RedStar Pilots Association Formation Ground School€¦ · 2011. 9. 6. · May 2008 RedStar Pilots...
Transcript of RedStar Pilots Association Formation Ground School€¦ · 2011. 9. 6. · May 2008 RedStar Pilots...
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 0
RedStar Pilots Association
Formation Ground School
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 1
RPA Formation Ground School
RPA recognizes that this basic formation ground school provides a great deal of information in one day. Take breaks as
often as required.
Please reference the RPA FORMATION MANUAL to support the information
contained here. This presentation does not cover all critical information!
Updated: June 2008 Version 2.2
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 2
RPA Formation Ground School
This presentation reflects the most up to date training tools and concepts(RPA 6/2008 manual)
Estimated presentation time is 4.5 hours
Remind facilitator on the hour as needed
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 3
RPA Formation Ground School Overview
Part I: Policy and Program
Part II: Basic Fingertip Defined
Part III: The Core Maneuvers Explained
Part IV: Pitchout and Rejoins
Part V: Flying Extended Trail
Part VI: Basic Formation Principals
Part VII: Abnormal/Emergency Procedures
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 4
RPA Manual Version 2.2 Overview
The Manual
Ch 1: Basic Formation Principals
Ch 2: Two Ship Basic Maneuvers
Ch 3: Two Ship Rejoins
Ch 4: Extended Trail
Ch 5: Four Ship
Ch 6: Abnormal Procedures
Appendix A: Formation Visual Signals
Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix C: Briefings and Debriefings
Appendix D: Program Policy and Forms
Available at: www.flyredstar.org
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 5
Website Overview
The Website: www.flyredstar.org
“FLY-INS”
Find a training clinic, create one or register for one
“Events” What to bring, how to host
“Formation” Download forms (FPR/EVAL)
Obtain the manual
Find check pilot & Instructor rosters
Find fellow FAST qualified in your area
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 6
PART I
FAST Organization and Program Policies
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 7
FAST Program Origination
Concept started at National Warbird Operators‟ Conference in 1993
Developed standards
Set policy
Created standardization materials
Interface with the FAA (FAST CARD)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 8
Signatory Organizations
RedStar Pilots Association Commemorative Air Force Canadian Harvard Organization North American Trainer Association T-34 Association EAA/Warbirds of America Air Power West Classic Jet Aircraft Association Lone Star Flight Museum Valiant Air Command New Zealand Warbirds
FAST BOARD
Formation Standardization Programs, Policies and
Documents
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 9
Signatory [RPA] Organizational responsibilities
Maintain formation proficiency records (FPRs) and update online formation database
Maintain check ride records
Track currency
Issue annual F.A.S.T formation cards
Publishes training programs, Materials, etc.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 10
FAST Documents
Signatory Approved Formation Manual
Wing Pilot Practical Test Guide
Lead Pilot Practical Test Guide
Formation Flight Test Evaluation Form
Formation Proficiency Report (FPR)
FAST Foundation & Principles (V.21)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 11
FAST [RPA] Qualification Levels
Wing Pilot
Lead Pilot
Check Pilot Note: RPA has a Patched Formation
Instructor Program for training events/clinics
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 12
Wing Pilot Qualifications
Private pilot
350 hours total time (250 with Comm Lic.)
10 Hours of logged formation time
Flight test recommendation by current Lead or Check Pilot
Member of signatory organization
Pass check ride (See FF&P for complete list)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 13
Lead Pilot Qualifications
Private pilot
500 hours total time (350 with CFI/Mil IP)
30 hours logged as FAST Wingman
Complete signatory formal training course
Flight test recommendation by current Lead or Check Pilot
Member of signatory organization
Pass check ride (See FF&P for complete list)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 14
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
CLOSE FORMATIONDEFINED
PART II
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 15
The Bearing Line vs. Sightlines
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 16
The Bearing Line
Measured off of the nose of the lead aircraft
Approximately 30° angle for Yak/CJ
Bearing line deviation
Acute = forward of the bearing line
Sucked = aft of the bearing line
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 17
The Bearing Line
And you won‟t see your desired sightlines…
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 18
Fingertip Visual References: CJ-6
Lateral reference for “THE BEARING LINE” Maintain sight line from Lead‟s canopy bow
through the inboard trailing edge of Lead‟s aileron, Tail sightline will help establish a desired minimum
3 foot lateral wingtip clearance: consult your IP for several references.
Vertical reference for “STACK DOWN” Maintain full profile view of the fuel drain cover
(dome) on Lead‟s belly Or, on other aircraft types, keep both upper and
lower surface of Lead‟s wing in sight
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 19
Fingertip Visual References: Yak
Lateral reference for “THE BEARING LINE” Maintain sight line from Lead‟s trailing engine cowl
opening through the inboard trailing edge of Lead‟s aileron.
Tail sightline will help establish a desired minimum 3 foot lateral wingtip clearance. Consult your IP for several references.
Vertical reference for “STACK DOWN” Maintain full profile view of the oil cooler cover on
Lead‟s belly Or, on other aircraft types, keep both upper and
lower surface of Lead‟s wing in sight
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 20
Fingertip Sightlines
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 21
Formation Composition, 2-Ship
2-Ship – 1 Element
Basic building block
#1, Lead
#2, Wing
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 22
Formation Composition, 4-Ship
4-Ship – (2 elements)
#1, Lead
#2, Wing
#3, Deputy Lead
#4, Wing
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 23
Fingertip: “Finger Four”
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 24
Changes to flight configuration are executed from Fingertip/Finger Four position
If in a configuration other than fingertip, Lead will regroup in fingertip before moving to a new configuration
Exception is Trail Formations: Close Trail to Extended Trail Formations
FAST RULE #1:
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 25
3 Ship Formation Composition:Phantom Four
3-Ship – (2 elements)
#1, Lead
#2, Wing
#3, Deputy Lead
#4, Phantom Four
Referred to as the “VIC”
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 26
3 Ship Formation Composition: Phantom Two
3-Ship – (2 elements)
#1, Lead
#2, Phantom Two
#3, Deputy Lead
#4, Wing
Referred to as “Phantom Two”
Principally for training and Wing Evals
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 27
Formation Composition Qualifications
Flight Lead: Most experienced, Lead qualified.
#2: Wingman
#3: Deputy Lead (Lead Capable)
#4: Wingman
Do not put non-formation qualified pilot or inexperienced pilot as Flight Lead Exception in training!
Instructors: Practice lead changes!
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 28
Station Keeping 101
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 29
Establish & Maintain your Sightlines
Make constant, small corrections
Relax the “Death Grip” & “Wiggle Thy Toes”
Generally correct in a logical sequence:
Correct to the bearing line
Correct vertical stack
Correct lateral spacing
Station Keeping 101
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 30
Station Keeping 101: Turning In Fingertip
Altitude and radius are changing
Turns away from Wing: Add power &
increase pitch (climb)
Turns toward Wing: Decrease power & decrease pitch (descend)
PTG: 45 degrees AOB
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 31
Recognition: Continuously and quickly correct back to THE LINE Think: “small, timely corrections”
Anticipate, anticipate, anticipate
Use trim to your advantage
Correct Hand Position on stick/throttle
Oh yea; Relax, relax, relax…
Station Keeping 101
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 32
Part III
The Core Formation Events and Maneuvers
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 33
Part III
Will discuss each maneuver in the normal flight sequence
Will cover Position References
Visual Signals
Radio Calls
How to perform the maneuver
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 34
Typical Training Profile
Formation Takeoff
Route Formation
Cross-unders
Wing-work (station-keeping)
Close Trail
Extended Trail
Echelon turns
Pitch-out / Rejoins
Recovery (overhead or element landing)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 35
Most important part of the flight
Sets the tone for the whole flight
Lead will use the RPA Briefing Checklist
Brief the plan
Fly the plan
Flight Briefing
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 36
Time Hack
Establish Mission Objectives
Weather & Environmentals
Sequence of Events and standards to be used
Contingencies
Mission Specifics – Details on how to achieve the objectives.
Wrap Up & Final Questions
Mission Briefing: The RPA 7 step briefing format: Manual Appendix C
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 37
Briefing Highlight:Communications
Always brief a communication plan
Brief all frequencies if local flying
Initial check-in generally after engine start on Tac-1
Frequency change protocol
Use of “Go”: Acknowledge in sequence(“check out”)
Use of “Push”: Switch without acknowledgment
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 38
Engine Start Hand Signals
“Thumbs up” passed up the line to Lead when ready to start
Lead points skyward and rotates finger
Pass signal down line
Lead gives exaggerated “head nod”
Push start button when Lead‟s chin hits chest
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 39
Taxi
In Sequence
Spacing:
In trail: 4 Ship Lengths
Staggered: 2 Ship Lengths
Tail Dragger: Extend & Weave.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 40
Run-Up
“Thumbs up” passed up the line to Lead when ready to run-up
Lead points skyward and rotates finger
Pass signal down line
Each pilot performs run-up
“Thumbs up” passed when OK for T/O
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 41
Line Up Options
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 42
Interval Takeoff
Narrow Runway Operations (60/75 ft wide)
Line up in split elements
Individual takeoffs using rotation interval
Steer to centerline after brake release
Wingman roll at leads rotation/confirmation of liftoff.
If runway is 100 feet or greater (100/150/300 ft wide)
Line up in split element, offset element or echelon as desired
Individual takeoffs using timed interval for nosewheel aircraft.
Use “Rotation” for Tailwheels and all initial student training.
Timed Intervals: No less than 6 seconds
Maintain your side of centerline at all times
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 43
Element Takeoff
Training requirements: 100 feet or greater
20 ft wingtip clearance
Dry
Xwind 5 knots or less/no gust
Power settings, Speeds Establish in briefing
Depicted: Split Element Lineup
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 44
Element Takeoff
Runway Position Lead downwind wind
No wind: As desired
Wing in acute position Just aft of 3/9 line
Yak/CJ: Line up gear with pilots head
4 ship position options: Split Elements 100-500 feet split to
avoid prop/jet blast (as depicted)
Offset Elements option
Echelon option
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 45
Element Takeoff Visual Signals
Wing Pilot looks at Lead when in position on runway and nods head “I‟m Ready”.
Everyone's nose wheels straight? Call it out if not
Lead points skyward and rotates finger
Wingman nods head in acknowledgment
Lead & Wing run engines up (briefed setting)
Wingman nods head when run up complete
Lead gives exaggerated head nod down
Release brakes when Lead‟s chin hits chest
Lead sets briefed Takeoff power smoothly
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 46
Element Takeoff Roll Execution
Match Lead‟s rate of acceleration One time wingman radio calls:
“Raven Give Me One” “Raven Push It Up”
Going acute: “You have the lead on the left/right” But only temporarily; lead will regain formation integrity when
able.
Going sucked: Fly your airplane! If significantly aft, retract gear when safely airborne & regain
formation integrity
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 47
Element Takeoff Execution
Match Lead‟s rotation
Remain acute and stack level until after gear retraction
After safely airborne, Lead initiates gear retraction with a thumbs up, followed by upward head nod for execution
Lead then sets climb power
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 48
Rejoins After Interval Takeoff
Straight ahead or turning
Which side #2 always joins on inside of turn
#3 and #4 always join opposite #2
Straight ahead – as briefed
Rejoins in Part 4 of this Ground School
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 49
Cross-Unders
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 50
Cross-Under
Used to move aircraft from one side of Lead to the other side
Set up flight for pitch out maneuver
Get Wing out of sun
Give Wing a change on cross country trip
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 51
Cross-Under Signals
Cross-under #2
Single, raised fist
Notify #3 first
Cross-under #3 & #4
Fist help up & pumped twice
RPA Standard is hand signals: Wing Dip is option if briefed beforehand.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 52
Cross-Under Execution
Three part, wings level maneuver
Reduce power, move down and back
Add small amount of power, change heading to move across to opposite side, maintaining nose to tail clearance
Add more power, move forward & up into position
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 53
Cross-Under Execution
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 54
Route Formation
2 – 4 ship widths…to 500 feet
“Abeam to no further aft than the bearing line”
Trend Note: When sent to route, move out, not aft
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 55
Route Formation
WHY ROUTE? Checklists and “Ops Checks”
Better lookout
Long Cross Country flights to relax
Holding airborne during airshows
Wing Pilots move out to maintain lateral separation. 2-4 ship lengths for checklists and
frequency changes
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 56
Flying Route
Lead use moderate bank turns (60 degrees or less AOB)
Wingman on the inside of the turn stack just low enough to see lead
Wingman on the outside of the turn use echelon references to avoid large power req.
Do not “creep” back to fingertip (common error) or rejoin unless requested by lead
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 57
Flying Route
Keep your 2-4 ship interval until directed otherwise and don‟t slide aft…
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 58
Echelon
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 59
Echelon
All aircraft on the same side of lead
Used for:
Pitch outs
Traffic pattern
Airshow Display
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 60
Turning In Echelon
All aircraft pivot on longitudinal axis
Fuselage of Lead aircraft and aircraft ahead split the horizon
Do not unload in echelon
Training: Up to 45 Degrees AOB
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 61
Close Trail
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 62
Close Trail Signals
Go To Close trail
Fist held up, thumb extended, motioning to rear
Optional: Porpoise Nose
Reform from Close Trail
Wing Rock or radio call
Reform to your last position
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 63
Close Trail
Close trail
Wing aircraft is “welded” to Lead and moves as one aircraft
Use power to maintain position
Minor lead and lag may be called for
Do not unload aircraft in close trail
Training: 45 Degrees of Roll
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 64
Close Trail Visual References:
Lateral reference
Wingtips of leading aircraft superimposed on canopy bow (CJ-6)
Wingtips extended beyond bow (Yak-52)
Vertical reference
Leading aircraft 1/3rd of the way down from the top of the canopy bow
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 65
Close Trail Visual References
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 66
Diamond Formation
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 67
Diamond (#4 in slot) 4 fingers held up
Fist held up with thumb extended, motioning to rear
#3 acknowledges Lead, signals #4
#4 calls when in position: “Red 4‟s in”
Rejoin from diamond Lead makes radio call, or
Lead rocks wings
Diamond Execution
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 68
Diamond Execution
#4 performs cross-under behind #3
#4 then moves to position directly behind Lead (close trail)
Training: Max 45 degrees of roll
Wingmen Caution: Do not “collapse” on slot (#4) during maneuvering
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 69
Lead Change
Perform in route formation
Prebrief lead changes
Two Options:
Radio
Visual signal
A stabilized platform is most important
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 70
Lead ChangeVisual Signals
Lead will configure the flight in route for the lead change
Lead will point at aircraft assuming lead and point repeatedly forward.
Wingman will acknowledge, move abeam and confirm lead change by patting head with left hand, followed by a forward pointing motion
New lead moves forward and assumes lead Call for check in
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 71
Formation landing Procedures and Recovery
Intermission: Need a Break?
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 72
Formation Recovery
Single-ship recovery options
VFR pattern
Overhead Pattern
2-Ship (element) Formation Landings
Note: All turns in the traffic pattern or maneuvering to the straight-in are echelon
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 73
Recovery Option 1: VFR Pattern
Trend Item: Confusing AIM VFR Pattern terminology with RPA Overhead Procedures
VFR (GA) pattern aircraft are not familiar with overhead terminology
Do not report “Downwind” when setting up for the initial for overhead (covered next)
When in doubt of traffic; ask for position, fly-through, hold or enter/fly the VFR pattern.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 74
Recovery Option 1: VFR Pattern
Several options to Take Spacing: Flight may enter the downwind VFR pattern in echelon
Configure in echelon on downwind
Radio call: 3 or 4 ship
Visual signal: 2 ship
Turn base for landing in sequenced interval
Note: Tower controlled airports may need clarification of this procedure.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 75
Recovery Option 2:Overhead Traffic Pattern
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 76
Lead configures flight in echelon.
Lead points skyward & rotates finger
Lead holds up number of fingers to signify break interval in seconds:
Nominal is 5 seconds, creates a 10 second interval on downwind
Overhead Pattern Execution
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 77
Overhead Pattern Execution
The Break from Echelon: Lead pitches level over the numbers (no
wind), reduces power
Wing Pilots pitch level at interval
Lead drops gear on downwind abeam numbers
Wing Pilots drop gear when wings level on downwind
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 78
Lead extends flaps coming off the perch
Wing Pilots extend flaps coming off the perch
Lead makes continuous descending turn to final at briefed approach speed
Wing Pilots make continuous descending turn to final, establishing landing interval 1500 ft staggered @ 10+ seconds
Jets use 3000 ft / 6000 ft respectively
Overhead Pattern Execution
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 79
Lead lands long on cold side (100 ft runway or greater)
Each Wing Pilot lands on alternating sides of runway
1500 feet spacing at threshold
Pilots automatically “clear” preceding aircraft to cross to Cold Side.
If you have a problem (brake fade, etc.) call it out and intentions.
Lead assembles flight for taxi to ramp
Overhead Pattern Staggered Landing Procedure
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 80
Lead lands long on cold side (or centerline of runway if conditions warrant), then moves to cold side (ramp exit side)
Each Wing Pilot does the same
1500 feet + spacing at threshold
<100 ft wide runway: No clear lane, increase interval
All aircraft normally taxi to end of runway to clear
Lead assembles flight for taxi to ramp
Overhead Pattern Hot-Cold Landing Procedure
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 81
Narrow runway (60-75 ft)
Lead lands on centerline of runway
Each Wing Pilot does the same
Expanded interval must be maintained at touchdown With no clear lane, only option is the grass!
Interval expanded to prevent on runway collision!
All aircraft normally taxi to end of runway to clear
Lead assembles flight for taxi to ramp
Overhead Pattern Centerline Landing – Narrow Runway
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 82
2-Ship Element Landings
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 83
2-Ship Element Landing & Signals
Used to recover NORDO aircraft, airshow recoveries, etc...
Recommended Training Requirements:
Dry 100 ft runway min (Yak/CJ/L-29/L-39)
Xwind 5 knots or less, no gust factor.
Coordinate for a straight-in for training.
Trend: Lead pilots giving inadequate time for configure and stabilizing in descent due to flying short finals from VFR pattern. Use a 3 degree glide path from 1000 feet AGL: 3+ mile straight in.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 84
2-Ship Element Landing & Signals
Lead slows flight and signals for gear
Thumb extended from fist gesturing down
Gear extended when Lead‟s chin hits chest
Lead signals for flaps
Thumb opening & closing against grouped fingers
Flaps extended when Lead‟s chin hits chest
Wingman Note: Place hand on gear or flap lever on prepatory signal, execute on nod.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 85
2 Ship Landing (cont‟d)
Final Approach
Lead aligns with downwind side of runway
Wing moves to acute position & stacks level when starting down with runway in sight.
Wing begins to acquire runway with peripheral vision to insure line up
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 86
2-Ship Landing (cont‟d)
Short Final Wing aligns with center of upwind side of runway
(20 feet minimum spacing)
Wing flares with Lead
Wing touches down with or just slightly beforeLead
Wing brakes lightly to attain spacing on lead
Wing calls “Raven 1 Clear” when safe (if lead must cross to wing side for exit)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 87
Taxi In/Shutdown
Lead assembles flight clear of runway
Flaps retracted as briefed or on Lead‟s signal
Trend: Wingman rushing flap retraction on runway
Engine run-up on Lead‟s signal
Lead points skyward and rotates finger
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 88
Taxi In/Shut down (cont‟d)
Reduce power & shut down on Lead‟s signal Hand extended vertically & moved front to back
Slashing sign across throat
Mags off when Lead‟s chin hits chest
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 89
Debrief
Lead Pilot directs the debrief
Critique all aspects of flight with the goal of explaining the “what, why and how” of the sortie
Use flight number over pilots name
All pilots should feel free to ask questions and give additional information, not already covered, when called upon by the Lead Pilot
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 90
PART IV:The Pitch-Out and rejoin
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 91
Used to take spacing for Rejoinpractice, Extended Trail & for the Overhead Pattern for landing
Executed from echelon configuration
The Formation Pitch-Out
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 92
The Formation Pitch-Out
Lead points skyward and rotates finger
Lead holds up number of fingers to indicate break interval in seconds
Only #2 acknowledges
Subsequent aircraft use same interval
Lead “kisses” off
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 93
General Pitch-Out Execution
Lead turns away in a level maneuver, up to 60° of roll, 180° turn, G as required.
Rejoins/Extended Trail: Use an oblique turn only if needed for energy/airspeed.
Each aircraft breaks away at interval
Match lead‟s roll, G and flight path
Rejoins: Each aircraft calls “in” when level, directly behind preceding aircraft.
Extended Trail: Each aircraft calls in when achieving the desired interval and ready for maneuvering (Extended Trail will be covered in next the segment).
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 94
Definitions: Pursuit Curves
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 95
Definitions: 3-9 Line & Turn Circle
The Turn Circle is determined by bank angle, G and velocity, all affecting the
aircrafts turn radius
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 96
Aspect Angle vs.. Angle Off (Angle Off also termed Heading Crossing Angle)
“Aspect” or “Aspect Angle”
The angle measured from leads tail to your aircraft. For example, zero aspect is dead astern, 90 degree aspect is approximately abeam lead.
Aircraft heading has no impact on Aspect Angle, while Angle Off (HCA) is heading dependant
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 97
Aspect Angle Drill
Is the Wingman’s heading a factor in
describing Aspect Angle????
Is it a factor in describing Angle Off
or “Heading Crossing Angle”
(HCA)?
0
45
Heading 090
Heading 360
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 98
Recognizing & ManagingChanging Aspect
Aspect is Increasing;
How do you fix it?
70 Degrees
Desired Rejoin Aspect
45 Degrees
30 Degrees 1
2
3
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 99
Aspect Angle & Angle Off Quiz
What approximate Aspect Angle and Angle Off is shown by these
two depictions?
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 100
Managing Your Aspect
Bank angle controls your pursuit curve, and your pursuit curve changes your aspect Increase bank angle (or G) and pull lead
pursuit = Increases Aspect
Reduce bank angle (or G) and reduce lead/create lag pursuit = Decreases Aspect
Aspect angle reflects closure rate High aspect = High closure
Low aspect = Low closure
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 101
Introduction to:Formation Rejoins
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 102
PART V
Flying Extended Trail
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 103
Extended Trail
Fluid position, but avoid flying in lead‟s six. No closer than 200 feet or KIO/breakout Use pursuit curves, not power, to
manage aspect and control normal closure. Evaluated using wingovers with max bank
angle of 90 degrees.
**Instructor Topic: Aerobatics in Extended Trail
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 104
PART VI
Basic Formation Principals
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 105
PART VI:TOPICS
Covers…
Pilot Responsibilities for Wing and Lead
Flight Safety Topics
Formation Communications
Fuel Management
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 106
Wing Pilot‟s Responsibilities
Follow and take direction from Lead
Maintain position
Work to improve formation skills
Maintain formation discipline
Provide Mutual Support
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 107
All Flight Lead Pilot‟s Responsibilities
Safe conduct of formation flight Situational awareness
Above average knowledge of the aircraft, its systems and performance limitations
Knowledge of the airspace and ATC environment
Knowledge of Wing Pilots‟ qualifications and limitations
Operational techniques to smoothly and safely lead a flight
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 108
FAST Lead Pilot‟s Responsibilities
Selection of Wing Pilots to fly in flight
Verify credentials
Verify condition to fly
Verify currency
Verify competency in type
Verify aircraft is airworthy
Verify all pilots have safety equipment
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 109
A good Flight Lead Always…
…sets power as briefed and generally leaves it constant throughout maneuver
…fly‟s a smooth aircraft; his/her roll rates are not staggered or never so rapid as to inflict undue pain and frustration on the wingmen
…thinks for his/her wingman – “wingman consideration” is displayed by the effective leader in setting power, selecting airspeeds, climb rates, etc.
…strives to maintain SA at all times. Where am I now, where am I going, and how do I get there…
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 110
The Flight Lead manages the Debrief…
Provide Instruction through debriefing
What happened
Why did it happen
How can it be improved
See the Flight Lead Seminar for further discussion…
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 111
All Pilots‟ Responsibilities
Mutual Support: Back each other up in flight
Be alert for malfunctions in other aircraft
Be alert for conflicting traffic
Be alert for obstacles
Know your limitations
Call “knock it off” if danger is imminent
Safety, Discipline, Attitude
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 112
Flight Safety Topics: Hot Items
Formation Takeoffs: Improper interval for element or single ship departures
No less than 6 sec Interval /10 sec Element Tailwheel aircraft always use rotation and liftoff due to forward visibility
restrictions
Wing rotating with near idle power to avoid overtaking Lead
Terminal Ops & Pattern Operations: Use of Route formation to promote traffic ID/Avoidance Proper and timely use of pattern radio calls – mixing overhead
and VFR Pattern terminology which leads to GA pilot confusion/traffic conflict
Pilot awareness of required minimum interval between aircraft It‟s NOT 5 seconds!
Landing with gear retracted – no “gear down” call or system checks (CJ/Yak: gear, flaps, air, prop, mixture)
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 113
Flight Safety Topics: Hot Items
Area Training: Brief and Respect of Hard Deck during training
Use of aerobatic, multi-plane extended trail with new students
Use Offset Trail, an in-plane exercise with new formation students.
don‟t teach new students pursuit curves through aerobatic flight!
Demonstrate range and aspect first- 300, 500 and 1000 feet visual references, see chapter 4 of the new RPA manual.
Extended trail is first a 2 ship FME exercise.
Timely decision in overshooting
Often late, should be made approaching route (2-4 shipwidths), not 30 feet!
Over shooting under leads aircraft (nose to tail overlap) is not passing for solo formation or qualification.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 114
Safety Equipment*Required
Intercom system*
Ability to transmit from rear cockpit*
Parachute (*Aerobatic flight and instruction)
Nomex flight suit RPA clinic training policy*
Protective footwear*
Helmet
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 115
Collision Avoidance
Always keep lead in sight
Always maintain separation
Always closely monitor closure
Always consider wake turbulence
Never move ahead of your lead aircraft
Never go “belly up” to your lead aircraft
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 116
Safety Calls*
“Knock It Off” (KIO)
When a safety issue is developing
Not applicable to immediate hazards to flight (impending collision, etc. – in those cases, be directive and/or break out)
Who can use it?
What do you do if you hear it?*Not FAST yet
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 117
Safety Calls*
“Knock It Off” (KIO)
Anyone can call KIO
“Raven Knock It Off, Altitude”
Lead will acknowledge the call and all flight members will mirror his/her call”
“Raven 1 is Knock It Off”…”Raven 2 is Knock It Off”
Clear your flight path and await lead‟s instructions – do not stop flying formation!
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 118
Safety Calls*
“Terminate”
Non safety related termination of maneuvering
Examples of use
Training complete, Airshow Use…
Who can use it?
What do you do if you hear it?
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 119
Safety Calls*
“Terminate”
Wingmen use the word “request” for non-safety related termination calls
“Raven 2 request terminate, training complete”
If lead initiates a Termination acknowledgment, mirror the call”
Raven 1‟s Terminate…Raven 2‟s Terminate…
Await lead‟s instructions
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 120
Safety Calls*
“Blind” “Raven 2 is blind , 4500 feet”
If lead has visual, may direct wingman to “continue” or talk wingman‟s eyes back on lead
“Raven 1 is visual, your right two o:clock slightly high”
If both aircraft are blind, call KIO and direct at least 500 feet altitude separation.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 121
The Break-Out
Four Reasons to Break-Out
Lose sight
Hazard to the flight
Get ahead of Lead
If directed to by Lead
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 122
Break-Out
Look for blue sky and pull with caution!
Radio call example:
“Raven 2 breaking out, blind 3500”
Lead‟s responsibility to reorganize the flight.
If you have the wingman in sight, use the term “visual” and be directive.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 123
Flight Safety: The Hard Deck
“Virtual” ground level Minimum maneuvering altitude
Should be derived from current charts
High enough to allow reasonable chance of bailout or recovery from unusual attitude/aerobatic maneuver as applicable
Must be briefed on every formation mission
Call KIO if penetrated
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 124
Formation Communications:Visual Signals
Lead‟s hand signals are acknowledged with an exaggerated head nod.
When required to pass signals down, Wing Pilots do not look for acknowledgement
If you don‟t understand the signal do not move, lead will resend the signal.
Use a radio call if ambiguity is not resolved.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 125
Formation Communications:Radio Procedures
RPA teaches a radio communications policy that is reflective of common practice in general FAST formation flight and strictly follows USAF/USN communication protocols designed for safety and brevity.
In all cases, Flight Leaders must brief deviations from this protocol based on the situation and all flight members must be disciplined in the application of proper formation radio procedures.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 126
Formation Communications:Radio Procedures
Use BREVITY on the radios at all times
Use FULL CALL SIGN always for:
Who your calling (“Raven 2 go extended trail”)
Acknowledging a directive for aircraft movement or specific requests for information
When self announcing your actions
Use POSITION NUMBER only when:
Responding to simple instructions in-sequence Example: Frequency Changes and Check Ins.
Refer to the Flight Lead by position number (“Raven #1”), not “Lead”
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 127
Formation Communications: Frequency switching and check ins
Execute frequency switching from Route.
Unless briefed otherwise, Use position number in formation communications only when acknowledging simple instructions in sequence as directed by the Flight Lead: “Raven flight go 121.8”……“2”…”3”…”4”
“Raven flight check”………..“2”…”3”…”4”
If unsure of the call sign or reporting in out of sequence, use full word and number call sign.
Do not leave the frequency until all flight members have acknowledged.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 128
Ops Checks and Fuel Management
“Ops Check” All in-flight checks performed from route
Check fuel, fuel balance and engine parameters. Report parameters as required.
Include G meter if applicable to flight
Flight Lead radio call and acknowledgment:
“Raven flight Ops Check, Raven 1 is 55”
“…2 is 45…3 is 55…4 is 50”
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 129
Fuel Management
“Bingo” Fuel state at which flight must terminate to return with legal minimums or as briefed by the Flight Lead
VFR Day: 30 Minutes Reserve
Generally briefed in „Time‟ - fuel remaining in minutes in dissimilar aircraft formations
Example report: “Raven 3 is bingo plus 5”
Do not overfly briefed bingo!
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 130
Fuel Management
“Joker” Above Bingo. Fuel state at which Flight Leader must prioritize tasks (mission objectives) to insure flight recovers with adequate fuel.
Example: Returning to the pattern with enough fuel for multiple Element Landings
Generally briefed in „Time‟.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 131
PART VII
Abnormal & Emergency Procedures
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 132
Emergencies
Formation Takeoff: Element Departure
No sympathetic aborts unless required for safety
Call it out
Element aborts: be directive to wingman
Formation Takeoff: Interval
Staggered: Trailing aircraft will generally abort
Radio call is CRITICAL
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 133
Emergencies (cont‟d)
Immediately after takeoff
Engine failure / Forced landing
Emergency return
Chase ship request
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 134
Emergencies (cont‟d)
Airborne / in the practice area
Nature of emergency dictates who should lead
Often emergency aircraft in front, but may be assisted by chase ship
Navigation, Communication, Etc.
One aircraft provides support, others may be dispersed by Flight Lead
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 135
Emergencies (cont‟d)
Aircraft Damage Assessment (ADA Check)
RPA version of the military “BDA Check”
Only when fully coordinated!
Two damaged aircraft do not ADA one another
Hold position as wing inspects top, sides and bottom for panels, leaks and other damage
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 136
Emergencies (cont‟d)
Chase Ship Procedures
Two damaged aircraft should not fly chase on one
another! Request assistance if able.
Wing fly 45 degree aspect no closer than required and never closer than route unless cleared for inspection purposes
Chase aircraft may provide all navigation and communication as required or requested
Avoid flying below or aft of damaged/emergency aircraft.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 137
Emergencies (cont‟d)
NORDO
NORDO will be led back to the field/alternate
If element landing qualified, land as a formation if able and safe to do so.
Alternate: fly a straight in and drop off NORDO no lower than 300 feet with landing clearance.
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 138
Emergencies (cont‟d)
HEFOE signals (nordo only)
Hydraulic (Pneumatic for our aircraft)
Electrical
Fuel
Oxygen
Engine
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 139
Emergencies (cont‟d)
Bailout/Forced Landing
Have a Plan – Take Command
Mark Position
Asses Condition
Identify nearest town or major road/highway
Communicate with ATC
Set a bingo to maximize coverage
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 140
Thanks!
Lets walk the ramp and look at:
Bearing line
Sightlines
Range (200 feet)
2 person groups should run through visual signals as required
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May 2008 RedStar Pilots Association 141
Formation Ground School
FEEDBACK?