Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien...
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![Page 1: Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e8e5503460f94b92716/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake
McGill University 2011F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale
![Page 2: Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e8e5503460f94b92716/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Table of Content
• 1) Reconstruction based on geophysical data• Tectonic setting• Generated tsunami wave
• 2) Local destruction and aftershocks• Post 1755 earthquakes• 1st interests in seismology
• 3) Impact on European culture and society• Colonial ambitions restricted • Cultural repercussions
![Page 3: Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e8e5503460f94b92716/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Part 1 – Reconstruction of 1755 earthquake based on geophysical data
![Page 4: Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e8e5503460f94b92716/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Magnitude• Felt area radii Mw 8.7 ± 0.4• Compare to 1969 earthquake tsunami wave height
• Energy release 40 times greater than the 1969 earthquake (Mw 7.9) Implies a 1755 magnitude between 8.9 and 9.4
![Page 5: Reconstruction of the 1755 Earthquake McGill University 2011 F-X Capelle – Eric Munro – Adrien Iredale.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e8e5503460f94b92716/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The Tectonic Setting
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Summary of proposed sources
Figure 1: Principle tectonic structures identified around SW Iberian continental margin
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Duration and Complexity – Ground Motion
Figure 2 – Reported Durations of the 1755 mainshock
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Macroseismic Field
Figure 3 – Macroseismic MSK intensities of the 1755 mainshock
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Farfield long period affects• Malaga: “tops of high buildings fell”• Milan and Amsterdam: “oscillating chandeliers from cathedral
roofs”• Across Holland and Germany: “many rivers and canals were
sent into pronounced oscillation”• Scotland: “water levels rose and fell 0.8m for a period of 10
minutes”… “so violent to threaten destruction to some houses built on lake shores”
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Coseismic deformation
Figure 4 – Potential coseismic deformation from the 1755 earthquake
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The Local Tsunami
Figure 5 – Tsunami arrival times after the 1755 mainshock
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The Farfield Tsunami
Figure 6 – Farfield tsunami arrival time from 1755 mainshock
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Part 2 – Local destruction and aftershocks
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Aftershocks and Triggered Earthquakes
- Many aftershocks in the hours and days to follow.- Algiers, Algeria; city and harbour severely damaged.
- November 27th, 1755 Meknes, Morocco - MSK IX-X, Mw 8.5-9.4
- March 31st , 1761 - MSK IX, Mw 8.5 (inferred)
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- 2.4m high Tsunami in Cork, Ireland- 1.9m high Tsunami in Cornwall, England- 1.2m high Tsunami in Barbados
3 min
2.5 min
3 min
5 min
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Local DamageMw 8.7 +/- 0.4, MSK IX-X
- City of 240,000 , and deaths between 10,000 and 100,000.
- 85% of the buildings were destroyed.
- Art, literature, and explorations records destroyed.
- Restricted colonial ambitions.
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The Fire
- Caused by thousands of candles and unattended cooking fires
- Spread fast across small streets
- Lack of rescue organization
- Destroyed lots of important buildings that were not affected by the earthquake
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The Start of Seismology• The Prime Minister designed a
national survey concerning the earthquake.
• Cataloging of times, locations, and physical effects began.• Construction of the first
earthquake resistant buildings.
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Part 3 – Impact on European culture and society
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Loss of Colonial Presence
- Economic effort went to re-building coastal cities, not colonies.
- Loss of grounds in colonies, later defeats against Spain.
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First Earthquake Theories
Kant: First non-religious earthquake theories, including movement of gases in caves.
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The Earthquake in European Culture
Age of Enlightenment: Developing philosophy leading to the modern human rights, with the distinct separation of God from life.
Voltaire’s Candide: Denying a perfect world created by God
J.J. Rousseau: Support for his theory that man is naturally good, and that society corrupts him.
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References
- R.A. Hindson, C. Andrade (1999), Sedimentation and hydrodynamicprocesses associated with the tsunami generated by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Quaternary International, Vol. 56, pp 27-38
• - A.C. Johnson (1996), Seismic moment assessment of earthquakes in stable continental regions—III. New Madrid 1811-1812, Charleston 1886 and Lisbon 1755, Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 126, pp. 314-344
• - J.T. Kozak, C.D. James (1998), Historical depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, NISEE, University of Berkeley.
• - N. Zitinelli, F. Chierici, R.Sartori and L.Torelli (1999), The tectonic source of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami, Annali de geofisica, Vol. 42, pp. 49-55