Reconstruction
description
Transcript of Reconstruction
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Political Reconstruction
Reconstruction
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The period of Reconstruction was extremely controversial for both the North and South. Many historians call the period “The Second Civil War,” as the regions remained bitter as their wounds from the Civil War healed. Many questions loomed about who would direct the process of Reconstruction. There were many more questions about what was to be done with the emancipated slaves. Though lofty in its ideals, Reconstruction did little to ameliorate the plight of African Americans, or bring the North and South to agreeable terms. It did however push the nation into the direction of equality.
Organizing Principle
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Lincoln’s wartime conundrum:Treaty?
Recognizes South Readmission?
Strict vs. lenient
WWLD?
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LenientGeneral amnesty
Oath 10%=statehood
Officials of the ConfederacyNucleus of Southern Unionists (“traitors”) would make
up gov’t.Suffrage (voting rights) for blacks?
Touchy subjectLouisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee
Readmitted under LincolnRadicals in Congress resist
Wade-Davis Bill“pocket” veto
Lincoln’s Plan (the 10% Plan)
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R.I.P. LincolnLincoln Assassinated:
April 14, 1865Ford’s Theater in D.C.John Wilkes Booth
Andrew Johnson becomes president
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President JohnsonTennessee Democrat
Resented plantersRejected racial equality
Presidential ReconstructionLenient in practice
Amnesty for oath$20,000 taxable propertyProvisional governor
Constitutional ConventionRevoke ordinance of secession Ratify 13th amendmentRepudiate debts
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Presidential Reconstruction in Practice
All seceded states “reconstructed” under Lincoln & Johnson’s plans by 1865“Restoration” during congressional recess!
Congress refuses to recognize Johnson governments due to:Reluctance to abolish slaveryDeny blacks the voteElected prominent Confederates
Alexander Stephens VP of Confederacy elected to Senate
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Black Codes 1865-1866Designed to regulate the newly freed blacks
in the SouthVagrancy laws
Apprehend unemployed blacksFine them for vagrancyHired out to private employers to satisfy the fines
Back to the plantationCertain states
Blacks cannot own/lease landBlacks cannot be employed outside of plantation
workCould not serve on a jury
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Students need to complete the following after being assigned a partner:
1. Annotate the laws (summarize in as few words as possible).
2. Complete the questions under O(rigin) and P(urpose) on the OPVL handout.
Black Codes
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Federal Government’s Response
CongressExtends the life of the Freedman’s Bureau
Widens their powers Passed the First Civil Rights Act (1866)
Black citizenship—strikes at Black CodesJohnson resists
Vetoes (twice)Congress overrides
Midterm Elections—1866 Campaigns for candidates
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The Fourteenth Amendment 1866
Defines American citizenshipEqual protection of the lawsImposed penalties on states that denied male
suffrageImposed a 2/3s pardon on former
confederates/sympathizers
State readmission contingent on ratification
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The Congressional Plan (Radical Reconstruction)
Led by Thaddeus Stevens (PA) and Charles Sumner (MA)
Congress passes Reconstruction Acts (1867)Details
5 military districtsRegister qualified votersConstitutions—black suffrage (voting rights)Adopt 14th amendment
1868—6 states readmitted VA, TX, & MS—1869-70
Also had to ratify 15th Amendment Could not deny the vote based on “race, color, or…condition of
servitude” Black votes give 1868 election to U.S. Grant
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Johnson’s ImpeachmentJohnson was an impediment to
ReconstructionRefused to implement Congressional Plan
Radicals wanted him removedTenure of Office ActDismissal of Stanton=impeachment
Impeachment trialSpring 186835-19 (one short of 2/3s)
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