti-huēi apostol AFF 2sgS-big apostle “You are a great apostle” (Psalmodia christiana)
39
Summary: “subject” marking in Spanish loan expressions
In Classical Nahuatl, Spanish multi-word loan
expressions (especially personal names) lacked
the double marking of “subject” prefixes
More generally, Spanish loan expressions
sometimes lacked “subject” person marking
40
Summary: Spanish influence on nominal “subject” person marking in Nahuatl
The unstability of redundant nominal
“subject” marking in:
– Adj + N phrases (found mainly in missionary texts)
– Spanish multi-word person names
– Spanish loanwords
41
Conclusion (1)
Despite the large cross-dialectic diversity, the
non-predicative use of “subject” marking in
nouns in Nahuan languages can be
reconstructed for Proto-Nahuan
Its obligatoriness (cf. Classical Nahuatl) might
be a later innovation
42
Conclusion (2)
The decline of obligatory “subject” person
marking has been accelerated by the contact
with Spanish in Central Nahuatl
43
References (1)
Andrews, J Richard. 2003. Introduction to Classical Nahuatl: Revised Edition. Austin: University of Texas Press. Campbell, Lyle. 1985. The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Canger, Una. 1988. Nahuatl dialectology: a survey and some suggestions. IJAL 54:28–72. Canger, Una. 2001. Mexicanero de la Sierra Madre Occidental. Mexico: Colegio de México. Hasler, Juan A. 1975. Los dialectos de la lengua nahua. América Indígena 35:179–188. Horcasitas, Fernando. 1968. De Porfirio Díaz a Zapata. Mexico City: UNAM.
45
References (2) Kaufman, Terrence. 2001. The History of the Nawa Language Group from the Earliest Times to the Sixteenth Century. A peper for MALDP. Langacker, Ronald W. 1977. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, vol 1. Dallas: SIL. Langacker, Ronald W. 1979. Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, vol 2. Dallas: SIL. Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda. 1986. Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl moderno. Mexico City: UNAM. Launey, Michel. 1994. La grammaire omniprédicative. Paris: L’Harmattan. Launey, Michel. 2003. Le type omniprédicatif et la morphosyntaxe du nahuatl. Faits de Langue 21:9–24.
46
References (3)
Preuss, Konrad Theodor and Elsa Ziehm. 1968–1976. Nahua-Texte aus San Pedro Jícora in Durango, vols I–III. Berlin: Gebrüder Mann Verlag. Sischo, William R. Michoacán Nahual. In Langacker (1979), pp. 307–380. Sullivan, Thelma D. and Karen Dakin. 1980. Dialectología del náhuatl de los siglos XVI y XVII. Rutas de intercambio en Mesoamérica y el norte de México, vol. 2:291–301. Tuggy, David H. 1979. Tetelcingo Nahuatl. In Langacker (1979), pp. 1–140.
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