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. 3
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2009
I R L N . 3:
T M
1, 1 & 2
1 N P & W S
2 N I E A
C :M , F., K , N. & L , D. (2009) . 3: , NP W S , D E , H L G ,D , I .
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.......................................................... ................................................................ ............. 3 .......................................................... ................................................................ ............. 3
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........................................................ ................................................................ 17 ......................................................... ................................................................ 18 ................... ................................................................ ........................................... 19
................... ................................................................ ........................................... 20 & ......................................................... ................................ 21 ............................................................... ........................................... 22 ............................................................. ..................................................... 23
................................................................. ..................................................... 24 ......................................................... ........................................... 25
........................................................ ................................................................ ..................... 26 ................................... ................................................................ ........... 26 ....................................................... ..................................................... 27
........................................................... ................................................................ 28 ....................................................... ................................................................ 29
...................................................... ................................................................ ..................... 30 .............................................................. ................................................................ 30
................................ ................................................................ ................................ 31 ............... ................................................................ ........................................... 32 .............................................................. ................................................................ 33 & ....................................................... ........... 34
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........................................................... ................................................................ ........... 36 36
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2009
• A R L I .• A 26 I , I 1500, .
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M , . A , ,
, (H , 1995).
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(NHM, 2009).
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2009) (C ., 2007)
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. A ( . . R ., 2009, A ., 2009). T
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.
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2009
(I) 1993 . T 1.
A 1, IUCN 2008, (A E) (C E , E
V ). I , A D . C E , . W
,
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Evaluated
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Regionally Extinct (RE)
Not Evaluated (NE)
Near Threatened (NT)Near Threatened (NT)
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Endangered (EN)Critically Endangered (CR)
Vulnerable (VU)
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Extinct (EX)Extinct (EX)
Least Concern (LC)
Data Deficient (DD)
Evaluated
Data Deficient (DD)Data Deficient (DD)
Evaluated
Adequatedata
Adequatedata
Regionally Extinct (RE)
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2009
A 26 I I 1500 ( 1), E M R L (T &
T , 2007).
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( ) , N ( ), , ( ), ( ) 1997.
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0
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30% (L , 1983) V .
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I I, ( C )
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, . M ,
I .
T ( E ) ( ) I
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F . T ,
I . T . .
. B . T A
I R . (2009). U
; ,
.
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, I
, .
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E R L I M :•
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(IUCN, 2009)
• I . T ,
.
• IUCN . T I ,
. T IUCN (IUCN, 2001; 2003; 2005; 2008) I (W , 1993).
• A . T EU H D 92/43/EEC , W A , 1976, W (A ) A , 2000 W (N.I.) O 1985. W ( . .C I T E S W F F(CITES)) . L
. F EU H D , S A
C (SAC ) .
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: H
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. P . P .
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. T ( 47 ) . P
(H &H , 2000).
T ,
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: P , I F K J (M J . ,1999).
R I . O W (M , 2006), K (K , 2005). N .
: U , I (K , 2005; M ,2006).
: N I . E ( )
: F G
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W I (A ., 2009).
: T I , 10,000+ .
: R ( S , 1991; S , 1999). A (A
. , 2000) (M A , 2006). W (H , 1996),
(M A , 1994; 1997).
N . T
: F G
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R I , D W , (O S , 1994;CIBR, . .).
: T I , 5,000+ .
: S . U , . B (S , 1991; S , 1999). W
(M A , 1994; 1997). A CIBR.
: F G
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W I , ; D(M A , 2006; NPWS, 2007).
: T I , 5,000+ .
: S . U , . B (S , 1991). L (>50 )
C I (M A , 2006). I , (M A , 1994; 1997).
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: L '
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: F E S , E N R .
I (M J . , 1999). O ; (R ., 2009).
: T I , 20,000+ .
: N . S . W (M A , 2006). H
: F G
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2009
&
: N '
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:
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A IV; W A , 1976; W(A ) A , 2000 ; W (N.I.) O 1985.
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: F U N I S M(M J . , 1999). H ,
.
F I 1996; 1997 C . A (R . , 1998) . S (R ., 2009).
: S 2006, (R ., 2009).
O (R ., 2009). I I , ,
(R ., 1998). R (R ., 2001).
: N R . I N I/ O
: F G
2009
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2009
: C
: I
:
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: S ( ) , : ( . ) ( .
) (B ., 1997; B & J , 1997). I , .
: A , . P .
I , IUCN .
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A IV; W A , 1976; W
(A ) A , 2000 ; W (N.I.) O 1985.
: O E A. R S , G I (H & Y , 2008).
M I . T (R ., 2009).
: T I , 100,000+ .
: F G
2009
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2009
: S
: I
:
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: A , . A ,
I .
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A IV; W A , 1976; W(A ) A , 2000 ; W (N.I.) O 1985.
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S G (H & Y , 2008).
A I , (NPWS, 2008; R ., 2009).R (R., 2009).
: T I , 100,000+ .
: S , , , , ( . . R , 1998;
2001; M G , 1998). T , , , ,
: F G
2009
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2009
: B
: I
:
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:
: A , . P . I, .
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A IV; W A , 1976; W(A ) A , 2000 ; W (N.I.) O 1985.
: W E P , I G S S (M J . , 1999).
C O S (1994) I . W
(H & H , 2000; R , 2000). I , T L , C . W (F , 2001).
: T I , 10,000+ .
: N ; , . T ,
. S (M A , 2006). T (E ., 1997).
T (M A , 1994; 1997).
: F G
2009
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2009
: L
: I / C
:
: N T
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P . I , .
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A II & IV; 41 SAC . W A , 1976;W (A ) A , 2000 .
: W , E . E K A A , E S (M J .,
1999).
I (R , 2001) 6 : M , G , C , L , C K
(M A , 1994). A C . R 2004 (B. K , . .).T I 11,600 2 (NPWS, 2008).
: T I . I 12,500 (NPWS, 2008).
: T R I . S . T
. H
: F G
2009
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: W
: L
: :
:
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: N
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U I .
: W I , .
: W . I
. T (M & D , 1993). D , , ,, , , .
I .
: B
2009
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: H
: L
:
: .
: .
: N . W ,
E I .
: N
: O . I A , A , A A . F E . S .
E (M J . , 1999).
F I .
: S .
: O . P . C ( . . , ).
G , . P .
I .
: E D
2009
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: B ; S
: F
: V (D2)
:
:
: N . P R .C IUCN .
: N
: P A . K C C . D (H & H , 2000). P
E A A (M J., 1999).
I B , . O I L I ,
D , (M. J , . .).
: T .
: A .N (H & Y , 2008).
O , , . O L , .
: I
: E D
2009
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: R
: I
: N T
:
:
: . 20% 1911 (C. L ). C N. A (
) . R B 30% 1959 1971 (L , 1983).
: W A , 1976; W (A ) A , 2000 ; W (N.I.) O 1985.
: P I C H . F E , I B (M J ., 1999).
I I , ,
N I (O N & M , 2003) M , W , K , C L (C . , 2007).
: E 40,000 (NPWS & EHS, 2008). I 10 1815 1856,
18 (B , 1880; F .,2007). . 20% 1911 (C. L ,
).
: F , (M J ., 1999). S ,
(H & H 2000; H & Y 2008) G
: E D
2009
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: G
: M
: R E :
:
: . N .
: H , S M R A N A (M J ., 1999).
: O I , . A 17 , , C 1786 (F , 1984; H & Y , 2008).
: D
2009
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: O
: D
: N T
: N T
: N T
: EU H D 92/43/EEC A II & IV. N SAC N.I.,47 R I. W A , 1976; W (A ) A , 2000; W (N.I.) O 1985;CITES A 1.
: I 1980 , 1990 2005, , .
P . I , 20 25% 1980 2005 (B & R , 2006), E
N T , .
: W I J I , A A (M J ., 1999).
F I , (B &R , 2006; H & H , 2000; P ., 2004).
: T 20 25% 1980 2006, ( . . 1980 1990),
(B & R , 2006). T 16 22,000, (O N , 2008).
: S , , ,
: E D
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