““Reducing Ration Reducing Ration Costs with Residues, Costs with Residues, By-Products By-Products

and Feeding and Feeding Technology”Technology”

Presented byPresented byRon LackeyRon LackeyOMAFRAOMAFRAFeed Ingredients and By-products Feeding SpecialistFeed Ingredients and By-products Feeding Specialist

“Ruminants are the recyclers of the animal kingdom”

Ruminants are ideally suited to produce high quality products

from the byproducts of food, feed and industrial processing that might otherwise be discarded.

Bio-energy Production is Creating More Competition for Traditional

Feed Ingredients or Commodities That Contain:

• Starch• Sugar• Fat• Oils• Cellulose (fibre)

$100

$125

$150

$175

$200

$225

$250

$275

$300

$325

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Data Source: Daily Ontario Commodity Report

Corn vs. DDGS (C$/tonne)Avg of Huron FOB Farm & Western Ont Feed Corn FOB Chatham, Sarnia, Aylmer Avg. DDGS Prices

$100

$150

$200

$250

$300

$350

$400

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014Data Source: Daily Ontario Commodity Report

Soybean Meal vs. DDGS (C$/tonne)Soybean Meal (Hamilton + $20) (left) FOB Chatham, Sarnia, Aylmer Avg. DDGS Prices

Most Ontario Cow Calf Operations are Hay/Forage/Pasture Based

• Is that the most cost effective, feeding program?

• Are you generating income from your land base or minimizing feed costs?

• What are your options for your land base?

• Are other feed ingredients that are more cost effective?

“Feeding Crop Residues to Reduce Feed Costs”

The Basics of Feeding Crop Residues

• Source of energy and effective fibre - low in protein.

• Palatability challenges can depress dry matter intake

• Very slowly digested, processing may be beneficial.

• Important to balance energy, protein, minerals and vitamins –keep the rumen functioning!

Effective Use Of Crop Residues

• Very slowly digested – 1.25% (D.M. basis) of body weight maximum in a 24 hour period.

• For example - 1200 lb cow-15lbs./hd/24hrs

• Mature cows – maximum 50% of ration

• 2 year old heifers - 25% of ration

Nutrient Content of Various Roughages

StrawStraw DMDM%%

TDNTDN%%

NEmNEmMcal/lbMcal/lb

CPCP%%

ADFADF%%

CaCa%%

PP%%

100% Dry Matter Basis100% Dry Matter Basis

Timothy Hay (mature)

88.0 57 0.56 8.0 45 0.40 0.20

Millet 86.0 51 0.47 7.0 45 0.44 0.12

Corn Stover 85.0 50 0.44 5.9 39 0.57 0.10

Oat 90.0 47 0.45 4.5 50 0.27 0.10

Barley 90.0 43 0.38 4.1 52 0.37 0.11

Wheat 90.0 43 0.40 3.6 52 0.19 0.09

Soybean 88.0 42 0.44 5.2 55 1.59 0.06

Rye 88.0 41 0.40 3.6 53 0.22 0.08

Flax 87.0 37 0.36 4.3 56 0.63 0.06

Cost Breakpoint for Corn/Hay Substitution

40

60

80

100

120

80 120 160 200

Corn Price* ($/tonne)*add $10-15 above delivered price for processing

Hay

Pri

ce*

($/t

on

ne)

$/to

nn

e =

cen

ts p

er lb

. x 2

2

Use hay only

Use corn for partial hay replacement

Intake and Digestibility of Hay by Cows fed Increasing Levels of Corn

Corn, lbs None 2.2 4.4 6.6

Hay, DMI, lbs 19.3 18 14.1 11.2

% B. Wt. 2.3 2.14 1.66 1.32

Total DMI, lbs 20.9 21.1 18.6 17.2

Starch Intake, lbs -------- 1.48 2.95 4.74

DIP Intake, gm 153 130 106 84

DOMI, lbs 7.5 8.4 7.1 7.3

Hay Digest. % 36.5 35.1 23.6 18.9

JAS 65:557

By-products – “forage friendly” supplements

• Low starch content

• Rumen pH less affected-improved fibre digestion.

• ↑ protein levels-enhanced fibre digestion.

• The rumen microbial population is not shifted away from those responsible for optimal fibre digestion.

High Energy Low Starch By-Product Feeds

Feed CP, % DIP, % CP UIP, % CP TDN, % Starch, %

DDG/S 30.4 48 52 90 18

B/Gs 29 50 50 66 10.7

SBH 12 75 25 77 6

CGF 23.8 78 22 80 25.4

Wheat Midds 18.7 79 21 69 37.8

NRC – Beef 2000 Update, PAS 16:69 - 99NRC – Beef 2000 Update, PAS 16:69 - 99

Digestibility of Low Quality Forage Supplemented with CGF or DDGS

StoverStover Stover Stover + Corn+ Corn

Stover Stover + CGF+ CGF

Stover + Stover + DDGDDG

Dry matter Dry matter Intake, % BWIntake, % BW 0.750.75 1.581.58 1.671.67 1.401.40

Forage IntakeForage Intake

lbs/daylbs/day5.675.67 6.686.68 6.9976.997 6.396.39

DigestibilityDigestibility

% of Dry Matter% of Dry Matter39.139.1 53.753.7 58.958.9 59.459.4

Iowa State University

2012 -The Year of Summer Seeded Oats

Oatlage as a Forage Replacement

• 2012-an estimated 100,000 acres seeded after wheat/vegetable harvest.

• Yields were generally higher than expected.• Most harvested wet & wrapped or stored in

bunker.• On average 12.2% Protein, 65.6% TDN,

47% NDF (Fibre) 7.47 % Starch• Very palatable, good companion ingredient

with corn stalks, straws, etc.

Double Cropped Cereals

% K Yield t/ac K2O lb/ac

Oat 2.45 4786 141

Oat/pea 2.78 4818 161

Barley 2.39 4145 119

Johnson 2012

Byproducts/Crop Residues Work Best With…..

• Feed bunks - (approximately 2 feet/head)

• TMR mixer

TMR – Efficiencies vs. Hay

• Lower wastage vs. hay feeder 10% 10%• Ionophore feed efficiency 8% 8%• TMR ration 5% 5%

About 20% more efficient per unit About 20% more efficient per unit feed placed in bunk than hay feedersfeed placed in bunk than hay feeders

At a ration cost of $1.75 per hd/d At a ration cost of $1.75 per hd/d saves about 35saves about 35¢ per head per day¢ per head per day

Let’s assume:• Using various commodities, reduced hay

rations or bulk feeds a producer can save:‒ 35 ¢ per cow/d for a 120 day feeding

period‒ $0.35 /d x 120d = $42.00

• This justifies a $42 dollars per cow per year investment for feeding system

• Does not include improved labour efficiency (and safety) as well as flexibility for “opportunity feeds.”

Ingredients to Improveto Improve Ration Palatability

• Moist Corn Gluten• Wet Distillers Grains• Steep Water• Condensed Distillers Solubles• Wet Brewers Grains• Vegetable by-products (potatoes,carrots)Vegetable by-products (potatoes,carrots)• Glycerol ?

CDSD.M. - 25-30%Protein - 20%TDN - 93%

Corn Distillers Grains with Solubles Great source of protein, energy, phosphorus, digestible fibre

• protein content (27-31%)• good RUP levels (55-60%)• NDF (40-44%)• fat (10-11%)• low in lysine• high in energy 120-150% of dry rolled

corn‒ can replace protein and energy sources‒ similar performance for wet or dry - higher energy in wet‒ normal feeding levels around 10- 20% of dry matter intake‒ beef research trials have successfully fed up to 50% ‒ feed trials show improvements in gain and feed conversion

‒ may eliminate the need for supplemental phosphorus

Ontario Plants’ Ethanol/Byproduct Production

PlantPlant Capacity (Million Capacity (Million liters)liters)

DGs ProductionDGs Production

Dry EquivalentDry Equivalent

(Thousand tonnes)(Thousand tonnes)

GreenField (Chatham) 125 100

GreenField (Tiverton) 25 20

Suncor (St. Clair) 400 320

GreenField (Johnstown) 200 160

IGPC (Aylmer) 150 120

Kawartha Ethanol (Havelock) 80 64

TotalsTotals 10301030 784784

Beneficial Features of Distillers

• Excellent source of bypass protein• High in Fat (energy)• High levels of phosphorus• Starch ↓ Digestible fibre ↑• Contains yeasts and vitamins• Probiotic • Palatable• Very versatile feed ingredient

Potential Limitations of DGS• Variability in

‒nutrient content‒digestibility‒particle size

• Protein levels (27-31%)• Fat levels• Mycotoxin levels• Sulphur levels• Storage challenges• Transportation

Replacing/Supplementing Hay with DDGS

%TDN %Protein Price/¢lb

Mature hay 55 12 7.0DDGS 88 27 10.0

Replace: Total Cost10 lbs Hay 5.5 lbs 1.2 lbs 70.0With:6.25 lbs 5.5lbs 1.809 62.5DDGS Savings-7.5 cents !

Percent of Dried Distillers Grains With Solubles in Diet

Item 0 10 20 30 40

Dry matter intake, lb

20.80 21.80 20.80 21.20 20.70

Average daily gain, lb

3.29 3.55 3.71 3.56 3.56

Final body weight, lb

1230 1266 1297 1273 1258

Feed/gain 6.32 6.15 5.60 5.93 5.77

University of Nebraska

Inclusion Rates

University of Guelph Whole Shelled Corn plus Distillers

DDGSDDGS MWDGSMWDGS

Inclusion %Inclusion % ControlControl 16.716.7 33.333.3 50.050.0 16.716.7 33.333.3 50.050.0

Initial BW, kgInitial BW, kg 349349 369369 343343 355355 369369 345345 334334

Final BW, kgFinal BW, kg 584584 558558 604604 559559 580580 580580 573573

ADG, kg/dADG, kg/d 1.651.65 1.741.74 1.701.70 1.911.91 1.861.86 1.971.97 1.811.81

DM intake, kg/dDM intake, kg/d 10.910.9 11.111.1 11.011.0 11.011.0 10.810.8 12.412.4 11.111.1

DM intake, % of BWDM intake, % of BW 2.182.18 2.062.06 2.022.02 2.182.18 2.002.00 2.172.17 2.212.21

Gain: Feed, kg/kgGain: Feed, kg/kg 0.1380.138 0.1550.155 0.1430.143 0.1520.152 0.1760.176 0.1460.146 0.1590.159

Days on FeedDays on Feed 152152 115115 160160 116116 118118 121121 140140

Rumen pHRumen pH 5.485.48 5.605.60 5.205.20 5.725.72 5.575.57 5.405.40 5.605.60

Corn dry distillers grains plus soluble (% of diet DM) - DDGS

Corn modified wet distillers grains plus soluble (% of diet DM)-MWDGS

Calcium Oxide to Improve DDGS Feeding Value?

• Recent research at Purdue University.• Intended to neutralize the acidic conditions

generated when feeding high levels of DDGS (60% of diet) due to residual Sulfur.

• Feeding Ca O at 1.6% of diet shown to improve fibre digestibility, feed efficiency and dressing % -higher levels (2.4%) may have negative impacts.

• Presently CaO is not a CFIA approved ingredient.

Corn Gluten Feed

• medium protein (21-23%) RUP (30%)

• energy levels -10-13%less than corn

• low starch levels (reduced risk of acidosis)

• low fat or oil levels (2-3%)

• digestible fibre makes it a good forage supplement

Corn Gluten Feed

Ontario production

• approx. 151,000 tonnes dried corn gluten feed

• approx. 75,000 tonnes moist corn gluten feed

London, Cardinal, Port Colborne, Collingwood

Performance Results Of 84 Steers Conducted By J.L. Firkins And Others At The University

Of IllinoisSBM

(7.8%)Of DMI

DCGF (34.9%)Of DMI

WCGF(34.9%)Of DMI

DDGS(17.4%)Of DMI

Initial Wt., kg 274 275 276 273

Final Wt., kg 394 422 418 426

Daily Gain , kg 1.24 1.52 1.46 1.57

Daily Feed, kg 9.61 10.42 9.52 8.99

Feed/gain 7.73 6.86 6.52 5.71

Diet Protein % 11.4 11.2 11.9 11.8

Soybean Hulls

• Protein-12-14% Energy -77% TDN

• Fiber is very digestible

• Versatile feed ingredient

• Low- to medium-quality forage is needed to maintain rumen function and slow passage rate

Synergistic Effects of Dried Distillers Grains and Soybean Hulls as Supplements for Backgrounding Calves

Co-product Supplement

DDG DDG/SBH SBH/DDG SBH

Initial bodyweight, lb 604 608 606 600

Bodyweight gain, lb/day

Day 0-14 0.73 1.19 1.37 1.39

Day 14-28 1.98 2.07 1.78 1.48

Day 28-42 2.05 2.07 2.36 1.50

Day 0-42 1.59 1.76 1.83 1.45

Estimated mean hay intake, lb/d 6.0 7.16 7.95 6.45

Estimated total intake, lb/d 11.45 12.84 13.85 12.58

Feed: Gain 7.81 7.69 8.13 9.26

DDG, 6.17 lb/d dried distillers grains; DDG/SBH, 4.19 lb/d DDG, 2.16 lb/d soybean hulls; SBH/DDG 4.52 lb/d SBH, 2.11 lb/d DDG; SBH, 6.87 lb/d SBH.

Technology for Precision Management

• Is the beef industry keeping pace with other commodities?

• Are you interested in using technology to support better feed management?

Examples of TechnologyExamples of Technology

Real Time Feed AnalysisReal Time Feed Analysis

- Near Infrared Spectrometery (NIRS) on - Near Infrared Spectrometery (NIRS) on farmfarm

- Possible? Cost Effective?- Possible? Cost Effective?

Real Time Animal WeightsReal Time Animal Weights

- Improved Management - Improved Management

- RFID added value- RFID added value

DronesDrones

- better in-field feed management?- better in-field feed management?

HarvestLab is an NIR moisture sensor and constituent sensor used both in the field on a Self Propelled Forage Harvester and in the office as a stand-alone unit.

Moisture CalibrationsHarvestLab measures moisture/dry matter for the following crops:

• Corn• Alfalfa• Grass• Whole crop

Constituent Sensing CalibrationsAdditional constituent sensing calibrations are available to measure constituents for the following crops:

• Corn (fresh and ensiled). Measure ADF, NDF, Protein, Starch

Coming soon• Alfalfa (fresh and ensiled). Measure ADF, NDF,

Protein, Sugar

HarvestLab: Overview

HarvestLabHarvestLab 4444

Real Time Cattle Weights

“Bottom Line”• Be ready to take advantage of opportunity

feeds• Need to find feed ingredients that work for

you• Need to understand expenditures versus

potential savings.• Work closely with a knowledgeable

nutritionist.

For more information..

Ron LackeyFeed Ingredients & By-Products Feeding

SpecialistStratford Resource Centre

Ontario Ministry of Agriculture ,Foodand Rural Affairs

Phone: (519)271-7407 Fax: (519)273-5278

e-mail: ron.lackey@ontario.ca