Recombinant DNA technology. What is DNA? DNA= Deoxyribu-Nucelic Acid DNA is a very large molecule,...
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Transcript of Recombinant DNA technology. What is DNA? DNA= Deoxyribu-Nucelic Acid DNA is a very large molecule,...
![Page 1: Recombinant DNA technology. What is DNA? DNA= Deoxyribu-Nucelic Acid DNA is a very large molecule, made up of smaller units called nucleotides Each nucleotide.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649ee45503460f94bf30f7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Recombinant DNA technology
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What is DNA?DNA= Deoxyribu-Nucelic Acid
• DNA is a very large molecule, made up of smaller units called nucleotides
• Each nucleotide has three parts: a sugar (ribose), a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base.
• The nitrogenous base is the part of the nucleotide that carries genetic information
• The bases found in DNA are four: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine ( ATP, CTP, GTP, and TTP)
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What is gene?• A gene is a stretch of DNA
that codes for a type of protein that has a function in the organism.
• It is a unit of heredity in a living organism.. All living things depend on genes
• Genes hold the information to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic traits to offspring.
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What are gene components?• Genes contain:EXONS: a set of coding regions…INTRONS: Non-coding regions removed sequence
and are therefore labeled split genes (splicing).
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What is the genome?
• The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA
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What is the gene expression?• Is the process by which
information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product (proteins)
• The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes , prokaryotes , and viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.
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Steps of gene expression• (1) Transcription (mRNA
synthesis),
• (2) Post-transcriptional process (RNA splicing),
• (3) Translation (protein synthesis)
• (4)post-translational modification of a protein.
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What are the genetic changes?• An alteration in a segment of DNA,
which can disturb a gene's behavior and sometimes leads to disease.
• It may be:• (1) Small genetic change, genetic
drift (mutation)• (2) large genetic change, genetic
shift (recombination)
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What is mutation?
• Are changes in the DNA sequence of a cell's genome caused by radiation, viruses, transposons and mutagenic chemicals,
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What is recombination?
• The exchange of corresponding DNA segments between adjacent chromosomes during the special type of cell division that results in the production of new genetic make up...
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Recombinant DNA technology
In vitro recombination
Genetic engineering
Genetic surgery
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In genetic engineering, recombination can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of pieces of DNA, from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA.
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Application of genetic engineering in Medicine
(1) Treatment of genetic diseases (gene therapy)
• e.g. SCID girl
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(2) Production of medically useful biologicals (e.g. insulin)
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
Recombinant insulin (Humulin)
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(3) Vaccines production
• Firstly, the gene in a pathogenic virus that stimulates protective immunity should be identified.
• That portion of DNA is then isolated and incorporated into an established harmless virus (e.g. vaccinia virus).
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• This new recombinant virus is used as a vaccine.
• These vaccines are much safer since they do not expose the patients to the actual virus and do not risk to infection.
• This method may be useful in vaccines against malaria and schistosomiasis and many viruses (e.g. HBV)
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(4) Pharmacogenomics
Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression with a drug's efficacy or toxicity
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Design drugs adapted to an individual's genetic make-up
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• Write in details about the medical applications of recombinant DNA
technology
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Thank you