Recommended Dietary Allowances David L. Gee, PhD Central Washington University.
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Transcript of Recommended Dietary Allowances David L. Gee, PhD Central Washington University.
Recommended Dietary Allowances
David L. Gee, PhD
Central Washington University
RDA Facts
• National Academy of Sciences (NAS)– Food and Nutrition Board (FNB)(past)– Institute of Medicine (IOM)(current)
• Traditionally revised every 5 years (last traditional RDA:10th ed, 1989)
• First RDA’s formulated during WWII to adequately feed soldiers
RDA Uses
• USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan– Food Stamp Program
• School Lunch Program
• Institutional Food Services
• Women, Infant, & Children Food Supplementation Program (WIC)
RDA’s: What are they?
• allowances, not requirements– different age groups– males and females– pregnant and lactating women
• Traditionally for protein, 11 vitamins, 7 minerals– New RDA’s include CHO, FAT, exercise
RDA’s: How are they determined?
• Determine individual requirements of healthy people–Nutrient balance studies
• Measure intake and losses and nutrient markers
Figure 2-2 Nutrient Requirements Vary From Person To Person
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
RDA’s: How are they determined?
• Determination of allowance– Safety factor
• individual variations
• bioavailability of different foods– Iron– Protein– folate
Figure 2-2 Nutrient Requirements Vary From Person To Person
© 2002 Wadsworth Publishing / Thomson Learning™
DRI’s: Updated version of the RDA’s
• Dietary Reference Intakes
• RDA’s: “levels of intake of essential nutrients... to be adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy persons.”
DRI’s differ from RDA’s
• Incorporates risk reduction for chronic diseases
• Includes essential and other food components (CHO, PRO, FAT, fiber, phytoestrogens, etc)
Components of DRI’s
• DRI Recommended Intakes– Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
• well substantiated evidence
– Adequate Intake (AI)• less substantiated/controversial
Other components of DRI’s
• Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)– Useful for population studies
• Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
– Side effects/toxicity may occur if consumed above this level
Dietary Reference Intakes
• 1997: Bone nutrients– Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, fluoride
• 1998: B vitamins– B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, pantothenate, biotin, choline
• 2000: Antioxidants– vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, carotenoids
• 2001: Miscellaneous– vitamins A&K, iron, copper, zinc, etc...
• 2002: CHO, FAT, PRO, Fiber, Physical Activity
DRI for Calcium– released August 1997
• Calcium AI’s• 9-18 yr: 1300 mg/d
– Old RDA: 800-1200
• 19-50 yr: 1000 mg/d – Old RDA: 800
• > 50 yr: 1200 mg/d – RDA: 800
DRI’s for CHO, PRO, FAT, Fiber and Physical Activity:Controversy brewing?
• Sept. 2002• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
– AMDR
• CHO: 45-55% of Calories– 2000 USDA Dietary guidelines 60%– 2005 USDA Dietary Guidelines: not specified, choose fiber-rich fruits,
vegetables, & whole grains often
• FAT: 20-35%– 2000 USDA Dietary guidelines <30%– 2005 USDA Dietary Guidelines 20-35%– Emphasis on unsaturated fat, less saturated fat
• PRO: 10-35%– Old RDA’s 0.8gP/kgBW (about same)
DRI’s for CHO, PRO, FAT, Fiber and Physical Activity
• Dietary Fiber:25g women, 38g men– 2000 Dietary guidelines 25g/2000Cal– 2005 DG: not specified
• Exercise– Moderately intense exercise accumulated for one hour
every day– 1996 Surgeon General’s Report: 30 minutes/day– 2005 Dietary Guidelines
• > 30 min/day to reduce chronic disease risk• ~ 60 min/day to manage weight • 60-90 min/day to sustain weight loss
DRIs for CHO, FAT, PRO, FIBER, & Physical Activity
Sept. 2002
• Carbohydrates: 45-65% of Calories– Dietary Guidelines: >50-60% – DRI: < 25% from ‘added’ sugars
• Fat: 20-35% of Calories– Dietary Guidelines: <30%– Specific levels of essential fatty acids made
• Protein: 10-35% of Calories– Old RDA’s >0.8g/kgBW– Recommendations are similar
DRIs for CHO, FAT, PRO, FIBER, & Physical Activity
Sept. 2002
• Fiber– First recommendations for RDA/DRI
– Adults < 50 yrs: males 38g, females 25g
– Adults >50: males 30g, females 21g
– Past recommendations: 25-35g
• Physical Activity– First recommendations for RDA/DRI
– “Maintain cardiovascular health at a maximum level”• > 1 hr/day at moderately intense level
DRI for Calcium and Related Nutrients (Vit D, P, Mg, F)
• AI’s for Vitamin D
• 9-18 yrs: 5 ug/d (RDA: 10 ug/d)
• 19-50 yrs: 5 ug/d (RDA: 5 ug/d)
• >51 yrs: 10 ug/d (RDA: 5 ug/d)
DRI’s for B-Vitamins
• Released April 1998
• Similar for B1, B2, B3, B6
• Folic Acid–adults: 400 ug/d (180-200)
–pregnancy: 600 ug/d (400)
DRI’s for B-Vitamins
• Vitamin B-12 –2.4 ug/d (2.0 ug/d)
• now includes –Pantothenic Acid
–Biotin
–Choline
FCSN 245 Upcoming Schedule
• Tuesday, April 15– Turn in study group cards– Federal income taxes due
• April 15-18 Discussion Labs– Food Label Activity– Recording 3 day food record
• Tuesday, April 22– Exam 1– Chapters 2 (dietary guidelines, labels, RDA’s) & 4
(carbs)