RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Chapter 13.2. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic Engineering: – Involves...
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Transcript of RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Chapter 13.2. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic Engineering: – Involves...
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Genetic Engineering:– Involves cutting (cleaving) DNA from one organism
into small fragments and inserting it into a host organism of the same or different species
• Also known as recombinant DNA:– Made by connecting, or recombining, fragments
of DNA from different species
Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
• Transgenic organisms:– Plants/animals that contain recombinant DNA
from an organism of a different genus (species)– Organism that contains “foreign” DNA• Glowing tobacco plant
Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
• To create a transgenic organism requires 3 steps– Isolate the foreign DNA to be inserted using a
“restriction enzyme”– Attach the DNA fragment to a “carrier”– Transfer DNA fragment via carrier into the host
organism
Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
• Restriction Enzyme:– Bacterial proteins that cut both strands of DNA at
a specific sequence (PALINDROME!!!)• PALINDROME: where 2 strands read the same, but in
opposite directions
• Most restriction enzymes cut short fragments of DNA and leave “sticky ends” so that the fragment will be attracted to other DNA
Transgenic Organisms Contain Recombinant DNA
• Vectors Transfer DNA (“the carrier”)– Vector is a means by which foreign DNA can be
carried into the host cell– Usually a bacterial cell/bacterial DNA
• Biological Vectors– Viruses and plasmids
• Mechanical Vectors– Microscopic metal bullet shot from a gene gun– micropipette
Plasmids and Bacterial Cells Produce Copies of DNA
• Clones:– Genetically identical copies of recombinant DNA• Also known as a “gene clone”
• Now, the bacterial cell starts to produce whatever protein that the recombinant DNA coded for– Human Growth Hormone– Human Insulin
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Method used to replicate DNA outside a host cell
• Uses heat to separate DNA strands• Makes millions of copies in less than a day
Sequencing DNA
• DNA Fingerprinting/Gel Electrophoresis– Method used by scientists to determine DNA
sequences of individuals– Strands are separated into fragments and then
separated based on size