ch

, Germany

VelocityRisk assessment

onn-ucters atnd my bstillstimated mean run-up velocities decrease from approximately 1.93 m/s to 0 m/s.

imentit sedimd evidium toson an

Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 493499

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Coastal Eng

sevreveal both landward and upward ning sedimentation sheets(Srisutam and Wagner, 2009). By looking at records of tsunamideposit in an affected area, geologists and/or engineers may be able toinfer the occurrence of past or recent tsunamis. This paper exploreshow the characteristics of tsunami deposits can be used to reconstructtsunami run-up in order to improve tsunami risk assessment andcoastal development programs.

2. Study areas and methods

development programs.

3. The characteristics of tsunami deposits

There have been several eld investigations of recent tsunamisthat have included studies of tsunami deposition (e.g. Shi et al., 1995;Minoura et al., 1997; Jaffe et al., 1999; Gelfenbaum et al., 2001;Srisutam and Wagner, 2009). The basic characteristics (e.g. depositAo Kheuy beach and Khuk Khak beacThailand (Fig. 1) are selected for reconstrfrom the tsunami deposit characteristics cre

Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: chanchai50@yahoo.com (C. Srisuta

(J.-F. Wagner).

0378-3839/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. Aldoi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.12.001d Shi, 2000; Smith et al.,analysis of the grain-sizend horizontal directions

modied and applied to reconstruct tsunami run-up in the studyareas. The reconstructed run-up results (run-up limits of water, run-up heights and velocities) are used to assess tsunami risk for coastal2004; Srisutam andWagner, 2009). Detaileddistributions of tsunami deposits in vertical aCoastal development

1. Introduction

Tsunami waves transport sandy sedthe beach, and after that they deposland surface. Tsunami deposits are harareas. Typically, they comprise medamounts of ne silt and clay (e.g. Dawaffected area. The results show that the area from 0 to 140 m inland was ooded by high velocity run-ups andthose run-up energies were dissipated mainly in this area. The area should be designated as either an areawhere settlement is not permitted or an area where effective protection is provided, for example with oodbarriers or forest.

2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

s from the shoreface andents on the inundated

ence in tsunami affectedne sand with small

Ocean tsunami event. The study areas are located at the western coastof Thailand on the Thai Andaman coast. The reference coordinates are432009E, 10298N and 416269E, 961298N for Ao Kheuy beach andKhuk Khak beach, respectively. The characteristics of tsunami depositshave been studied by Srisutam (2009) as presented by Srisutam andWagner (2009). The model presented by Soulsby et al. (2007) ish, Phangnga province,ucting tsunami run-upated by the 2004 Indian

thickness, coastathe eld. The tsdistribution in tlayers, the numsediment transp1991; Soulsby etan example ofinvestigation and

m), wagnerf@uni-trier.de

l rights reserved.sment and coastal development programs in the tsunami

Run-upGrain-sizeReasonably good agreements are found between reconstructed andobserved run-up heights. The tsunami run-up height and velocity can be used for risk assesTsunami deposit end of run-up inundation, eReconstructing tsunami run-up from theThai Andaman Coast

Chanchai Srisutam , Jean-Frank WagnerLehrstuhl fr Geologie, Fachbereich VI, Geowissenschaften, Universitt Trier, D-54286 Trier

a b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:Received 25 February 2009Received in revised form 24 November 2009Accepted 8 December 2009Available online 8 January 2010

Keywords:Tsunami

Tsunamis can leave depositsused to calculate tsunami rufrom tsunami deposit charareconstruct tsunami run-upparameters are grain-size aare 4.164.91 m at Ao Kheu(maximum velocity) at the

j ourna l homepage: www.e lthe land surface they inundate. The characteristics of tsunami deposits can bep height and velocity. This paper presents a reconstruction of tsunami run-upistics in a simple mathematical model. The model is modied and applied toAo Kheuy beach and Khuk Khak beach, Phangnga province, Thailand. The inputaximum run-up distance of the sediment. The reconstructed run-up heightseach and 5.439.46 m at Khuk Khak beach. The estimated run-up velocitieswater level are 12.7819.21 m/s. In the area located 70140 m inland to thearacteristics of tsunami deposits on the

ineering

i e r.com/ locate /coasta lengl morphology, and deposition length) are obtained inunami deposit samples are analyzed for grain-sizehe laboratory. Following this, the major sedimentbers of run-up, the origins of sediment, and theortation length can be evaluated (e.g. Dawson et al.,al., 2007; Srisutam and Wagner, 2009). Fig. 2 showsthe tsunami deposit prole evaluated from eldgrain-size analysis of tsunami sediments.

494 C. Srisutam, J.-F. Wagner / Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 4934994. Reconstructing tsunami run-up from the characteristics oftsunami deposit

Tsunami run-up height and velocity can be reconstructed from thecharacteristics of tsunami deposit as shown in papers recently presentedby Jaffe and Gelfenbaum (2007), and Soulsby et al. (2007). Generally,investigations and laboratory analyses of tsunami deposits give resultsfor tsunamideposit thickness, thenumbers ofmajor sediment layers, thegrain-size distribution, and the deposition distance. Srisutam andWagner (2009) found that the tsunami deposit is a multiple layersediment of sand which laterally varies in grain-size and thickness.

Fig. 1. Locations and proles of the study areas where tsunami run-ups have been reconstr(transect 2).

Fig. 2. The prole of tsunami deposit layers at Khuk Khak beach, Phangnga province, Thailandthickness (Srisutam, 2009).However, it nes upward and landward. To reconstruct tsunami run-upfrom those sedimentary characteristics, themodel presented by Soulsbyet al. (2007) will be modied and applied for the study areas.

Soulsby et al. (2007) devised a simple mathematical model thatcontains the main physical (hydrodynamic and sediment dynamic)processes needed to predict maximum horizontal run-up distanceand maximum run-up height as the thickness of deposit tapers inlandlinearly with distance from the still water level. The input parametersare the sediment grain-size and the maximum distance inland wherethe sediment is deposited. The model results show reasonably goodagreement between predicted and observed run-ups.

ucted: a) Ao Kheuy beach; b) Khuk Khak beach (transect 1); and c) Khuk Khak beach

. The sediment prole shows three major layers in sediments which laterally vary of the

4.1. Mathematical model and method

A simple trajectory-based theory of tsunami hydrodynamics andsediment dynamics is considered. Soulsby et al. (2007) evaluated themaximum run-up distance for sediment deposition (Rs) separately forthree different grain-size fractions by tting a line to each of theeffective thickness of the fractions deposited as they taper withdistance from the shoreline (the still water level).

Typically, tsunami deposits accumulated by multiple run-ups andthe mean grain-sizes of the major sediment layers are different (e.g.Srisutam andWagner, 2009). The studies of the grain-size statistics ofthe tsunami deposits along transects (e.g. Shi et al., 1995; Minouraet al., 1996; Gelfenbaum and Jaffe, 2003; Moore et al., 2006; Hori et al.,2007; Srisutam and Wagner, 2009) show that the tsunami sedimentsne landwards. However, the relationship between mean grain-size

two unknowns, namely Rw and the quantity B=T /H, since the twovalues of Rs and ws are known by Eq. (1) and the method of Soulsby(1997, Eq. 102), respectively.

After Rw and B are known, the evaluated run-up height (H) can becalculated as:

H = RwS 3

S onshore slope

The mean run-up velocity (Uup) can be calculated as:

Uup =RwT

4

495C. Srisutam, J.-F. Wagner / Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 493499and distance is unclear. In the present study a linear relationship isassumed to t the characteristics of mean grain-size variation withdistance to represent the characteristics of grain-size deposition foreach major sediment layer. In this study, the method for evaluatingthe run-up distance from sediment deposition (Rs) is modied. Rs isevaluated from a plot of deposit mean grain-size with distance foreachmajor sediment layer (or run-up deposit layer) as in the exampleshown in Fig. 3. The linear relation can be used to evaluate themaximum run-up distance for sediment deposition (Rs) as:

Rs =dmCm

1

Rs maximum run-up distance for sediment depositiondm deposit mean grain-sizeC the constant of linear equation (see Fig. 3)m the slope of linear equation (see Fig. 3)

The relationship between the maximum run-up distance forsediment deposition (Rs) and the horizontal run-up limits of water(Rw) (Soulsby et al., 2007):

Rs = Rw1

wsTH + 1

2

Rw the horizontal run-up limits of water time ratio (t/T)t duration of tsunami uprushT total duration of tsunami inundation (uprush+backwash)H run-up height at the still water level (shoreline)

Eq. (2) can be applied to sediment sizes at both the start and endpoints of the sediment layer considered, yielding two equations withFig. 3. Observed landward mean grain-size ofThe maximum velocity of tsunami at the still water line isevaluated by an ideal dam-break surging over a dry river bed. Thecelerity of the wave front equals:

Cs = 2gd

p5

(Chanson et al., 2003)

Cs celerity of the wave front (velocity)d run-up height at the still water level

4.2. Sensitivity analysis

Despite fewer data points and some scatter in the plot of meangrain-size with distance of tsunami deposits in the study areas,presumably due to the quantity of sample collection for grain-sizeanalysis and the topographic features, it is seen that the mean grain-size of each run-up deposit nes landward (Figs. 4 and 5). Therefore,the modied method of evaluating the maximum run-up distance ofthe tsunami deposit is applicable.

The explanation of sensitivity from the modied Soulsby et al.(2007) model is presented in Table 1. The mean grain-size values atthe start and end points are taken from the laboratory results of thesediment tapering inland. The run-up distance for sediment deposi-tion and the interval between the sediments is obtained from eldinvestigation. These input parameters give uncertain results for thereconstructed run-ups. The results in Table 1 suggest that the inputparameters of sediments within the shorter interval between the startand end points give a high error rate for the results.

Because very ne sediments (silt and clay, which are smaller than0.0625 mm) are commonly swept out to sea (Soulsby et al., 2007) andare not widespread in tsunami deposits (Dawson and Shi, 2000; Smithet al., 2004; Srisutam and Wagner, 2009), the mode of the grain-sizedistribution curve at the start point and the value of 0.0625 mm at thethe tsunami deposit in each run-up layer.

end point are considered to be representative of sediments at the startand end points. This difference gives the longest range between thestart and end points in order to reduce the error in calculation becausethe linear relationship can be a good representative of the plot ofsedimentmean grain-size with distance. Using this approach, the run-up distance for sediment deposition at the start and end points can becalculated.

4.3. Reconstructed tsunami run-up at Ao Kheuy beach

Plots of the tsunami deposit mean grain-size with distance for eachrun-up deposit layer are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2 shows the calculation oftsunami run-up height and velocity. The results show that the 1st run-

From eye-witness reports, the observed run-up height is about 46 m(Chulalongkorn Tsunami Research Team, 2005).

4.4. Reconstructed tsunami run-up at Khuk Khak beach

Plots of the tsunami deposit mean grain-size with distance for eachrun-up deposit layer are shown in Fig. 5. Tables 3 and 4 showcalculations for run-up height and velocity of the tsunami.

For transect 1, the results show that the 1st run-up height is 5.43 mabove the still water level. The 1st mean run-up velocity at the arealocated between 140 and 514 m inland is 1.35 m/s. The results for the2nd and 3rd wave run-up heights and mean velocity are less thanzero, which is impossible. These results may be explained by the lack

Fig. 4. Plots of the tsunami deposit mean grain-size with distance at Ao Kheuy beach.

496 C. Srisutam, J.-F. Wagner / Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 493499up height is 4.91 m above the still water level. The 1st mean run-upvelocity at the area located between 85 and 319 m inland is 1.30 m/s.The 2nd and 3rd run-up heights are 4.16 m above the still water level.The2ndmean run-upvelocity at thearea located between66and200 minland is 1.93 m/s. The 3rd mean run-up velocity at the area locatedbetween 64 and 197 m inland is 1.86 m/s. The estimated maximumvelocity of tsunami ow at the still water line is about 12.7813.88 m/s.Fig. 5. Plots of tsunami deposit mean grain-size with distanof change in the ratio between the mean grain-size and distance. Thisgreatly affects the settling velocity range. It appears that the 2nd and3rd run-ups transported only a small amount of coarse sediment incontrast to the sediments transported by the 1st run-up.

For transect 2, the results show that the 1st run-up height is 8.20 mabove the still water level. The 1st mean run-up velocity at the arealocated between 70 and 446 m inland is 0.44 m/s. The 2nd run-upce at Khuk Khak beach: a) transect 1 and b) transect 2.

Table 1Sensitivity of grain-size variation and reconstructed tsunami run-up.

Location Run-up no. Mean grain-size at Interval of thesediments (m)

Reconstructing Observed run-upheight (m)

Start point (mm) End point (mm) Run-up height above thestill water level (m)

Mean run-upvelocity (m/s)

Ao Kheuy beach,transect 1

1 0.270 0.230 56 1.03 0.93 461 0.270 0.180 110 1.53 0.821 0.250 0.063 233 4.90 1.30

2 0.290 0.140 56 5.00 1.382 0.290 0.140 110 5.00 1.382 0.250 0.063 134 4.16 1.93

511138

1822

497C. Srisutam, J.-F. Wagner / Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 4934993 0.290 0.1303 0.290 0.1403 0.250 0.063

Khuk Khak beach,transect 1

1 0.230 0.2901 0.230 0.2201 0.230 0.088height is 9.40 m above the still water level. The 2nd mean run-upvelocity at the area located between 70 and 324 m inland is 0.19 m/s.

Transect 1 and transect 2 are about 120 m from to each other. Therun-up height at transect 1 is lower than at transect 2, while the run-up velocity at transect 1 is higher than at transect 2. The difference in

1 0.250 0.063 37

2 0.130 0.130 82 0.130 0.120 182 0.129 0.063 133

3 0.090 0.090 83 0.090 0.070 183 0.088 0.063 25

Khuk Khak beach,transect 2

1 0.210 0.240 91 0.210 0.170 171 0.210 0.088 221 0.250 0.063 37

2 0.130 0.130 42 0.130 0.080 122 0.164 0.063 25

Remarks: mean grain-sizes for the calculation are taken along the study transect by xing The run-up height from eye-witness report (Chulalongkorn Tsunami Research Team, 2 The mean grain-size at the start points is the mode of grain-size distribution curve (or th

Table 2Calculated tsunami run-up height and velocity at Ao Kheuy beach.

Run-up Deposit meangrain-size, (mm)

ws (m/s) Rs (m) T /H Rw (m)

1st Start point 0.250 0.0357 85 116 436End point 0.063 0.0032 319

2nd Start point 0.250 0.0358 66 778 249End point 0.063 0.0032 200

3rd Start point 0.250 0.0357 64 81 248End point 0.063 0.0032 197

Note: the settling velocity (ws) is calculated by the method of Soulsby (1997, Eq. 102).

Table 3Calculated tsunami run-up height and velocity at Khuk Khak beach, transect 1.

Run-up Deposit meangrain- size, (mm)

ws (m/s) Rs (m) T /H Rw (m)

1st Start point 0.250 0.0356 140 111 695End point 0.063 0.0032 514

2nd Start point 0.130 0.0126 140 461 674End point 0.063 0.0032 1470

3rd Start point 0.088 0.0062 140 661 431End point 0.063 0.0032 395

Note: the settling velocity (ws) is calculated by the method of Soulsby (1997, Eq. 102).6 4.81 1.460 5.07 1.283 4.16 1.868 0.49 3.59 8108 0.56 3.823 7.00 0.75the run-up height and velocity must be inuenced by the pond whichis located in transect 2. The evaluated maximum velocity of tsunamiwave at the still water line is about 14.6019.21 m/s. From eye-witness reports, the observed run-up height is about 810 m at thislocation (Chulalongkorn Tsunami Research Team, 2005).

3 5.44 1.35

8 0.50 8 0.20 1.460 3.88 0.33

8 0.50 8 1.55 0.305 2.26 0.233 2.22 8.01 8108 1.69 2.539 6.59 0.224 8.20 0.44

4 1.70 9 0.15 0.394 9.40 0.18

the start point.005).e size of the signicant sediment); the mean grain-size at the end points is 0.0625 mm.

H (m) The elevation at thestart point (m)

Run-up height above thestill water level (m)

T (s) Uup (m/s)

2.90 2.00 4.91 336 1.30

1.66 2.50 4.16 129 1.93

1.66 2.50 4.16 133 1.86

H (m) The elevation atthe start point (m)

Run-up height above thestill water level (m)

T (s) Uup (m/s)

4.63 0.80 5.43 516 1.35

4.50 0.50 4.00 2073 0.33

2.87 0.50 2.37 1899 0.23

4.5. Discussion on the reconstructed tsunami run-up

Despite few mean grain-size data points and some scatter, thelinear relation between sediment grain-size and its inundated distanceis assumed in reconstructing tsunami run-up. The estimated run-upheight at Ao Kheuy beach (4.164.91 m) lies within the range of theobserved run-up height (46 m). At Khuk Khak beach, the estimatedrun-up height (8.209.40 m) agrees with the observed run-up height(810 m) for transect 2, but is rather smaller (5.43 m) for transect 1.These results however show reasonably good agreement betweenestimated and observed run-up height. The estimated run-upvelocities (maximum velocity) at the still water line are about12.7819.21 m/s. The onshore run-up velocities (mean velocity)

vary between 19.21 and 0.19 m/s at the area located 0140 m inland.They decrease from approximately 1.93 m/s to 0 m/s at the arealocated 70140 m inland to the end of run-up inundation. According totsunami run-up velocities at the different tsunami affected areas, it canbe said that tsunami run-up velocity varies according to the areaaffected. The tsunami run-up velocity is controlled by the coastalmorphology. Thus, Fritz et al. (2006) analyzed tsunami ow velocityfrom survivor videos recordedwithin BandaAcehwhere themeasuredtsunami ow velocities were within the range of 25 m/s; Goto et al.(2007) estimated that the maximum velocities of the rst tsunamiwave at Pakarang Cape, Thailand, were at 815 m/s between the reefedge and approximately 500 m further offshore and less than 6 m/s onthe tidal bench (the area between reef edge and shoreline); and

Table 4Calculated tsunami run-up height and velocity at Khuk Khak beach, transect 2.

Run-up Deposit meangrain-size, (mm)

ws (m/s) Rs (m) T /H Rw (m) H (m) The elevation atthe start point (m)

Run-up height abovethe still water level (m)

T (s) Uup (m/s)

1st Start point 0.250 0.0358 70 343 930 6.20 2.00 8.20 2127 0.44End point 0.063 0.0032 446

2nd Start point 0.164 0.0191 70 811 1154 7.00 1.70 9.40 6239 0.19End point 0.063 0.0032 324

Note: the settling velocity (ws) is calculated by the method of Soulsby (1997, Eq. 102).

498 C. Srisutam, J.-F. Wagner / Coastal Engineering 57 (2010) 493499Fig. 6. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hazard map for Khao Lak bay assessed from eld survfrom tsunami deposit characteristics.eys (Chulalongkorn Tsunami Research Team, 2005) and reconstructed tsunami run-up

Choowong et al. (2008) estimated the depth-averaged run-up owvelocity at Bangtao beach, Thailand, at about 21 m/s at 30 m inland toapproximately 7 m/s at 160 m inland.

The modication of the model presented by Soulsby et al. (2007)shows that the ratio of changing deposit mean size with distance has aconsiderable effect on the settling velocity which is the mostimportant parameter in evaluating the run-up height and velocity. Ifthe deposit mean grain-size decreases little in distance or is uniformalong the area of inundation, the estimated run-up height and velocitycannot be calculated. For higher accuracy when the model presented

Acknowledgements

The manuscript benetted from the reviews and comments byRichard L. Soulsby and David E. Smith.

References

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5. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hazard assessment

Khuk Khak beach was selected as a case study for tsunami hazardassessment. Reconstructing tsunami run-up gives the 5.439.40 mhigh run-up. The mean run-up velocity at the area located from 70 to140 m inland to the end of run-up inundation is about 0.181.34 m/s.The run-up velocity from the still water level to the area located about70140 m inland decreases from 19.21 to 0.18 m/s (maximum tomean velocity). By considering the highest run-up height and highestrun-up velocity, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hazard map for KhaoLak bay is shown in Fig. 6. The hazard map shows the correspondencebetween the ooded area from eld surveys (Chulalongkorn TsunamiResearch Team, 2005) and from reconstructions of tsunami run-up. Itshows that the run-up velocity decreased landward. Therefore, thearea from 0 to 140 m inland was ooded by high velocity run-ups andthose run-up energies were mainly dissipated here. This area shouldbe designated as either an area where settlement is not permitted oran area where effective protection is provided, for example with oodbarriers or forest.

6. Conclusions

The characteristics of tsunami deposits: sediment grain-size; thenumbers of major sediment layers; and the run-up distance forsediment deposition of the tsunami deposit can be used to developtsunami data in order to reconstruct tsunami run-up for both past andrecent tsunami events. The reconstructed tsunami run-up modelpresented by Soulsby et al. (2007) and that of an ideal dam-breaksurging over a dry river bed are simple mathematical models whichcan be modied and applied to evaluate the horizontal run-up limitsof water, run-up height, and run-up velocity. The results show areasonably good agreement between estimated and observed run-upheight. However, the run-up velocity is a specic characteristic foreach location in the tsunami affected area since it depends on thecoastal morphology. The estimated run-up height and run-up velocitycan be used to assess the tsunami hazard for the coastal developmentprograms at an area of tsunami risk, exemplied by; tsunami oodingmaps; direction and length of evacuation routes; the location ofarticial evacuation hills; and the design of protective structures.Chulalongkorn University, 2005. Physical Marine Factor Analyses. http://www.geo.sc.chula.ac.th/Geology/Thai/Knowledge/html/Tsunami/physical%20marine%20fac-tor%20analyses.pdf.

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Srisutam, C., Wagner, J.F., 2009. Tsunami sediment characteristics at the Thai Andamancoast. Pure and Applied Geophysics. doi:10.100/s00024-009-0015-2. Publishedonline: 20 November 2009.by Soulsby et al. (2007) is applied in reconstructing tsunami run-up at

Reconstructing tsunami run-up from the characteristics of tsunami deposits on the Thai Andaman .....IntroductionStudy areas and methodsThe characteristics of tsunami depositsReconstructing tsunami run-up from the characteristics of tsunami depositMathematical model and methodSensitivity analysisReconstructed tsunami run-up at Ao Kheuy beachReconstructed tsunami run-up at Khuk Khak beachDiscussion on the reconstructed tsunami run-up

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami hazard assessmentConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences