Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)
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Transcript of Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)
![Page 1: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Reconstruction of Automobile destruction
Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)
![Page 2: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Please read the title and look at the picture
Try to remember both
![Page 3: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Curtains in a window
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Bottle
![Page 6: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Crescent moon
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Beehive
![Page 8: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Eye-glass
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Seven
![Page 10: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ship’s wheel
![Page 11: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hour glass
![Page 12: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Kidney bean
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Pine tree
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Gun
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Two
![Page 16: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Please read the title and look at the picture
Try to remember both
![Page 18: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
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Diamond in a rectangle
![Page 20: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stirrup
![Page 21: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Letter “C”
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Hat
![Page 23: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dumbbells
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Four
![Page 25: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sun
![Page 26: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Table
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Canoe
![Page 28: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Trowel
![Page 29: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Broom
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Eight
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Please draw as many of the pictures as you can
• Please write ‘1st group’ or ‘2nd group’ on your paper
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Experiment
• Please hand your drawing to a member of the other group
• Check to see whether the drawing looks like one of a pair of objects
![Page 34: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Curtains in a window or Diamond in a rectangle
Bottle or stirrup
Crescent moon or letter “C”
Beehive or hat
Eye-glass or Dumbbells
Seven or Four
Ship’s wheel or Sun
Hour glass or Table
Kidney bean or Canoe
Pine tree or Trowel
Gun or Broom
Two or Eight
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Reconstruction of Automobile destruction
Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)
![Page 36: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Theory
• People are not good at reporting numerical details, such as time, speed and distance (Bird 1927).
• Marshall (1969) found that participants gave speed estimates ranging between 10 and 50 mph for a car travelling at 12mph!
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Theory
• (Block 1974) Because people are poor at estimating they can be easily influenced by questioning, for example. In courts of law leading questions can not be asked.
• Fillmore (1971) found that the words `hit' and `smashed' could affect the estimated speed.
![Page 38: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Experiment 1Method
• 45 students in groups of various sizes
• Would the results generalise?
• Are they just trying to please their teacher?
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7 films from the local safety council and police
• 5 - 30 second film clips, of car accidents.
• Not really like a real accident, therefore lacks ecological validity
• After a written account of each accident was given by each student, a series of questions was asked.
• The critical question was one about the estimated speed of the vehicles.
![Page 40: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Experiment 1 - Method
• What was the purpose of the written account?
• Did this affect the results?
• Loftus & Palmer fail to report any details of what was written
• What data could have been obtained from these accounts?
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Experiment 1 - Method
• 5 groups of 9 students.
• Group sizes rather small
• Between 15 and 20 in each group is usually sufficient
• Each group had a different version of the critical question.
![Page 42: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Experimental Conditions
• 1. About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
• 2. About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other?
• 3. About how fast were the cars going when they collided with each other?
• 4. About how fast were the cars going when they bumped into each other?
• 5. About how fast were the cars going when they contacted with each other?
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Independent Variable
• Different wording of the questions
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Dependent Variable
• Speed estimates
![Page 45: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Experiment 1 - method
• The time taken to conduct the experiment was about one hour and a half.
• Films were presented to the participants in different orderings
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Experiment 1 - Results
Verb Mean speed estimate (mph)
Smashed 40.8
Collided 39.3
Bumped 38.1
Hit 34.0
Contacted 31.8
![Page 47: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Experiment 1 - Results
• These differences are significant at p is less than 0.005.
• This means that less than five in every thousand times this experiment is run could the results possibly be owing to chance factors
• As chance results are unlikely we reject our null hypothesis
![Page 48: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Experiment 1 - Hypothesis
• It is predicted that there will be a significant difference between speed estimates depending upon the verb used in the question about speed.
• This is known as a two-tailed experimental hypothesis because we are just predicting a difference without saying which verb has the greatest effect on speed estimation.
![Page 49: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Experiment 1 - Did the actual speed of the cars affect the
estimateActual speed (mph) Mean estimates (mph)
20 37.7
30 36.2
40 39.7
40 36.1
![Page 50: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Experiment 1 - Discussion
– 1. The participant is not sure of the speed so the verb provides the answer.
– 2. The verb changes the memory representation.
![Page 51: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The results of experiment 1 suggest a research question for
experiment 2.
– If the memory representation is changed then we might expect the participant to ‘see’ other things that were not actually there.
![Page 52: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Method
• 150 students were shown a film of a multiple car crash
• The film lasted one minute, but the action was just 4 seconds long.
• Three groups of 50 students were used.
• All students were asked to give a written description of the car accident
• A series of questions was asked
![Page 53: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Critical questions
One group was asked: `About how fast were the cars going when they smashedsmashed into each other?'
The second group was asked `About how fast were the cars going when they hithit each other?'
The third group were not asked about the speed.
![Page 54: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
One week later
• The participants returned
• They did not see the film again
• They were again asked a series of ten questions about the film
• The critical question was “Did you see any broken glass?”
• The participants checked a box labelled ‘yes’ or a box labelled ‘no’.
![Page 55: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Method
• The critical question appeared randomly in different positions
• There was no broken glass in the film
![Page 56: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Results
Verb Mean Estimated speed mph
Smashed 10.46
Hit 8.00
Significant at p<0.05
![Page 57: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Results
Verb condition
Response Smashed Hit Control
Yes 16 7 6
No 34 43 44
Significant at p<0.025
![Page 58: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Probability of saying that there was broken glass
Speed estimate (mph)
Verb condition 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20
Smashed .09 .27 .41 .62
Hit .06 .09 .25 .50
The verb ‘smashed’ affects speed estimate in a way that lies beyond saying that because ‘smashed’ suggests the cars were going fast when
they crashed there must have been glass.
![Page 59: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Experiment 2 - Discussion
• Over time, perhaps, we are unable to tell the difference between information processed during perception and information received later.
![Page 60: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Implications
• If eye witnesses are so inaccurate then we must not allow a person to be convicted just on the basis of an eye witness report.
• Leading questions in court should also be avoided.
![Page 61: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Criticisms
• Lacks ecological validity - not a real crash, paying attention
• Participants - students, young and intelligent, eager to please their lecturers
• Demand characteristics - they knew they were being studied
• May not be memory but just guess work based on information supplied
![Page 62: Reconstruction of Automobile destruction Elizabeth F. Loftus and John C. Palmer (1974)](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081414/551456015503466d1a8b620a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)