Reducing Pollution from Trucks

and Nonroad Equipment

Don Kopinski

Senior Project Engineer

Office of Transportation and Air Quality (kopinski.donald@epa.gov)

2013 Joint Northeast & Midwest

Equipment Management Conference

June 24, 2013

OTAQ Mission and Focus All Air Emissions -- All Transportation Sources

Vehicles, Engines, Fuels

Criteria pollutants (NOx, PM, …) and greenhouse gases (GHGs)

Operate the National Vehicle & Fuel Emissions Lab

in Ann Arbor, Michigan

Conduct official government certification & fuel consumption testing

Test procedure development and technology evaluation

Utilize a combination of approaches to fulfill mission

Mandatory performance-based standards

Partnership incentive-based programs (Smartway, DERA grants)

America’s Work Horse Makes America Work …

… though not always appreciated …

Diesels in the 90’s --

Under Pressure To Come Clean

Widespread Need for Air Pollution Reductions

65 million people living in areas that

violate the fine PM air quality

standard; 159 million people living

in areas that are not in attainment

for ozone

1988 1990

1991

1994

1998 2004

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NOx (g/hp-hr)

PM

(g

/hp

-hr)

2007-2010

U.S. EPA Response-- Increasingly Stringent Technology-Forcing Standards

Reconciling Diesels with the Environment:

EPA’s National Clean Diesel Campaign

Systems approach– fuel change (ULSD) enables

clean engine technology (exhaust aftertreatment )

Large environmental benefits

Responsive to needs of States to meet air quality goals

Collaborative process

EPA standard-setting rulemakings are enablers for collaborative

partnerships with industry and state/local governments

Nonroad Diesel

fully phased in

2015

Tier 2 Light-Duty

fully phased in

2009

Heavy-Duty Highway

fully phased in 2010

Locomotive/Marine

fully phased in

2017

Ocean-going

Vessels

2015-2016

unused test filter

(for comparison)

test filter

no DPF

installed

test filter – after 40 minutes of running with DPF

Millions of Diesel

Particulate Filters

(DPFs)

are now

in use

Source: DieselPower Magazine

DPFs Impact

PM

Emissions in

Both Quantity

and Make-up

Particle Mass

99%

reduction

Particle

Composition

Data from

Advanced

Collaborative

Emissions Study

(ACES)

combine 285 hp light

tower

10 hp

skid steer

loader 80 hp

off-hw truck

1000 hp

2WD tractor

130 hp

backhoe

loader 80 hp

genset 20 hp

utility vehicle 18 hp

Wide Range

of Diesel

Machines

Phase-In of Nonroad Diesel Engine Programs

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Tier 3 Similar to

highway

2004

Similar to

highway

1998

Tier 1

Tier 2

2012 2014

Tier 4 Similar to highway 2007-2010 (advanced aftertreatment)

1996

early Tier 4

focused on

smaller

engines

“interim”

Tier 4

focused

more on

PM

“final” Tier

4 focused

on NOx

Tier 1

1996

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

NOx (g/hp-hr)

PM

(g

/hp

-hr)

Tier 2

2001-2003

Tier 3

2006

Tier 4

2011-2014

Nonroad Diesel Emission Standards

Standards and

dates vary by

engine size.

Shown here are

standards for

175-750 hp

engines

Phase-In to Nonroad Diesel Tier 4

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

T4f

Tier 4f

Tier 4f

Tier 4f

Tier 4i

Tier 4i

Tier 4i

25-75 hp:

>750 hp:

175-750 hp:

75-175 hp:

DPFs expected

>1200 hp gensets only <1200 hp gensets too

Tier 4f (no NOx AT)

today

2008 (no AT)

all engines

<25 hp: 2008 (no AT) NOx aftertreatment

(AT) expected

25 years of perseverance at a glance--

Progress in Diesel Emissions Standards

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

trucks

nonroad

diesels

locomotives

domestic

marine (“C1 & C2”)

locomotives nonroad

diesels

trucks

no stds set--

reductions

come from

fuel sulfur

control

no

std

g/b

hp

-hr

g/b

hp

-hr PM

NOx

ECA

2015

international

Marine

(“C3”)

ECA

domestic

marine (“C1 & C2”)

international

Marine

(“C3”)

Clean Diesel Fuel Enables Clean Diesel Engines

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

nonroad

diesel

highway

diesel

1994

500

ppm

2006

15

ppm

pre-

1994 pre-

2007 2007

500

ppm

2010

15

ppm

Residual fuel for

ocean-going

vessels

sulfur ppm

global cap 2010

45,000 ppm

2012

N.A. ECA

10,000 ppm

2015

N.A. ECA

1,000 ppm

global cap 2012

35,000 ppm

NOx

PM

2007-2010 Standards Were

A Major Step Change

• Previous standards focused only on engine improvements

• A new approach: Regulate vehicle and fuel as a system to gain

order-of-magnitude reductions

• Low sulfur fuel enables advanced aftertreatment technology –

• Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs)

• NOx catalysts

• 95%+ emission reductions in NOx & PM

• Also Very Large Secondary Benefits:

• Truck program provided springboard for parallel programs:

• Nonroad diesels (farm, construction), locomotives, marine

vessels, voluntary retrofits of older trucks

• Low sulfur highway diesel fuel also enabled light-duty diesels to

meet stringent passenger car standards

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000

lost work days

hospital

admissions

chronic bronchitis

premature deaths

# prevented annually (in 2030)

Health Benefits of New Programs

over 3 million

0 20 40 60 80 100

Tier 4 nonroad

Heavy-duty

highway

Tier 2 Light-duty

highway

$ Billion Annually in 2030

$

Costs & Benefits of Clean Fuels and Vehicles

Total Cost: $11 billion

Total Benefits: $175 billion

Nonroad DPF Tier 4f Product Plans company hp range DPF? notes

A 11-6600 yes (not >750hp,

others?)

some have “no ash service DPF”; SCR in most T4f

B 49-4000 only >175 hp DOC on 75-175 hp, no AT or EGR on <75 hp

C 48-600 yes Adding SCR in T4f; maybe dropping some DPFs?

D 20-1032 no SCR

E only <100 hp SCR w/o DPF for >100 hp

F 54-497 no SCR, some cEGR

G 6-114 yes for some tractors

H 25-100 no in T4i

I 35-700 yes/optional optional on 25-75 hp

J yes in T4i

K 4-110 yes in T4i

L 141-700 yes in T4i SCR

M 10-550 yes in T4i

N 6-2680 yes in T4i

O 30-12,200 no

P only <175 hp in T4i But not in T4f?

Q <173 no no AT at all in T4f <75hp

R 2-74 yes

S 275-770 no SCR

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

2005 2017 2030

US

Sh

ort

To

ns

Trends Looking Forward--

NOx

Mobile Source Trends

Other Sources

47%

Mobile Sources

53%

Contribution to

Total Emissions in 2017

offroad

onroad

LD Gasoline 18%

HD Gasoline

2%

LD & HD Diesel 25%

Nonroad Gasoline

3%

Nonroad Diesel 14%

Aircraft 1%

Locomotive 12%

C1/C2 Marine 9%

C3 Marine (up to 200 miles

offshore) 16%

Legacy

trucks

2017 NOx Breakdown

Legacy

nonroad

“Legacy”:

- Pre-2007/10 HDD trucks

- Pre-Tier 4 Nonroad CI

2030 NOx Breakdown

Onroad LD Gasoline

8%

Onroad HD Gasoline

3%

Onroad LD & HD Diesel

24%

Nonroad Gasoline

7%

Nonroad Diesel 13% Aircraft

3%

Locomotives 11%

C1/C2 Marine 8%

C3 Marine 23%

Legacy nonroad

Legacy

trucks

Light-duty Highway 55%

HD Highway

18%

Marine 4%

Nonroad 10%

Rail 2%

Pipeline 2%

Aviation 9%

Transportation

GHG Inventory

in 2010 (pre-GHG rules)

Total:

2138 mmt

New Initiatives Phasing In or Taking Shape

Light-Duty GHGs (EPA) and fuel economy (NHTSA)

Phase 1 (“35.5 mpg”) set in 2010, phasing in 2012-2016

Phase 2 (“54.5 mpg”) set last year, phasing in 2017-2025

Mid-term re-evaluation of model year 2022+ standards

Heavy-Duty GHGs (EPA) and fuel consumption (NHTSA)

Phase 1 set in 2011, phasing in 2014-2018

Phase 2 under development

Highway Tier 3 for non-GHGs pollutants

New exhaust standards for <14,000 lb GVWR

Also evaporative emissions standards for larger HDGVs

Proposed last month, comment period thru July 1

Class 2b/3 standards would phase in 2018-2022

Mostly involves improvements on current technologies

HD GHG Phase 1 Structure HD pickups and vans

Tested using chassis dynamometers; like LD

g/mi standard versus work factor (considers payload, towing)

Vocational vehicles

Engine tested over same cycles as NOx & PM, g/hp-hr standard

Vehicle certified using GEM simulation; only tires recognized, g/ton-mi

standard

Combination tractors

Engine tested over same cycles as NOx & PM, g/hp-hr standard

9 subdivisions for different cab designs

Vehicle certified using GEM simulation, g/ton-mi standard, recognizing:

Tires, aero, mass reduction, idle reduction, vehicle speed limiter

Averaging, banking, and trading credit flexibilities

Innovative and advanced technology credit generating options

Some tests require “A to B” testing; includes hybrids

Phase 1 stringencies focused on off-the-shelf technologies

set with Phase 2 in mind

HD GHG Phase 2 Considerations

Maintain a single national program

Maintain Phase 1 regulatory structure

Consider advanced technologies

Waste-heat recovery, hybrids, etc.; as identified in

National Academy of Sciences report

Revamp GEM to better reflect real-world

improvements, new technologies

Consider trailers

Standards taking effect sometime after 2018

Transportation GHG emissions

2010 and projected 2030

2030 with recent LD & HD

GHG rules

1189

380

84

216

35 37197

Light Duty

MD/HD highway

Marine

Non-road

Rail

Pipeline

Aviation

118955%380

18%

84

4%

21610%

352%

372%

197

9% Light Duty

MD/HD highway

Marine

Non-road

Rail

Pipeline

Aviation

2010 pre-GHG rules

900

44%

46423%

884%

28714%

412%

392% 215

11% 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Total:

2138 mmt Total:

2034 mmt

Engine-based measures-- • traditional EPA standards-setting for HD sectors – “g/hp-hr”

• rewards only engine design improvements --

• electronic fuel controls, 2-stage turbos …

Vehicle-based measures— • (or “equipment”-based, or “vessel”-based)

• has been EPA approach for LD highway – “g/mile”

• greatly expands the technology options --

• transmissions, hybrids, …

Operations-based measures— • used in voluntary EPA programs (such as Smartway)

• may provide good opportunity to gain credits

• greater human element-- reductions must be verifiable

• provides many more options—

speed reduction, idling reduction, system efficiency

improvements, …

A Cost-Effective GHG Program Looks

at All the Tools in the Toolkit

Developments to Watch

Continuing air quality problems in California and

elsewhere Calling for more NOx and PM reductions

Rapid development of fuel-efficient light-duty vehicles

New offerings of light-duty diesel car and truck models

Prospects for continued natural gas vehicle expansion

Roll-out of nonroad Tier 4 technologies

Focus in Europe on particle number control

EPA/NHTSA mid-term evaluation

Game 6

June 4, 2008