Recreational Drugs, HIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy
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Transcript of Recreational Drugs, HIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy
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Modified by:Patrick Clay, PharmD
UNT System College of [email protected]
O: (817) 735-2798
Originally designed and developed by:Frank Romanelli, Pharm.D., MPH, BCPS
Professor of Pharmacy, Medicine, & Health Sciences Associate Dean for Education, University of Kentucky
Recreational Drugs, HIV, and Antiretroviral Therapy
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Objectives Define the term “club drugs.” List potential clinical and toxic effects
of club and recreational drugs. Describe potential effects of
recreational drug use upon ARV therapy.
Discuss HIV specific adverse consequences of recreational drug use.
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m&m
Special K
CHRYSTAL
ICE
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“CLUB DRUGS”‘Recreational Drugs’
*SOCIAL LUBRICANTS*Substances used in a
recreational fashion to enhance social experiences.
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Club Drugs
Not all recreational drugs are considered ‘Club Drugs’
Produce dis-inhibition Common substances of abuse at
bars, circuit parties, raves
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Rave Circuit Party All night parties
involving loud music, laser light shows, and marathon dancing.
Most commonly held in large open areas such as old warehouses.
Most commonly three day weekend events centered in large urban areas.
Attendees pay one lump sum to attend multiple events throughout the weekend culminating in one final large party.
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Club Drugs Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) “Ecstasy” Gammahydroxybutyric Acid
(GHB) “G” Ketamine
“Special K” Amyl and Butyl Nitrites
“Poppers” Methamphetamine
“Crystal” “Tina”
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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Amphetamine derivative which leads to exaggerated levels of neurotransmitters throughout
the CNS.
• Ecstasy, E, XTC• M and M• Hug Drug
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Epidemiology Within the US, National Drug
Intelligence Center now equates MDMA use to that of heroin and cocaine.
MDMA estimated to be one of the fastest growing drug of abuse in the US.
2000: 1.4 million HS seniors used MDMA.
2005: 2.5% of HS seniors reported ‘ever-use.’
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Availability Amsterdam – “Ecstasy Capitol of the
World” Commonly manufactured in
clandestine laboratories High level of impurities and
contaminants (DM, ASA, Pseudoephedrine)
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What does “Hug Drug” look like?
Audience Participation time!
A. White tabletB. Pink capsuleC. Never scored
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History of Abuse Created in 1914 for appetite
control Used in 1970s as a means of
enhancing behavior therapy Entered club scene in 1980s Classified as a C-I 2001, FDA approval of trial
involving post-traumatic stress disorder
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Street Sales Sold in tablet form Typical tablet contains 50-150mg
of active ingredient Cost: $20-40.00 per tablet
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Pharmacology Structurally related to the
stimulant methamphetamine and hallucinogen mescaline
Increases levels of all NTs within CNS synapses
Inhibition of MAO
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Clinical Effects Increased energy Talkative, open-minded Intimacy Distorted senses Decreased fear, aggression,
defensiveness Hallucinations Teeth grinding
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UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF PHARMACYUNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
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UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF PHARMACYUNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
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Club Drug Paraphernalia
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Gamma-hydroxybutyrate
Naturally occurring fatty acid derivative of CNS neurotransmitter GABA
Liquid E Gib, GBH, Grievous Bodily Harm,
Georgia Home Boy, “G” Soap, Scoop, Salty Water Easy Lay
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Availability Controlled substance C-I Internet recipes available Gammabutyrolactone (GBL) 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD)
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History of Abuse Early 1990s - Dietary supplement
purported to increase muscle mass, increase libido, metabolize fat
Mid-1990’s - Popularity increased, euphoric effects recognized
Late 1990’s – Established club and date rape drug, FDA ban on OTC sales
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History of Abuse 2000 – C-I status in US Early 2000 - GBL and 1,4-BD
become popular precursor sources of GHB
FDA issues warning letters re: GBL and 1,4-BD
Commonly imported from Europe Manufactured from internet recipes
and clandestine labs
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Street Sales Oral dosage form Typical dose “one
capful” Often admixed into
water bottles $5.00-$10.00/dose
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Pharmacology Normally 1/1000th the concentrations of
GABA within CNS GHB endogenous CNS chemical Mediates: sleep cycles, temperature,
memory Gets in your head easily (lipophilic,
crosses BBB rapidly) Impacts levels of growth hormone
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Clinical Effects Dose-related CNS depression Amplification with ethanol or other
CNS depressants Often ingested to counteract
euphoric effects of ecstasy
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What rec drug was found in the characters
portrayed in the movie, Armageddon
A. XB. Kit KatC. PoppersD. Ice
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Ketamine
Derivative of phencyclidine (PCP), introduced in the 1960s
and used as a dissociative anesthetic
Special K, “K”, Kit-Kat, Super K Jet, Super Acid
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Availability C-III - Injectable
prescription formulation (Ketalar®)
Use has dwindled with advent of safer, more effective anesthetics
Common vet agent Difficult to manufacture
and most often acquired through diversion of the Rx product
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History of Abuse Believed to have entered rave
scene in mid-1980s Originally may have been an
adulterant of MDMA tablets As abusers became familiar with
the effects of ketamine, its use as a sole agent emerged
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Street Sales Injection product (IV or IM) Ingestion Smoking Snorting $80.00/gram
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Pharmacology
High bioavailability by both IV or IM route
Oral doses not as well absorbed and undergo first pass metabolism
Interacts with and inhibits NMDA channels (PCP)
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Clinical Effects Analgesic effects at lower doses, with
amnestic effects at increasing doses Dramatic feelings of dissociation
“floating over one’s body” into “K-land” or “K-holes”
Visual hallucinations and lack of coordination are common
Many abusers report effects dependent upon the setting within which the drug is abused
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Amyl and Butyl Nitrites
Volatile nitrite and nitrate derivatives originally intended to produce vasodilatory effects
on patients with coronary artery disease.
Poppers
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Availability
Originally crushable, mesh enclosed pearls
RX product until 1960 when moved to OTC status
1969 FDA re-instated RX status subsequent to reports of abuse
Banned in 1988
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Street Sales Inhalation Sold in small amber glass
ampoules Typical unit dose for sale contains
10-30 cc of drug Cost: $10-20 per ampoule
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Clinical Effects Feelings of a “rush”, warmth,
dizziness Reduce anal sphincter tone Increased sexual intensity Methemeglobinemia Early association with HIV and KS Interaction with PDEs**
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MethamphetamineCrystal, Tina, glassSpeed, Meth, Crank
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Historical AspectsWorldwide
Synthesized in late 1800s and studied in the 1930s
First epidemic occurred during and after WWII (1945-1957)
By 1948 - 5% of Japanese aged 16-25 were users, restrictions enacted in 1951
Gradual west to east movement of MA use from Japan, to Hawaii, to the US west coast (motorcycle gangs)
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Historical AspectsUnited States
1950s: inhalational products available OTC 1960s: popular use of MA/MA derivatives for
obesity 1970s: restrictions and underground production
increases 1980s: shifts to college students, females, young
professionals 1990s: clandestine labs emerge 1996: Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control
Act 2000s: enhanced enforcement and regulation;
greater international (Mex) trafficking – reductions in Mom & Pop production?
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Epidemiology MA now the most widely abused
substance in world following cannabis
35 million estimated MA abusers versus 15 million cocaine abusers
Estimated 5% of US residents have used MA at least once
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Epidemiology In US from 1992-2002, MA-related
admissions to treatment programs rose from 10 to 52/100K persons
Extent of MA abuse seems to be concentrated in West, Midwest, and South
Subpopulations: MSM, homeless, rural areas
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Clandestine labs“Meth Labs”
Utilize readily available and inexpensive chemical products and internet recipes to produce MA
Meth labs carry toxic and explosive risk and considered hazardous waste sites by authorities = costly clean-up
Usually designed to be mobile (trailers, automobile trunks, hotel/motel rooms)
Chemistry beakers, mason jars, coffee filters
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Methamphetamine Labs
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Cost Compared to other illicit drugs:
inexpensive $25 per 1/4 gram $100 per gram $1,700 per ounce
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Clinical Effects - Acute “rush” or “flash” Flight or fight response Increased HR, BP, body temperature Euphoria, alertness, energy Enhanced sense of well-being/self-
esteem Increased libido and pleasure from
sexual activity
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Clinical Effects - Chronic Pilot study Subjects: 65 active MA abusers (by
urine screen) Control: 80 non-abusers Poor memory (p=0.03) Manual manipulation of information
(p=0.001)
Cho A, et al. J Addic Dis 2002; 21:21-34.
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Adverse Effects - Chronic Emotional liability (insomnia?) Paranoid psychosis (insomnia?) Memory loss (grey matter loss) Cognitive dysfunction (grey matter loss) Dermatologic pathology (“crank bugs”) Burns Poor dentition – “meth mouth” Withdrawal/Tachyphylaxis
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“meth mouth”
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“crank bugs” “meth sores”
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“meth-decay”
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“meth decay”
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HIV Recreational Drugs
Crossroads
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Recreational Drug Use (MA)
Halkitis PN, et al. J Urban Health 2005; 18-25.
450 MSM/bisexual men 293 (65%) reported MA use in the
previous 4 month time-span AA men less likely to report MA use
(p<0.001) Mean age of MA users: 33±7.9
years
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Recreational Drug UseMansergh G, et al. Am J Pub Health 2001.
Cross-sectional study of 295 gay and bisexual males in SF Bay Area who attended a circuit party in previous year.
75% reported use of MDMA 58% reported use of Ketamine 25% reported use of GHB 49% reported having had protected anal
sex and 28% unprotected
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Recreational Drug UseMansergh G, et al. Klitzman RL, et al. Am J Psychiatry 2000.
Pilot study of 169 gay and bisexual men at three NYC clubs.
One-third of all respondents reported use of MDMA at least monthly.
Use of MDMA was statistically significantly correlated with recent and repeated unprotected anal sex.
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Recreational Drug Use Colfax GN, et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001.
Cross-sectional study of gay and bisexual males in SF to examine prevalence of club drug use and high risk sex practices during circuit parties.
80% reported use of MDMA 66% reported use of Ketamine 29% reported use of GHB 21% of HIV+ and 9% of HIV- persons
reported having unprotected anal sex.
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Recreational Drug Use Mattison AM, et al. Journal of Substance Abuse 2001.
Non-random sample of 1169 circuit party attendees in 3 separate venues.
50% of respondents reported using MDMA within last 30 days
Use of MDMA and ketamine were associated with high risk sexual practices.
Most common reason for attending circuit party was “to have uninhibited sex.”
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Recreational Drug Use Ostrow D, Plankey M, Cox C, et al. JAIDS 2009;51:349-55.
MACS cohort of HIV-seronegative MSM 1998-2008 (n=6,972 males)
Reporting use of both PDEs and other recreational drugs (n=1,667)
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Results Ostrow D, Plankey M, Cox C, et al. JAIDS 2009;51:349-55.
HIV + (n=57) HIV – (1610)
No drug use 33% 60%
2 or + URASP 21% 5%Poppers +/- PDEs 33% 23%
Stimulants 33% 16%
Ethanol (low-mod) 60% 68%
Ethanol (mod- high) 25% 23%
Risk of seroconversion increased from: 2.99 (single drug) [95% CI 1.02-8.76]
8.45 (3 drugs (MDMA, ‘poppers’, PDEs) [95% CI 2.67-26.71]
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Results Ostrow D, Plankey M, Cox C, et al. JAIDS 2009;51:349-55.
Agent Risk Stimulant
2.99
‘Poppers’
3.89
PDE 3.443 drugs 8.45
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Recreational Drug Use Semple SJ, Strathdee sa, Zians J, et al. BMC Public Health 2010;10:1-6.
321 participants in a safer-sex intervention surveyed
Survey: drug use and sexual behavior Cohort split into groups based on preferred
sexual venue: private (home); commercial (bathhouse); public (restroom)
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Recreational Drug Use Semple SJ, Strathdee sa, Zians J, et al. BMC Public Health 2010;10:1-6.
Commercial:> gay, better educated, ↑ club drugs
High risk sex greatest in commercial and public groups
Public group:> alcohol use, heavier overall drug use, ↑ depression
Mean 4.2-7.3 gm of MA in last 30 d
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Implications Rec drugs inc high risk sexual
encounters inc rate of STIs. Potential for fatal interactions in HIV
seropositive patients using rec/club drugs. Potential effects of club drug use on
adherence to antiretrovirals? Potential deleterious disease-related effects
withstanding issues surrounding other STIs and ARV adherence
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-PEARLS- ‘Respect ritonavir’ Start low and have friends nearby Don’t neglect ethanol (ddI, ABC) Sildenafil: 25 mg q48h
Vardenafil: 2.5 mg q72hTadalafil: 10 mg q 72h
Adherence to ARVs, ancillary meds, appointments, etc.
Don’t forget the needles Patients use recreational drugs … just ask …
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Why Adopt a Broad View of
Adherence? A broad view of adherence:
– recognizes that adherence is not only about taking one’s medications
– actively engages patients in health care and treatment
– values the health impacts of “non-medical” interventions, including controlled drug use, stable housing, social supports, harm reduction, and good nutrition
– improves patients’ self-efficacy– provides more opportunities for success
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Adherence: defined Any action that improves,
supports, or promotes the health of a person living with HIV with respect to HIV treatment and care, including physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being.
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Adherence through HP
“..helping a patient who uses drugs adhere to a
complex medical regimen can support an upward
spiral of self-esteem and the adoption of healthier
practices.”
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Why focus on adherence in substance abusers?
There is systemic discrimination against substance users– Less access to care– Less access to ART– Slower decline in morbidity and
mortality Providers often lack training in the care
of substance users and may have negative attitudes towards them
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Poor Adherence = …
(audience participation time!)
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HIV resistance:adherence
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Audience poll:
A. “An individual should be drug free for one month before they can start antiretroviral therapy.”
B. “An individual should be drug free for three months before they can start antiretroviral therapy.”
C. “An individual should be drug free for six months before they can start therapy.”
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Correct answer:
Yes.
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Adherence & Drug of Choice
Heroin: use may be more regimented– Users may have an easier time w/
adherence Cocaine/Crack: use may be more sporadic
– Intense mood swings may interfere with adherence
Methamphetamine: unclear, but use may be more sporadic and interfere with adherence
Alcohol: may have most negative impact on adherence due to blackouts and memory loss
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HIV, Psyche, Substance Abuse
Up to 50% to 80% of HIV-infected persons are affected by mental illness.
Triple diagnosis of HIV, substance use, and mental illness is common.
Up to 80% of HIV-infected patients in methadone maintenance require psychiatric consultation for mental illness.
Untreated depression can compromise medication adherence and make HIV infection more disabling.
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Health Promotion I Taking all antiretrovirals, on time
exactly as prescribed Taking meds to prevent
opportunistic infections Keeping regular medical
appointments Eating a nutritious diet Exercising regularly
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Health Promotion II Participating in a drug treatment
program Controlling drug use or sobriety Practicing safer sex and drug
injection Taking a multivitamin Stopping smoking Connecting with a support network
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Take Home Points Individualize treatment plans to each
patient’s needs. Recognize the specific challenges of working
with HIV infected substance users. Use knowledge and tools to overcome these
challenges and to advocate for patients. Consider the boundaries for non-medical
providers offering HIV adherence and health promotion counseling.
Explore opportunities to link with providers across disciplines to strengthen adherence support.