Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth ... for Design and Analysis of Earth Structures...
Transcript of Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth ... for Design and Analysis of Earth Structures...
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Recommendations for Design and Analysis of Earth Structures using Geosynthetic Reinforcements - EBGEO
Transl ation of the
2nd German Edition
Publ ished by
the German Geotechnical Society
(Deutsche Gesellschaft fUr Geotechnik e. V., DGGT)
DGGTU Deutsche Gesells.:haft fiir Geotechnlk e. V. German Geotechnical Society
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Contents
Preface to the English edition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VJII
Notes t'or the User . . .... .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ... .. .. . . . .. . .. . .. ... XXi
l. l 1.2
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.4
2
2.1 2 .1.! 2. 1.2 2. 1.2. I 2.1.2.1.1 2.1.2. 1.2 2.1.2.2 2.1.2.3 2.I .3 2.2 2.2.I 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.4.1 2.2.4.2 2.2.4.3 2.2.4.4 2 .2.4.4.1 2.2.4.4.2 2.2.4.4.3 2.2.4.4.4 2.2.4.5 2.2.4.5.1
lntroduction to the Recommendations and their Application Principles ....... . .... .. . .. ... . ..... . . .
National and Tnternational Regulations ... . .. . . .. . . .... . . . .. . . . . Types ofAnalysis and Limit Stat:es using the Partial Safety Factor Approach . . ....... . .. . ....... ... 2 New Standards Generati011 and Transitional Regulations . . . . .. . . . 2 Effects and Resistances ................................ . ..... 3 Limit States . .. . . ..... . . .. .... . .. . .. . ...... .. ...... . : . . . . . .. 3 Applying EBGEO in Conjunction with DIN EN 1997-1. ... . . . . . . 5 Examples ofReinforced Earth Structures . .. . . . .. . .... .. . . .. . .. . 7 Generai Definitions .............. . .. . .. . . . . .. ....... . . .. .... 8
Demands on Materials . .. .. ...... . .. . .... . .......... . . ... ... 9
Soi l ....................................................... 9 Ground lnvestigation ... .. ......... . ......................... 9 Fili Soil ....................... . ............... . ............ 9 Soil Mechanics Demands . . .. . ....... . .. . . .. ...... .. ....... . . 9 Predominantly Statically Loaded Stmctures .... . .... .. . . ....... 9 Predominantly Dynamically Loaded Structures ................ l O Soil Chemistry Demands ... .. .... .. ........... .. ..... ..... .. 10 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l O Back-fill and Cover-fill Soils .... ... .. ...... ..... ...... ..... . I O Geosynthetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Generai Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l I Raw Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Product Properties and Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l Testing and Reduction Factors ........... ..... . ...... . ....... 12 Generai Recommendations ............. .. .......... . ........ I 2 Product Tdentification (DTN EN TSO I 0320) . . .. ...... . . . . .... . l 3 Mass Per Unit Area (DIN EN ISO 9864) . .. . . . .. . .. . . .. . . ..... I 3 Short-term Load-Extenson Behaviour ... .. . ........... .. ..... . l 3 Tensile Strength and Straù1 (DIN EN ISO 10319) ...... . ....... 13 Axial Stiffness . .. . . ..... . .. . . . ..... . ...... .. . . .. . . .. . . ..... 17 Uniaxial and Biaxial Reinforcement .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .... l 8 Serviceability Limit State/Strain Behaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Long-term Load-Extension Behaviour (Creep Rupture, Creep) ... 18 Generai Recommendations .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .... . .. . .... 18
Reconummdationsfor Design tmd Atu1lysis uf Ear1h Srructures using Geosymheric Reinforcemenrs (EBGEO). Gennan Geotechnical Society. © 20 11 Emst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.
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Published by Emst & Sohn GmbH & Co. KG.
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2.2.4.5.2 2.2.4.5.3 2.2.4.5.4
2.2.4.6 2.2.4.6.1 2.2.4.6.2
2.2.4.6.3 2.2.4.6.4 2.2.4.7 2.2.4.7.1 2.2.4.7.2
Determining Reduction Factor A 1 from Creep Testing . . . . . .. .. . 19 Reduction Factor A 1 for Crecp Failurc Behaviour . .. ... . . . ..... 20 ldentifying Long-term Struin Behaviour by Evaluating lsochrones .. . .. . . .. . . .. . ..... .. . . .. .. .. . .. . .. 21 Rcsistance to Mechanical Damage During Jnstallation .... . . .... 24 Generai Recommendations . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. ...... ... . .. . . 24 Reduction Factor A2 for Damage to Geosynthetics During Transportation, lnstallation and Compaction ................... 24 ln-situ Testing . .. ... . . . ... . .. . . .. . . . .. .... .... . . . . . . ....... 25 Laboratory Testing (DTN EN ISO l 0722) . . ... . ... • ....... .. . . 26 Joins and Connections .......................... . . ......... . 26 Generai Recommendations .. . .. .... .. . .. . .... . . ..... . .. ..... 26 Reduction Factor A3 for J unctions, Joins, Seams and Connections to Other Structural Elements .. . ..... .. . .. ... . ... . 26
2.2.4.7.3 Detennining the Reduction Factor A3 by Testing . .. . . ... . ...... 26 2.2.4.8 Chemical Resistance ... . . . .... .. . .. ..... . . ................. 27 2.2.4.8.1 Reduction Factor A4 for Enviromnental Chemicallmpacts ..... . 27 2.2.4.8.2 Determining Chemical Resistance by Testing .. . .. ...... . . .. . . . 27 2.2.4.9 Additional Environmental Impacts . . .. . . .. . .. . .... . . . . . ...... 28 2.2.4.9. 1 Microbiological Resistan-ce .. . ..... . ...... . .. . . ....... . . .. . .. 28 2 .2.4.9.2 Biologica! Resistance and Vandalism .. .... .. . .. .... . . .. .. . . .. 28 2 .2.4.9.3 Weathering Resistance (UV Resistance) .. . .. . . ..... .. ... . .. . . . 28 2.2.4.10 Effects ofPredominantly Dynamic Actions .... .... .. . .... ... . . 29 2 .2.4.1 0.1 Reduction Factor A5 for Predominantly Dynamic Actions ..... . . 29 2.2.4.1 0.2 Determining the Reduction Factor A5 for Predominantly
Dynamic Actions by Testing . . ..... . . . .. . .. ... .. . . . . .... . .... 29 2.2.4.11 Friction and Composite Behaviour . .. . .. . . .. ................. 29 2.2.4.11.1 Generai Recommendations .. . . . . ...... ..... .. . .. . . .. . .. . .... 29 2.2.4.1 1.2 Determining Composite Coeftìcients by Testing . ... . .. . .. .. ... 31 2.3 Bibliograpby .. . . ....... .. .. . .. . . . .. . ........ . ... .. .. . .. . .. 32
3
3.1 3.2
3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.3.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4
x
Analysis Principles ............. . . . . .... . .................. 3 5
Generai Principles . . .. . .. . .... . . ..... . . . . .. . ... . .. . . .. . .. . .. 35 Allocation of Geosynthetic-reinforced Structures to Geotechnical Categories . .. . . .............. .' .............. 37 Design Resistances . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .... . . . . . .......... . . 38 Structural Resistance of Geosynthetics ..... .. . .. . . .. . . .... .. . . 38 Determining Reduction Factors . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . ......... .... . 39 Pull-out Resistance ofGeosynthetics . . .. . . . ........... .. . . ... 39 Characteristic Pull-out Resistance of Geosynthetics .... .... . ... 39 GEO Pull-out Resistance Design Values ........ .. . . . .. . .. . ... 39 STR Pu!J-out Resistance Design Value .... . . . .. . .... . ......... 40 Axial Stiffness of Geosynthetics in the Serviceability Limit State 40 Partial Safety Factors - Supplementary Regulations to DIN l 054 40
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4.[ 4.2 4.2. 1 4.2.2 4.2.2. 1 4.2.2.2 4.2.2.3
4.2.2.4 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.4.1
4.2.4.2
4.2.4.3 4.2.4.4 4.2.4.5
4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.1.1 4.7.1.2 4.7.2 4.7.2.1 4.7.2.2 4.7.3
4.7.3.1 4.7.3 .2 4.7.3.3 4.7.4 4.7.5 4.7.6 4.7.6.1 4.7.6.2
Embankments on Soft Soils . ... . . ......... . .. . . . . .. . .. . ... . 43
<.ìeneral Recommendations .. .. . .. . .. ... . . . . .. . . .. . . . . ...... . 43 Analysing Global Failure . .. .. . .. . . .. . ..... . .. . .......... . .. 44 Generai Recommendations . ... . .. . ....... .. . .. . .. . .......... 44 Failure Mechanisms .. .. . ... . .............. . .. . ........ . .. . . 45 Failure on Circular Slip Planes . . ...... . .... .. . . . .. .... . . . .... 45 Detìned Slip Piane in Soft Soil. . .. . . ... . .. ... .. .. ............ 45 Slip Piane Between Geosynthetics and Fili Soil or Between Geosynthetics and Soft Soil. .... . .. . . . .. . . .. . ..... 45 Adoptìng Reinforcement Wrap-around .... ... ................. 45 Actions ... . . . .. . .... . .. . ......... . .. .. .. .................. 49 Resistances ......... .. . .. .. . ...... .. ... . .......... . ........ 49 Design Yalue ofthe Friction Resistance o n Top of the Geosynthetics Ro,d .. .. ............. . . . . ... . ... 49 Design Value of the Shear Resistance on the Botto m of the Geosynthetics Ru d ...... ..... . .......... 49 Design Value of the Pull-out Resìstancè R,\,d ......... .. ... ... . 50 Design Resistance ofthe Geosynthetic Reinforcement Ra,d .... . 50 Design Value of the Friction Resistance on Top ofthe Geosynthetic R3 d ....... ... ..... . .. . . . . . . . ..... 50 Analysing the Stability ofthe Ground against 'Squeezing Out' ... 51 Analysing Bearing Capacity .... ... .... .. . . . .. . . .. ...... . .. .. 52 Engineering Notes ........... . .. . . .. . . .. .... ..... . ......... 53 Bibliography . . .. . . . .. . .. . ..... . . .......................... 53 Example Embankment on Soft SoiL . . .............. ... . . . .. .. 53 Failure on Circular Slip Planes ..... ..... .. .... . . .. .... . . .. .. . 54 Initial Stability ............ .. . . . . . . .. .... . . .... . .. ...... . . . . 55 Fina! Stability .. .. .... . .. ................ . ................. 56 Detined Slip Piane in Soft Soil. .......... .. ................. . 57 lnitial Stability ............................ ...... .. . .. ...... 57 Fina! Stability ......... . .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .... . .......... . .... 60 Sii p Piane Between Geosynthetics and Fili Soil or Between Geosynthetics and Soft So i l taking the Re-inforcement Wrap-around into Consideration ...... 60 Generai Recommendations ......... . . .. . ....... ............. 60 Initial Stability . . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . .... . . .. ... ................. 60 Fina! Stability .. . ....... .... .. ............. ... ............ . 62 Analysing the Stability ofthe Ground against 'Squeezing Out' .. . 63 Analysing Bearing Capacity .............. . . .. . .............. 64 Selecting the Geosynthetics .. . ................... . ... .. ..... 64 Analysing Reinforcement Failure ...... ..... .. ... ............ 64 Analysing Reinforcement Pull-out . ............. .... .. . . ..... 66
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5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.1.1 5.6.1 .2 5.6.1 .3 5.6.1.4 5.6.1.5 5.6.2 5.7 5.8 5.9
5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.2.1 5.9.2.2 5.9.2.3 5.9.2.4 5.9.3 5.9.4
6
6.1 6.2
6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
xn
Reinforced fo undation Pads . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . .. .. 71
Detinitions . . . .. ........... ..... . . . .... .... . .. . .. .... . ..... 7 1 Application and Modus Operandi .... . .............. . .... . ... 7 l Design and Engineering Notes .. . . .. . .... . ...... . .... .. ...... 7 1 Construction Principle .. .. . .. .. ...... . . . . ...... . . ..... . . .. . . 71 Reinforcement Conftguration . . ... . ... .. .. . .. . ....... .... .. . . 72 Reinforcement Lengths .... . .. . . .......... . . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . . 72 Foundation Pad Dimensions ... . . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . ......... . .. 72 Building Materials ........... . . . . . . .. ...... . . . . .. . ......... 73 Actions and Resistances . . ...... .. .. ... .. . . . . .. . .. . . ..... .. . 73 Analysing the Reinforc-ed foundation Pad .... . ..... . .. . .. . .... 73 Generai Recommendations . .... .. . ........ .. . . . . .. . . . . .... .. 73 Etfecrs . .. ....... . .. . ...... . .. . .. . . . ....... .. . . .. . ......... 73 Analysis and Design ........ . .... . ... . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... 74 Analysing Bearing Capacity ........... . .... ... . . .. . .. . .. . . .. 74 Analysing Sliding Safety (STR) . ... ..... ... ....... . . .. . .. . ... 74 Analysing Bearing Capacity (STR) .. . ... .. . . .... .. . . .. . ..... . 74 Analysing Global Stability (GEO) . ....... . . ....... ..... ... .. . 79 Analysing Reinforcement Failure (STR) ........ . ..... . . ...... 79 Analysing Reinforcement Pull-out Resistance (STR) . .. . . ...... 79 Serviceability Limi t State Analysis .... . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . 80 Notes on Execution .................. .. .................. . .. 8 1 Bibliography . .. . ....... .. .... . .... ... ......... . .... .... ... 81 Example of a Reinforced Foundation P ad below a Strip Foundation .................................... 81 Geometry, Loads and Soil Mechanics Parameters .... . ... . ..... 81 Analysing Bearing Capacity ..................... . .......... . 83 Design without Foundation Pad . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. .... . . .. . . .. . 83 Design with Foundation P ad- Foundation Pad Geometry ....... 85 Analysing Bearing Capadty of the Unreinforced Foundation Pad 86 Design with Reinforced Foundation Pad ........... .... .. . .. .. 87 Analysing Sliding Stability . . .. . . . .. . .... . .. . . . ..... . .... . ... 89 Serviceability Limi t State Analysis .... .. . . ............... . .. . 89
Transport Routes ............... . ... .. .... .... .. . . .. . .... . 91
Generai Recommendations . . . ... . . . .... . . .. .. .. ...... ..... .. 91 Trafficked Areas with Non-stabilised Pavement and Large Allowable Deformations . . . .. . . .. .... .. ... . .. .. . . . . 92 Applications . . . .... .... .. .... . .... ... .... . . ............. . .. 92 Design Concept ............................. ......... ... .. . 92 Trafficked Areas in Railways Engineering . .. .... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 94 Installation and Emplacement Notes . . .. . . .. .... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 95 Bibliography ................ . ....... .. . . . .. . .... . . . ..... . . 95
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7.1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2 .2 ~ ")
l .. )
7.3.1 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 7.4.7 7.4.8 7.5 7.5.1 7.5 .2 7.5 .3 7.5.4 7.5 .5 7.5.6 7.5.7 7.5.8 7.5.9 7.6 7.7 7.8 7 .8.1 7.8.2 7.8.3 7.8.3.1 7.8.3.2 7.8.3.3 7.8.3.4 7.8.2.5 7.8.4 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2 7.8.4.3
Rctaining Structurcs . . . . . .. . . ... . .. . ......... . .. . .. . . . . . .. 97
Detìnitions . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . .. . . . . .... . ...... 97 Design Notes ..... . ..... . ............. . .. . .... . .. . . . . . ..... 98 Demands and Boundary Conditions . . .. . .... ... . . .. . . . . . : . ... 98 Ge01netry .. . ..... . .... . .. . .. . . .... ........ . .. . .. .......... 98 Analysis Principles . ... . ....... . .. . .. . .... .. . .. . ...... . ..... 98 Generai Principles .. .. .. . ... . .. . ........... . ..... .. . .... .. .. 98 Sii p Planes and failure Mechanisms . . .. .... . . ........... . .... 99 Analysis Overview . . . . .. .............. .. ... . ... . ...... . ... l 00 Analyses in the Ultimate Limi t State (ULS) . .. . ........ . . . . . . l 03 Generai Recommendations ......... . .. . . .. . . . . . . . ......... . l 03 Actions an d Effects .. . .. . ... . ............ ... .... ........... l 04 Resistances . . ........... . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ........ l 04 Analysing Generai Failure/Siope Failure (GEO) ... . . . .. . ..... l 05 Analysing Bearing Capacity (STR) .. . . . . .. . . .. . ... . . .. ...... l 05 Analysing Sliding Safety (STR) ...... . . .. . . ......... .. . .. .... 105 Position of Bearing Pressure Resultant . .. . ... .. . ... .. . ........ l 06 Special Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l 07 Serviceabil ity Limit State (SLS) Analyses . ..... . ....... . .. ... l 07 Genera! Recommendations ........... ...... .. . . ..... ....... l 07 Analysing the Position of the Bearing Pressure Resultant. .. . ... l 09 Displacements in the Base Piane .. . .... . ....... . . .. . ........ l 09 Ground Settlement v v .... ..... ......... . ...... . ... ...... . . l 09 1ntrinsic Settlement o.fFill Soil vE ........... . .. . .. . ...... ... 110 Horizontal Displacements ofthe Slope Front vHi ......... . . ... 11 O Shear Deformation in the Retaining Structure vs .......... . .. . 112 Vertical Disp1acements at the Surface v0 . .... ...... . ..... . .. . 112 Numerica! Methods . .................. . .. .... . . ....... . ... 112 Facing Analyses ........... .. . . .. . . ............ ........... I 12 Bibliography . . .... . .. . .................. . . . ........ . .... . 116 Retaining Structure Design Ex.ample ...... .. . . .. . .... . .. . . .. 118 Geometry, Soil Properties and Load Assumptions . ... ......... 118 Detennining the Charactelistic Actions ....... . .............. 119 Analysis in the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) ........ . .......... 119 Analysing Sliding Safety .................. . ......... . ... ... 119 Position ofBearing Pressure Resultant. .... .. . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. . 121 Analysing Bearing Capacity . . .. . .. . . . .. . ................... 122 Analysing Generai Failure ................... .. .. .... ....... 123 Analysing Facing for Partially Deformable Facing Elements .... 129 Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Analysis ..... .... . . .. . ...... 129 Analysing the Position ofthe Bearing Pressure Resultant. ...... 130 Displacements in the Base Piane ......... . .... .. .. . ......... 130 Settlements . . .... . .. ..... .. . ............. . .. .. .. . .. . . ..... 130
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8 Landfìll Engineering -Rcinforccmcnt of Surface-parallel Stratitied Systems .. .. . . . 13 1
8.1 Generai Recommcndations . . ............ . .. . ... . ... ... . . . . . 13 1 8.2 Design and Engineering Notes . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . ...... . ..... 132 8.3 Analyses . ...... . ... . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . 133 8.3.1 Principles .. . . ......... . .. . .... . .. . .. . . . .. .... . .. . . .. . . . . . 133 8.3.2 Analysing the Stability ofthe lnclined Liner System . . . . .... . . . 134 8.3.2 .1 Actions and EtTects ..... . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . .................... 136 8.3.2.2 Resistances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8 8.3.3 Structural Resistance of Reinforcement ... . .......... . ....... 139 8.3.4 Anchorage . .. ..... .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. . ... . . .. . .. . . .... . .. .. . . 140 8.4 Bibliography ... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . ....... . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. 141 8.5 Example of Landfill Capping using Geosynthetic
Reinforcement . . ...... . .. . .. . .... . ..... . . . ... . . .. . . .... . . 142 8.5.1 Geometry, Soil Mechanics Parameters, Geosynthetic Properties
and Data for a Selected Construction Vehicle ..... .. ... . . .. ... 142 8.5.1.1 Geometry of the Liner System in t h e S lope .... . ... . .......... 142 8.5.1.2 Characteristic So il Mechanics Jnput Values . ....... . . . .. . . . . .. 142 8.5.1.3 Geosynthetics .................... . .... . . ..... .. . ........ . 142 8.5.1.4 Data fora Selected Tracked Vehicle ...... . ... . ... . . . . . .. . .. . 143 8.5.1.5 Construction State Definition . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . ........... 143 8.5.2 Stability Analysis ........ . ...... . ... . ... .. .. . . . .. . . . ... ... 143 8.5.3 Analysing Reinforcement Failure .... . .. . . ...... .. ....... . .. 146 8.5.4 Designing the Anchor Trench ........ . ....... . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . 146 8.5.4.1 Anchor Trench Geometry . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . . . ............. . . .. 146 8.5.4.2 Friction Resistance l nput Values .... . .... . .... .. . . ....... . .. 147 8.5.4.3 Safety Against Failure of the Anchor Trench ........... . .. . .. . 147
Il 8.5.4.4
9 Il
Analysing Failure ofthe Top of the Embankment . . . .......... 149
Reinforced Ear th Structures over Point or Linear Bearing Elements . ... .. .. . .......... .. ... . . . ... . . 151
9.1 Definitions .. . .. . ... . ............... . ....... . ............. 1 51 9.2 Applications and Modus Operandi . . .. . ....... . .. .. .. . .. . .. . 153 9.2.1 Applìcations .... . .... . .. . .. . .... . .. . . . .. . .... . ...... . .. . .. 153 9.2.2 Modus Operandi . ... . ................................ . . . .. 154 9.3 Design and Engineering Recommendations .......... . ........ 155 9.4 Actions and Resistances .......... . ...... . ...... . ... . ... . .. 157 9.5 Point and Linear Bearing Elements . .. . .. . . . ................. 158 9.6 Analysing the Reinforced Earth Structure .... . ..... . ... . . .... 158 9.6.1 Generai Recommendations ...... . .... .. . ... .. . ..... . .... . .. 158 9.6.2 Effect Situations ...... . ............. . ... . ... .. .. . .. . . . .. . . 159 9.6.3 Characteristic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 9.6.3.1 Principles . .. . .. . . . ..... . ........... . .... . .. . ............. 160 9.6.3.2 Stress crzo,k between the Bearing Elements .. . .... . .. . . .. . .... . 160
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9.6.3.3 9.6.3 .-l
9.6.3.5 9.6.4
9.6.5
9.7 9.7.1 9. 7. 1.1 9.7.1.2 9.7.1.3 9.7.1.4 9.7.2 9.7.2.1 9.7.2.2 9.7.2.3 9.7 .2.4 9.8 9.8. 1 9.8.2 9 .8.3 9.9 9.10
9.10.1
9.10.2 9.10.2. 1 9.10.2.2 9. 10.3 9.10.3. 1 9.10.3.2 9.10.4 9. 10.4.1 9.1 0.4.2 9.1 0.5 9. 10.5.1 9. 10.5.2 9.10.6 9. 10.7 9. 10.8
Stress cr,,_k onthe Bearing [lements .... . ....... . .......... . . 164 Sprcading Forccs for lnclined Surface of Reintorced Earth Structure . . .. . . . .. ...... . . .. . . ..... . .... 165 Effccts on the Geosynthctic Reinforcement. . ................. 165 Analysing Eftèct on the Gcosymhctic Re inforcement using Numerica! Methods ....... ........... ....... ... ........... 173 Analysing EITects on Gcosynthetic Reinforcement fo r Oynamic Actions . . .. . .. ....... ....... .. . ................. ......... 174 Analyscs and Des ign .... . .. ... . . . . .... ..... . . . . ........... 174 Analysing Bearing Capacity .... . . . . ...... . .. .......... ..... 174 Generai Recommendations ........ .............. ........... 174 Analysing the Geosynthetic Reinforcement .. . ........... ..... 174 Analysing Bearing Elemenrs . ............. . ................. 175 Analysing Overall Stability ...... . . .. . . . . ................ . .. 176 Serviceability Limit State Analysis . ....... . .. . . . . ........... 176 Generai Recommendations . .. .. ..... ... .... ...... .......... 176 Deformations in the Reinforced Earth Structure ... . ...... . .. .. 176 Deformati an of Bearing Elements .... .... . . . .. ..... , ...... . . 177 Analysing Overall Deformations .... .. . .. . ...... ...... . ..... 177 Notes on Execution ............ . . ...... . ... . ....... ........ 177 Enabling Works . ................. ...... ........... . . . . .. . . 177 Point and Linear Bearing Elements . ......... .. .. ............ 177 Reinforced Earth Structures ........... ... .. . . . ............. 178 Bibliography ............. . ........... .. .................. 178 Design Example: Reinforced Earth Structures over Poim or Linear Bearing Elements ........ ..... . . .. . ............ .. 180 Geometry, Loads, Soil Mechanics Parameters, Reinforcement and Effect Situation Parameters ....... . ...... .... .... . . .. ... 180 Eftèct Situation 1: Construction State (t1 = l O h) ........ . . .... 183 Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Earth Structure ...... ... 183 Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement ..... . 185 Effect Siruation 2: Constn1ction State (t? = 500 h) . .... .. . . .... 189 Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Éarth Structure . . .. . .. . . 189 Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement ..... . 191 Effect Situation 3: Fina! State (t3 = 1,000,000 h) .............. 193 Load Redistribution in the Reinforced Earth Structure .... .. . .. 193 Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement . .. . .. 194 Special Case: Loss ofSubgrade Reaction (t4 = 1,000,000 h) ... . 196 Load Redistribution in the Base Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Characteristic Effects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement . . ... . 196 Design Values ofEtfects in the Geosynthetic Reinforcement . .. . 198 Design Values of Resistances ... .............. ............ .. 199 Analysing Bearing Capacity ........ ........... ............ . 200
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10
IO. l 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 l 0.4 l 0.5 10.6 10.6.1 10.6.2 10.6.3 10.6.4 l 0.6.4.1 10.6.4.2 10.6.4.3 10.6.5 10.6.6 10.6.6.1 10.6.6.2 10.6.6.3 10.7 10.8 10.9 l 0.9.1 l 0.9.2 10.9.2.\ 10.9.2.2 10.9.2.3 10.9.2.4 10.9.2.5 10.9.2.6
11
11.1 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.2.1 11.2.2.2
XV!
Foundation Systems using Geosynthetic-cncascd Colum ns . . 20 l
Ddinitions .. ........... . . .. ... .... . . . .. . . ... ... . .... . ... . 201 Modus Operandi and App lications . .. ... . ....... .. . .. . . . . . .. . 203 Modus Operandi ....... ......... . . . . ... . ..... .. . . . . .. . .... 203 Applications . . . .. ..... . .. . . .. ... .. .......... . .. . .. . . . . ... . 204 Manufacturing Methods . . .. .. . ........... ..... .. . .... . .. ... 206 Genera i Recommendations . . . ....... ....... .. . . . .......... . 206 Excavation Method . . . . ..... . ....... .. ...... ..... ... . .. . . .. 206 Displacement Methods .. . . . .. . .. . ..... . . . ... .. .. ...... ..... 207 Method Selection .. ... .. ... . ........... . . .... . ...... .. . . .. 207 Design Rccommendations and Engineering Notes . .. . ... . . .... 209 Bui lding Materials .......... ... . .. . . ........... ... . .. . .... 21 O Notes o n Analysis and Design .. . . .... . . .... .. ... . .. ... . . . .. 21 O Genera i Recommendations . . .. . ...... .... . . .. . . .... . .. . ... . 21 O Actions and Resistances .............. .. ....... . ...... . ... . 2 1 l Designing the Horizontal Geosynthetic Reinforcement. . ....... 2 11 Column Design . ............ .... . .. ............ . .. ... . . ... 2 12 Analysis Mode! ...... .... .... . ..... ......... ......... . .... 2 12 Analysis Methods .... . . . ..... ... .. . .. . . . .. . ............. .. 21 4 Analysing t h e Transfer of Circumferential Tensile Forces . ..... 217 Analysing Overall Stability .... ....... ......... .. . ..... . . ... 218 Serviceability Limit State Analysis .................. . ...... . 219 Determining Settlement ..................... . .... ...... .... 219 Cyclic-dynamic Actions .. . . . . ........... ........ ... . ... ... . 2 19 Overall Deformations ........ ..... ......................... 220 Inspection Criteria, Tolerances and Quality Assurance .... . .. .. 220 Bibliography ....... . . .......... .. . . ...... . ... ......... . . . 222 Worked Example: Geotexti le-encased Columns ............... 222 lnput data ....... . . . . ...... .... . ... . . ...... . . .. .. . ........ 222 Analysis ...... ........... . .... . . .. ........ .. .... . ........ 223 Determining Primary Stresses ... .. ................. . ....... 223 Assuming the Load Redistribution Factor E .... .... . .... ..... 224 Determ ining the Stiffness Parameter ........ . .. . . ........ .... 224 Deformation at the Colurnn Edge ........ ......... .......... 224 Determining Sett1ement. ....... ....... ......... . . .. . .. ..... 225 Analysing Circumferential Tensile Force ...... . .... .. .... . ... 225
Overbridging Systems in Areas Prone to Subsidence . ....... 227
Generai Recommendations ................... .. .. ... . ..... . 227 Design ..... ... .. . ............. ...... . .. . ...... .... . .. .... 228 Princip les and Definitions .... .... . . ........... .. .. ... ...... 228 Design Notes .. ........................................... 231 Explanatory Report ... .. . . .. . ....... . . .. ............ . ...... 23 l Determining the Width ofthe Stabilised Area ....... ...... .... 232
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11 .2.3 11.2.3.1 l 1.2.3.2 l 1.2.3.3 l 1.2.3.4 11.2.3.5 11.2.4 J 1.2.5 11.2.6 11.3 l 1.3. 1 11.3.2 11.3.2.1
l 1.3.2.2
l l .3.2.3 11.3.2.4 11.3.2.5 lJ .3.2.6 l 1.3.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.7.1 11.7.2 11.7.3 11.7.4 11.7.4. 1 11.7.4.2 11 .7.4.3 11.7 .4.4 11.7 .5
11.7.5. l 11.7.5.2
l 1.7.5.3
11 .7.5.4
11.7.6 11.7.7 11.7.7.1
Ground and .\1atcriab . ............. ... . ....... ..... ... . . ... 235 Excavarion Leve! .............. ..... .. . .. . .... . .. ......... 235 Composite base course Marerials ....... ....... .. ....... . .. . . 235 Geosynthetic Reinlorccment. ..... .. . ......... ............ .. 235 Bridging Zone Material s .. .. . .. ... . . .. . .... . .. . . ... . .. .. .. . 235 Subgrade .. .................. . ... . .... . .. . ... .. ... . .. . .... 235 Load Assurnptions and Load Cases . . . . . . . . . ...... . ... . . . . ... 23 5 Allowable Deformations ........... . . .. .. . . . . ..... . .... . .. . 236 Strucmral Models . . ....... . ... . .... . . . . .. . .. . . . ..... ..... . 236 Analyses . .. .. . . ..... .... .... . . . ... . ..... . . ... . . . ....... . . 239 Analysis Principles .... .. ........... .... . . ..... . .. . .... .... 239 Design ... . . . . ....... . .......... . ..... . .. . .... .. . ...... . . . 242 Determining the Tensile Stress Design Yalues using the B.G.E. Method ....... ... . .. . ........ ....... ...... 242 Determining the Design Value ofthe Tensile Stress Based on the R.A.f.A.E.L. Method [8) .. ... .. . . . .... . .. ...... 247 Special Methods ......... . ... . . .. . .. . .. ...... . .. . ......... 249 Determining the Required Short-term Tensile Strength .. . .. . ... 250 Analysing Anchorage .Lengths . . . ...... . .. . . ... . . ... . .. ... . . 250 Analysing Overlap Lengths . .. . .. .. ..... .... . . . . .. ........ . . 251 Safety Theory Analysis ...... . . .. . ... . . ... ... . .. . .... . ..... 252 Applying the Observational Method .. . .. . .. ....... .. ..... . .. 253 Notes on Execution . . .. . . .......... . . .. . .. . . ........ .... ... 254 Bibliography .... . ................... . .. . . .. . . ............ 255 Worked Analysis Example l ............... . ................ 256 Specifications . ......... ... ... . .. . . .. . . ............... .. . . 256 Allowable Reinforcement Sag an d Stra in . .. . . ...... ...... .... 257 Preselecting the Geosynthetics .. . . ..... . .. . . . . ............. 257 Determining the Actions ..... .. . ..... . . ....... . . . .... .. . . .. 258 Normal Stresses . ... ...... ... . . . . . . .. . . . .. .......... . . . . .. . 258 Load Component Factors . ..... ..... . . .. . . . .... ... . .. .. .. . . 258 Design Values ofHorizontal Te nsile Forces .. . . . ... .......... 258 Design Values of Actions ..... . . . . ... . ..... ... ... ........... 259 Determining the Design Values of the Resistances in the Macbine and Cross Machine Direc.tions ...... ......... . 259 Adopted Reinforcement. ..... . ........ . .. . . . ............... 259 Design Value ofthe Tensi le Strength, Criterion l: Reinforcement Creep Failure .. . ....... . .. . . .. . . . 259 Design Value of the Tensile Strength, Criterion 2: Reinforcement Creep Strain . . .. . . .. . . ... . ....... 260 Governing Design Value of the Tensile Strength of the Reinforcement . . . .. .. . ... . . .. . .. . . . . ..... . . . . ... . .. . 260 Analysing Adequate Tensile Strength . . .... ... .......... . . ... 260 Analysing Anchorages .. . ............. .. . . . .. ............ . . 260 Specifications ......... . ... . _ . . .... . . . .... .. . .. . . ......... 260
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11.7.7.2
11.7.7.3
11 .7.7.4
11.7.8 11.7.8.1 11.7.R.2 11.8 11.8. 1 11.8.2 11.8.3 11.8.3.1 11.8.3.2 11.8.4
11.8.4.1 11.8.4.2 11.8.4.3
11.8.4.4
11.8.4.5
11.8.4.5 11.8.6 11.8.6.1
ti 11 .8.6.2
11.8.7 11.8.7.1 11.8. 7.2
12
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.6.1 12.6.1. 1
XYlll
Required Re in1òrccm..:m Am:horage Lcngths in Machine Direction Outside of the Sinkholc-prone Area .... .. 260 Required Reinforcement Anchorage Lcngths in Cross Machine Direction Outside of the Sinkhole-prone Area .. .......... . . ... 261 Required Reinforccment Anchorage Lengths in Cross :vtachine Direction 1nsidc of thc Si nkhole-prone Area ... .. .. ....... . . .. 261 Overlap Ana lysis ... ......... ..... . ......... ..... . .... ..... 26 1 Required Overlap Lcngth in Machine Direction ............ . .. 261 Required Overlap Width in Cross Machine Dircction ..... . ... . 26 1 Worked Analysis Example 2 . .. ... .. . .. .. ... . .. .......... ... 26 1 Specifications ............ ...... . ........ . . ............. . . 26 1 Allo':<.'able Reinforccmen t Sag and Strain .. ............ .... .. . 262 Determining thc Actions .. .. .. . .. . ...... ...... ............. 262
ormai Stresses . . .. .... ............ ..... .... ............ .. 262 Design Va tue of t h e Actions o n the Geosynthetic Reinforcement 263 Determining the Design Values ofthe Resistances in the Machine Direction ..... . .......... ........ . ..... ... .. 263 Adopted Reinforcement. .... . .. . ................ . .... ... ... 263 Analysing Extreme Anisotropy . . . . . ... .. . . . .... .. ... • .. • ... 263 Design Value of the Tensile Strength, Criterion l : Reinforcement Creep Fai1ure ....... . ............ 264 Design Value ofthe Tensile Strength, Criterion 2: Reinforcement Creep Strain . .... ............ ... . 264 Governing Design Value ofthe Tensile Strength of the Reinforcement . .. . .. ....... ........ . .. ............. . 264 Analysing Adequate Tensile Strength .. . . ................ .... 264 Analysing Anchorages ........... . ........ .......... . . ..... 264 Required Reinforcement Anchorage Lengths in Machine Direction Outside ofthe S inkhole-prone Area ...... 265 Required Re inforcement Anchorage Length in Cross Machine Direction . . .. . . .. . ... ........ . ... . .. . . .. . 265 Overlap Ana1ysis ....... . . .. . . . .. . . ............. . ....... . .. 265 Overlap Length in Machine Direction ....... . ........... . . . .. 265 Overlap Length in Cross Machine Direction .................. 265
Dynamic Actions on Geosyntbetic-reinforced Systems ...... 267
Generai Recommendations ........... ............. . . ....... 267 Dynamic Actions ....... .... .. . .. .. ..... . . .. . .. ...... . .... . 267 Dynamic Effects .... . ... . ..... . . .. . . ..... . ......... . ...... 269 Resistances . .. . .... ... ...... . .. . . . .... .............. . . . . .. 269 Dynamic Design Cases . .. . ... . .. . . . ............. . . .. . ..... 269 Dynamic Actions .. . ....... . .. . .... .. .................... . . 272 Dynamic Actions- Li ve Loads . . .. . . .. . . . ...... .... ..... .. . 272 Adopting Li ve Loads .. . ...... . . .... ..................... . . 272
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12.6.1 .2 12.6.1.3 12.6.2 12.6.3 12.7 12.7.1 12.7.2 12.7.3 12.R 12.8. 1 12.8. 1.1 12.8.1.2 12.8.1.3 12.8.2 12.8.2. 1 12.8.2.2 12.8.2.3 12.9 12.9.1 12.9. 1.1 12.9. 1.2 12.9.1.3 12.9.1.4 12.9.2 12.9.2. 1 12.9.2.2 12.9.2.3 12.10 12.11
13
14
Allocation to Dynamic Dt.:sign Cases - Live Loads .. .... .... . . 274 Dt.:sign Recommcndations ......... .. ... ... .............. . .. 275 Dynamic Actions - Explosions. lmpact. Avalanchcs ........... ?.76 Dynamic Actions Seismic Loads . . .. . .. . . . .. .... . . .. ...... 277 Determining the Dynarnic Efìècts on the Geosynthctics . . ...... 278 Dynamic Design Case l ..... . ..... .. . . ............... .. .... 278 Dynamic Design Case 2 . ......... . • .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . . .. . . 278 Dynamic Design Case 3 ...... .. .. . .. . . .. .. .... .... . .. . .. ... 278 Dctermining the Resistances for Dynamic Actions ........ .... 279 Pull-out Resistance of Reinforcement. .. ............ .. . • ..... 279 Dynamic Design Case l ....... . ......... . . . .... . ... .. ..... . 279 Dynamic Design Case 2 .... . .. .......... .. . . ........... .. .. 279 Dynamic Design Case 3 ........... .... .......... .. ......... 280 Structural Resistance of Reinforcement ....... ............... 280 Dynamic Design Case l .. ... ... ...... ............... . .. . ... 280 Dynamic Design Case 2 .............. . ......... , ........... 280 Dynamic Design Case 3 ....... ......... .. . ........... ...... 280 Demands on Building Materials under Dynamic Loads ........ 281 Fili Soil . . ..... . . ................................... . ..... 28 1 Grain Sizes . ....... ............................. ...... .... 281 Grain Shape, Grain Strength ..... ........... ................ 281 Fili Soil Friction Coefficient ............ . ................... 282 Relative Compaction . . ....... ..... .................. . ..... 282 Geosynthetics ................ .. .... . ..................... 282 Determining F atigue Behaviour ............................. 282 Determining Damage ....... . ........... .. . . ............... 284 Determining the Geosynthetic/Fill Soil Composite Coefficient. . 284 Bibliography . . ..... ... .......................... ... .. .. .. 285 Diagrams .. ....................... . . .. . . ........ . .. • ..... 288
Figures .... . .. . . .................. . ...................... 307
Tables ............................. . . . ................... 313
Advertising List ............................... .. . . . ... ............ 315
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